Torque on electric dipole Mass of inkdrop on inkjet Energy stored in capacitors (xJ) Dielectric cons.

Chapter 21: Electrostatics ! = pE sin " ! 1 1 C = ! Cair !

U= CeqV 2 = nCV 2
Charge expressed in sum of protons and electrons F qE
ay = = 2 2
!
Electric flux
( )
Eair q q
q = e ! N p " N e ! Equilibrium Position (charge at m m 2U E= = =
! "!!
! = EA cos n=
! !" 0 A " A !
##
2
1 CV
origin and elsewhere is positive) ! = " E " dA ! y = at 2 ; L = vt
Coulombʼs Law 2 Capacitance of a coaxial cable " = !" 0
= F Guassʼs Law ! 2"# 0 L
qq F 2y 2yv 2 C =! !
! ! q a= = 2 ln ( r2 / r1 )
1! 3 2! 3
F=k 1 2
Charge on a cylindrical capacitor
r2
q1q3 q3q2 ## E " dA = $ 0 !
!=" (L / v)2 L
Capacitor half filled with a dielectric 2"# 0 L
k =k ! C =!
N ! m2 ( x3 " x1 )2 ( x 2 " x 3 )2 cyclindrical symmetry m=
qE ln ( r2 / r1 )
k = 8.99 !10 9
!
C2 q1 x2 + q2 x1 ! 2k ! a
$ 2"# 0 L '
! x3 =
E= = ! q = CV = & ! )V
1 q1 + q2
2"# 0 r r % ln ( r2 / r1 ) (
k=
4" #0 planar symmetry
!
C 2
Force between electrons of E= !
$ 0 = 8.85 !10 %12
2" 0
N ! m2
electrostatic force and planar symmetry, conductor CAPA #1
Charged balls hang gravitational force !
E= !
from ceiling with Fe kq 2e "0
insulated ropes find F = Gm 2 ! Charge distributed uniformly throughout sphere, inside
g e !r1 False: A negative charge placed in Zone 2 can be in equilibrium.
mass Einside = outside
3" 0 True: A positive charge placed in Zone 3 can be in equilibrium.
T sin ! " Fe = 0;T cos! " Fg = 0 Bead on a wire slanted, ! kQ
Qr1 kQr Eoutside = 2 ! True: A negative charge placed in Zone 3 can be in equilibrium.
q2 find mass of second bead Einside = = 31 r2 True: A negative charge placed in Zone 1 can be in equilibrium.
Fg = mg; Fe = k 4#" 0 R 3 R
d2 qq True: A positive charge placed in Zone 1 can be in equilibrium.
Fe = k 1 2 2 ; Fg = m2 g sin !
d /2 d False: A positive charge placed in Zone 2 can be in equilibrium.
sin ! = Electric field from a ring of charge
l qq kdq dq z 0: = charge of the hydrogen atom, consisting of a proton and an electron.
q2 q2 !
k 1 2 2 = m2 g sin !
d
! Ez (z) = ! r2
cos" = k ! 2
r r -1/3: = charge of the down quark.
Fe = k 2 = k 2 2
d 4l sin ! k qq r = z 2 + R 2 ; ! dq = q ! 0: = charge of the neutron.
T sin ! Fe m2 = 2 1 2 +2/3: = charge of the up quark.
= d g sin ! Ez (z) =
kqz
0: = charge of the helium atom, consisting of two protons, two neutrons,
T cos! Fg
(z )
3/2
2
+ R2 and two electrons.
kq 2 Ratio of electrostatic/gravitation
m=
4gl 2 sin 2 ! tan !
Chapter 23: Electric Potential -1: = charge of the electron.
+1: = charge of the proton.
qq mm
Fe = k 1 2 2 ; Fg = G 1 2 2
Constant Energy of tandem acc.
! ! electric field
r r
K = !"U = ! [ q1V + q2 (!V )]
Find magnitude and direction q1q2
Four charged objects find force on fourth charge W = qE ! d = qEd cos" qq k !
F = k 122 Fe / Fg ! r2
displacement.same.direction.as.e # field 1 2 2K ! mm
kq ! K= mv # v = r
qq qq q $ ! G 12 2
Fx = k 1 2 4 + k 2 4 2 cos 45° = 24 # q1 + 2 cos 45°& W = qEd; $U = #qEd ! 2 m 2 r
( )
e b
d 2d d " 2 % ! k 2 *2* How far apart two charged
displacement.opposite.direction.as.e # field 0 Work, constant V c c
W spheres
q2 q4 q3 q4 kq ! q $ W = #qEd; $U = qEd
Fy = k 2 sin 45° ' k = 24 # 2 sin 45° + q3 & !V = " e = 0 # V.is.cons tan t ! Cosmic rays bombarding Earth, find total charge F = k q1q2
( 2d ) d2 d " 2 % Electric Potential
We U Workf
q radius = atmosphere + earth d2
# .of .protons = rate * time * (4! r 2 ) ! q1q2
Fy !V = " ! V= ! ! ! 4.3F = k
F = F + F ; tan ( = ! W = " qE ! ds ! xd 2 !
2 2
x y
q q total.ch arg e = # .of .protons * (1.602i10 "19 )
Fx 1
Potential Difference i Electrons on mass of water 23
x=
4.3
= 0.232
kq4 ! q2 $ ! q2 $
2 2
We ! ! f 1000g 1mol 6.023 *10 atoms # .of .electrons
!
F= # q1 + cos 45°&% + #" sin 45° + q3 &% !V = V f " Vi = " = " $ E # ds ! kg * * * * new.dis = 0.232 * d 2
d2 " 2 2 q
kg xg 1mol 1atom

! q2 $ Potential
i
Two beads on insulating string, find mass of sec. bead
#" sin 45° + q3 &% " Fe = Fg
! ! ! kq n n
kqi
( = tan '1
2
V ( x) = # E ! ds ! V (r) = ! V = ! Vi = ! ! q2
Two balls on wire, find length
! q2 $ r i =1 i =1 ri Fe = k; Fg = mg ! of string
#" q1 + cos 45°&% x d2
2
Superposition of Electric Potential q2 T sin ! " Fe = 0;T cos! " Fg = 0
k 2
Chapter 22: Electric Field V =!
3
kqi "q q q % "q
= k$ 1 + 2 + 3' = k$ 1 +
q2
+
q3 %
! m= d
sin ! =
d /2
a &'
g
Charge in a cube, one of the sides i =1 ri # r1 r2 r3 & #b a2 + b2 l
Electric field Two beads, slanted wire, find force between q2 q2 q2
! 1Q Calculating Field from Potential Fg = mg; Fe = k = = !
! oneface = = ! d 2 ( 2l sin ! )2 4l 2 sin 2 !
6 6 "0 "V qq
Fe = k 1 2 2 ; Fg = m2 g sin !
ES = ! ! d T sin ! F
"s T cos!
= tan ! = e
Fg
qq
Electric Potential from two charge system k 1 2 2 = m2 g sin ! !
Electric field
! at x d kq 2
! ! U = q2V1 (r) l=
F q k q1q2 4gm sin 2 ! tan !
E( x) = = k 2 r̂ ! kq q ! d=
q0 r U= 1 2 m2 g sin !
r
Electric Field from a point charge Electric Potential of triangle system One pos charge on origin and neg charge, find position of third
q1
F + F2, x + ... + Fn, x U12 = W = q2V = q2 k q1q3 q3q2
Ex = 1, x d
!
k
(x3 ! x1 )2
=k
(x3 ! x2 )2
q0 q q
! W13 + W23 = U13 + U 23 = q3V = q3 k 1 + q3 k 2 q1 (x3 ! x2 ) = q2 (x3 ! x1 ) !
F1, y + F2, y + ... + Fn, y d d
Ey = Electric Potential from charges at center x3 =
q1 x2 ! q2 x1
q0 q1 q2 q3 q1 ! q2
Electric field do particles at center from 4 point charges V (C) = + + !
R R R
! q q k 12 electrons circle CAPA #2
Ecenter, x = k 22 (! x̂) + k 23 ( x̂) = ( q3 ! q2 ) 12
!e !12e Square, pos charge and neg charge Two point charges at corners of right
r2
V (C) = " k
r r
=k diagonal, find E at other corners triangle, fine E of third and direction of E
! q q k R R !
Ecenter, y = k 21 (! ŷ) + k 24 ( ŷ) = ( q4 ! q1 ) i =1

