Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Republic of Cameroon
Prepared by
Maria-Evangelia Kaninia
Intern from August to …, 2006
For the
2.1.2 Population
- Total population: Approximately 17 million.
The population curve is intensely skewed
towards younger ages, since 40% belongs
to the 0-14 group.
- Growth rate: 2.0%. Approximately 7% are Figure 1 Map of Cameroon
affected by the HIV/AIDS (mentioned as a major[CIA]
prohibitive factor towards development).
2.2.1.2 Oil
The following table provides the detailed energy balance for oil and oil-derived
commodities, as provided by [EIAa]:
OIL 000 bbl/d
refinery
production output imports exports consumption
crude oil 67 63.0 97.9
gasoline 6.8 0.7 1.7 5.7
kerosene 4.6 0.4 1.8 3.1
distillate 9.1 0.7 3.2 9.0
residual 6.4 4.4 1.5
other 3.6 4.2
1
The World Resources Institute [WRI] Earth Trends country profile suggests that the
non-commercial energy sources (such as fuel wood, which is not included in the figures provided
by other sources) is significant, amounting for another 5000 ktoe.
2
However, the portal [MBENDI] mentions that oil smuggled from the Niger delta can
account for another 30% of the officially accounted for inland demand. This would substantially
distort the energy balance tables.
total 67 30.4 64.9 108.9 23.5
source: [EIA]
Table 2 Oil sector supply table ([EIAa])
[EIA] mentions that the proven oil reserves amount to 400 million barrels3 (which would
hypothetically suffice to cover the global oil demand for six days at present consumption levels).
The reserves are mainly located offshore in the Rio del Rey Basin of the Niger Delta, offshore
and onshore in the Douala/Kribi-Camp basins on the western coast, and onshore in the Logone-
Birni basin in the northern part of the country.
However, Cameroon’s oil output peaked in 1985 and has thereafter declined. As can be
observed, during the last few years Chad has started producing considerable amounts of oil,
which are related to Cameroon’s production in that all oil produced in Chad and destined to
exports has to transit through Cameroon, via a recently assembled pipeline4 ending at Kribi
terminal. Every barrel of oil transiting through this pipeline generates income for Cameroon; at a
rate of $0.46/bbl. Cameroon Oil Transport Company (COTCO – consortium consisting of
ExxonMobil, Chevron and Petronas) owns and operates the respective part of the pipeline5.
3
Notice the divergence between the estimated reserves as provided by [CIA] and [EIA].
4
The construction of the pipeline has raised controversy concerning the environmental
side-effects. For an extensive report, see [EDEF].
5
The pipeline project is extensively documented at [WBNKa].
There is an ongoing process of restructuring in Cameroon, aiming at encouraging
investment in the petroleum sector and allowing for tax alleviations for activities such as
exploration. Technically, the Ministry of Mines and Energy regulates the upstream oil sector;
however, it is the National Hydrocarbons Company (SNH) (which is in a transition status towards
privitisation but reports directly to the president) that directs all activities at the three major basins
and represents the government’s interests. The legislation governing oil-related activities is
summarized in [MBENDI].
Distribution of authority in
SNH operates several of its activities in conjunction the oil sector.
with western oil companies (among them Total of France
operates two thirds of the oil production). Recently, in May
2005, Total was assigned an exploration block in the
offshore Rio del Rey basin6. The outcome of the exploration activities was positive, as reported in
[OILV], which shows further potential for the upstream oil sector.
Concerning the ongoing exploration activities, the border dispute with Nigeria over the
Bakassi peninsula ought to be mentioned. The peninsula, over which Cameroon now has
sovereignty after a positive ruling of the International Court in 2002, is believed to contain
significant reserves (see [UN]).
As to the mid- and down-stream sector, Cameroon only operates one refinery (since
1981) in the port city of Limbe with a throughput capacity of 42,000 bbl/d. Therefore, Cameroon
exports most of its crude production, while it meets its domestic needs in processed refinery
products through imports from neighbouring countries, namely Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea.
The retail market comprises players such as Total, ExxonMobil, ChevronTexaco and Shell. The
petroleum products are distributed domestically by the Cameroon Petroleum Depot Company
(SCDP).
2.2.1.3 Gas
The detailed energy balance provided by [EIAa] shows that so far no gas is marketed or
otherwise profitably used. In 2003, 53 bcf were produced (gross production, associated with the
oil pumping process). However, the entire quantity was vented or flared.
