UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI BRESCI

DIPARTIMENTO DI GIURISPRUDENZ
DISPENSA DI LINGUA INGLES
A.A. 2021 -202

PROF. ANNE ROSSIN

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 Programma del corso :

Tutti i tempi verbal

Gli articol
De ning e non-de ning relative clauses
Frasi interrogative con e senza ausiliar
Comparativ
Superlativ
Costruzioni sintattiche con l’in nito e il gerundi
Verbi modal
Preposizioni di spazio, tempo e moviment
If clause
Il passiv
Quanti er
Wis
Il discorso indirett
Domande indirett
Il futuro nel passat
Alcuni verbi frasal

Testo consigliato

Spiazzi, Tavella, Layton : PERFORMER Consolidate B2 Zanichelli

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 EXAM TRAININ
Uno degli esercizi contenuti nel test d’esame è il key word transformation e la sentence tran-
sformation
L’esercizio consiste in 5 coppie di frasi, in ciascuna delle quali la seconda è incompleta, e una key
word per la key word transformation. Il candidato deve completare la seconda frase usando da due
a cinque parole, inclusa la key word che non deve essere modi cata, in modo da mantenere il si-
gni cato della prima frase. Il completamento spesso comporta due trasformazioni, vale a dire l’uso
di una diversa struttura grammaticale e una diversa espressione lessicale. Le parole inserite a
completamento devono essere grammaticalmente e ortogra camente corrette
Questo esercizio veri ca le conoscenze grammaticali e lessicali e la capacità di passare da una
struttura linguistica ad un’altra
Le trasformazioni più comuni sono

Forma di durata ! Past simpl

Susan and I have been sharing a at for ten year
Susan and I started sharing a at ten years ago

Should ! it’s time / had bette

You should stop interruptin
It’s time you stopped interruptin
You had better stop interruptin

Needn’t / don’t need to ! don’t have t

You needn’t talk so loud. I’m not dea
You don’t have to talk so loud. I’m not dea

Mustn’t / not be allowed to ! -ing… not allowe

You are not allowed to smoke in this roo
Smoking isn’t allowed in this roo

Although / Though + preposition ! despite / in spite of + sost / -in

Although he was late, he stopped for a cup of coffe
Despite being late, he stopped for a cup of coffe

Prep. + relative ! (relative) + …+ prep

The man to whom I was talking is my principa
The man I was talking to is my principa

Forma attiva ! Forma passiv

The decorator is painting the kitche
The kitchen is being decorate

Discorso diretto ! Discorso indirett

“You’ve opened the box
The man accused me of opening the bo

Inversion
I realized only then that he didn’t love m
Only then did I realize that he didn’t love m

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 LECTURE 1
Basics revision

Contents:

• definite and indefinite articles

• plurals
• present simple and present continuous
• frequency adverbs
• main prepositions
• some-any-no
• too much - too many

Choose the best option.

We are in a hotel and there / our / that room is very nice.

This magazine article is about Eton and its / there’s / that’s famous school.
Is there / Is that / Is it a good film on TV tonight?
Are those shelf / shelfs / shelves new?
How many childs / children / child are there in your class?
Hello. I am / This is / There are Henry Peters speaking.
They are / There are / There is a sofa and two armchairs in the living room.
There are / We are / Those are only six of us in the book club. It isn’t very big.

Choose the right article

My dad loves .......... classical music.

It’s .......... very good restaurant, but it’s .......... expensive.
What’s .......... difference between .......... asteroid and .......... meteorite?
– Hello, is Jamie there?
• No, he isn’t. He’s at .......... library with .......... his mother.
Are .......... people interested in .......... ice-hockey in your country?

Circle the best option.

1 The police are carrying out – is carrying out investigations.
2 I decorated my room myself – itself and my sister helped me.
3 Try to relax – to relax yourself. You’re very stressed.
4 One friend of Tim’s – A friend of Tim’s lives in London.
5 The – no article Red Sea is located between the – no article Africa and
the – no article Asia.

Choose the correct alternative.

There’s / There isn’t no sugar in this coffee. Can I have any / some, please?
My sister never eats any / no cereal for breakfast, but she sometimes has much /
some toast.
Come on! We’ve got a lot of / many work to do. There’s / There isn’t any time to re-
lax.
Would you like any / some cake? We’ve got lots / lots of.
There aren’t many / isn’t much biscuits left at home. Let’s buy any / some now.
Sam and I text message ourselves – each other.
Remember – Remember yourself to phone Kate.
Write it down to remind – remind yourself.

 Complete the sentences using the present simple.

Emma .............................. (watch) television a lot, but her

sisters .............................. (not watch) it very much.
.............................. (your cousin like) playing tennis?
No. He .............................. (prefer) to play badminton.
I never .............................. (listen) to the radio, but my
parents .............................. (do).
Jim .............................. (try) very hard, but he .............................. (make) a lot
of mistakes.
Where .............................. (Sheila go) on holiday in summer?
She .............................. to Sardinia.
What time .............................. (you start) working in the morning?
My working day .............................. (start) at nine.

Rearrange the following questions and complete the answers

is / Laura / about / what / worried ? ................................................................. ?

I don’t know. She ................................................................. (never / tell) me
anything!
jacket / how / is / much / this ? ................................................................. ?
It ................................................................. (normally / cost) 100 euros, but it’s
on sale this week.
that / who / car / to / does /belong ? ................................................................. ?
It’s the neighbours’ son’s car. He .................................................................
(every weekend / visit them).
go / often / you / do / to / how / the / theatre? ……………………………………………………..?
We ................................................................. (very often / not go). Maybe once
or twice a year.
you / for / late / why / class / are ? ................................................................. ?
Am I late? Sorry. ................................................................. (not usually / the
class / start) at this time?

Complete the following sentences with the present simple or present contin-
uous

Daniel ................................. (paint) a portrait of his sister.

He ................................. (love) art.
I’m sorry, but I ................................. (not believe) that story. I think
you ................................. (lie).
Sue ................................. (usually study) every evening, but this evening
she ................................. (relax).
Please be quiet. I ................................. (try) to finish my homework and
I ................................. (need) to concentrate.
What ................................. (your brother do)?
He’s a salesman. He ................................. (travel) a lot.

Circle the correct tense.

1 I’m so angry! My son always takes – is always taking the car without asking.
2 My parents are away on holiday so I stay – ’m staying with my aunt.
3 Christine leaves – is leaving for Lisbon tomorrow.
4 These days inflation falls – is falling.
5 Hurry! The film starts – is starting.
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 6 A: What time does our flight leave – is our flight leaving tomorrow? B: At eight.
7 I see – ’m seeing Helen tomorrow. Do you want – Are you wanting to come?

Complete the sentences with the correct time preposition

1 His birthday is ….. May 3rd. He’s having a party….. the evening.
Your appointment’s ….. Tuesday afternoon …… two o’clock.
My birthday’s …… June. i’m lucky that it’s …… the summer.
I work …… nine …… five.

Prepositions - Circle the correct option.

Do you prefer to stay up late in / on / at night or wake up early in / on / at the morn-

ing?
Lionel has classes during / from / till 9 o’clock after / at / to 1.30. Then he has lunch.
Are you usually in / on / at home in / on / at Sundays?
It’s time to go at / (-) / to home. Get your coat, Timothy. It’s in / on / at the hall.
I go at / (-) / to the sports centre opposite / in front / next my house every weekend.
Today is the one – first – thirty-one of October.
Put the keys in – on – at my bag. It’s in – on – at the floor in – on – at my room.
His office is in – at – on the third floor above – under – on the chemist’s in – at –
among Groves Street.
The bus stop is in – opposite – over the supermarket.
Close the door, please. I don’t want the dog to go to – into – from the kitchen.
A: Let’s go. Get in – on – to the car. B: Why can’t we go with – in – on foot?
Ben is a teacher. He works at – in St Ive’s school.
There are five laboratories at – in the school.
I’m the third in the queue. There are two people in front of – opposite me.
Look at that hill above – over the lake.
When I left it was late. By now – By the time – By then all the shops had closed.
The school year lasts by – for – from September at – to – until June. By – In – Until
the end of June all the exams will have finished.
We don’t need to get up early. We can sleep to – until – within eight o’clock.
While the students were writing, the teacher was walking along – around – through
the class.
The sun went down and disappeared across – beyond – towards the mountain.
People below – under eighteen cannot vote in elections.
This train is often late but not today. Today it’s perfectly in time – on time.
Go straight on. At the end – In the end of the street, turn right.
I phoned the company five times and at the end – in the end I managed to speak to
the manager.
I don’t like this concrete floor. I’ll put a carpet above – over it.

Complete the sentences with some, any o a/an.

1 There is pasta and tin of tomatoes in the cupboard. 2 A: Have you got luggage?
B: I’ve got only small bag. 3 Can I ask you for information, please?
4 Sorry, there isn’t coffee. Do you want tea?
Cerchia l’alternativa corretta.
5 We haven’t got many – much time. Hurry up.
6 Are there many – much shops in the new shopping mall?
7 How much – How many money have you got on you?
8 They go out to eat a lot – much.
9 The music was too – too much loud and there were too much – too many people at
the club. 10 Karen isn’t enough good – good enough at volleyball to be in the team.
11 Both – Neither Helen and Sue are coming tonight.
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 Circle the correct option.

1 Oh dear, there aren’t too many – enough chairs. We’ve only got six and we need
ten.
2 I’ve only got enough money to buy one, either – neither the blue skirt or – nor the
green one. 3 We haven’t got any – many potatoes. We’ve only got two.
4 A: How much bread have we got? B: Some – None. I ate the last slice yesterday.

Compounds some , any, no

1 Was there anyone – no one – someone in the shop when you went in?
2 The first part of our holiday was fine but then someone – something –
nothing unpleasant happened.
3 The caf s are closed. There’s nothing – anywhere – nowhere to go for a drink.
4 There isn’t anybody – no one – somebody in the office. Everyone – Everything –
Each one has gone home.
5 We can make a sauce. There are a few – a little tomatoes in the fridge.
6 Both – Either – Neither companies will ship their products to your home.
All – Everything – Each you have to do is send them your credit card number.
7 This cup of tea contains less – least – fewer caffeine than that cup of coffee.
8 This year there aren’t as many – as much – as little tourists as – than – that last
year.

Read the text and choose the correct answer below

We’re very lucky where we live because we’ve got … different shops nearby that sell
interesting food. There are two butchers and they … sell very good meat, but unfortu-
nately … of them sell fish. we can buy fish from a fresh fish van, but that doesn’t
come … day. There are two delicatessens. … sells different things, and … sell every
kind of cheese you can think of! We?ve got three very good greengrocers and there
are two supermarkets nearby, but we don’t go to … because we prefer the smaller
shops. There’s also a market…. weekend. Apart from the food shops, there are very …
other shops, though - hardly any, in fact. There … clothes shops - only a shoe shop
and a small boutique. However, there are … Indian restaurants! We’ve got three of
them in the high street!

a. much b. both c. a lot of

a. both b. every c. all
a.both b.neither c. every
a. every b. either c. both
a. each of b. each of them c. neither of them
a. both them b. each them c. both of them
a. neither b. either c. every
a. every b. either c. neither
a. many b. little c. few
a. are many b. aren’t enough c. are enough
a. too many b. too much c. too few

Complete the story with the words below

A AN THE (x3) MUCH MANY FEW LITTLE LOT

…… old man reaches his 120th birthday. ….. journalist comes to interview him. “ What
is the secret of your long life?” he asks. “Well” says ……. old man, “I don’t have ……
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 problems, I don’t drink ….. alcohol, I eat a …… of good food, and I spend a ….. time
every day relaxing. But do you want to know my real secret? I never disagree with
anyone”. “That’s ridiculous!” says …… journalist. “There must be another secret.” A ……
moments later, …… old man says, “OK, you’re right.”

WRITE QUESTIONS WHICH WILL SUIT THE FOLLOWING ANSWERS

In Bristol.
With my friend Peter.
He studies Oil and Gas Engineering.
From Monday to Friday.
At 7.30.
Because it’s an important international language.
On foot.
I prefer the first one.
It’s hers.

WRITE QUESTIONS SO THAT THE WORDS UNDERLINED WILL BE THE AN-

SWER

I like rock and soul music.

Karen goes to Spain once a month.
Richard speaks three languages.
I prefer the black boots.
It is very snowy.
I use my credit card because it’s more convenient than cash.

COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THE CORRECT VERB TENSE

Hi Jane,
Sorry I can’t meet you next weekend. I …………………… (go) to Italy to visit a friend. I
………………. (not stay) away long. In fact I …………….. ( leave) on Wednesday and I
…………………. (come) back on Sunday morning. I ……………….. (go) on a cheap flight. I
……………………… ( always / travel ) on low-cost airlines because it ……………………. ( cost )
next to nothing. The only problem is the flight to Italy ………………………….. ( leave ) at
6.50 a.m. Anyway this time my brother ………………………. ( not mind) getting up in the
middle of the night. I’ll call you when I’m back.
Love Nina













 LECTURE 2

Contents:

• defining and non-defining relative clauses

• WH- questions
• possessive adjectives and pronouns
• past simple and past continuous
• prepositions
• main verb patterns

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Use a relative clause to explain what a place, thing or person is or does. It gives us
information about the subject or object of a main clause.
That’s the woman who won the lottery last year.
This is the restaurant where we had dinner last week.

Use who for people, which for animals or things, when for times, where for a place,
whose used to replace her , his, their, for possession and relationships.
A cook is a person who works with my brother
A clock is a thing which tells the time.
There was a moment when Mr. Smith knew he was in trouble.
A post office is a place where you can buy stamps.
This is the woman whose son won the game yesterday.

THAT can replace WHO e WHICH in informal language

I don’t talk to people that I don’t like.

. You can omit the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the sentence
That’s the girl my brother likes

. When there is a preposition you can omit the relative pronoun and the preposition
is put at the end of the sentence
I don’t like that woman she’s talking to

. WHY e HOW can be used as relative pronouns

I’ll tell you why I’m here.

Defining Relative Clauses Exercise 1

Make one sentence from the two short ones.

1. She worked for a man. The man used to be an athlete.

______________________________________________________________
2. They called a lawyer. The lawyer lived nearby.
_______________________________________________________________
3. I sent an email to my brother. My brother lives in Australia.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The customer liked the waitress. The waitress was very friendly.
_______________________________________________________________
5. We broke the computer. The computer belonged to my father.
_______________________________________________________________

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 6. I dropped a glass. The glass was new.

_______________________________________________________________
7. She loves books. The books have happy endings.
______________________________________________________________
8. They live in a city. The city is in the north of England.
_______________________________________________________________
9. The man is in the garden. The man is wearing a blue jumper.
_______________________________________________________________
10. The girl works in a bank. The girl is from India.
_______________________________________________________________
11. My sister has three children. My sister lives in Australia.
_______________________________________________________________
12. The waiter was rude. The waiter was wearing a blue shirt.
______________________________________________________________
13. The money is in the kitchen. The money belongs to John.
______________________________________________________________
14. The table got broken. The table was my grandmother’s.
_______________________________________________________________
15. The television was stolen. The television was bought 20 years ago.
______________________________________________________________
16. The fruit is on the table. The fruit isn’t fresh.
______________________________________________________________

Fill in the gaps with the correct relative pronouns

A hotel is a place …….. people stay when they're on holiday.

What's the name of the woman …….. lives in that house?
What do you call someone …….. writes computer programs?
A waiter is a person ………. job is to serve customers in a restaurant.
Overalls are clothes …………. people wear to protect their clothes when they are work-
ing.
Is that the shop …………. you bought your new laptop?
He's the man ……….. son plays football for Manchester Utd.
Hal didn't get the job ………... he applied for.

Find the extra words in these sentences. If there isn't an extra word, tick the
box.

That's the girl she that Richard met in Thailand

I don't like people who do talk all the time.
That's the woman who lives next door to Jenny.
They watched the film that it was on TV last night.
Is that the which man who interviewed you?
An off-license is a shop that ………………

Complete the following sentences with a relative pronoun.

A clown is someone ….. makes you laugh.

An elephant is an animal ….. lives in hot countries.
The plums …… were in the fridge were delicious. I have eaten them.
Where are the plums (……) I put in the fridge?
Has anyone seen …….. the book I was reading?
Let's go to a country …… the sun always shines.
They live in the house …… roof is full of holes.
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 Agatha christie is the writer …… invented Miss Marple

Is this one of the DVDs ….. you’ve already seen?
Mike’s the man ….. wife writes detective novels.

Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first

I’ve found a beautiful scarf. We could give it to her for Christmas.

………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
Would you like a slice of cake? I made it this morning.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
We buy honey from a neighbour. He keeps bees in his garden.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
The town has a 9th-century castle. My cousin lives in the town.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
The factory burnt down last night. It’s near my house.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
That’s the actress. I saw her in the supermarket yesterday.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
I bought this painting from an artist. She had painted it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… .

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Use non-defining relative clauses to add extra non-essential information about a

place, person or thing. The sentence is grammatically correct without the non-defining
relative clause. Use a comma before the clause and a comma or full stop after it.
The relative pronoun cannot be omitted even when it is not a subject.

These shoes, which I bought yesterday, are very comfortable.

THAT cannot replace WHO or WHICH.

Jennifer, who got married a year ago, is expecting a baby.
My friend Betty, who(m) I went to Ireland with last summer, moved to England a cou-
ple of weeks ago.

WHICH can refer to a previous clause. In this case it is a Comment Clause

She’s taking very strong painkillers, which may be quite dangerous.

Combine the sentences using a relative clause. Omit the relative pronoun
where possible. Sometimes there is more than one answer.

Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786. It is the highest mountain in the Alps.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .
My two sisters live in London. They both work in insurance.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .
Our teacher looked happy. This fact surprised everyone.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .
Lance is often late for work. His father is the owner of the company.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .
They made several attempts to contact her then called the police. All their attempts
failed.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .
Lucy’s friend is taking part in the Olympics. She went to school with her.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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Pablo Picasso spent his early childhood in Malaga. His father was also an artist.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I lived with a guy while I was a student. His name was John.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun and add commas if
necessary

They made a meal for students ………… had just arrived ………… was a nice idea.
The microwave ………… we’d just bought didn’t work, so we looked for the man …………
had sold it to us, but he had left ………… was annoying.
They realised ………… the headmaster’s daughter ………… none of the teachers had sus-
pected was responsible for the graffiti ………… was all over the school.
The woman ………… you were talking to has two sons both of ………… are actors.
The police officer ………… looked about twenty asked Janet to show him ………… she had
found the jewellery.
Eileen ………… grandfather was an artist gave us these portraits all of ………… she paint-
ed herself.

Complete the sentences with whose, who, which, or what.

The lady …………. lives down the street is friendly.

I don’t really know ……….. I want.
The food …………….. was left was given to the dog.
All ………………. we need now is a long rest.
Venice was the most beautiful town ……… I stayed in.
The meal ………… you cooked was really delicious.
Is this the letter ………… you have been waiting for?
The group ………… bus broke down had to wait for five hours.
Two policemen, ……… were walking past the bank, saw the robbers.
The big cat, …….. was lying in the back of the car, looked like a leopard.

Change the underlined words with whatever, wherever, whenever, which-

ever, whoever, however

It doesn’t matter where we go. I always meet someone I know. ……...………………………

The person who designed this vacuum cleaner must have been a genius. ……...…………
If you need my help at any time, give me a call. ……...………………………
I don’t care what happens. I want to be with you! ……...………………………
No matter which present I choose, she’ll find something wrong with it. …………………..
I don’t mind if it takes me a long time. I’m going to walk there. ……...………………………

Choose the best option

The man who / - met me at the station was wearing a red carnation in his buttonhole
The speaker by which / whom I was introduced didn’t remember my name.
The young director, which / whose film was very violent, won the first prize.
I know someone which / who eats hamburgers for breakfast.
That was the most interesting art gallery whose / - I’ve ever visited.
What / Which you say is quite interesting, but I don’t agree.
The town that/ where we live is not far from York.
Tell the name of a mammal, who / that looks like a fish.
The house, which / - was very big, looked out over the sea.
All / What you can see from my window is countryside.

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 Choose which of the four possible answers fits the space best

Do you know the name of the town …………. Shakespeare was born?
1 . which 2. that 3. X 4. where

John Hardy, …………… moved to Spain one year ago, can speak Spanish fluently.
that 2. which 3. X 4. who

The best thing ……….. happened during the holiday was going to the U2 concert.
that 2. X 3. who 4. where

What was the name of the man ………. discovered Australia?

which 2. whom 3. who 4. X

My mother works in a factory ………… makes car seats.

X 2. that 3. who 4. where

Where is the corkscrew ………… I bought last week?

who 2. whom 3. X 4. whose

The Progressive Party, ……. now has a large majority, might not win the next election.
which 2. that 3. who 4. whom

How big is the hotel ……. we’re going to stay at?

X 2. where 3. who 4. whose

My younger brother, …… you met at the conference, owns a charter boat agency.
who 2. X 3. whom 4. whose

Write questions for these answers.

. 1) It’s James.

. 2) I’m Swedish.

. 3) She’s from Manchester.

. 4) It’s thick.

. 5) It’s ten o’clock.

. 6) It’s brown.

. 7) Yes, it is a window.

. 8) It’s under the window.

. 9) He’s twelve years old.

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 PAST SIMPL

I + -
YOU
SHE/HE/IT Stayed in a hotel Didn’t stay in a hotel
WEYOUTHEY Went on holiday Didn’t go on holiday

Did you stay in a hotel? Yes, I did

Did you go on holiday? No, I didn’t .

INFINITIVE PAST

Work Worked
Stay Stayed
Like Liked (+ d if the verb ends in e)
Study Studied (y>i after a consonant)
stop Stopped ( if verb ends in consonant-
vowel-consonant, double the consonant)

Write the past simple form of each verb to complete the text

arrest • break • fall • feel • go • hate • have • spend • stop • study • travel • try • wake up • not g
My brother .................... history at university but now he works in telecommunications.
The police .................... the thieves when they .................... to sell the stolen paintings.
It was late so they .................... driving and .................... the night at a hotel.
When Zara .................... that morning, she .................... sick so she .................... to work.
When my parents .................... abroad on holiday, they usually .................... by train because my
mother .................... ying.
Peter ................ an accident yesterday. He ................ out of the tree and ................ his arm

A
Ask for the bold part of the sentence
Billy ate an apple……………………….
The children played in the garden………………………
Laura came home at six o'clock. ………………………
The boy read a book. ………………………………………
The girl wrote ve letters. ………………………………….

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 PAST CONTINUOU

Positive Negative Question

I / he / she / it I was speaking. I was not speaking. Was I speaking?

you / we / they You were speaking. You were not speaking. Were you speaking?

Exceptions in Spellin

Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Example

final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed) come –

coming(but: agree –
agreeing)

after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit – sitting

l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British travel – travelling

English)

final ie becomes y lie – lying

Use of Past Continuou

§ puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past
Example: He was playing football

§ two actions happening at the same time (in the past)

Example: While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes

§ action going on at a certain time in the past

Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

Signal Words of Past Continuou

when, while, as long as

Write the ing form of the verbs

live ……………………
stay ……………………
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 run ………………………
win ……………………
cycle ……………………

Complete the sentences using the past simple or the past continuous of the verbs in brac-
ket

Amy’s level of English ......................... (improve) a lot while she ......................... (live) in Cambrid-
ge

When Veronica ......................... (hear) the strange noise, she ......................... (turn on) the lights

The earthquake ......................... (last) several minutes and there was a lot of destruction in the
city

What ......................... (you do) last Sunday?

Not much. I ......................... (go out) with my friends on Saturday night so I ......................... (not
feel) very energetic the next day

Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence

Jamie was doing a language course in Londo
Andrew was carrying a heavy box.
The teacher was testing our English.
At six o'clock, we were having dinne
Sally was hurrying to school because she was lat

Word Order in Question

interrogativ auxiliary subjec other indirect direct

place time
e verb t verb(s) object object

What would you l i k e t o me

tell

Did you have a party i n yesterday

your ?
flat
When were you here?

You don’t use an auxiliary verb if you ask for the subject. In this case the interrogative
simply takes the place of the subject

interrogative verb(s) object

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 Who asked you?