r r r2 E(C) = 0
! !
Ecenter = E 2center, x + E 2center, y !
Chapter 24: Capacitors ! ! !
k 2k Farad energy density
" ( q3 ! q2 )2 + ( q4 ! q1 )2 = ( q3 ! q2 )2 + ( q4 ! q1 )2 1C U
r2 a2 1F = ! u= !
$q !q ' 1V volume Hollow metal sphere with a solid sphere inside
# = tan !1 & 4 1 ) Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
total charge surface of inner sphere
% q3 ! q2 ( total charge on inner surface of hollow sphere
q ! A
Electric field everywhere on x-axis (dipole) C= = 0 ! ! total charge surface
* - V d
of outer surface
, / Area of a parallel plate capacitor !
q , 1 1 / dC
E= # 2 ! A= ! !
4!" 0 ,$ 1 '
2
$ 1 ' / !0
, %& x # d ) & x + d ) /
+ 2 ( % 2 ( . Cylindrical capacitor Spherical capacitor Max torque with dipole moment Net force of water molecule near point charge
!L 2"# 0 L
rr
Vector !electric dipole moment q C = 4!" 0 1 2 ! measured in D
! C= =
!
= !
( ) r2 # r1
p = qd ! V
2"# 0
(
ln r2 / r1 )
ln r2 / r1
! !

Electric field far away from electric dipole Single conducting sphere capacitor Two semicircular shaped insulating
p Circuit in series E needed to counteract weight of e- at Earthʼs
E= ! ! 1 1 1$
rods find E at center
2!" 0 x 3 Circuit in parallel V = V + V + V ... = q # + +
C2 C3 %&
!2kq surface
" C1 Ex =
1 2 3
q = (C1 + C2 + ...Cn )V
Electric dipole moment of water q "r2 !
Ceq = C1 + C2 + ...Cn ! V= !
d = (10 !10 m)cos 52.5° = 0.6 "10 !10 m Ceq 2Ex
! Ceq = ! Ci
n
1 n
1 !
p = 2ed = 2 "10 !29 Cm i =1
='
Ceq i =1 Ci
Ratio of two different wires, charge
density lamda and radius r
Electric field from three point charges Work required bring capac. to full charge
q1 !
E1 = k
b2
x
Wt = ! dW =
1 q2
!
CAPA #3
2C !
Battery with two parallel metal plates, acc
q3 !
E3 = k 2 y Work stored as EP energy for capacitor from neg to pos plate, fine KE and speed
a ! 1
K = U = qV !
2
1q 1 1
U= = CV 2 = qV ! K = U = qV; K = mv 2
" kq cos! % ! " kq sin ! % ! 2C 2 2 2
E2 = $ 22 2 ' x + $ 22 2 ' y !
# a +b & # a +b & EP energy for parallel plate cap. 1 2 2qV
U CV 2 1 " V % 1
2 Two ions with +1 and -1 charge, find work to qV = mv ! v
E = E 2x + E 2y u= = = !0 $ ' = !0E 2 !
Ad 2Ad 2 # d & inc. dist
2 m
2 Acclerator strips eʼs at a Speed of e- with V
Thundercloud, find potential diff, EF, and total E W = q!V K = !"U = !qV
! A
rate, find power
q/2 V 1 $ q
C= 0 ;V = ; E = ;U = qV ! q'! K = q!V = (16qe )!V K=
1 2
!
d C d 2 " W = q& k # k ) ! 2
mv
% di df (
P = (16qe )!V " (rate) 2K 2(qV )
v= #
m m
 Four same point charges at corners of rectangle Internal Resistance of Battery Internal Resistance of Battery example
i =V / R i =V / R Mass spec., find mass B Field from Current Distribution
fine potential at center
( ) µ0 idssin 0° ( )
q
V = !k "V = k
4q
! Vt = iReq = i R + Ri ( ) Vt = iReq = i R + Ri !K = 1 / 2mv 2 ;!U = "qV
!K + !U = 0 # 1 / 2mv 2 " qV = 0
1: dB1 =
4! r2
= 0 " B1 = 0
r 2
# a& # b&
2
V
%$ (' + %$ (' (R + R ) =
Vt ! (R + Ri = t
i
) !
v=
2qV ! 2 : dB2 =
µ0 idssin 180° (
= 0 " B2 = 0
) !
2 2 i
i m 4! r2
Hollow spherical conductor with surface charge V
V Ri = t ! R B 2 qx 2
from field

kQ Q kQ Ri = t ! R i r=
mv
#m=
3 : B3 = # dB =
! /2
µ0 iRd$ % µ0 i (
at center of
loop µ0 i ! / 2 ( )=µi
Vinside = = ! Voutside = ! i
Resistance in Parallel (have same voltage)
qB 8V # 4! R 2
='
& 2R )
* =
4! R 8R
0

