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➢Attenzione al dettaglio
➢Categorizzazione
➢Organizzazione sistematica
➢Confrontare
➢Valutare
➢Sintetizzare
➢Ricerca di evidenze in letteratura
Introduzione
È utile il pensiero critico in osteopatia?
➢Palpazione
➢Intuizione
➢Modello concettuale
➢1962: rigorous empirical testing of clinical trials in human beings was legally required to
establish claims regarding drug efficacy…..uncontrolled clinical experience and physiological
reasoning
➢In the 1970s and 1980s, the need for strengthening the empirical practice of medicine, rules for
guiding clinical decisions.
➢Inflexible rules and technology driven prompts may produce care that is management
driven rather than patient centered
https://www.gimbe.org/eb/limiti.html
Fryer, G. (2008)
Torniamo ai 5 step
Five steps of EBP
➢Translation of uncertainty to an answerable question
➢Systematic retrieval of best evidence available
➢Critical appraisal of evidence for validity, clinical relevance, and applicability
➢Application of results in practice
➢Evaluation of performance
➢La letteratura scientifica è in inglese
➢La letteratura è molto vasta (Straus, 2005)
➢Non tutta la letteratura è valida
Piramide dell’evidenza
Choice of a study design hinges on many factors, including prior research, availability of study
participants, funding, and time constraints
Thiese 2014
Studi osservazionali
Epidemiological studies, which assess the relationship between factors of interest and disease in
the population, are observational.
Thiese 2014
Studi osservazionali
Thiese 2014
Bias
Per bias si intende un errore sistematico nel design o nell’analisi dei risultati che
condiziona i risultati stessi.
➢Trattamento controllo
➢Positivo (un trattamento che già si è dimostrato funzionare)
➢Negativo
➢Placebo (Sham Treatment)
➢Assenza di trattamento (spesso chiamato controllo).
Performance bias. Bias resulting from differences in the care provided to the participants
in a study, other than the treatments being compared
Detection bias. Systematic differences between groups in how outcomes are determined.
Performance bias. Bias resulting from differences in the care provided to the participants
in a study, other than the treatments being compared
Detection bias. Systematic differences between groups in how outcomes are determined.
Performance bias. Bias resulting from differences in the care provided to the participants
in a study, other than the treatments being compared
Detection bias. Systematic differences between groups in how outcomes are determined.
➢Fattibilità
➢Stima dell’effetto
➢Stima della standard deviation
EPB – è il paziente?
➢Ricerca quantitativa
➢Ricerca qualitativa
Bibliografia
Atkins, D., Eccles, M., Flottorp, S., Guyatt, G. H., Henry, D., Hill, S., ... & GRADE Working Group. (2004). Systems for grading the quality of evidence
and the strength of recommendations I: critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC health services research, 4(1), 38.
Dawes, M., Summerskill, W., Glasziou, P., Cartabellotta, A., Martin, J., Hopayian, K., ... & Osborne, J. (2005). Sicily statement on evidence-based
practice. BMC medical education, 5(1), 1.
Djulbegovic, B., & Guyatt, G. H. (2017). Progress in evidence-based medicine: a quarter century on. The Lancet, 390(10092), 415-423.
Fryer, G. (2008). Teaching critical thinking in osteopathy–integrating craft knowledge and evidence-informed approaches. International Journal of
Osteopathic Medicine, 11(2), 56-61.
Greenhalgh, T., Howick, J., & Maskrey, N. (2014). Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis?. Bmj, 348.
Petrie, A., & Sabin, C. (2019). Medical statistics at a glance. John Wiley & Sons.
Roberts, C., & Torgerson, D. (1998). Randomisation methods in controlled trials. Bmj, 317(7168), 1301-1310.
Straus, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., Haynes, R. B., Pattani, R., & Veroniki, A. A. (2005). How to practice and teach EBM. Evidence-Based
Medicine. Third edition. Elservier, 13-29.
Suresh, K. P. (2011). An overview of randomization techniques: an unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. Journal of human
reproductive sciences, 4(1), 8.
Thiese, M. S. (2014). Observational and interventional study design types; an overview. Biochemia medica: Biochemia medica, 24(2), 199-210.