Write questions containing WH words

………………………………………………………………………………….… ? (these shoes

They are €48. Would you like to buy them

……………………………………………………………………………………. ? (bag / that

That bag? It’s Susan’

……………………………………………………………. every year ? (children /visit / the zoo

I don’t know the precise number but it’s really popular with school groups

……………………………………………………………….…………….? (you / usually / read

In the evenings, generally. i like reading a chapter or two before I go to bed

…………………………………………………………………………. ? (you / go / to the beach

Hardly ever! I hate sand and I don’t really like the same: I prefer swimming pools

………………………………………………………………….. ? ( we / can prepare for the test

Well, you can revise your grammar notes and study the vocabulary from class

………………………………………… - the red or the green one? ( these shirts / you prefer

I like the green one. It’s a very nice design

……………………………………………………….. every year? ( Sue and Mark / always / go to the

same hotel

Well, it’s in a great location, they know everyone there and it’s really cheap

Prepositions – Tim

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 Preposition Usage Example

on days of the week on Monday

on a frosty morning
on the hour
on that occasion
on time

in months / seasons in August / in winter

time of day in the morning
year in 2006
after a certain period of in an hour
time (when?) in time
in the end
in ten years’ time

at for night at night

for weekend at the weekend
a certain point of time at half past nine
(When?) at the end

since from a certain point of time since 1980

(past till now)

for over a certain period of for 2 years

time (past till now)

ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago

before earlier than a certain point before 2004

of time

to telling the time ten to six (5:50)

past telling the time ten past six (6:10)

to / till / until marking the beginning and from Monday to/till Friday
end of a period of time

till / until in the sense of how long He is on holiday until

something is going to last Friday.

by in the sense of at the latest I will be back by 6 o’clock.

up to a certain time By 11 o'clock, I had read
5 pages.

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 Preposition Usage Example

Between fra 2 Bob is sitting between Alice and

James

Among fra più di 2 There was a stranger among the

guests

Behind dietro the chair is behind the desk

In front of davanti a qualcosa/qualcuno

opposite faccia a faccia, di fronte a

qualcosa qualcuno

Other important Preposition

Preposition Usage Example

from who gave it a present from Jane

of who/what does it belong to a page of the book

what does it show the picture of a palace

by who made it a book by Mark Twain

on walking or riding on on foot, on horseback

horseback get on the bus
entering a public transport
vehicle

in entering a car / Taxi get in the car

off leaving a public transport get off the train

vehicle

out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi

by rise or fall of something prices have risen by 10%

travelling (other than by car, by bus
walking or horseriding)

at for age she learned Russian at 45

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 Preposition Usage Example

about for topics, meaning what we were talking about you

about

· Never use TO in front of home when it is preceded by a verb of movement (e.g. it’s
time to go home

Exercise on Prepositions – Plac

In the picture, I can see a woman.

The woman is sitting ……………. a table.
She is sitting …………………. a chair.
There is another chair ………………… the woman.
Her feet are ………………….. the table
The woman is holding a cup …………………. her hands.
………………….. the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator, an appointment calendar, two pens
and a muf n.
The woman is looking …………….. her laptop.
The woman's bag is ……………….. the table.

Exercise on Prepositions – Tim

What are you doing …………….. the weekend?
I don't know yet. Maybe I'll go to the cinema…………………. Saturday..
That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema ………………… so many years.
We could go there together …………….. the afternoon.
That would be great. But I would prefer to go there ………………. the evening. I am visiting my
grandmother ……………………. Saturday..
That's okay. The lm starts ……………. eight o'clock.
I can pick you up ……………….. half………………. seven. How long does the lm last?

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 It lasts ………………… two hours and forty- ve minutes.

……………….. eight……………… a quarter………………… eleven..
That's right. But I must hurry home ………….the lm. I have to be home …………….. eleven
o'clock.

Exercise on since and for

- since - if the starting point is given (two o'clock, last Friday, 1998)- for - if the period of time is
given (twenty minutes, two days, one year)

I have been waiting …………….. 4 o'clock.

Sue has only been waiting ……….. 20 minutes.
Tim and Tina have been learning English ………….. 6 years.
Fred and Frida have been learning French……………….. 1998.
Joe and Josephine have been going out together …………… Valentine’s Day.
I haven't been on holiday ………………. last July.
Mary has been saving her money …………….. many years.
I haven't eaten anything……………… breakfast..
You have been watching TV……………….. hours.
We have been living here ……………… 2 month

VERB PATTERN

LOVE, LIKE, HATE, ENJO

These verbs are followed by the ING form and the in nitive
When they are followed by the –ING form they mean that the action described is in genera
I like boxin
I hate taking exam
When they are followed by the in nitive they mean that on a speci c occasion something
happens or that you think that it’s a good or bad idea to do somethin
I hate to keep people waitin
I like to arrive at the airport at least two hours before the plane leave

USED T

To talk about situations which are no longer true

POSITIVE I used to work there

NEGATIVE I didn’t use to work

QUESTIONS Did they use to have a cat?

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 USED TO is followed by the base form of the verb. Remember not to use ED in the negative
or the interrogative
I used to play football every Wednesday
She used to have long hair
I didn’t use to enjoy schoo
Did you use to smoke? Yes, I did
Did your parents use to smoke? No, they didn’
Do you eat meat ? No, but I used to

WOUL

It’s used to express characteristic behaviour in the past

When I invited Joe to my parties he would always arrive with a couple of friends of his

SUGGES

I suggest you should take legal advice

I suggest you take legal advic
I suggest you took legal advic
He suggested going to a lawyer

ADVISE, ALLOW, FORBID, PERMI

These verbs are followed by an -ing form when there is no personal object. If we say who
disallowed, advised, etc. the in nitive is used
I wouldn’t advise taking the ca
I wouldn’t advise you to take the car

MAKE SOMEONE DO SOMETHIN

I’ll make you change your mind

Don’t make me laugh

BE MADE TO DO SOMETHIN

She was made to pass through the metal detector three times

LET SOMEONE DO SOMETHIN

My sister won’t let me wear her clothes

BE ALLOWED TO DO SOMETHIN

You are not allowed to smoke in this room

Past simple or used to

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 When I ..................... (be) young, I ..................... (play) squash a lot, but I don’t have time now.
Patricia ..................... (go) shopping yesterday, but she ..................... (not buy) anything.
..................... (you hate) eating vegetables when you were a child?
This building ..................... (be) a really good cinema. Now it’s a supermarket.
Before he ..................... ( nd) his new job, my Dad ..................... (travel) a lot. Now he spends a lot
of time at home.
We ..................... (move) to the city a few years ago, but we ..................... (live) in the country.
My mother ..................... (get) angry with my brother because he ..................... (not tidy) his be-
droom.
I ..................... (start) drinking coffee at university. I ..................... (never like) it before then

Complete using the base form or the -in

People didn’t use to ..................... (change) jobs as often as they do now.
Suzy has two younger brothers, so she’s used to ..................... (look after) children.
Liz never used to ..................... (do) any cooking. Now she lives in her own at she’s got used
to ..................... (prepare) all her meals.
My grandfather didn’t like his new e-book at rst because he wasn’t used to ..................... (read)
from a screen.
I’m sorry, but I must go to bed. I’m not used to ..................... (stay) up so late.
William always used to ..................... (get up) late, but now he’s got a job he has to get used
to ..................... (get up) early

Complete using the given word

They / not allow / children / come) ……………….………………………………. into this pub.

(We’ve arranged / someone / collect / your parents) ……………….……………………………….
(I / love / you / come) ……………….………………………………. with us.
(What / cause / Roger / get angry) ……………….………………………………. ?
(I / not expect / lm / last) ……………….………………………………. so long. I (not wait / it / nish)
……………….……………………………….
(I / hate / wait / my girlfriend / get ready) ……………….………………………………. to go out.
(you / need / me / help / you / move the sofa) ……………….……………………………….

Use "let," "make," "have," and “get” in the spaces belo

Sam really wanted a dog, but his parents wouldn't …….him have a pet
I can't believe she ……you look at her vacation pictures again last night. We have to look at those
stupid pictures every time we go to her house
I don't know how you convince your children to clean up their rooms. I couldn't …..my children to
clean up their rooms if my life depended on it

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 Professor Hutchings ………… each of her students write an essay describing their future goals in
life
Professor Hutchings ……… her students use a dictionary while they were taking the tes
Debbie’s husband hates the opera. But after days of nagging, she nally …….him to go see the
new production of La Boheme
Sally ……. me take off my shoes before I went into her house. She said she wanted to keep the
carpet clean
Rebecca Smith requested a copy of that expense report, so I ……the courier take one over to her
last week
Diana thinks television is a waste of time, so she won't …….her children watch TV
Mr. Levine ……. his secretary call Ms. Jackson and recon rm their meeting on Thursday

Fill in the blanks with the past simple or past continuou

I took this picture while we were ( travel) in Iceland last year. We were ( explore) the south of the
country when a large volcano suddenly ( erupt ). When we ( get ) back to the camp, we immediate-
ly were ( pack) our bags to go home. I ( take) some pictures of the volcano as we were driving past
in our car. When we ( arrive) at the airport, everyone (leave). We waited for three days until we
could get on a ight. I ( send) these pictures to a magazine when we ( return) home

Choose the correct alternativ

Interviewer:Thanks for joining us today, Mark. Tell us about your expedition to the Arctic
Mark:I've been on three trips to the Arctic so far, but this last trip was the most dif cult. We were
arriving/arrived in Greenland at the beginning of autumn and headed/were heading for our
campsite. But when we got/were getting there, we were discovering/discovered that we
couldn't set up camp there because the ice melted/was melting
Interviewer:The temperatures were too warm! So what were you doing/did you do next
Mark:We travelled/were travelling further north until we were nding/found a place where we
could set up camp. But it wasn't easy
Interviewer:What was the most exciting part of your trip
Mark:Seeing the Northern Lights. While we came/were coming back to camp one day, suddenly
the whole sky was lighting/lit up with lots of different colours. It was like a huge multicoloured cur-
tain of light
Interviewer:Fantastic
Mark:Yes, it was. When the lights appeared/were appearing, we were sitting/sat down on the
ice and just looked/were looking at the sky. It was so beautiful

Choose the best optio

It’s too hot in here. Let’s go ………the garden
1. in 2. out 3. at 4. into
The bell rang just as I arrived …… school
1. to 2. at 3. on 4. into
Nicola has moved ….. Scotlan
1. in 2. to 3. at 4. X
We have got a nice cottage …… the mountains

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 1. in 2. on 3. at 4. into
I think Rob has gone …… hom
1. to 2. at 3. X 4. in
We spent the weekend …….. Venice
1. in 2. to 3. into 4. at
My father works ….. Heathrow Airport
1. on 2. at 3. into 4. to
Mark isn’t at school. I think he’s …. home
1. X 2. to 3. at 4. in
There’s nothing good …. television tonight
1. in 2. on 3. at 4. for
We met your sister … the train last week
1. in 2. on 3. at 4. into

Choose the best alternativ

Elizabeth fell from/off her scooter and broke her arm

The telephone is between/ behind the door
Look! There’s a letter under/ below the mat
The road runs across / along the river as far as the power station
I live two miles to/ from the airport
Do you know who lives at / on the tenth oor
Go over / through the bridge and turn left
Don’t lean out from / of the window. It’s dangerous
In August, we’re going to travel around/ above Italy by motorbike
The lorry was traveling across /through the tunnel when the engine caught re

Fill in the blanks with a preposition of movemen

We decided to go to the city centre …… our bikes

The re ghters climbed …….. the fence and into the garden
On our ight back from Britain we could see the Alps ……
When the robber opened the safe, there was nothing ….. it
My cat catches mice and hides them in a hole …… my bed

Choose the correct words

Alan:Hi, Bernie. How was your trip to New York

Bernie:The trip was good but the journey was terrible! I got to the airport……… Thursday night
………. 8 p.m. But the plane was cancelled because of the snow, so I waited in the airport
…………… ten hours! I was supposed to get to New York ……………. Friday morning, but I didn't
get there …………… Saturday!
Alan:Oh no! That's the problem with travelling …………… the winter, isn't it? Did you manage to
get any sleep
Bernie:Not really. I sat in the restaurant from 9 p.m. …………… 12 and then I did some work on
my laptop.
Alan:Do you have to go there again
Bernie:Yes, I have to go back there ……… two days ………… March. I'm leaving …………10
March.
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 Alan:I hope you have a better journey next time

Choose the best optio

We’ve been working ……. four hours. It’s time we stoppe

1. since 2. for 3. in 4. b
My brother was born ……… April 11th
1. in 2. at 3. on 4.
Dave’s wife fell asleep ……… the lm
1. during 2. while 3. in 4. fo
My family usually go to church ……… Sunday mornings
1. in 2. on 3. at 4.
John is going back to Dublin ……… next week
1. to 2. at 3. X 4. o
Did you do anything nice ….… the weekend
1. in 2. since 3. from 4. a
We don’t often have lunch at home ……… weekday
1. in 2. at 3. on 4. durin
……… 3 o’clock, we’ll have been working for 5 hour
1. for 2. by 3. at 4. sinc
How long have you been in love with Anna? ………… I met her 5 months ago
1. from 2. when 3. until 4. sinc
I don’t like walking alone ……… night
1. in 2. on 3. at 4. durin

LECTURE 3

Contents:

• the future
• other ways to talk about the future
• expressions with a future meaning

Read the conversation and insert the correct future tense in the blank space

Sally: Do you have any cheap ights for Malaga for Saturday, 14th July
Agent: I ……………. (look) on the computer … yes, there’s one that …………. (leave) at 7.30 in the
morning
Pietro: that’s no good. I’m taking the car to the garage rst thing in the morning. Do you have any-
thing later in the day
Agent: let me see… OK, there’s a ight at midday
Pietro: No, I ………………… (get back) by then. Is there anything later
Agent: Most of the evening ights are full, I’m afraid. What about leaving on Friday evening
Sally: I’m afraid that’s no good for me. I …………………. (work) on Friday afternoon, so I won’t get
home until six. And Pietro has to take the car in on Saturday morning
Agent: Wait, there’s one ight at seven on Saturday evening
Sally: That sounds OK

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 Agent: What about a hotel? We have some very good offers at the moment. I can get you ve
nights at a four-star hotel for 250 euros
Pietro: Well, we …………………. ( stay) at the Hotel Luna, but your hotel sounds like better value.
Is it near the beach
Agent: Yes, it is. ………………… (I/ book) it for you
Pietro: yes, please. Oh, do you have any day trips? We’d like to do some exploring while we’re the-
re
Agent: Sure. You can talk to our representative when you ……………….. (arrive) . She
………………. ( have) all the details

Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics.