R 4!" 0 R R Power in Electric

2
circuits
current is sum of individual
Momentum of a track (find momen. and speed) 0
B field from Current distribution (3 circuits)
V V p = mv = erB
Four point charges on corners of square, three P = iV = i 2 R = with i = and V = Ri Upper ! half
R R 1 voltage is constant v mv !
pos and one neg, find V at certain point above i = Vemf =
Req i = i1 + i2 ... ! µ0 i
Energy c mc " = # R = 3r Bupper =
center 1kWh = 1000W i3600s = 3.6i10 joules !
6
! Period, freq, and ang. freq of particle in orbit 12R
q q+q+q"q
!k r = k 2 2 2
n
1 1
=! 2! r 2! m Deuteron in Cyclotron a and b
Temp. Dependence of the T= =
a +a +c Resistance of a Light bulb R R v qB 2! mf µ0 i B field of Long wires, find point where B
!
eq i=1 i
1 qB
B= BR= r ;"= # =
field is 0
Power when lighted Galvanometer as current-measuring device f = = q 4r
2q µ0 i1 µ0 i2
#k P =V2 / R! R =V2 / P V = iint Ri ;V = imax Req
T 2! m c =
2a + c
2 2
R " = 2! f =
qB
µi µi 2! r 2! d " r ( )
R0 = ! V = iint Ri = imax Req BR= r ;"= # / 2 = 0 BR= 2r ;"= # / 2 = 0 ! !
Find V from equation of volume with certain (
1 + " T # T0 )
m
Magnetic field (Hall effect)
8r 16r i1
=
i2
#r =
(
i1 d " r )
(d " r )
n
1 1 1 1 Final
coordinates Drift velocity of e in copper wire =" = + ! VH VH dhne VH hne r i2
i Req i=1 Ri Ri Rs B= = = ! µ0 i µ0 i µ0 i Atoms as magnets
"V "V "V x = vd t; = nevd dv di i Ba = + =
Ex = ! ; Ey = ! ; Ez = ! A imax
1 1 1 12R 4r 3r Current
"x "y "z ! = = + Hall probe (find mag. of magnetic field)
# conduction electrons # electrons µ0 i µ0 i µi e e ve
ie(x 2 + xy 2 + yz) Insulating sheet with charge n= iint Ri Req Ri Rs n= Bb = ! =! 0 i= = =
"V distribution uniform. Find change in
volume
1electron 6.02i1023 atoms density g 1.0i106 cm3 iint
volume
1electron 6.02i1023 atoms density g 1.0i106 cm3
12R 4r 6r T (
2! r / v 2! r )
Ex = ! = 2x + y 2 n= Rs = Ri µ0 i µ0 i µ0 i
"x V when !charge is moved from atom Xg cm3 m3
!
imax # iint n=
atom Xg cm3 m3
!
Bc = + + Magnetic moment
12R 16r 8r ve ver
"V position A to B i VH hne µorb = iA = !r2 =
Ey = ! = 2xy + z ! ! vd = B= Circular motion, find speed 2! r
"y "" EidA = ! 0 ( EA + EA ) = q = # A
!0 " neA i
Force on a current carrying wire and radius taken
2
"V ! i $ Orbital angular momentumof e"
Ez = ! =z # x = vd t = # t L
"z
E= ;W = QEd cos$ " neA &% q = ti = i;(v is drift velocity) Lorb = rp = rmv
2! 0 v 1 2eV
' # * ' # * ! Chapter 26: Circuits "L % m v 2 = eV ! v = $ 2 µ ' 2mµorb
%W = W f & Wi = Q ) d y1 & Q ) d y2 F = qvBsin ! = $ i' vBsin ! ! 2 e me # Lorb = rm & orb ) =
( 2! 0 +, ( 2! 0 +, Kirchoffʼs Junction Rule
#v & % er ( e
2
( F = iLBsin ! me v
V =&
%W
Q
i1 = i2 + i3 ! Torque on a current carrying loop (square and circle)
Fcent =
r
; Fmag = vBe ! Magnetic Dipole Moment
! e !
! ! ! µorb = " L
Kirchoffʼs Loop Rule ! =r"F me v 2
mv 2m orb
Surface area of capacitor # a& # a& vBe = ! r= e
Capacitor Defibrillator The sum of voltage drops around a complete circuit loop must ( )
! = iaB % ( sin ) + iaB % ( sin )( ) r eB B Field inside toroid
Cd sum to zero. $ 2' $ 2' µ Ni
A= ! charged, find capac. Charging a battery * ia 2 Bsin ) = iABsin ) B= 0 !
!0 U=
1
CV 2
Wheatstone bridge !iRi ! V + Ve = 0
! Magnetic Dipole Momentum 2! r
loop adb : !i3 R3 + ig Rg + i1 R1 = 0 µ = NiA
2
!
Ve = iRi + V Chapter 29: Electromagnetic Induction
2U loop cbd : +iu Ru ! ig Rg ! iv Rv = 0 Magnetic potential energy in external magnetic field Changing B Field, current inc according to
C= 2 U = ! µ Bcos" ! Magnetic
! flux
! current, find induced voltage at loop
V junctions Triangle Shaped Loop !B = "" BidA = BAcos# !
hypotenuse A = N ! R2 Induced emf, field of a
i1 = ig + iu ! ! 1Wb = 1Tm2
Capacitor with mylar between plates, find work to
i3 + ig = iv
F = iL ! B
! "
iL || B " F = 0 Faradayʼs Law of Induction (
B(t) = B0 1 + 2.4s "2t 2 ) solenoid, find induced emf
remove mylar and potential difference one Mylar d" B due to changing field
Capacitor fully charged x # side Vemf =! ! A,# cons tan t :Vemf = " Acos#
dB
!
is removed When bridgebalanced ! qtot = CVemf Bx = # Bcos$ = 0 dt dt B ! field of outer solenoid
!W = Wi " W f V = !V ! i1 R1 = i3 R3 ;iu Ru = iv Rv Capacitor discharging
By = Bsin $
$ = tan #1 (Opp / Adj)
Induction in a flat loop
dB dA Vemf = " Acos#
d
( (
B0 1 + 2.4s "2t 2 ))
B = µ0 in = µ0 iN / L;i = V / R
Vemf = ! Acos" ! Bcos" + # ABsin " ! dt
" t % voltagetime depend
1
# CV " 2 1C
(V$ ) 2
! i1 = iu ;i3 = iv
q = q0 e#
$ ! RC '& F = iLx By dt dt
(
= " Acos# B0 2.4s "2 2t ) V = V0 sin(t) !
2 2$ Finally " t %
Chapter 28: Mag Fields of Moving Charges Special cases for flat loop
dB Induced emf
dq " q0 % #$ ! RC &' Magnetic Field Magnetic Prop. A,! cons tan t :Vemf = " Acos! Induced emf
Parallel plate capacitor, find charge, energy stored, iu Ru = iv Rv i= = e ! ! of! matter dt ! ! d#
dt $# RC '&
! !
area, and if filled withdielectric i1 R1 i3 R3 dB =
µ0 idssin " B = B0 + µ0 M; H = B / µ0
! ! ! ! B,! cons tan t :Vemf = " Bcos!
dA
!
"$ E ! ds = " dt B Vemf = ! Acos"
dB
dt
1 dC " A
Time to charge a capacitor 4! r 2 ! ( ) (
B = µ0 H + M = µ0 1 + ! m H ) dt
! q = VC ! C =! 0 ! R " % find derivative
t
U = qv ! A= " Ru = 1 Rv
!
q(t) = q0 $ 1 ! e RC '
Tm A, B cons tan t :Vemf = # ABsin !
2 ! d µ0 = 4! #10$7 Re lative permeability
0 R3 # & A Motion Voltage, find induced voltage as a function of time
" m = 1 + !m
Two soup cans filled with soup Voltmeter in a simple circuit " q(t) % B Field from a Long, Straight Wire A(t) = w ! d(t) = w ! ( d " vt ) ;t f = d / v RL Circuit, switch connected
2"# 0 L t = ! RC ln $ 1 ! µi Magnetic permeability
C =! !
Before
# q0 '& ( )
B r! = 0
2" r! ( )
µ = 1 + ! m µ0 = " m µ0 Vemf = " Bcos#
dA di
Vemf , L = ! L
ln ( r2 / r1 )
V Time constant of circuit dt dt
i= !
R " " t %
$!
% B Field from a Loop d
( ( ))
'
q = q0 $ 1 ! e# RC & ' whereq0 = CVemf ;( = RC ;V (t) = q(t) / C di
= " Bcos# w ! d " vt Vemf ! iR ! L = 0 !
Chapter 25: Direct Currents Connected $# '& µ0 i dt dt
1 1 1 RRV B=
Vemf = wvBcos# from0tot f
( )
Electric current Iontophoresis = + ! Req = " " t %
! % " t %
!
2R Vemf !t / (" L )
dq amount Req R Rv R + RV V (t) = Vemf $1 ! e
#$ RC &'
' = Vemf ! Vemf e
#$ RC &'
Parallel Current Carrying Wires i(t) = 1! e ;" L = L / R
i= q= V
$# '&
" µ i % µ ii L Lenzʼs Law - Four Cases R
dt application rate Current Density i= Rate of energy
! !t F12 = i2 L $ 0 ' = 0 1 2 !
t
i Req storage in a RC = ( = # 2! d & 2! d
q = ! dq = ! i dt !
q = it ! t =
q J= !
A
capacitor
ln $
(
" ! V (t) ! V
emf ) %' B Force on wire from two other wires RL Circuit, emf suddenly removed
!t / " L
0
i i(t) = i0 e ;i0 = Vemf / R !
1A =
1C Current through a wire (
q = CV 1 ! e !t / RC
) $# Vemf '& Bb =
µ0 ib
;B =
µ0 ic
2! d c 2! 2d ( )
J = di / dA 2
1s 1q
µ0 ib µ0 ic µi
3R 2 U=
Drift Velocity Aouter ' = ! R 2 " ! ( R / 2 ) = !
2
2C Bbc = " = 0 !
! 2! d 4! d 4! d
dq 4 dU q dq q a) An increasing magnetic field pointing to the right induces a current that creates a magnetic field to the left
i= = nevd A i = JA' = = i µ0 i 2 L Ampereʼs
! ! Law b) An increasing magnetic field pointing to the left induces a current that creates a magnetic field to the right
dt C dt C Fabc = ia LBbc = B Field inside long wire c) A decreasing magnetic field pointing to the right induces a current that creates a magnetic field to the right
dt ! ResistivityConvert from AWG size to wire diameter
( ) CV 1 ! e!t / RC # V & !t / RC V 2 !t / RC
4! d
" B ! ds = µ0ienc ! d) A decreasing magnetic field pointing to the left induces a current that creates a magnetic field to the left