Cameroon has however significant reserves to exploit. The 3.9 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) (or
110bcm, 62bcm of which concentrated in five major fields) (source: [CIA]; there is general
consensus among major sources as far as this estimation is concerned) of proved reserves
potentially available (equivalent to approximately 4% of the current yearly global natural gas
demand ([BP])) have since 2004 become the object of talks between Syntroleum Corporation and
Cameroon over a proposed joint venture with Euroil (for a detailed report on the latter deal,
containing the terms of the agreement concerning the offshore MLHP-4 block, see [AOJ]).
As is mentioned in [TIM], the five major gas fields could supply electricity to Cameroon for
400 years (assuming the operation of a 100MW at 50% load factor) at present day demand rates
– which shall not be maintained if the current growth trend is sustainable.
2.2.1.4 Electricity
According to [EIA], as of January 2003 Cameroon relied mainly on hydroelectric power
generating stations (90% of a total installed capacity of 900MW7) in order to satisfy the inland
demand for electrical energy. The remaining capacity is provided by conventional thermal plants.
Cameroon is facing a severe problem because of its sole reliance on hydromechanical resources,
since in the dry season the aforementioned capacity falls to 450MW and electricity has to be
6
The related press release can be found at the website for Total.
7
[AESa] reports that the installed capacity is 850 MW divided among 3 plants. However,
it is not specified whether the remaining 50MW could, for example, correspond to private
industrial auto-producers units, which are not included in the total capacity of the public utility. In
contrast [AESb] (which ought to be the most accurate source of information since it targets
investors) reports that AES-Sonel is “the sole generating company” and that the capacity is 933
MW (77% hydro and 23% thermal).
rationed. Figure 4 shows the increments in hydroelectric power capacity realized in the mid
nineties and earlier in the current decade, while the installed thermal capacity remains constant.
The same source (see [EIAc]) provides a figure of 3.5 billion KWh of generated electricity in 2003
(yielding an average utilization rate of 35%)8. To put figures into perspective, this amounts to
160kWh per capita, compared to a world average of approximately 2300kWh per capita ([WRI]).
[EIA] mentions that in 2001, US-based AES Corporation purchased a majority stake
(56%, see [AESa]) in the state-run Société Nationale d’Electricité (SONEL). AES-SONEL
implemented a plan to invest $500 million to improve Cameroon’s electrical infrastructure. The
completion of an 85-MW, oil-fired plant at Limbe, in August 2004, marked the first step in the
electricity network improvements. AES-SONEL has additional plans to build hydroelectric plants,
as well as Cameroon’s first natural gas-fired plant at Kribi. The Kribi facility is expected to be
operational by 2007. In October 2003, AES-SONEL and the government adopted a new
electricity tariff structure to reduce electricity costs for residential customers.
An idea about the situation in the electricity utility shortly after the transition from the
strictly state-owned SONEL to the partially privatised AES-SONEL can be acquired through the
report [POSTb].
Furthermore, the privatisation results are being criticized in [PINa]. The main conclusion
is that due to the weak institutions, competition and private ownership cannot be fully relied on,
and that government involvement is unavoidable.
2.50
2.00
thermal
1.50
hydro
1.00
0.50
0.00
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
8
The loss percentage was approximately 25%, as reported by [AESb].
Figure 4 Installed capacity by type: 85 MW of thermal generation were added in
2004
industry
753
transport
residential
other sectors
4503
4500
ktoe
4000
3500 oil products
3000
2500 biomass and waste
2000 (combined)
1500 electricity
1000
500
0
other
industry transport residential
sectors
oil products 60 753 182 0
biomass and waste 887 0 4274 0
(combined)
electricity 120 0 47 119
3.1.1.2 Achievements
[SHY] provides a detailed report of the already existing and operating hydro plants. The
following table summarizes the characteristics of these projects:
Capacity (MW) Notes
Song Loulou 384 8 units
Edea I,II,III 204 14 units (combined at all three sites)
Lagdo 72 4 units
9
A general assessment of the RE sector in Africa can be found in [RENAFR].
10
[IRN] provides a detailed report on the environmental concerns related to the
construction of this project.
Bini a Warak 75 Vina-North river, north
Nachtigal 267 Sanaga river
Memve'Ele 202 Ntem river
Kader 15
Table 4 Planned hydro projects (planning stage) [SHY]
The total capacity of the above projects amounts to 615MW, or about 80% of the current
capacity.