I can’t see you tomorrow - I will spend / I’m spending the day with my grandparents
“Does the show start at seven?” “I’m not sure. I check / I’ll check in my diary
Why don’t you talk to the manager? He’s going to / He’ll know what to do
Let’s try that new Thai restaurant. Will / Shall I make a reservation for tonight
Don’t phone us between seven and nine. We’ll watch / be watching the football
They want the painting tomorrow, but I won’t have nished / I’m not nishing it by then
The tour bus is going to leave / leaves at eleven, so be here by ten forty- ve
Will the taxi be waiting when we get / ’ll get there
We were / are going to visit our grandmother yesterday, but she was too sick to see us.

THE FUTUR

Us

be going to will Simple Present Present Continuous

we intend to do for predictions based action set by a we have already

something but we on our own personal timetable or m a d e
haven’t made all opinion and schedule arrangements to do
the arrangements knowledge something in the
yet near future

we plan to do immediate decision     to explain why we

something in the can’t do something
immediate future in the future

to talk about events

that are certain to
happen

with probably /
certainly / de nitely

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 to make offers,
promises, warnings

We’re going to meet Joe’s friend next wee

I’m going to make a sandwich - would you like one
In the future, people will live on other planets (this is my opinion
“Do you want something to drink?” ”No, I’m tired. I think I’ll go to bed now
There will be a full moon tomorrow
I’ll de nitely pass the test
I will never do that again
The plane leaves from Heathrow at 5 on Thursday
David sent me a text message. He’s meeting us in front of the cinema at 6 o’clock
Can you come to lunch on Saturday? No, I’m afraid I can’t . I’m working on Saturday.

Put the verbs into the correct form (will, going to, simple present or present progressive)

I love London. I (probably / go) there next year.

Our train (leave) at 4:47.

What (wear / you) at the party tonight?

I haven't made up my mind yet. But I think I ( nd) something nice in my mum's wardrobe.
This is my last day here. I (go) back to England tomorrow.
Hurry up! The conference (begin) in 20 minutes.
My horoscope says that I (meet) an old friend this week.
Look at these big black clouds! It (rain)
Here is the weather forecast. Tomorrow (be) dry and sunny.
A: This bag’s too heavy. I (hurt) my back
B: ………………….. I help you carry it
A: Thanks

FUTURE CONTINUOU
We form the future continuous with WILL + BE + the -ing form of the ver

1. We use the future continuous to talk about an action that will be in progress at or around a time
in the future
Come to the main door when you arrive at the theatre - we’ll be waiting for you insid

2. We use the future continuous to talk about a future action which may have a resul
I’ll be meeting my friends after work so I may be home late.

3. We use the future continuous to talk about a future action which may make another action pos-
sible or necessar

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 I’ll be seeing the doctor tomorrow. Do you want me to ask her about your prescription

4. To ask polite questions about personal plans and arrangements

Excuse me. will you be stopping for a break during the journey

Rewrite these statements and questions so they are more polit

Are you going to give us extra points for correct spelling

……………………………………………………………………………….
Do we get a pay rise next year
……………………………………………………………………………….
I’m afraid we aren’t sending you the documents until next week
……………………………………………………………………………….
Are you going to stay the night
……………………………………………………………………………….
Will you recommend me for a promotion when you see the boss
……………………………………………………………………………….
Unfortunately, we aren’t opening the day-care centre next summer
……………………………………………………………………………….
Are you going to bring some food for the picnic
……………………………………………………………………………….

FUTURE PERFEC
We form the future perfect with WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
I will have worke

We use the future perfect for actions we expect to be completed by a particular time in the futur
We’ll have got back and had a shower by 7

To talk about an action which is happening up to a particular time in the future

By next Friday I’ll have been waiting for my exam results for two weeks

THE FUTURE IN TIME CLAUSES

We use the present simple to talk about future events after when, as soon as, before, after, once
and until
I won’t be able to use my phone until the plane lands. But as soon as I get there, I’ll phone yo

We can also use the present perfect after these expressions when we are talking about a comple-
ted action
I’ll tell you what it’s like after I’ve seen it
Don’t leave until you’ve spoken to the manager

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 Read the tour itinerary. In each set of choices, only one answer is correc

Windsor Castle and London bus tour - Monda

8 a.m. The bus leaves/is leaving from City Centre Bus Station
10 a.m. Windsor Castle. Your guide will give/is giving each person a packed lunch when you leave/
will leave the bus. You are having/will have two hours to visit the castle and eat your packed lunch
12 p.m. Please meet back at the bus
3 p.m. The bus is arriving/arrives at our London hotel. In the evening, you are going/will be able to
go into London or enjoy a meal in the hotel restaurant
Tuesda
8 a.m. The bus is departing/departs from hotel
10 a.m. Buckingham Palace. Your guide is distributing/will distribute entrance tickets before you
get/will get off the bus. Your tour of the palace will take about two hours
12 p.m. After the tour, you are having/will have free time to do some shopping before we return/will
return to the bus at 3 p.m. Please be on time – the bus isn't waiting/won't wait for latecomers
7 p.m. Arrive back at City Centre Bus Station

OTHER WAYS TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTUR

We use was / were going / would to to talk about something that was expected or planned for the
future but it didn’t happen. We call this form “future in the past
In 2005 they were going to build a shopping mall here
He said he would come into the of ce the following day

Expressions with a future meanin

am /is / are to + in nitiv
The Prime Minister is to talk to the nation tomorrow evening
be due t
The new computer is due to arrive tomorrow

Put the correct tenses in the spaces below

lands 'll be too late have collected 'll probably have to wait 'll be
waiting arrive arriving buy 'm taking leave going to take 'll have col-
lected 'm meeting 'll meet landing 'll leave 'm going to buy

Marc:Hello. I'm just calling to con rm details of your trip tomorrow. What time are
you…………………..
Dimitri:My ight ……………..at Heathrow Airport at 9.30 in the morning
Marc:OK. And how are you going to travel from Heathrow to central London
Dimitri:I ……………the Heathrow Express train to Paddington station. I …………………..a ticket
online before I leave
Marc:Great. In that case, I ……………you at Paddington. Now it's ………………….some time for
you to go through passport control and to collect your bags
Dimitri:Yes, but I'm sure that I ………………..my bags by eleven o'clock. Anyway, I'll phone you as
soon as I ………………the baggage hall
Marc:No, that …………………. . The train to Paddington only takes 15 minutes, so I
………………………my of ce before you collect your bags. Could you call me when you've landed
and I'll drive to Paddington. I ……………at the station for a while, but that won't be a problem
Dimitri:OK, thanks

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 Marc:So when you …………………………at Paddington, go to the main entrance. I

……………………………….for you by the information desk.

Choose the correct words

Shall I / Am I going to / Will I open the door for you

I will have worked / will have working / will have work for ten days in a row by Tuesday
I was to buy / was going to buy / was buying you some owers but the shop was closed
Don't stay up late. You will feel not / won’t feel / feel not good in the morning
I'm sure I'll be feeling / I’m feeling / I’ll be going to feel a lot better by the weekend
Can I call you back? We will / We about / We’re about to have dinner now
The temperature has dropped so much I'm sure it's snowing / it’ll be snow / it’s going to snow
I don't think they win / don’t think they'll win / think not they'll win the next election
This September they have been living / are living / will have been living in Edinburgh for thir-
teen years
You can due to / expect / expect to hear from us within three weeks

Translate the following sentence

Sapevo che lo avresti aiutat

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ella sapeva che i suoi amici non sarebbero andati alla fest

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ti dissi che sarebbe arrivato con l’ultimo treno da Londra

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Mi dissero che Julie avrebbe preparato la lezione per doman

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Jane disse che sarebbe arrivata con sua sorella, ma è arrivata sola

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Avevo il sentore che la vacanza sarebbe stata un disastro

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 LECTURE 4

Contents:

• Modal auxiliaries
• Make, Do, Get, Take

MODAL AUXILIARIE

These are helping verbs which express conditions such as possibility, certainty, obligation,
expectation, permission, and ability. They are also used to make polite requests and to
show future time.

GENERAL RULES

· They are always followed by the bas

· They never put an S at the third person singular
· They do not require an auxiliary for the negative or interrogative form
· When referring to past actions MAY, MIGHT, MUST, CAN’T, COULD add HAVE + PAST PAR-
TICIPLE ( It must have been 4 o’clock in the morning. / It can’t have been that late / He may/
might not have had time to nish his essay. / What you did was foolish! You could have hurt
yourself badly

Us

Permission
May , Could, Might (very formal
Can (informal)
Examples:
May I use the telephone?
Might I ask a question
Can I have the car tonight?

Possibility
May
Might
Can
Could
Examples:
It may be sunny on Thursday.
It’s 8 o’clock. He might still be in the of ce, but he’s probably already on his way home

· remember that CAN translates also the Italian “sapere, essere in grado” and “riuscire” as in the
following examples
I can speak French uentl
Can you spot her down there

Advise
Should
Ought to
Had better
Examples:
You should eat more fruit and vegetables.
You had better wear your raincoat.
You ought to go now
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 You’d better not go out in this rain

Necessity or obligation
Must
Have to
Examples:
I have to go to the bank and the post of ce.
Did you have to get up early this morning
Taxes must be paid by April 15
I must absolutely tell you what I heard on the radio this morning

Ability
Can
Could (past)
Examples:
Can you drive a car?
Could you read by age four
He could swim very well. # He was able to swim ashore before he fainted. (speci c occasion, on
this circumstance

Prohibition
Must not
Examples:
You must not drive without a license.
You had better not be late

Repeated action in the past (Characteristic behaviour

Would
Example:
When I lived in Gerrards Cross, I would go for long walks in the common with my mother.

· remember that WOULD also expresses a polite request like in “Would you please help me?
and a gentle offer like in “Would you have a drink?

Offe
Shal
Example
Shall I carry your bags?

Absence of obligatio
Needn’t ( I exempt you from doing something), don’t have to (general law
Examples
You needn’t help me if you don't have time. I can do the job myself
You don’t have to pay – it’s free

Concessive claus
May, Migh
Example
Your job may be very demanding, but at least it isn’t borin

Logical deductio
Mus
Can’
Exampl
She’s very young. She must be in her early twentie
He can’t be Italian. He has a strong German accent when he speaks
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Match the sentences on the left to the correct ones on the righ

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning. Use the given verbs

can’t mustn’t should needn’t have to must might must have to

Smoking is forbidden in the of ce

You .................... smoke in the of c

It isn’t necessary to reserve a table in that restaurant during the week

You........................ reserve a table in that restaurant during the week

It is impossible to get a ticket for the musical tonigh

You ............................... get a ticket for the musical tonight

It is essential to study before the

Dad’s sleeping: a you should wear a warm jumper

Your room is a mess: b she might be Canadian

She speaks English and French: c you mustn’t make any noise.

We can go to the airport by underground, d his train must have arrived early.

John’s already here: e we don’t have to get a taxi.

It’s very cold today: f you shouldn’t use it.