d = 0.127 ! 92(
36" AWG ) / 39
i
J = = nevd !=
E mm ! "
C
( %$ R (' e =
R
e 1 ! e!t / RC ) Force on square Loop
µ0 i1i2 L # µi &
Induced Voltage on a Moving Wire in B Field Instantaneous power provided by emf source
A J !Resistance of Wire Fdown = ( )
B r! = % 0 2 ( r! ! V = vLB ! ! di $
Resistance Vm L Chapter 27: Magnetism (
2! 0.100m ) $ 2" R '
Inductance
P = Vemf i = # L & i !
" dt %
V EL ! L units = A = "m R = ! ! !
Lorentz ! !
! Force Guass µ0 i1i2 L N ! B = Li
R= = = A F = qv ! B( x) ! Fup = !
i JA A Temp. dependence of the resistivity of metals 1G = 10!4 T ! ( ) RL Circuit solenoid, how long current to reach half
! " ! = ! # T "( T !) 2! 0.100m + 0.250m "! $
"# L $% = # B % & 1H =
1Tm2
( )
1V Magnetic force on moving charge di Vemf
1" = FB = qvB sin ! 1! e ( )
0 0 0 !t / L / R
Tesla F = Fup " Fdown #" i $% 1A L + iR = Vemf i(t) =
1A Temp. dependence of the resistance of conductor Proton dt R
= R " (T ! T ) !
in B Field (find force) Ns N
R ! R0 1T = 1 =1 ! B Field inside ideal solenoid µ0 = 4' (10)7 H / m
1 Vemf Vemf
( )
1 2K Cm Am
1! e 0 ( )
0 0 !t / L / R
Ohmʼs Law K = mv 2 ! v = Cathode Ray Tube (calc vel. and acc) B = µ0 in; where n is # turns per unit length ! Inductance of a solenoid =
2 m ! 2 R R
Vemf = iR ! F = qvBsin " !K = "!U = qV Find vel. where net force on E and B is 0 (pos charge) N !B ( )(
nl µ0 in A )
!
1
Resistors in Series
! ! !
(
q E!v!B =0 )
L=
i
=
i
= µ0 n2 lA ! = 1 ! e 0 ( ) " ! ln 2 = !t0 / L / R
!t / L / R
( )
Vemf = iR1 + iR2 ... = iReq Particle Orbits in Uniform B 1 mv 2 = eV # v = 2eV ! 2
Self induction Energy stored in B field of the inductor
! v p 2 m qE = qvBsin 90° ! ( ) L
t0 = ln 2
( ) = ! d ( Li ) = ! L di
n current is constant
Req = ! Ri m = qB ! = qB ! qvB d N "B R
t i
1
i=1
Vemf = V1 + V2 ... ! r r F = ma = qvB # a =
m v=
E Vemf , L = !
dt dt dt
U B = ! P dt = ! Li' di' = Li 2 !
B 0 0
2
Chapter 30: Electromagnetic Oscillation and Battery, internal resistance. Find resistance to extract Wire placed at angle with magnets at ends. Find F
! = 90 " angle given
Chapter 31: Electromag. Waves Chap. 33: Optical Instr.
certain power from. Maxwell ampereʼs law
Currents LC Example R = resis tan ceoutsidebattery ! d# E Lens-maker formula Lens equation
oscillation freq. F = iLBsin !
"$ B ! ds = µ "
!
+ µ0 ienc = µ0 id + ienc ! ( ) 1 " 1 1% 1 2 n !1 ( ) 1 1 1
LC Circuit r = int ernal Proton entering two-plate region, dt 0 0
(
= n !1 $ ! ' ! ) f
=
R
! + = !
1 Displacement current f # R1 R2 & d0 d i f
charg e as a function of time !0 = 3 resistors. find B field d" E
V 2R id = ! 0 Concave lens
q = qmax cos ! 0t + " ( ) LC P= Find R to produce certain currents i1 and i2 dt
! Convex lens

