Ap test

1st three countries to industrialize- Great Britain, Germany and USA

8 ingredients for industrialization-

1. Profit motive
2. Political stability
3. cheap raw materials
4. cheap energy
5. cheap labor
6. capital $$$
7. Infrastructure
8. Access to a market
-Rostow
1. Soviet Union and China both skipped stage 3 of DMT
-5 year plan
Perestroika
Perestroika, Perestroika
Economic restructuring, economic restructuring
You can own your own business now
If you get the capital somehow
Free market’s great, Free market’s great
Maquiladoras- Edi Bencomo makes $2 dollars an hour and thinks she has a great job cuz she
gets benefits. Basically raw materials get shipped to mexico, they make a product using
cheap labor and ship it back to the United States.

Doi Moi- economic reforms of the Communist Party of Vietnam to try and create a more social
economy.

-transportation(rail=cheap, truck=$, ship=cheapest). These costs decrease the more mileage

one goes.
Why is ethanol unefficeint? Bcuz it takes a ton of corn to make a little ethanol
Just-in-time Deliver=you get your parts JUST before you need them. the advantage of this is
inventory isn’t necessary. (i.e. newspaper, milkmans back in the day!)

2. Changing location of Industry

Domestic shift(in the US)- From the Northeast to the Southeast or Southwest.
Global Shift-from middle of Europe to East Asia, Latin America. Also Western Europe to Central
Europe
3. Why is the distribution changing?
Countries, States, cities attracting industries with incentive, such as-
1. Without regulations
2. subsidized rents
3. low or no tax rates
4. few environmental laws
5. paid for infrastructure
i.e. Kia plant moving to Georgia, maquiladoras
• Situation Factors-involve transporting materials to and from a factory
-this basically means companies want to spend less money on transportation so they locate
near wherever they have to transport stuff to.
i.e. The copper industry. Copper is heavy and bulky to transport, so close to the copper mine
there is a copper concentration plant which is a Bulk Reducing Industry. Copper plant next to
mine!
Bulk Gaining industries- these industries make something that gain volume or weight during
production. i.e.

Break of bulk point-The point at which a cargo is unloaded and broken up into smaller units
prior to delivery. This saves $.
-airport to seaport is most common bulk reducing industry.
-transportation(rail=cheap, truck=$, ship=cheapest). These costs decrease the more mileage
one goes.

• Site Factors=3 main factors are labor, land and capital. Labor is most important.
Labor-minimizing labor costs is very important to a company.
labor intensive industries-one within which labor and other compensation paid to employees
constitute a high percentage of expenses. That’s why textiles are all in LDC’s.
Land-industries are attracted to places with a cheap energy source.
i.e. niagra falls.
Capital-people often borrow $ to start companies. Michigan is home to the early car industry
because the regions banks were more willing to lend money to the industries pioneers.

4. Changing location of Industry

Domestic shift(in the US)- From the Northeast to the Southeast or Southwest.
Global Shift-from middle of Europe to East Asia, Latin America. Also Western Europe to Central
Europe
Right to work laws- unions were a pain in the ass, southern states had these laws which said
unions didn’t have to be negotiated with.
China is so popular because it has the most cheap labor and the least amount of the world’s
largest market.
Basic Jobs-$ is coming from outside
i.e. casino, waffle house on interstate, cruise
-serves as export to hinterland or further out.
Nonbasic Jobs-money comes from nearby.
i.e. publix
Growth Poles-smaller, related industries go nearby.
i.e. GT
Multiplier Effect-1 basic job produces 2 more non-basic jobs.

• 12 recent developments in industry

1. Global Assembly Line- parts are made in periphery and assembled near the market. 30-30-
30-10 split for safety.
2. Homogenization of global tastes- world cars are now sold in many countries. California has
high standards. Emissions, mpg, meet standards for many countries.
3. Conglomerate Corporations- umbrella corporations sells lots of stuff.
i.e. General mills, Kraft
4. Transnational (Multinational) – most of companies workforce is overseas where labor is
cheap. i.e. 70% of Ford’s workforce is overseas.
5. Export Processing Zone (EPZ, SEZ) – Government makes small areas that have incentive to
go there such as tax breaks to persuade business to go there, such as Shenzhen.
6.Tourism’s rise – 11% of job’s worldwide.