This is Tom’s mobile phone: g she might have forgotten about our meeting.

Sue isn’t here: h you have to have a passport.

If you want to travel to China, i he can’t be poor!

Robert’s bought Sharon a diamond ring: j you must tidy it.

exam.You ........................... study before the exam

She isn’t obliged to work on Sundays

She ................................... work on Sunday

I advise you to catch the early plane if you don’t want to be delayed
You ................................. catch the early plane if you don’t want to be delayed

It was not necessary for them to pay full price

They didn’t ................................. pay full price

It is possible for us to spend the weekend by the sea. It depends on the weather
We ................................... spend the weekend by the sea. It depends on the weather

Choose the best modal auxiliar

Excuse me, may / will I close the window? It’s very cold in here
I don’t know when Dave is coming. He shall / may arrive on the 5.30 train
You mustn’t / won’t use the hair-drier in the bathroom. It’s dangerous

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Can/ Must I read the paper, please

Could / Should I speak to the manager, please
I may / can’t understand why you are always complaining
Must /will you turn down that music, please
Where’s my bag? “It can’t / must be here. I’ve just seen it.
“Where will / shall we meet?” “Let’s meet outside the bank.
Which table should / would you like? This one or the one by the window

Choose the best optio

You …….. smoke in here. It’s forbidde

1. may 2. can 3. can’t 4. mus
I’m afraid I …..… speak Spanish well enough for a phone call
1. mustn’t 2. can’t 3. can 4. migh
Sorry, I …… go now. I don’t want to be late
1. can 2. can’t 3. must 4. don’t have t
You …..… wait. I can take a taxi when the meeting is over
1. can 2. don’t have to 3. mustn’t 4. migh
Students ….… write their tests in pen. They mustn’t write in pencil
1. have to 2. can 3. mustn’t 4. ma
We …….. go to school today. It’s Sunday
1. must 2. can’t 3. don’t have to 4. have t
Look at those dark clouds. I think it ……… rain soon
1. mustn’t 2. has to 3. can’t 4. migh
I ………. see you tomorrow, but I’m not sure
1. can’t 2. might 3. mustn’t 4. may no
You ……… talk in the library. It’s forbidden
1. mustn’t 2. don’t have to 3. may 4. ca
Ask Sue if she ….… come to my birthday party on Wednesday
1. must 2. has to 3. can 4. can’

Complete the sentences with the correct moda

I can do a lot of things, but I …………………. sing

Applicants must …………… use a computer and speak a foreign language
“Why are you late?” “We ……………. wait for Vicky
Because of the cost of raw materials, we ……………… increase our prices last month
If you don’t get a passport, you ……………. go abroad next month

Choose the best optio

You …….. have lost your wallet in the park. I’m sure you had it there
1. might 2. should 3. could 4. mus
Jane ……….… have done that. It’s not like her
1. must 2. can’t 3. could 4. shoul
I tried to phone you last night, but I ………… get through
1. can’t 2. couldn’t 3. shouldn't 4. ought t
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We ……… have been so rude to the waitress

1. mustn’t 2. shouldn't 3. might 4. coul
“Why is Deborah so late?” “ She …………… have missed the last bus.
1. might 2. couldn’t 3. mustn’t 4. shoul
Grandmother looked so ill that we …..… send for a doctor
1. must 2. should 3. had to 4. have t
We …..… have left so early. There’s plenty of time
1. mustn’t 2. should 3. needn't 4. couldn'
I’ve been looking for a chemist’s for half an hour, but I haven’t ……… nd one yet
1. could 2. had to 3. been able to 4. able t
We ….… take a bus home yesterday. Mum gave us a lift
1. mustn’t 2. didn’t need to 3. needn't 4. shouldn’
Your exam results are really bad. You …..… have studied harder
1. shouldn’t 2. ought to 3. must 4. had t

Complete the sentences with the correct moda

Could / should you change your mind let me know.

“What will / shall I do with this pile of papers?” “Throw them away.
If he had told me before, I must / could have helped him
I’m afraid you will have to / must pay a £100 in interest
She shouldn’t have walked home so late at night. She might/should have had a nasty encounter
Ms Hill promised she will / would let me know when the goods were ready
You ought to / mustn’t cross the street when the lights are red
I rained a lot last night, so we mustn’t / needn’t water the garden today
“I’ve left my calculator at home”. “Never mind. I’ll / ‘d lend you mine
We were going to go / must have gone to Africa, but Jenny fell ill
I think I would / shouldn’t be happier if I didn’t have to work such long hours
This is not my coat. There must / can’t be a mistake
“I got badly sunburnt” “ You should / needn’t have used suncream

Each sentence contains a mistake. Find it and correct i

1 My parents say I can’t be home before midnight.

2 These trousers must be Sue’s: they’re a size 16 and she’s a size 12!
3 Everybody’s sleeping. We don’t have to make any noise.
4 Are you really going to take that job? You shouldn’t be serious.
5 You must leave your bag here: take it with you!
6 That car should be Giovanna’s: hers is much older.
7 I wonder where my bag is: it should be in the kitchen.
8 The cinema’s very close. We can’t take a bus.
9 You shouldn’t try the new Indian restaurant: the food is delicious and it’s not very expensive.
10 Where are Harry and Katie? They mustn’t have left the party yet.

Complete the sentences with a modal and the correct form of the verb in bracket

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 1 You _______________ (drive) so fast. The speed limit is 30.

2 A Why didn’t Sheila come to my party? B I don’t know: she _______________ (be) busy.
3 Sue’s car is very old. She _______________ (buy) a new car.
4 You _______________ (do) the shopping. I did it this morning.
5 Caroline and Peter have been going out for three years: they _______________ (like) each
other. 6 This isn’t the right theatre. We _______________ (be) in the right place.
7 You _______________ (wear) your seat belt in a car.
8 In a lot of British schools students _______________ (wear) uniforms.
9 Rob’s in Washington: you _______________ (see) him at the supermarket.
10 What time __________ (you / get up) tomorrow morning?

MAKE DO GET TAKE

MAKE is often used to talk about creating something or causing something to happe

DO is often used to talk about carrying out or completing any activit

MAKE + an appointment, the bed, a copy, a decision, friends, a meal, a mess, a mistake,
money, a noise, a phone call, a plan, progress, a promise, a suggestio

DO + a course, an exam/test, an exercise/homework, the housework, research, someone a

favour, well/badly, your hair/make-u

GET has several different meanings: receive, nd/buy, arrive at, reach, fetch, becom

We get a lot of junk mai

We need to get help quickly

I got this jacket at the local market

We didn’t get home till midnight

Can you get me my glasses from the bedroom

It’s getting colder and colder.

What time do you ......... up in the morning?

After they had shouted at each other, they decided to ......... it up
They are very good friends and ......... on well with each other.
The firm has expanded and they want to ......... on extra staff.She's good at writing stories for chil-
dren and is always keen to ......... up new plots.
As we don't have much money at the moment, we've decided to ......... without certain luxuries.
We mustn't be late this morning because today is when the new boss is going to ......... over.
Most of the telephone lines were destroyed in the storm last night and so it's almost impossible
to ......... through to anybody today.
You must decide and ......... up your mind.
At the moment we are trying to ......... for the town centre.He ____ an excellent job at the meeting
last week.

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May I ____ a telephone call?

Please stop ___ so much noise!
I know you ____ your best last week.
They often _____ business with China.
She ____ her homework before she went to bed.
Would you like me ____ you a cup of tea?
I'm afraid you ____ (not) any good.
Look at your room! You ____ a mess!
It took him a long time ____ a decision.
Do you mind ____ the washing-up this evening?
We ____ plans for our next holiday at the moment.
What ____ you ____? - Oh, I ___ (not) anything at the moment.
I guess I can ____ an exception to the rule this time.
What ____ we ____ this evening?
I wish you ____ an effort on this exam.

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 LECTURE

Contents
• Present perfec
• Past perfec
• Verbs followed by the ing form or the in nitiv

PRESENT PERFEC

We use the Present perfect to talk about

· Actions or states that started in the past and continue in the present
I’ve lived here all my life (and I continue to live here now
· Actions that happened during a period of time which is un nishe
She’s already been there a couple of times this week
· Actions that happened in the past but the time when they happened is not stated and is not
considered important
I’ve been to Rome. (we don’t know when
· If the time is stated the verb form changes to the past simple
I went to Rome last yea
· Time expressions which are often used with the present perfect include: already, just, ever,
never, yet, since, for, recently

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOU

Similaritie

The present perfect continuous is used in very similar ways to the present perfect simple. We use
both forms to talk about
· Actions that started in the past and continue in the present
I’ve been living in Brescia for many years now
We’ve worked together for ages
· Actions that were in progress, or repeated actions, in a period of time which is un nished
We’ve been working together a lot this week
· Questions often begin with How long
· We can use for ( a period of time) and since (a point in time) in the answers
For the last 10 years
Since I nished college
Difference

There is a difference in emphasis between the present perfect simple and continuous
We use the continuous for
· To emphasize the action, or the duration of the actio
We’ve been travelling for six months. (the emphasis is on the length of the trip and
the action of travelling)
So far we’ve visited 8 countries. (The emphasis is on what they’ve achieved, ie the
Number of countries they’ve visited.)
We’ve recently been working on a new project
We use the simple for
· To emphasize the result of an action (eg with a de nite number or quantity
I’ve sent him 3 emails but I haven’t had a reply (emphasis on number
I’ve been trying to get in touch all morning (emphasis on action
· To talk about single completed actions

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 I’ve nished the report

· With stative verb
I’ve known him since we were at school
· With superlatives
It’s the funniest thing I’ve ever seen

Complete using the l present perfect simple o al present perfect continuous.

How many friends ................................. (George / invite) to his wedding?
................................. (I / go) to creative writing classes for a few weeks now. They"re great fun,
but ................................. (I / not learn) much so far.
................................. (you / see) Al recently? ................................. (he / grow) a lot since the last
time we met!
How long ................................. (you / know) your neighbours? • Not long at
all. ................................. (they / only / live) here for a few months.
What"s that smell on your clothes, Duncan? ................................. (you / not smoke), I hope.

Choose the correct alternativ

He"s a great author. I"ve read / I"ve been reading all his novels.
Go and do some exercise. You"ve read / You"ve been reading all morning.
Get some ice! Bill"s hurt / Bill"s been hurting his ankle.
I need a break. I"ve worked / I"ve been working on this presentation for hours.
I"ve been / I"ve been being an actor for a long time so I"ve worked / I"ve been working in many
lms.
Did you know that lm has won / has been winning eleven Oscars?
It"s Val"s 70th birthday, so her grandchildren have made / have been making a cake. It looks deli-
cious

Choose the correct tenses

Julia:I'm so sorry. How long did you wait / are you waiting / have you been waiting here for me
Laura:Nearly two hours. I've been looking / I’ve looked / I looked for you since 3 o'clock
Julia: Sorry. That was / has been the worst journey I ever been / I’ve ever been / I went on
Laura: Oh really? What has happened / happened / has been happening then
Julia:Well, the bus broke / has been breaking / has broken down on the motorway in a big cloud
of smoke, everybody get / got / has got off and we all have waited / waited / have been
waiting for another bus.
Laura: Oh dear. But why didn't you call / haven’t you called / haven’t you been calling me from
there? I am worrying / I’ve been worrying / I’ve worried about you
Julia:Actually, I've been trying / I’ve tried / I was trying to call you for the last two hours to let you
know.
Laura: Really? Let me look. Oh dear! I've left / I’m left / I’ve been leaving my mobile at home to-
day. I'm sorry

Choose the correct word

This is the longest bus journey I was ever going / I ever went / I’ve ever been on
We listened / We’ve listened / We’ve been listening to this song ve times so far
He was telling / He’s been telling / He’s told that story three times already
Doug's already / yet / still seen that lm
Jen 's been / went / ’s gone to Paris on business. She's just called me from the Eiffel Tower
The lock was breaking / is breaking / has broken so I can't get the key in the door
How long are you living / have you lived / do you live here

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 The minister of nance has resigned. He spoke / has spoken about his decision at a press confe-
rence this morning
Did you use / Are you using / Have you used a hammer before
There was ice on the path and I slipped over / have slipped over

Choose the correct words

My little sister loves the lm The Lion King. She seen / saw / ’s seen it three times
My new job is based in Algeria so I 've been learning / learn / ’ve learned Arabic. I want to be
able to talk to my Algerian colleagues in their own language
We haven't sold / didn’t sell / were not selling much this morning and it's almost 12 o'clock.
Let's hope we do better this afternoon
Have you read ever / Have you ever read / Did you ever read this book? It's brilliant
How many times have you met / did you meet / were you meeting someone famous
'Where's Jake?' 'Oh, he 's went / ’s been / ’s gone to Munich for a conference. He'll be back in a
week.
My sister lives in San Francisco. She hasn't been back to the UK for / from / since many years
The cooker is / is being / has been broken for over a week. When are they going to x it
That was the most delicious cake I 'm ever eating / ‘ve ever eaten / ever ate! Can I have the re-
cipe
This is the rst time we 've left / ’re leaving / left the children on their own for the evening. I hope
they behave
Have you written / Have you write / Did you have written the essay for the history class yet
The lm hasn't just started / hasn’t started yet / hasn’t started already, so we can just get the-
re in time if we hurry
I 'd reply / replied / ’ve replied to 15 emails so far this morning, but there are 28 more in my in-
box
Are you knowing / Have you been knowing / Have you known each other for long?' 'No, we
only met last week.
My brother never stays in the same job for long. He worked / has been working / has worked for
nearly thirty different companies so far
Our teacher has been working /worked / has worked in a school in Africa for two years before
she joined our school
You must really want to work for Clarkson's – you 've applied / applied / was applying for a job
there ve times
My grandfather is learning how to dance salsa. He 's been having / ’s had / had three classes so
far and I think he's really enjoying it, although he gets quite tired
David's alarm went off just / has just gone off / has gone off just but he's still in bed
The Simpsons  is one of the most successful series of all time. It is running / has run /has been
running since 1989
Have you used / Did you use / Were you using the new version of this software before? It's
much better than the rst version
Is everything OK? You didn't been answering / haven’t been answering / haven’t answering
your phone
'Did you know that Mark's having a party?' 'Yes, he already told / ’s told yet / ’s already told me
all about it.