angular frequency energy stored

( R + r )2 Calculate radius of trajectory of proton in B field Displacement current with wire going through
Case Type Direction Magnification always virtual, upright, reduced in size
Magnification for lenses
dE f<d0<2f Real Inverted Enlarged di hi
id = ! 0 A
( )
2 Solve R ! Speed of light m=! = !
!0 =
1
q2 CVemf ! dt 1 1 d0=2f Real Inverted Same Size do h0
c= " = 2.99 #108 m / s !
LC U = max= ! Calculate the period of motion in plate, freq, and pitch
Wave
!
equations µ0! 0 c µ0! 0 Power of lens
current 2C 2C ( )
E = Emax sin kx ! " t ŷ c = ! f ! do>2f Real Inverted Reduced
1m
charg eof capac.at giventime What Vemf will produce !
( ) D= !
( )
myopia (near): image produced in front of retina
B = Bmax sin kx ! " t ẑ Instantaneous
!
i = #imax sin ! 0t + " power per unit area hypermetropia (far): imaged produced behind the retina f
imax = ! 0 qmax ( )
q = qmax cos ! 0t + " ;q = qmax when " = 0 currents i1 and i2
Vemf = i1 20! + i2 R !
k = 2# / $ , " = 2# f ! ! power $
S= S = ! Corrective lenses, find power
"# area %& instanteous
( )
Wave
! !solution
! ! 1 1 1
electrical energy ! q = qmax cos ! 0t E ! dA " E # dA = 0 Intensity + = = ____ diopeters !
or ! ! ! ! ! "di f
( )
2
qmax
UE =
2C
cos 2 ! 0t + " ( ) RLC Circuit
rateof energy loss Vemf = i2 R
Value of current of wire2 that is half of wire1 B ! dA " B # dA = 0 I = 1 E 2 where E = E / 2 !
cµ0 rms rms max
Microscope
Emax $ E object to be magnified is placed just outside of focal
magnetic energy Find currents with resistance values and Vemf values = = c " = c !Energy density in electromagnetic wave length of the objective lens
dU Bmax k B
= !i 2 R Vemf ,1 ! i1 R1 ! i3 R3 = 0 1 1 2 Microscope magnification
( )
2 2
L q uE = ! 0 cB , uB =
( ) ( ) dt B
U B = i 2max sin 2 ! 0t + " = sin 2 ! 0t + " max ! E 1 2 2 µ0 ! 0.25L
Vemf ,2 ! i2 R2 ! i3 R3 = 0 =
2 2C charg e as a function of time B µ0% 0 c uE = uB in electromagnetic wave m=! !
energy in circuit Rt
i1 + i2 = i3
fo fe
( )
!
q = qmax e 2L
cos " t + # Rate of energy by an electromagnetic wave telescope magnification
U = UE +UB ! 1 ! !
Re arrange for matrix S= E ! B! ! f
2 angular freq ! Square ammeter clamped on DC current, find current µ0 Intensity of light before polarizer m! = " e = " o !
qmax q2 i1 R1 + 0 ! i3 R3 = !Vemf ,1
=
2C
(
cos 2 ! 0t + " + max sin 2 ! 0t + "
2C
) ( ) $ R'
2
1
Intensity and force of radiation I = 1 E 2 = 1 E 2 !
!o fe
0 ! i2 R2 ! i3 R3 = !Vemf ,2 !p IA 0
cµ0 rms
2cµ0 0 two positions of a convergin lens, find dist.
" = " 02 ! & ) where " 0 = F= =
q2 q2
( (
= max sin 2 ! 0t + " + cos 2 ! 0t + " = max
2C 2C
) ( )) % 2L ( LC i1 + i2 ! i3 !
I=
!t c
!U / !t c!p
=
! Electric field after polarizer
E = E0 cos! !
between two positions
1 1 1
+ = ;d0 = d ! di
energy in circuit first matrix A A!t d0 d i f
Energy and Power
q 2max Rt
" R 0 R % Pressure due to electromagnetic radiation
( )
!
rateenergy is dissipated intheresistor (Power) UE = e cos " t + #L 2 Find currents with resistance values 1 1 1
$ 1 3
' I 2I + =
(
P = i 2 R = I sin ! t " # ( ))
2
R = I 2 Rsin 2 ! t " #( ) 2C
sin usoidal voltage as function of time
$ 0 R2 R3 ' and Vemf! values B field inside solenoid pr =
c
and reflected : pr =
c
! (d ! d ) i
di f
$ '
$# 1 1 !1 '& Radiation pressure from laser pointer, find force (
di d ! di )
average power
2
vemf = Vmax sin ! t
(1m ! L) iR ! B field inside tungsten wire with current a distance
I=
power
,then pr =
force 2I
=
(
di + d ! di = ) f
!
1 2 $ I ' I sec ond matrix RX = from its central axis area area c ! image produced by two lenses,
P = I R=& R; I rms = induced current 1
% 2 )( L df = di d ! d " d ! di d + df = 0 find image produced by
2 2
" !V %
( )
2 2 2I i i
i = I sin ! t " # ! ! force = area "
$ emf ,1
' c second lens with respect to
R $ !Vemf ,2 ' d ± d 2 ! 4df
* P = I rms
2
R = I rmsVmax,rms = I rmsVmax,rms cos # voltage and current amp.across resistor Aircraft, find potential diff. between wings Three polarizers x= sec. lens
Z $ ' 1 1 2
max when # = 0 socos # is power factor VR = I R R $# 0 '& V = Ed; E = vB Design own RLC find C and R I1 = (
I , I = I1 cos 2 45 ! 0 = I 0 cos 2 45
2 0 2
) ( ) d0,1 f1
! !0 =
1
= 2" f
2 ! di,1 =
!1
V = dvBa d0,1 ! f1
R3 % " !Vemf ,1 %
misc. 1
V
! capacitivereac tan ce " R
$ 1
0
' $ '
LC ( )
I 3 = I 2 cos 2 90 ! 45 = I 0 cos 4 45 = I 0 / 8
2
( )
1 Loop expanding, find ind. current 1 d0,2 f 2
Vrms = XC = $ 0 R2 R3 ' i $ !Vemf ,2 ' ! 02 = ! di,2 = ;d0,2 = d ! di,1
dA
( )
2
2 !C $ ' $ ' V = ! Bcos" ; A = # r 2 = # r0 + vt LC d0,2 ! f 2
V $# 1 1 !1 '& $# 0 '& dt
Vmax,rms = max current in circuit C=
1
=
1
( )
d ! di,1 f 2
d
( ))
L! 02 L 2" f( )
2