Since Cameroon is self-reliant as far as its electricity supply is concerned and has the
potential to become a net exporter, the possibility of an interconnection towards Chad is being
examined by EDF of France and the AES-SONEL (mentioned in [SHY]). The interconnection
would supply Chad with electrical energy produced at the Lagdo site (proximity to the border).
In order to face the problem of seasonal availability of hydro power, a reservoir at the
Lom Pangar site is being considered ([SHY]). The reservoir would stabilize the electricity
availability from the dependant plants, namely Song Loulou and Edea.
The INGA hydroelectric project ([EIAb]) is worth being mentioned. According to the plan,
the vast hydro potential of the river Congo would become further exploited and shared within
Africa via an extensive interconnection scheme. Should this plan be implemented, Cameroon’s
own network would act as a link, ensuring steady and reliable supply in electricity.
3.1.1.6 Summary
In short, Cameroon has the potential to fully cover its needs in electricity (and further,
become a net exporter) by harnessing the hydromechanical energy, provided it diversifies the
electricity supply so as to ensure alternative sources of supply during periods of drought.
3.1.2 Solar
Cameroon has obviously significant solar energy potential. However information on
whether relative large-scale (in the sense of being initiated in the course of a broader effort)
projects exist is not available.
However, the site [IBCAM] provides instances of solar energy small-scale applications
(such as solar cells for water pumping). Another example indicating a tendency towards small-
scale solar energy applications is the report published on [AFREN]11, describing a training
session held in Cameroun.
3.1.3 Wind
No information focused specifically on Cameroon has been found. However, [HEL]
mentions that Cameroon is not included in the group of African countries with significant wind
energy potential, especially since there are other sources available.
11
Mentioned as an example of a company catering to an apparently growing market for
small-scale technologies of this type, since most of these companies do not have accessible web
sites.
3.1.4 Biomass & Waste
3.1.4.1 Fuelwood
As is the rule in Africa (the most intensive user of fuelwood in per capita terms – almost
exclusively for residential use), a significant amount of Cameroon’s primary energy is met through
the use of fuelwood. [WRI], as was recorded above, provides an estimate of about 5000 ktoe
regarding the energy value of fuelwood currently used. This amounts to 80% of the oil production
recorded in 2003.
The figures provided by [WEC] are as follows:
total surface (th. sq. km) 465
forest coverage (th. sq. km) 239 54%
production (million tonnes) 11.2
Table 5 Fuelwood data, 1999 [WEC]
[GFW] has published [GFWa], an extensive report on the current state of affairs of the
forests of Cameroon, where it is explicitly mentioned that “most of the wood harvested… is used
to meet local energy needs”. The following chart, retrieved from the report mentioned above
shows that fuelwood consumption is steadily increasing.
3.1.4.1.2 Summary
Fuelwood is already widely used to meet residential energy requirements, by a
population that is deprived of access to a national grid. The normal course expected is that the
use of fuelwood will increase as projects to make electricity accessible to a larger percentage of
the population are realized.
more
90% of current
plants in
Hydro major electrical na environmental Y
planning
capacity
stage
private,
Solar major N small- na cost Y
scale
Wind N N na na na na
already used to environmental
Biomass Y meet residential na na – excessive Y
energy needs logging
Waste na na na na na na / N
Geothermal na na na na na na
Oceanic na na na na na na
4 References / Sources
4.1 Information sources
- [CIA] https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cm.html, CIA World Factbook,
accessed on 25/08/06
- [MBENDI] http://www.mbendi.co.za/indy/oilg/af/ca/p0005.htm, portal to information on
Africa, accessed on 25/08/06
- [UNSD] http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy, 2003 Energy Statistics Yearbook, 2002 Energy
Balance and Electricity Profiles
- [UNnews] www.un.org/News/, “Nigeria hands Cameroon formal control of Bakassi
Peninsula under UN-sponsored deal”, published on 14/09/06, accessed on 13/09/06
- [BP] www.bp.com, Statistical Review of World Energy 2006, accessed on 28/08/06
- [EIU] http://www.eiu.com, Economist Intelligence Unit, accessed on 05/09/06