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 I'm sorry I'm late. Did you have been waiting / Have you been waiting / You have been waiting
long
William doesn't always love / hasn’t always been loving / hasn’t always loved animals. That's
why it was such a surprise when he decided to become a vet
Quick, we need to take Sam to the hospital! He was eating / ate / ’s eaten a poisonous mush-
room
'How long do you live / have you been living / are you living on your own?' 'For about two
years.
In the news today … There were / have been / was large demonstrations in London. Angry stu-
dents protested about the cost of university education
'What's wrong?' 'I 'd had / had / ’ve had some terrible news.

Choose the correct words



Dear Heather


You won't believe this but I (decide) to leave my job, sell my car and spend a year ( travel )a round
the world. As you know, it takes me three hours to drive to work and back and I ( make) about 1200
of these trips! I ( be ) an accountant for ten years, and now it's time for a change. I ( want) to go to
India and China, but I ( think ) about it really seriously until now. Well, recently things at work ( go )
very well and I ( enjoy ) it as much as I used to. I ( save ) about ve thousand pounds and I think
it's time to go. What about you? How long ( you / work ) in your present job? ( you / think ) about
giving it up and travelling round the world? Why don't you come with me?

Best wishes
Juli

VERBS WITH -ING FORMS AND INFINITIVE

VERBS + INFINITIV
Certain words are followed by an in nite verb with or without ‘to’

Use and Word Lists Example

as the subject of a clause followed by the verbs seem, To know you is to love you.
be, appear

after certain expressions (without ‘to’) had better Why not go to the cinema?
would rather would sooner why not why should I/
you/… [not]

After modal auxiliaries I can swim.

after certain verbs ( see list below) He wants to swim.

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 after certain verbs with interrogatives (infinitive They don’t know how to
constructions) (how, If f, whether, what, where) ask swim.
advise + object, consider, decide, explain,
find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, show,
teach, tell + object,
understand wonder

after certain verbs with objects (without ‘to’) Let, Make He made her swim.

after certain adjectives and their comparisons I t ’ s easier to swim

downstream.

after nouns deriving from the verbs mentioned above We made a promise to
swim. (derived from the
verb ‘to promise’)

VERBS + -ING FOR

Use and Word Lists Example

as the subject of a clause Cycling is good for your health.

after certain adjectives He’s afraid of going by plane.

after certain prepositions Before going to bed he turned off the

lights.

after certain verbs I enjoy cooking.

after certain verbs with I am looking forward to seeing you

prepositions again.

after certain nouns We had problems finding our way

back home.

VERBS + INFINITIV

Decide We decided to go to Franc

Forget Don’t forget to turn off all the light
Help He helped her to start the ca
Hope We hope to see you agai
Learn I’m learning to driv
Need I need to go to the bank. I don’t have any money
Offer He offered to take me to the airport

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Plan They’re planning to get married soon

Pretend He pretended to be ill, but it wasn’t exactly so
Promise He promised to pay me back
Remember Remember to bring your dictionaries tomorro
Start She started to cr
Try I’m trying to nd a job, but it’s very hard
Want I want to go hom
Would like I’d like to buy a new car

VERBS + IN
Enjoy I enjoy reading in be
Finish Have you nished getting dressed
Go on I have to go on working until 9 o’clock
Hate I hate getting up early
Like I like having lunch in the garden
Love I love waking up on a sunny morning
(don’t) mind I don’t mind cooking. It’s OK
Spend (time) She spends hours talking on the phone
Start I started reading this book last week
Stop Please stop talking

* start can be used with both the in nitive and verb+ing with no real difference in meaning
It started raining / It started to rain
Start + ing is more common when we talk about a habit or a longer activity
I started working here in 1998
When did you start playing the piano
Try can also be used with the -ing form but the meaning is different
Why don’t you try doing yoga
Remember, forget and regret are normally followed by the in nitive but they can also be followed
by the –ing form when the action of remembering, forgetting or regretting concerns the past.
You didn’t remember to / forgot to buy some toothpaste
I remember buying it
I’ll never forget being caught in a blizzard last winter
Make and let are followed by the base form
Training makes me feel good
They don’t let him go out during the week

Underline the correct alternative.

1 Do you mind tidying / to tidy your room?

2 We need buying / to buy some bread for tonight.
3 I used to go to the cinema a lot, but now I prefer watching / to watch TV at home.

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4 Would you like meeting / to meet for lunch tomorrow?

5 It seems being / to be dif cult to nd good jobs nowadays.
6 He decided spending / to spend his holidays in Spain.
7 My dad can’t stand going / to go shopping on Saturday afternoons.
8 Tricia stopped eating / to eat meat two years ago.
9 We managed arriving / to arrive on time for the meeting.
10 I’m learning playing / to play the violin.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets

1 Jennifer can ___________ (speak) four languages.

2 William loves ___________ (play) computer games.
3 Wendy offered ___________ (look) after the children.
4 I hate ___________ (get) up early in the morning.
5 We must ___________ ( nish) our homework today.
6 The mechanic managed ___________ ( x) my car.
7 I promised ___________ (help) mum with the housework.
8 We miss ___________ (see) our friends.
9 You should ___________ (work) harder for your exams.
10 It stopped ___________ (rain): we can go for a walk no

Write sentences using the given word

1 Ben / enjoy / go / cinema

2 Patrick / learn / speak / Japanese / at the moment
3 I / not mind / work / long hours
4 the teacher / need / see / you
5 you / manage / nish / English test / ?
6 Anthony / can’t stand / work / bank
7 Maggie / prefer / go / theatre
8 Charles / want / buy / new car
9 I / decide / accept / their offer
10 Daniel / promise / help / me / homewor

Choose the best optio

The manager decided ……………….. off the budget meetin

a. to put b. putting c. X D. pu
Most teenagers usually prefer ………….. TV to doing homewor
a. watching b. watched c. watch d. to watc
I can’t ……—— to travel by plane. It’s too expensive
a. X b. to afford c. affording d. affor
I’d like …………… mountain climbing at the weekend
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 a. go b. to go c. going d.
I can’t stand …………. up early
a. to get b. X c. going d. gettin
What do you fancy ………….. eating this evening
a. to go b. X c. going g
Anne really loves ……….. in the sun
a. lying b. lie c. to lie d.
I’m very busy at the moment. Do you mind ………… back later
a. X b. calling c. to call d. cal
Have you ever run without ………. for 2 hours
a. X b. stop c. stopping d. to sto
We expect ……….. you on Wednesday evening
a. see b. X c. to see d. seein

Choose the correct alternativ

My motorbike won’t to start / start. I’ll have to call a taxi

I think you ought phone / to phone your parents every now and then
The traf c warden made us move / to move the car immediately
Everybody wants work / to work shorter hours
Have you nished to read / reading that book
If you want more details, I’ll let you to have / have more information
I wouldn’t like being / to be prime minister, would you
Always clean your teeth after eat / eating
Andy really enjoys to tell / telling jokes. I wonder how he can remember so many
Paul asked me to not / not to talk to anybody about his new girlfrien

Complete the sentences with an in nitive or a gerun

We managed ……………….. (arrive) in time.
We asked her ………………… (repeat) her question.
He insisted on ………………….( pay) thebill.
I used ……………….. (get up) early.
I am used to ………………… (get up)early.
I would rather ……………………. (stay) at home.
I spent a lot of time …………………. (write) the essay.
Why should they………………….. (do) this?
I am looking forward to ………………….. (hear) from you soon.
You had better …………………… (take) the bus.

Complete the sentences using in nitive constructions

My father taught me (dance / how)
We haven't decided yet (put / the bed / where)
She was explaining (use / the gadget / how)
I forgot to ask (pick him up / where)

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 I wondered (address / him / whether) or not.

Complete using forget, know, remember, tell, try.

Did you buy some milk? • No! I ……………………. .
Perhaps he ……………………. the name of that lm.
Why is Susan upset? • I don’t ……………………. . She didn’t ……………………. me.
Is snowboarding dif cult? • Ask Bill. He ……………………. last winter.
Don’t ……………………. to take your coat.
What’s their address? • I can’t …………………….
Did Stella agree to babysit? • I ……………………. to convince her, but I don’t think I did

Choose the correct alternative

It’s dif cult to get / let / make him to do any work, and it’s impossible to get / let / make her do any-
thing.
Could you get / let / make Charlotte know about our plans?
I hope the teacher doesn’t get / let / make us do lots of homework.
Your new shoes get / let / make you look taller.
His friends wouldn’t get / let / make him pay for anything.
You’ll never get / let / make me to go sky-diving!
I can’t get / let / make the computer to print. • Get / Let / Make me help you.
It gets / lets / makes me angry when people are sel sh

PAST PERFEC

The Past Perfect is used

- to describe an action, an event or a situation which took place in the past BEFORE another
past action
Before, after, already, by the time, as soon as, until and when are often used with this ten-
se
Mr. Smith had left the house long before the policemen arrived

- to say for how long an action had been going on in the pas
I had had this computer for a few days when it broke down

- with expressions like: it was the rst/second/third ... time that ...
It was the rst time I had visited Chicag

- with conditional sentences of the third typ

If you had told me, I would have helped you

-with WISH to express regret for a past actio

I wish I hadn’t changed job.

Join the two sentences using the given words and the Past Perfec

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 They were going out together for two years. Then they decided to get married
(when
It was really cold! The heating wasn’t repaired
(because) ..............................................................................................................................
He saw the news and then he changed his mind
(after) ....................................................................................................................................
We got married. Then we had a baby
(after) ....................................................................................................................................
I missed the train. I went shopping
(so) .......................................................................................................................................
He was talking on the phone. That’s why he didn’t see the bicycle
(because) .............................................................................................................................
She left her season ticket at home. They wouldn’t let her do the gym classes
(so ) ......................................................................................................................................
She didn’t tell her friends about her birthday. They didn’t buy her a present
(so) .......................................................................................................................................
I didn’t see the news on the television. I bought a newspaper to check
(since ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Rewrite the sentences using the given word

Megan had left two weeks ago. (It was.... since) ..........................................................................
When had you last received an e-mail from Fred? (How long was....
since) .....................................
We hadn’t been to the city for ten years. (It) ..........................................................................
Jarvis had never been to an ice-hockey match before. (It) ...............................................................
When was the last time that the band had performed together? (How long
was) ..........................................................................
Leonard had appeared in a lm once before. (It) ..........................................................................

Complete using the past perfect continuous or the past perfect simple.