( " di,2 =
2 V
(d ! d ) ! f
2
current iC = C cos ! t = I C sin ! t + 90° ( ) Resistance needed to produce peak power output V = ! Bcos" # r0 + vt ! !
P =V2 / R dt Solar stationary satellite, find area of solar sail i,1 2
XC VR = I R R;VC = I C X C ; I R = I C image from the
( )
V Vmax,rms Fg = Frp
I rms = max,rms = voltage and current amp, across capac. V = ! B# cos" 2r0 v + 2v 2t VR VC moon, find radius of # # d0,1 f1 & &
Z 2 R = P /V 2
= ! ! 2I $ mmSun
the image of the %d !% ( ( f2
$ 1 ' VC = I C X C ! R XC Frp = pr A; pr = # & ; Fg = G ! $ $ d0,1 ! f1 ' '
R2 + & ! L "
! C )(
Time to charge capacitor to percentage V = iR $ i = V / R " c% d2 moon on the screen " di,2 =
%
Transformers
inductivereac tan ce " 1 %
!
#$ RC &'
Motor, single loop find max angular speed
R = VR
XC
= VR
1 / !C
= VR
( )
1 / 2" fC ( ) ! 2I $
=G
mmSun
' A=G
cmmSun d f d f
#
%d !%
# d0,1 f1 & &
( ( ! f2
Vemf = Vmax sin ! t XL = !L q = q0 e ! Vemf = ! ABsin " ;sin 90° VC VC VC "# c %& d2 2Id 2 di = 0
d0 ! f
" 0 = f
d0 $ $ d0,1 ! f1 ' '
curent in inductor
d# B t = ! RC ln(1 ! % change) Vemf ! Multiple polarizers, find fraction of incident intensity
di hi d
Vemf = " N m=! = # hi = !h0 i !
vL
( ) != IX
( ( ))
X
dt v L = iL X L $ iL = " cos ! t = I L sin ! t " 90° = cos 2 !" !
XL Current through 4 ohm resistor ABsin " I0 d0 h0 d0
relationship How long will it take circuit to reach certain current image produced by a lens and
voltage and current amp, across inductor Vemf ! iR1 ! iR2 ! i" = 0 Laser powered sailing find time to reach % of speed of f
i(t) = i0 1 ! e ( ) ;i0 = Vemf / R
VP VS !t / L / R hi = ! R mirror, find mag.
= light from rest d d0,1 f1
VL = I L X L Vemf di,1 =
N P NS
i= 2I F F 2 ( P / A) Intensity of light passing
d0,1 ! f1
= ! =
current in circuit R1 + R2 + " i(t) L c A A c through polarizer (law of malus)
power t = ! ln " 1 1 d0,2 f 2
( )
2
Vmax 2P 2P di,2 = ;d0,2 = d ! di,1
i0 R ! I = 2cµ E = 2cµ E0 cos! = I 0 cos ! !
2 2
PP = I PVP = PS = I SVS I= i=0 F=
c
= ma ! a =
mC d0,2 ! f 2
( )
2 0 0
R2 + X L " X C Wire moving in xy plane, find vel to induce
sec ondary current ! Potential difference across R1 %"c f1 f2
certain pot. diff v = at = %ic ! t = m1 = ;m =
V N impedance V F = qvBsin ! with! = 90° 2P
f1 ! d0,1 2 f 2 ! d0,2
$ IS = I P P = I P P i= XL = !L!
R1 + R2 ! !
mC
VS NS
( ) V V 1 1
2
Z= R2 + X L " X C XC = = " f1 % " f2 %
E = vB = " v = m = m1m2 = $
primary current
phasecons tan t
Potential Difference = iR1 d dB ! C 2" fC Chapter 32:Geometric Optics '$ '
# f1 ! d0,1 & # f 2 ! d0,2 &
NS N V N % N (1 Potential difference across R2 Fully charged cap. connected to Z = R + ( X ! X )2 !
2
Law of rays Reflection law
IP = I = S S = S V S # V " VC & # X L " XC & ! L C
" %
V inductor, find max current and
!r = !i !
N P S N P R N P '& P N P *) R ! = tan "1 % L "1 r R
( = tan %
Vmax
$ VR ' $ R (
' i= freq I= = ! $ '
R1 + R2 AC power on RLC Circuit R2 + ( X L ! X C )
2
d d+D " f1 % $ f2 '
%N ( V
2 -For XL > XC, φ is positive, and the current in the circuit will ( m=$ '$ '
=' S* P
lag behind the voltage in the circuit
Potential Difference = iR2 imax = w0 qmax VR
= I R sin ! t
Mirror image Full-length mirror # f1 ! d0,1 & $ " " d0,1 f1 % % '
-For XL < XC, φ is negative, and the current in the circuit will
! do = di and h0 = hi ! $ f ! $ d ! $ ' ' '
& NP ) R lead the voltage in the circuit
Potential difference across capacitor
R required length half the height o the person 2
# # d0,1 ! f1 & & &
-For XL = XC, φ is zero, and the current in the circuit will be 1 VR = I R R #
Pr imary resis tan ce in phase with the voltage in the circuit where w0 = and qmax = VC ! height person ! disteyes from top of head disteyes from top of head
same as R2 LC VC = I C X C where I C is imax ! height person ! ! !
% N ( R % NP (
2 2
! 1 $ 2 2
VP VL = I L X L where I L is imax
RP =
I
= VP ' P * =' * R Charge on C1 when switch is closed imax = # &
" LC %
VC ( ) Magnification Concave mirror
& N S ) VP & N S ) q
iR ! = 0;i =
V Mirror equation m = ! di = hi ! d0 f
C R1 + R2 !0 1 Concave spherical mirror 1 1 1 d0 h0 di =
Two different wires, find ratios of current densities and drift f = ;! = ! + = ! d0 ! f !
" V % 2" 0 LC C=R d0 d i f
velocities q=$ d0 = +; f = !;di = !
Current Density Drift Velocities Equivalent Resistance ' RC Transformer R!
# R1 + R2 & f = Focal length of parabolic Always virtual, upright,
J = i / A = nevd
2
i " d% VP V N 2
J= ;A = ! $ ' '1 = S ! VS = VP S ! mirror and reduced image
A # 2& J ! 1 1$ Charge on C2 when switch is N P NS NP Case Type Direction Magnification
1
vd = ! R12 = # R + R & f = where y(x) = ax 2 !
law of refraction (Snellʼs Law
=
i i ne " 1 2% closed VP N 4a n1 sin !1 = n2 sin ! 2 !
2 ; J Al = 2 !
J Cu d0<f Virtual Upright Enlarged
! ( dCu / 2 ) ! ( d AL / 2 ) vd, Al J /n Rtop = 2R12 + R3 = Rbottom ! q V IS = I P = IP P ! index of refraction
= Al Al iR ! = 0;i = VS NS d=f Real Upright Image at infinity c sin ! air
J Cu / J Al vd,Cu J Cu / nCu '1
C R1 + R2 n= ! nmedium = where ! air > ! medium !
! 1 1 $ Resistor and Capacitor, what freq and current where f<d0<2f Real Inverted Enlarged v sin ! medium
Req = # + & potential drop across cap. equal across resistor
" Rtop Rbottom % " V % d0=2f Real Inverted Same size
opitcal fiber, max angle of internal reflection
q=$ ' RC 1 1 Vmax incidence n
# R1 + R2 & XC = R = "! = I= d0<2f Real Inverted Reduced # # # 1&&& sin ! c = 2 (n2 " n1 )
Find Current at R3 !C RC ! air = sin "1 % ncos % sin "1 % ( ( ( !
( ) n1
2
Find max resistance of rectangular wafer Charge on C1 and C2 when switch R2 + X L ! X C $ $ $ n' ' ' !
R=!
L V = iR ! 1 RC imaged formed by a converging 1
is open f = = Vmax Vmax displacement of light rays in sin ! = when entering air
A
V V ! 2# 2# = = mirror c
n
arrangein waythat divides ! i= = CC 1 1 1 transparent material
( )
2
q =V 1 2 ! R2 + X C 2R 2 + = shadow of a ball
R 2R3 C1 + C2
d d f t
by smallest area possible 0 i
d = Lsin ! diff =
cos! medium
(
sin ! air " ! medium a ) d+D=
dR
Tubular resistor, find resistivity and % change in resistance d0 f
image produced : di = ! ! r
Resistivity Percentage Increase d0 ! f # sin ! air &
!=
RA
; A = " router
2
# " rinner
2 R ! R0 = R0" (T ! T0 ) where ! medium = sin % "1
(
" R %
d $1 ! ' = ! D ( d =
Dr
!
L di $ n ' # r& R!r
(
" router
2
# " rinner
!
) Rnew = R0" (T ! T0 ) ! R0 !h0 chromatic dispersion
!=R h d0 first rainbow appears 42 deg. then 50
Percentage Increase = Rnew / R0 ! 100% magnification : m = i = Dr
L h0 h0 deg for second one outside first one. dlightbulb = d + D = +D
R!r
 Determining earth circumference, find how far North Separation of adjacent interference maximum Enterprise, find length
Chapt. 34: Wave Optics d1 d2
=
d
" d2 = ! 2 1 ! ( ) !L " v%
2