9. Rate of Federal Corporate tax- if business don’t like the high taxes they move.

10. Free trade agreement and Protectionist reactions

11. New international division of law

-old was I am the man, three people under me have nice jobs, everyone elses jobs suck. One
of the sucky job people organizes a union and asks for better conditions, doesn’t get them
then orgnanizes a strike. He gets fired for this. I move the plant to Vietnam. That was old
world order.
-Quaternary and quinary stay in the core though.
12. Change in location of industry – domestic shift from NE to SE and SW. also when
companies move to china
Weber’s model of least cost theory
1. minimize transportation cost
2. minimize labor costs
3. maximize economies of agglomeration

CH 13 now!
Metropolitan area – urban area + suburbs.

Employment structure – the number of basic and nonbasic jobs.

Urbanization patterns
1800 3%
1850 6%
1900 14%
1950 25%
2000 47%
now Over 50%!!!
Year Percent of population in urban areas,

20th century trends

alternating current – you can send current places

commuting! Urban sprawl- primarily growing north

stop urban sprawl by taxing gasoline

21st century trends

diversified economic base
edge city – autonomous city on the periphery of a large city of new increasing mobilities,
decreases sense of large community.

11 largest cities
Tokyo
Mexico City
NYC
Sao Paulo
Mumbai
Dehli
Calcutta
Buenos Aires
Shanghai
Jakarta
L.A.

Cities have – high density, large size, social heterogeneity, self government, urbanized area.

Megacity – must have 10 million people plus.

- core is very urban

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) – a method of measuring the functional area of a city.
Includes
1. urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000
2. the county within which the city is located
3. adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents
working in the central city’s county.

1. Zoning restrictions
• Low occupance homes
• High occupance apartments
• Light industry – lighter machinery
• Heavy industry
• Special zones – schools, libraries
• Commercial – starbucks!
2. Greenbelt – Europe, Canada
• Draw a line and say, outside of this, nothing but farms.
• Causes values of land to go up, due to less land.

3. Green Space
• Hyde park, developers wanted to build, county bought it up, kept it green.

Urban Banana – a crescent shaped zone from England to Japan.

Islam
High windows
Quarters reserved for Christians, muslims, and jews.
Mosque in center of city

Rank size rule

Only for core countries General rule – the 2nd largest city is ½ the size of the first. Whatever
rank the city is, that number goes in the denominator over 1.
i.e. the 4th largest city is ¼ the size of the largest city
Primate City Rule
The largest city is twice the size of the next largest city. Think of Georgia, Atlanta is twice
more the size of Savannah.
Sector Model – developed by Homer Hoyt, cities develop into seectors, not rings. Makes sense
for Atlanta, based on transportation.

Multiple Nuclei Model – more than one CBD(nodes) Urban realms model
Conurbations!!!!!!!

• Why do inner cities have distinctive?

Filtering – nice houses progressively get owned by less rich people

Urban Renewal – the GOVERNMENT remodels old crappy houses and makes them fit for living.
These houses attract gays, young couples, and mainly people with no kids so u

Gentrification – middle class people move into crappy ghetto houses and fix it up.

Urban renewal is done by the government and gentrification is done by the homeowners!!!!!!

• Central Place Theory by Christaller

Location of cities to other cities. Assumes everything is ISOTROPIC.

- similar size cities are the same distance from each other.
Range – how far people are willing to travel to get something.
- you will travel farther for higher end goods
Threshold – minimum # of customers needed to sustain a business.

Breaking point – line where customers change their mind about where to drive for a service

3 WAYS TO KEEP MINORITIES OUR OF AREAS

1. Redlining – banks refusing to give loans to people in a certain area.
2. Blockbusting – i.e. a black couple moves in to a nice neighborhood, the real estate agent
tells the whole neighborhood about it, white people sell their house for less $.
3. Racial Steering – real estate agent only shows black people black areas, or Asian people
only Asian areas.

All three of these result in ghettos and segregation!!!!

Types of Urban Styles

USA vs. Europe
Wealthy people live in suburbs Wealthy people live in the city with big homes
Poor people live in ghetto, inner city Poor people live in suburbs, over 700 no-go zones in
Paris.
2% of US lives in government housing 30% of Europe lives in government housing

Latin America

Cities are a grid

Wealthy people in the middle of the city
Poor people live in squatter settlements

Squatter settlements, hoovervilles, favelas, and barrios=

Islam
High windows
Quarters reserved for Christians, muslims, and jews.
Mosque in center of city
Rank size rule
Only for core countries General rule – the 2nd largest city is ½ the size of the first. Whatever
rank the city is, that number goes in the denominator over 1.
i.e. the 4th largest city is ¼ the size of the largest city
Primate City Rule
The largest city is twice the size of the next largest city. Think of Georgia, Atlanta is twice
more the size of Savannah.