Jane’s son was lying on the sofa. He ................................ (watch) a lm when

he ................................ (fell) asleep
I was upset when I lost my pen. My aunt ................................ (give) it to me and
I ................................ (have) it for a long time
How long ................................ (they look) for a parking space before they found one
I ................................ (wait) for Stephanie for almost an hour when I remembered
we ................................ (agree) to meet the following night.
The cyclists ................................ (not ride) long when it started to rain

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 LECTURE

Contents
• Conditional sentence
• Wis

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Type 0
If a hurricane hits an area, it causes great damage
If + present simple Main clause: present simpl

Type 1
If we catch the 10 o’clock train, we shall get there by lunch-tim
If + present simple/ present perfect Main clause: Will / Be going to/ imperative / mo-
dal

alternatives to IF are UNLESS, IN CASE, EVEN IF, PROVIDED, AS LONG A

I won’t wash your car unless you pay m
Take an umbrella in case it rain
I won’t wash your car even if you pay m
You can borrow the car provided I have it bac

Type 2
What would you do if you were in my shoes
If + past simple Main clause: Would/could + base del verb

· esiste una forma di congiuntivo imperfetto del verbo “BE” che è WERE per tutte le persone.
E’ possibile usare anche WAS o WERE (forme del past simple) soprattutto nel linguaggio
informale

Type 3
If I hadn’t come to university this evening, I would have met my friends
If + past perfect Main clause: Would/could + have + participio passat

to imagine situations or actions in the past that we know are the opposite of the facts

· In formal English unlikely/unreal condition clauses can be introduced by SHOULD,

WERE, HAD inverting the subject / verb order

Should you have any problems, please let me kno

Were I in your position, I would act in a different way
Had I imagined that the job would be so tiring, I would have refuse

Mixed Typ
If you had done your homework yesterday, you would be free now and could go to the beac
if + past perfect Main clause: would + bas

to talk about present results of an imagined past condition / actio

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 If I didn’t believe you, I would have left yo

if+ past simple Main clause: would (not) + have + past participl

to talk about imagined past results of a present condition / situatio

WIS

WISH + past simple to talk about present situations, when we are unhappy with the situation in
Italian magari fossi/potessi
I wish I had more free tim

WISH + past perfect to talk about a past situation or action that we regre
I wish I had never met hi

WISH + WOULD to talk about a habit in someone else that we would like to change ( vorrei che ti
decidessi/volessi…
I wish the weather would improv

If I had time, I ………………. shopping with you.

If you……… English, you will get along with them perfectly.
If they had gone for a walk, they ……………….. the lights off.
If she ……………. to see us, we will go to the zoo.
I would have told you, if I…………………… him..
Would you mind if I …………………… the window?
If they………………. me , I wouldn't have said no.
My friend ……………………… me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.
If I……………….. it , nobody would do it.
If my father ……………………….. me up, I'll take the bus home.
If they (have) ……………… time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice) …………………….
If we (know) ………………. about your problem, we would have helped you.
If I (be)…………………. you , I would not buy that dress.
We (arrive) ……………… earlier if we had not missed the bus.
If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be)…………………… complete.
Okay, I (get) ………………….. the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
If I (tell) …………………. you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
She (go) ………………… out with you if you had only asked her.
I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) ………………… it in such an obvious place

Exercises on conditional sentence

Do you / Would you like a glass of milk

I think you’ll catch a cold if you don’t / didn’t dry your hair properly

We’ll go to the park if it doesn’t / didn’t rai

Cities weren’t / wouldn’t be so polluted if fewer people used cars

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Judy will / would help us if she had more time

If we don’t hurry, we’ll be / we’d be late

What will you / would you do if you won a million pounds

Would you lie for me if I ask / asked you

If you change / will change your mind, let me know

We’ll have to buy a bigger car when the twins are / were born

Put the verbs in the right tense

We ( win) if our best player hadn’t been sent off

If I (be) you, I’d tell her

If I were rich, I (can) stop working

What (you/say) if I told Sally

If Adrian worked harder, he (be) able to get better marks in his exams

Supposing you had to learn Chinese in 10 days, what (you/do)

If you (wear) a coat, you wouldn’t have felt so cold

We ( not / climb ) the mountain if we had listened to the weather forecast

You wouldn’t have got lost if you (take) a map

How ( you/ feel) if you were prime minister

Choose the best option

I wish I ……….. harder when I was at school

a. had studied b. would study c. studied d. would have studie

I wish you ……….. down the television! It’s too loud

a. turned b. would turn c. have turned d. tur

I didn’t know Lucy was so ill. I wish you …………… me

a. told b. would tell c. had told d. would have t

You’re a singer. I wish I ………………as well as you

a. sing b. can sing c. could sing d.had sun

We wouldn’t have got so sunburnt if we ………………. the suncream

a. brought b.bring c. would bring d. had brough

If only we ………….. bigger house, we could have the party here

a. have b. would have c. had had d. ha

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If you were self-employed, you ………….. at home when you didn’t feel like working

a. stayed b. will stay c. would have stayed d. could sta

If you ……………… attention in class, you would be able to do your homework now

a. pay b. had paid c. paid d. would have pai

If you knew Adam’s phone number, we ……………… get in touch with him

a. could b. can c. will be able to d. wil

I didn’t know Mark was so unhappy. You …………….. me

a. should tell b. would tell c. would have told d. should have tol

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

If they left now, they(be) in London by lunchtime

You(not fail) the exam if you'd studied a bit harder

If we'd brought a map with us, we(not be) lost now

I(not speak) to him again unless he apologizes

You can go to the party as long as you(come) home before midnight

Had I known you were bringing your friends, I(prepare) more food

Suppose your car broke down in the middle of nowhere, what(do)

I'd go out tonight if I(not have to) work tomorrow

If I ( not have to ) this homework to do, I would have gone out with my friends

She ( not come ) by train if she could drive

They ( go ) for a walk if it wasn't raining

If I ( be ) him, I wouldn't have quit my job until I'd found another

If they ( not eat ) so much, they wouldn't feel ill now

You (not be ) so tired if you'd gone to bed earlier

Reword the second sentence using the given word

I’m sorry we have too little time to visit the city. WIS

I wish we had more time so we could visit the city

She would like to be better at sport. WISHE

She ______________________ better at sport

I’d love to be able to sing better. COUL

I ______________________ better

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 It’s a pity that they’re not spending more time here. SPENDIN

I wish ______________________ more time here

It’s raining so we can’t have a picnic in the park. What a shame! ONL

If ______________________ raining! Then we could have a picnic in the park

I’d like to play tennis with William but he has no time. WIS

I ______________________ to play tennis with me

Tom would like to buy the new smartphone but it costs too much. COS

Tom wishes ______________________ so much

I’m not enjoying the match because they’re not playing well. ONL

If ______________________ well! Then I would enjoy the match

Wouldn’t you like to be a millionaire? WIS

Don’t ______________________ a millionaire

Reword the following sentences using the given word

My parents criticize my clothes

I wish ___they wouldn’t criticize___ my clothes

My parents never knock before coming into my room

I wish ________________________ before coming into my room

Yesterday my mum couldn’t go shopping so now I don’t have any milk for breakfast

If only my mum ________________________ yesterday! Now I’d have some milk for breakfast

Lucy didn’t tell me about last Friday’s concert so I missed it

I wish ________________________ about last Friday’s concert. I wouldn’t have missed it

My brother borrows my bike without asking

I wish ________________________ without asking

It snowed last week but they didn’t close the schools

If only ________________________ after it snowed last week

My team lost the match last Saturday because I couldn’t play

I wish I ________________________ in last Saturday’s match. My team probably wouldn’t have

lost

I went to bed very late last night so this morning I’m sleepy

If only ________________________ so late last night! Now I wouldn’t be so sleepy

Our teachers give us a lot of homework

I wish ________________________ so much homework

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 LECTURE

Contents

• The passiv
• Causative verb
THE PASSIV

The Passive is used when the focus is on the action. Who or what is performing the action is not
important.

Example: My bike was stolen twice.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however,
who did it

Sometimes a statement in the passive form is more polite than in the active , as the following
example shows

Example: A mistake was made

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have
made a mistake.)

FORMATIO

Subject + verb to be + Past Participle

Example: A letter was written

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following

· the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
· the nite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
· the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

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 Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Modal aux Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Present Continuous Active: Rita is writing a letter.

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past Continuous Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.

Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.

Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.

Passive: A letter would have been by Rita.

written

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

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Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in the passive form means that one of the two objec-
ts becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject
depends on what you want to put the focus on

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is
usually dropped

Personal Passiv
Personal Passive means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive
sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as
there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an in-
transitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction  – therefore this passive is
called Impersonal Passive

Example: he says – it is said

TRANSFORM INTO THE PASSIVE

Rachel will give you some advice
______________________________________
I sent him a letter
______________________________________
The police of cer showed us the way
______________________________________
Our neighbour gave me a lift
______________________________________
We have asked him a favour
______________________________________
She told me a lie
______________________________________
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They have written her a postcard

______________________________________
Kerrie will make you a cup of tea
_______________________________________
The waiter has not brought us the coffee
_______________________________________
They did not offer her a seat
_______________________________________

Further exercises in passive conversio

People know that she is a good swimmer

_____________________________________________
They say that Francis is in hospital
_____________________________________________
They think that the children are in bed
_____________________________________________
People believe that the robber has worked in the bank
_____________________________________________
People believe that nuclear power stations are dangerous
_____________________________________________
His colleagues thought that he was on holiday
_____________________________________________
People know that cars pollute the environment
_____________________________________________
They suppose that the new product will come out soon
_____________________________________________
They found that the mission was impossible
_____________________________________________
They believe that she will win a gold medal
______________________________________________

Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice

I can answer the question.

_______________________________________________________________________

She would carry the box.

_______________________________________________________________________

You should open the window.

_______________________________________________________________________

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 We might play cards.

_______________________________________________________________________

You ought to wash the car.

_______________________________________________________________________

He must ll in the form.

_______________________________________________________________________

They need not buy bread.

_______________________________________________________________________

He could not read the sentence.

_______________________________________________________________________

Will the teacher test our English?

_______________________________________________________________________

Could Jenny lock the door?

_______________________________________________________________________

Choose the correct words

Guy Fawkes is known / has known / knows for trying to blow up the Houses of Parliament and
kill King James I in the seventeenth century. However, it is thought to have / it is thought that /
is thought that he was not the man who planned the crime. Robert Catesby meant to have / are
supposed to be / is supposed to have been the leader of the group of men involved

Guy Fawkes is understood / to be understood / to have been understanding to be guarding

the gunpowder which was use / was meant / was considered to cause the explosion when he
was caught / was catching / caught. He was arrested / has been arrested / is arrested and
later executed

Now the day of the event, 5 November, is marked all over the UK, with British people lighting res
and reworks and burning 'men' made of paper and old clothes, which name / dare named / have
named 'guys', after Guy Fawkes

Complete the email with the present perfect active or passive of the verbs in brackets

Our company _________________ (invest) a lot of money in the X3000 engine. Tests on the new
engine _________________ ( nally /complete). Unfortunately, the results ___________________
(show) to be invalid

This __________________ (happen) for a number of reasons. Firstly the correct testing procedure
was not followed. Secondly, systems were not checked. Finally, most of the information was dele-
ted from the computer les. The Head of Research (suspend ) and funding for research next year

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_________________ (not/approve). For these reasons, the research
_________________________ (not/publish). The Head of Engineering ____________________
(ask) me to organise a meeting with all staff. He ___________________ (arrange) for a new series
of tests to start next week. You __________________ (all/invest) a lot of effort in this project and
we intend to make it a success

Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets

Last year the award(win) by our school

Recently, many problems(cause) by forest res

Another forest(cut down) next month

A man(kidnap) by criminals

The ceremony(show) on TV next year

A car(park) next to the bank last night

English (speak) all over the world

I can't use my computer at the moment. It (repair)

This book looks old. When (it / write)

We put our house up for sale last month, but it (not sell) yet

Their car wasn't in the car park. It (steal)

The 2012 Olympic Games (hold) in London

Italian (not teach) at the school I go to

Next week the sports centre (close) for three day

Britney wore a big hat and a pair of sunglasses to avoid(recognise)

The book War of the Worlds(write) over 100 years ago

The Kennedy Space Center(visit) by thousands of people every year

A new James Bond movie( lm) at the moment

Famous people should expect(photograph) when they go out in public

The band's latest CD will(release) on the Internet

Complete the sentences with the correct passive tens

1 My bicycle ____________________ (steal) a week ago.

2 The proposal ____________________ (discuss) at the next meeting.

3 All documents must ____________________ (sign) by the company director.

4 Is ____________________ (the computer / use) at the moment?

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 5 When we got to the station we found that our train ____________________ (cancel).