Snellʼs Law for Hugyenʼs construction constructive interference (in phase, difference is 2pi) !1 ! 2 !1
sepof int erference max = L = L0 1 ! $ '
!x = m" (m = 0, ±1, ±2...) ! d # c& !
n1 sin !1 = n2 sin ! 2 ! Intensity of 2 polarizers, find angle between two
sin !1 v1 c / n1 n2
destructive interference (difference is pi)
" 1%
polarizers
I Frequency of x-rays
where L = screen dist. ! (
where v / c is fraction of c )
= = = ! !x = $ m + ' ( (m = 0, ±1, ±2...) !
sin ! v c/n n I = I 0 cos 2 ! = 0
cos 2 ! c d = split sep. Two ships in the night, find speed in c
2 2 2 1 # 2& 2 f =
!1 !2 ! Minimum thickness of soap film
= ! Order of fringe (m) # I & v1 + v2
v1 v2 ! = cos "1 % 2 ( ! 1$ vsum = !
Light traveling in an optical medium
for constructive interference:
m=1 give us angle of the first order of bright fringe
$ I0 '
#" m + 2 &% ' 1 + v1v2
v ! v c/n c m=2 second order fringe I 0 goes down factor 2 after1st polarizer tmin thickness = ! Vulcan, find value of Lorentz factor beta.
!n = ! = ! fn = = = = f! for destructive: 2n
c n !n ! / n ! Throwing shadows, how far lightbulb away from wall
placing object underw ater does not change color b/c freq is the m=0 gives us angle of the first order dark fringe r R 2! r
m=1 second order of fringe = Sirius star find distance in Number of lines in diffraction grating v=
same in both d d+D T
double slit interference
*first order is closest to central maximum " R% light years m" sin ! !
d $1 ! ' = ! D sin ! = #d= v 2! r / T
constructive : !x = d sin " = m# (m = 0, ±1, ±2...) Constructive interference with small angle approx. # r&
!
d
;1light year = 9.46i1015 m d m" "= =
y ! c c
$ 1' ! d sin ! = d L = m" (m = 0, ±1, ±2...) ! (d=
Dr 1light year
1 m"
destructive : !x = d sin " = & m + ) # (m = 0, ±1, ±2...) R!r Power of the sun radiation grating = =
% 2( dist of bright fringes from central max.
Power = IA where A = 4! d 2 d sin ! Speed, how many times faster than fighter jet
when m = 0! " = 0! #x = 0 m! L dlightbulb =d+D=
Dr
+D
! y= (m = 0, ±1, ±2...) !diffraction by a circular opening R!r (
P = I 4! d 2 )
!
Highest Order of diffraction grating " m% miles 3600s
bright fringe which is central max . d " % 1.22" ( 1) v = ! c $ ' ( (
sin ! = 1.22 # ! R = sin $1 ' Solar sail problem, find max acc. of spacecraft and m! 1 m! # s & 1609.34m hr
double slit intensity on screen dist of dark fringes d & d )* a= # = !
! 1$ sin " N sin "
( )
E1 = Emax sin ! t
single slit diffraction: dark fringe "# m + 2 %& ' L where ! R is the min. observable angular sep. !
find velocity after certain time
! v
2I F
v = at ! Industrial laser, find RMS of 1 2) times faster =
(
E2 = Emax sin ! t + " ) a sin ! = m" (m = 1,2...) y=
d
(m = 0, ±1, ±2...) !
and d is the diameter of the lens
pr =
c
=
A m=
N!
speed of jet
E field and B field
E = 2Emax cos (" / 2 ) m" L single slit intensity F 2 P/ A
=
( ) Momentum, find KE
position : y = ! 2 A c RMS ElectricField = cµ0 I Distance you can resolve two objects
I
=
E2
! a " sin ! %
I = I max $ interferometer 2tn 2t 2t 1) E = p 2 + 0.9382
I max E 2max where a = width # ! '& ! N material ! N air =
"
! =
" "
n !1 ! ( ) ! a=
2P
mc B=
E
(
1.22 length ! ) 2) KE = E ! 0.938
!
(
I = 4I max cos 2 " / 2 ) thin film interference (a ( ay c slit width =
diam.
!
where ! = sin * = can find thickness if we know its index of refraction Find total power incident and radiation pressure on
#x 2% d " 1% " 1% ( ) ) L can find index of refraction if we know thickness
"= ( )
2% = sin & !x = m +
$# ( = $ m + ' air = 2t roof P = IA = I ( lw) I I
= ( Area ) = ( lw) !
gold nuclei, find diameter when they reach certain
$ $ 2 '& # 2& n p Cd diffraction, find spacing between tracks total energy given GeV
! min thickness that will produce const.
radiation
c c
2 ' % dy * ( interference width of central max. Convex mirror, find position and height of image gamma =
I = 4I max cos )
( $ L +, ( )
m = 0, ±1, ±2... where ( = air ! 2" L 1 1 1
" dist.between cd and screen %
1.)! = arctan $
mass of nucleon(ie.0.9315)
!
n tmin = air ! w = 2!y = ! ! =! h1 h2 # first dist.abovetable '&
- color seen by thin film interference is wavelength that is 4n a d0 d i f = ! Lo
interfering constructively d d2 2( length =
lens coating destructive interference 1 ! 1 ! 2.) spacing = gamma
- if n1<n2, phase of the reflected wave will be changed by half a
! 1 $ 'air d = ! ;neg b / c behind mirror sin !
( ) h
i
wavelength
m+ & = 2t m = 0, ±1, ±2... ! 1 1 Voyager, find how much pop of Earth aged during
+ ! h2 = 1 d2
- if n1>n2 then there will be no phase change "# 2 % ncoating d0 f d1
Min angle human eye can resolve trip:# of light years
- even # of phase change same as no phase change
two slit diffraction patern example, find interference # 1.22" & Great wall from space, find
Neon laser in alcohol find speed, freq, and sin !1 % !
$ diameter (' angular size of the wall
- odd # of phase change is same as one phase change
fringe in central peak of diffr. envelope wavelength
intensity of interference pattern from double slits
# sin " &
2
1) a sin ! = " (m1 = 1)diffraction grating !original !original c Wavelength of ! width $ Same Velocity, find KE to match proton beams
I = I max cos 2 ! % nmedium = " !medium = f = arctan # !
" altitude &%
$ " ' ( 2) d sin ! = m2 " W !medium nmedium ! laser beam in given MeV
N= water of fish tank KE = ! mass of electron !
)a )d d c mass of proton
1) a sin ! " # !original & infrared filter, find minimum
where " = sin + and ! = sin + ! = = d! = distance, W=width, ! v = f !medium = f% 1.) f = Transformation, find time in seconds
* * 2) d sin ! m2 " ( !in air thickness
) ay ) dy N= number of slits $ nmedium ' ! ! = coeff of V
large distance: " = and ! = d 1 c !
*L *L # m2 = d= !original !original 2.) !in water = tmin = air ! gamma =
1
!
a n ! nmedium = " !medium = ! nf 4n
wavelength of monochromatic light 1" !2
!medium
( )
resolving power n = number of slits per unit length nmedium double slit, determine the separation of the
d sin ! = m" m = 0,1,2... ! !ave # !x &
$ m# ' R= ( (
= Nm where !ave # ! + ! + "! / 2 ! diffraction on a crystal )) Partial linear polarization, find the fraction of light bright fringes t = gamma % t "
$ c '(
! = sin "1 &
% d ()
(
m = 0,1,2... ! "! ) 2a sin ! = m" m = 0,1,2... ! ( ) that is polarized
I unpol = 2I min
d = w + s where
Redshift, find velocity of galaxy moving way
diffraction grating ex., find angle where first order w = width of slits, s = dist between slits !
dispersion (diffraction grating) max, and find angular sep. between wavelengths I pol = I max ! I low z 2 + 2z
m! L m! L c
d0 f d0 f d=
W CD as a diffraction grating I total = I unpol + I pol separation = = V= z 2 + 2z + 2 !
di = " = f
d0 ! f d0
N $# ' I pol d w+ s 1000
$ m# ' ! = sin "1 & air ) spy satellite, find minimum diameter of the lens polarized =
di hi d ! = sin "1 & % d ( I total double slit, find size of individual slits and Black Hole, find Schwarzshild radius
m=! = # hi = !h0 i ! % d )( ! ! # 1.22" & # )x &
L
!1
sin % = tan !1 % ( separation when given m 2Gm
d0 h0 d0
D=
m y= $ d (' $ h' ! ilength
r=
c2
tan !
f d cos! slit size = ! whereG = gravitational cons tan t !
hi = ! R 1.22" ! mimax defraction
d
*! = D*# d=
# # )x & & ! ilength m = 2 !1030 ! solar mass
air wedge, find how thick is the film sin % tan !1 % ( ( separation = !
! 1$ ! 1 1$ $ $ h '' max defraction Burger after the show, find usable energy
2t = # m + & ' = # m + + &
Confining light in fiber, find max angle of incidence E = mc !
" 2% " 2 2% 2
m = # of bright fringes - 1 ! 1 Two positions on converging lens,
sin ! c =
extra 1/2 because of dark fringe n find distance Eyeglass diopter, find if near or far-sighted and
"1 # 1 & 1 1 1 strength of of eyeglasses 1 1 1
! c = sin % (
Chapt. 35: Relativity ! ! momentum
Relativistic
p = ! mv !
$ n'
d0
+
di
=
f d0
+
di
=
f
=D