- [UNCDB] http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cdb, UN Common Database, accessed on 25/08/06
- [EIA] http://www.eia.doe.gov/, Energy Information Administration, Country Analysis
Briefs, accessed on 25/08/06
o [EIAa] http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/world/country/cntry_CM.html, detailed
country energy balance by type of energy commodities (year 2003), accessed on
28/08/06
o [EIAb] http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/inga.html, detailed description of the
INGA hydroelectric facility and interconnection plans, published in 11/2002,
accessed on 30/08/06
o [EIAc] http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/electricitygeneration.html,
accessed on 14/09/06
- [WRI] http://wri.org/, World Resources Information, Earthtrends, accessed on 28/08/06
- www.postnewsline.com, English-language newspaper of Cameroon:
o [POSTa], article “AES SONEL Announces Reduction In Electricity Installation
Rates”, published on 23/08/06, accessed on 28/08/06
o [POSTb], report “The Dark Complexion Of AES-SONEL”, published in 08/04,
accessed on 28/08/06
- [WBNKa] www.worldbank.org, Home> Countries> Africa> Regional Initiatives> Chad-
Cameroon Pipeline, accessed on 28/08/06
- [WBNKb] www.worldbank.org, Survey of Energy Resources, accessed on 28/08/06
- [WB] http://worldbank.org, Home > Countries > Africa > Cameroon > Overview > Country
Brief, updated in August 2006, accessed on 13/09/06
- [WEC] http://www.worldenergy.org, Survey of Energy Resources, accessed on 28/08/06
- [AOJ] http://www.africanoiljournal.com, report “Syntroleum and EurOil Bid to Develop
Sanaga Sud Field”, published on 14/01/03, accessed on 28/08/06
- [IMF] http://www.imf.org, International Monetary Fund, Country Info, accessed on
28/08/06
- [TIM] http://www.times-publications.com/, report: “Can natural gas meet Cameroon's
energy needs?”, accessed on 28/08/06
- [SHY] http://www.small-hydro.com, International Small-Hydro Atlas, accessed on
28/08/06
- [GFW] http://www.globalforestwatch.org, Global Forest Watch, accessed on 29/08/06
o [GFWa] “An overview of logging in Cameroon”, report published in 2000
- [EDEF] http://www.environmentaldefense.org, Environmental Defense, accessed on
29/08/06
- [IBCAM] http://www.ibcam.com, private company specialized in small-scale electricity
tasks, such as solar pumps and energy accumulators, accessed on 29/08/06
- [IRN] http://www.irn.org/programs/lompangar/, International Rivers Network, fact sheet on
the Lom Panger dam, published in 05/2005, accessed on 29/08/06
- [AFREN] http://www.africanenergy.com/en/News/Cameroun, distributor of solar and
back-up power equipment for Africa, accessed on 29/08/06
- [HEL] “Strategic Study of Wind Energy Deployment in Africa”, report published in March
2004 by Hélimax Énergie inc of Canada for the African Development Bank
- [AESa] http://www.aes.com, Our Business > Utilities, accessed on 13/09/06
- [AESb] AES Sonel Business Review, by Jean David Bile (General Manager), 22/03/2006,
available online at http://www.aes.com, Investor Information, accessed on 13/09/06
- [AFDB] http://www.afdb.org/, report “Cameroon: Bank Group Supports Investment in
Power Sector”, published on 10/05/06, accessed on 28/08/06
- [IEA] “Energy Balances of non-OECD countries 2003-2004”, 2006 edition
- [NEPAD] http://www.nepad.org/, New Partnership for Africa’s Development, site
accessed on 30/08/06
- [WEO] World Energy Outlook, April 2006, available online at
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/index.htm, accessed on 13/09/06
- [RENAFR] “Renewable Energy in Africa: Prospects and Limits: Renewable Energy
Development”, by Karekezi and Kithyoma (AFREPREN) for The Workshop for African
Energy Experts on Operationalizing the NEPAD Energy Initiative (2-4/06/03), available at
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/energy/op/nepadkarekezi
- [CMGV] http://www.globalvillagecam.org/, non-governmental environmental and
development organization, site accessed on 30/08/06
- [UNFCC] http://unfccc.int/, section “Kyoto mechanisms”, accessed on 30/08/06
- [PINa] “Transparency in the Dark – An Assessment of the Cameroonian Electricity Sector
Reform”, by Pineau, dated 12/08/06, accessible on 30/08/06 at
http://web.uvic.ca/padm/faculty/pineau/pdfs/cameroonassessment.pdf
- [OILV] http://www.oilvoice.com/, “Total confirms…Dissoni Block”, Press Release,
published on 02/06/06, accessed on 30/08/06
- [GVEP] http://www.gvep.org/section/actionplans/africa/cameroon/, GLOBAL VILLAGE
ENERGY PARTNERSHIP,
-
5 Annex