6 I’m not going to the party because I ____________________ (invite).

7 The workers went out while the of ce ____________________ (clean).

8 This silk blouse should ____________________ (wash) in cold water.

9 Lights ____________________ (switch) off at nine o’clock every night.

10 These books can ____________________ (buy) on the internet

Rewrite the sentences using the passive for

1 Someone has broken the window.

2 The robbers didn’t know that somebody was recording their conversation.

3 When did they build these houses?

4 Visitors must leave all bags here.

5 They are painting the house.

6 People can’t take food on the bus.

7 They lock the IT lab every evening.

8 I thought someone had told you about the party.

9 When will they publish the exam results?

10 Children shouldn’t use Internet chat lines.

Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive for

1 I can’t use my laptop at the moment: it __________________ (repair).

2 Nobody __________________ (tell) Juliet about the meeting yet.

3 I’ve never seen this animal before: what _________ (it / call)?

4 These trousers __________________ (not wash) yet.

5 You can __________________ (not park) your car here.

6 The Government __________________ (introduce) new taxes next week.

7 Where’s my dictionary? It was here a moment ago. Somebody must __________________

(take) it.

8 People should __________________ (recycle) plastic and glass.

9 I saw a terrible accident yesterday. Five people __________________ (take) to the hospital.

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 10 The children __________________ (watch) a reality show when mum arrived.

CAUSATIVE VERB

We use have something done when somebody does something for u

• We are going to have our kitchen painte

• Have you had your hair cut
In informal English we can use get something done with the same meaning

• Can I get my car washed here

In formal English we use have + object + base to talk about making someone do somethin

• The customs had me open my suitcas

In informal English we use get + object + to + base with the same meanin

• I got the children to clear there room yesterda

We can use an -ING form or in nitive after need to give a passive meanin

• These dirty clothes need to be washe

• My hair needs cuttin

Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets.

Example Nobody has been told (tell) the time of the exam yet

It’s dif cult to avoid ________ (photograph) by paparazzi when you’re famous

The gym is closed this week – it ________ (redecorate)

I saw Miranda in the art exhibition. She ________ (show) around by one of the artists

Drivers shouldn’t ________ ( ne) for parking ten minutes longer than they’ve paid for

Chelsea refused ________ (beat) and ended up winning the match

The couple ________ (think) to have escaped to France

Fish and chips used to ________ (wrap) in old newspapers

That restaurant ________ (say) to be one of the best in Europe.

Order the words to make sentences.

Example my / the / taken / of / I / photo / outside / Parliament / had / Houses

I had my photo taken outside the Houses of Parliamen

to / valued / the / an / we / get / painting / expert / decided / by

my / going / out / tooth / have / I’m / bad / to / tomorrow / taken

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 it / my / checked / I / fully / sold / had / car / I / befor

house / you / same / exactly / your / will / painted / have / colour / the

bigger / anyone / get / why / lips / to / made / would / want / their /

our / installed / heating / two / we’re / new / system / weeks / having / in

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 LECTURE

Contents

• Reported speec
• Some phrasal verb
REPORTED SPEEC

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct
speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct spee-
ch into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to tran-
sform a statement, question or request

Statement
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change

pronouns

present tense verbs (3rd person singular)

place and time expressions

tenses (backshift)

Type Example

direct speech “I speak English.”

reported speech(no He says that he speaks English.

backshift)

reported speech(backshift) He said that he spoke English.

Pronoun

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what
She says, “My mum doesn’t have time today.” – She says that her mum doesn’t have time today.

Tense

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 Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g. He says). Note, ho-
wever, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular)

He says, “I speak English.” – He says that he speaks English.

SA
It is used without a personal object ( I said what I wanted to do
it can be used with direct speech ( I said “Hello” and sat down at my desk
TEL
It has to be followed by a personal direct object. ( He told me that she would be late
Tell is only used in direct speech when what is quoted is either an instruction or a piece of informa-
tion (I told Martha “Look in the black box in my study. / I told them “I’ve never seen this wo-
man before.
Tell+object+in nitive is used to talk about orders, commands and advice ( I told them to shut up
)

Backshif
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He said). This is called
backshift

He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happ

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Simple Past, Present Perfect, Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect

Present Continuous, Past Past Continuous

Continuous

Present perfect Continuous Past perfect Continuous

Future I (going to) was / were going to

Future I (will) Conditional I Conditional I

Future Perfect Conditional II Conditional II

Imperative Infinitive

The verbs could, should, would, might, needn’t, ought to, used to do not normally change

He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.

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 MUST doesn’t change when it’s logical deductio

“She must be at school
Lory said she must be at schoo
“She must have been ill
Lory said she must have been il

MUST changes when it refers to necessity

I must buy some our to make pizz
She said she had to buy some ou

IF CLAUSES in reported speec

Only Type 1 changes
“If we invite them, they will come
I said that if we invited them they would com

Place and Time expression

Direct Speech Reported Speech

today that day

now then

yesterday the day before

… days ago … days before

last week the week before

next year the following year

tomorrow the next day / the

following day

here there

this that

these those

QUESTION

Note that instead of “that”‘ you use the interrogative. If there is no interrogative, use “whether”‘ or
“if”

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 Direct Speech Reported Speech

statement He said: “She lives in He said that she lived in

London.“ London

question with He asked:“Where does she He asked where she lived.

interrogative live?“

question without He asked: “Does she live in He asked whether she lived
interrogative London?“ in London.He asked if she
lived in London.

In indirect questions we use the same word order as in an af rmative statement . The auxi-
liary verb “do” is not used in indirect questions

Example: He asked: “Where does she live?“ – He asked where she lived.

Helen: I want to tell you something about my holiday in London.

Gareth: What does she say?
You: She says that ______________________
Helen: I went to London in July.
Gareth: What does she say?
You: She says that ______________________
Helen: My parents went with me.
Gareth: What does she say?
You: She says that ______________________
Helen: We spent three days in London.
Gareth: What does she say?
You: She says that ______________________
Helen: London is a multicultural place.
Gareth: What does she say?
You: She says that ______________________
Helen: I saw people of all colours.
Gareth: What does she say?
You: She says that ______________________
Helen: Me and my parents visited the Tower.
Gareth: What does she say?
You: She says that ______________________
Helen: One evening we went to see a musical.
Gareth: What does she say?

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You: She says that _______________________

Helen: I love London.
Gareth: What does she say?
You: She says that _______________________
Helen: The people are so nice there.
Gareth: What does she say?
You: She says that _______________________

Transform the following questions into reported speec

Example: Peter: "Did John clean the black shoes yesterday?

Peter asked me ________________________________________

Answer: Peter asked me if John had cleaned the black shoes the day before

1) Mandy: "Are the boys reading the book?

Yesterday Mandy asked me

2) Jason: "Who gave you the laptop?

Yesterday Jason wanted to know

3) Robert: "Is Tim leaving on Friday?

Yesterday Robert asked me

4) Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?

Yesterday Daniel asked me

5) Jennifer: "Where do you play football today?

Yesterday Jennifer wanted to know

6) Nancy: "Why didn't Nick go to New York last summer?

Yesterday Nancy wanted to know

7) Barbara: "Must I do my homework this afternoon?

Yesterday Barbara asked me

8) Linda: "Did Max y to London two weeks ago?

Yesterday Linda wanted to know

9) Grandmother: "Where are my glasses?

Yesterday Grandmother asked me

10) A man: "When does the train to Liverpool leave?

Yesterday a man asked m

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Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is some-
times not necessary

1) Emily: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow.

Emily said that

2) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday.

Helen told me that

3) Robert: "My father ew to Dallas last year.

Robert told me that

4) Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago.

Lisa said that

5) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend.

Patricia said that

6) Michael: "I am going to read a book this week.

Michael said to me that

7) Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow.

Jason and Victoria told me that

8) Andrew: "We didn't eat sh two days ago.

Andrew remarked that

9) Alice: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday.

Alice complained that

10) David: "John had already gone at six.

David said that

Rewrite the sentences so that the meaning is the same as in the original sentences.

1 ‘Tell me what you think.

She asked the

2 ‘Water boils at 100 o C.

Our teacher told u

3 ‘You shouldn’t be upset.

My mother said tha

4 ‘When does the concert nish?

She asked u

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 5 ‘Are you going to stay the night?

He asked m

6 ‘What are you thinking about?

I asked he

7 ‘Do you write poetry?

I asked hi

8 ‘I don’t like modern music.

My mother said tha

9 ‘Peter Jackson, the lm director, is a genius.

My brother says tha

10 ‘I didn’t enjoy the play.

She said tha

PHRASAL VERB

A phrasal verb is a verb + adverb/preposition . They can be transitive or intransitive.

She’s looking after the childre

With transitive phrasal verbs if the object is a noun it goes between the verb and the particle or
after the adverbial particl

Try on those jeans or Try those jeans o

If the object is a pronoun it goes between the verb and the adverb/prepositio

Try them o

INTRANSITIV

break out scoppiare grow up crescere

break down break down break down break down

carry on carry on carry on carry on

come about accadere per caso pass away morire

drop out ritirarsi pass out svenire

get away scappare set off/out cominciare un

viaggio

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 get by sopravvivere show off darsi arie

get back ritornare split up separarsi/lasciare

get on fare progressi take off decollare

get up alzarsi turn out risultare

give in cedere, rinunciare turn up arrivare

go off esplodere,andare a watch out fare attenzione
male

Choose the right optio

If you don’t know what a word means, you should …. in a dictionary

a. look out b. look it up c. look it ove

George doesn’t ….. with his mother-in-law

a. look up b. get along c. pick ou

Nobody ….. that the money was missing until the accounts were checke

a. went on b. found out c. saw t

I’m really ….. to spending a few days on the beach

a. facing up b. feeling up c. looking forward t

Paul’s parents emigrated to Australia and he …… there

a. grew up b. brought up c. lived up t

I decided to go to bed early because I felt completely ….

a. worn out b. got at c. given i

After many years our old car has nally …

a. broken out b. broken down c. broken i

The mozzarella cheese has ….. . Throw it away

a. died out b. knocked out c. gone of

TRANSITIV

bring up bring up bring up bring up

call off annullare put on indossare

carry out eseguire put up ospitare

clear up ripulire run down investire

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 cut off perdere la show around accompagnare in

comunicazione giro

ll in compilare un modulo switch on/off accendere

nd out scoprire take in capire

give away dare via take off togliersi abiti, scarpe

give out distribuire take on assumere

give up smettere, rinunciare take up cominciare un hobby

hold up ritardare, trattenere tear up strappare

knock down abbattere think over considerare

knock out stordire think up inventare

leave out tralasciare throw away buttare via

let down deludere try on accendere/spegnere

let in far entrare try out provare per la prima

volta
look up cercare in un turn into trasformare
dizionario

make into trasformare turn on/off accendere/spegnere

make up inventare una scusa, turn up/down alzare/abbassare
truccare

pick out scegliere wear out stancare/logorare

pick up andare a prendere in work out trovare una
auto soluzione

put aside mettere da parte

Fill in the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs from the box.

pay for fall for figure out looked for go along with talk down to put on ran into
pull through gave in showed up took off

1. I looked for my keys everywhere but I couldn’t ...........where I put them

2. I ....................you at the party but I couldn’t see you.
3. Although he tried to eat less he ..................some weight during the holidays
4. I ....................Karen and her new boyfriend when I went shopping
5. Over a hundred people ...................... for the news conference

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 6. Our plane .....................an hour late because of the fog.

7. My son drove me crazy about buying a new bike, so finally I ..........................
1. Erich is very sick at the moment but I am sure he’ll ...........................
8. She shouldn’t ....................... him like that. You’re not his boss.
9. I understand you opinion but I have to ........................... Linda on this question.
10. John told me that he didn’t steal but I didn’t ............................his lies.
11. Can I ............................the drinks with a credit card?

break out catch up with cut off drop off fill in give up go ahead with grow up
hand out hang up ring up tear down

He ____________________ Nancy and asker her if she would go to the dance with him.
The building was very old so they had to ___________ it __________.
The police have been looking for him every since he____________________ of the prison.
We left an hour earlier but we drove so fast that we were able to____________________ with him.
I’ve been trying to ____________________ smoking but I simply can’t
do it.
Timmy never ____________________ anything. He just leaves it on the floor.
Maria ____________________ the job application and gave it to thesecretary.
The president has decided to ____________________ his peace plan.
You are acting like a child. When will you ____________________?
The teacher ____________________ the test books to the class.
I wouldn’t be surprised if the company ____________________ my electricity. I haven’t paid the
bills for three months.
Can you _____________ me ________________at the train station on
your way back?

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