Postulate 1: Law o physics are the same in each Power for d0 + di = dbulb and screen 1 1
intertial reference frame, independent of the motion Energy contained in mass of particle at rest reading ! =D
di2 ! dbulb and screen di + dbulb and screen f = 0 d0 d i
of this reference frame. E0 = mc 2 ! newspaper
1 1 1 solve using quadratic equation Near-sightedness
Postualte 2: Speed of light is the same in every + = =D
intertial reference frame. The speed of light (in Particle in motion d0 d i f then d i ! d0 Thin lens, find radius of curvature and thickness of
vaccuum) is the ultimate speed. E = ! E0 = ! mc 2 ! both on same side, d i is neg Farthest point w/o glasses edge of lens and how much thinner if made with
Time Dilation Kinetic energy assumed d0 is0.25m given diopter 1 1 high-index plastic " ( n ! 1) h %
( ) ( ) + =D 2
v / c = 0.9995 ! v pc
!= = K = E ! E0 = " ! 1 E0 = " ! 1 mc 2 ! ! di (
D = n !1 $ +) nr 2
' solve for r
! $# r '&
c E Focal length of
!t0 ! Momentum and energy Same velocity example, find required KE for electron
di =
1 " 2%
!t = = #!t0 ! " = 1 = 1 beam with given proton beam KE magnifying glass D
"w %
= center thickness + 2 $ rcurve ! r 2curve ! $ diameter ' ' !
E = p 2 c 2 + m2 c 4
( )
2 tedge
1 # (v / c)
1" v / c 1# !2 2 given magnification $ # 2 & '
K e + me c 2 K p + mp c
2
# &
Antimatter =
Usually beta is very close to 0, and gamma is only slightly larger
me c 2 mp c 2
d near
0.25m " 2 (
n !1 h% )
than 1. E = ! p 2 c 2 + m2 c 4 !
m! =
f
=
f (
D = n !1 $ ) + 2
' solve for rcurve
Frequency Shift $# rcurve nrcurve '&
Length contraction ! K p + mp c 2 $
Case of zero mass (photons) K e = me c # 0.25m ( 2+
& ' me c
2 2
v!t0 L0 c!v
Upper signs are for
2
! " f = (w +
L= = ! f = f0 !
observer and emitted E = pc " mp c % m! tedge new = center thickness + 2 * rcurve ! r 2curve ! * diameter - -
" " * ) 2 , -
c±vsignal moving away from Speed, energy, momentum ) ,
! K p + 938MeV $ Find object distance and magnification to form
each other, lower for
!E pc ( K e = 0.511MeV # ( ) ( )
Wavelength shift moving toward each other. p= or E = ! & ' 0.511MeV certain image distance on right side of lens .
tedge old ! tedge new
Red-shifted: object moves away from us c ! " 938MeV % 1 1 1 di tedge old
c±v + =
m=! !
! = !0 ! Blue shifted objects move toward us
Inverse
Find total energy, KE, and momentum of electron d0 d i f
c!v Lorentz with 99% of speed of c !1
d0 Three converging lens, find image Focal length of
( )
# 1 1&
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Red shift x ' = ! x " vt x = ! x '+ vt ' E0 = mc 2 d0
= ! " d0 = % ! (
f di $ f di ' ! = " di,1 =
magnifying glass
!" " # "0 c±v d0,1 di,1 f 1 1 given object/image
z= = = #1 y' = y !y = y ' !! = 1 1 !1 ! size
"0 "0 c!v ! = ! # 1& h f d0,1
1" #2 1 " 0.992 d0 = % 1 ! ( where di is coeff of _ f m! = i
z' = z z = z' $ di '
1 h0
for small v : z ~ $
Relativistic velocity addition ( 2
)
t ' = ! t " vx / c t = ! t '" vx '/ c ( 2
) E = ! E0
Schwarzschild Raidus
di,2 =
1
!
1
where d0,2 = D ! di,1 !
d
m! = near !
objects move in opp. objects move in same (
K = ! " 1 E0 ) 2GM
False: The final image is on the left side of the
f (
D ! di,1 ) f
v +v Rs = ! third lens 

! v = v1 ! v2 #E False: The final image is virtual 

v1+ 2 = 1 2 ! p= c2 False: The final image is upright  di,3 =
1
whered0,3 = D ! di,2
d
" f = near
vv 1! 2
vv c 1 1
1 + 1 22 True: The final image is inverted  hi
1 ! 1 22 !
c c
True: The final image is real 
True: The final image is on the right side of the
f (
D ! di,2 ) h0