Electricity Uses Etc

Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Science Interactive LTD

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Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products
Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 21: Rock Cycle
Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds
Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds
Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses
Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 26: Rates of Reaction
Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 27: Energy
Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use
Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 29: Electricity
Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 31: Radioactivity
Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces
Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 33: Earth and Space
Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics
Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals
Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 36: Sound and Hearing
Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 37: Natural Forces
Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems
z Unit 28
z Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use
Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Understand: Keywords:
1. What is electricity and that electricity is a ‘flow Electricity, Energy, Current, Voltage, Watts,
of current’ around a conducting material. Power, Joules, Generator, Fossil fuels,
2. The main uses of electricity in the home. Renewable, Turbine Power station,
3. How domestic electricity is generated to meet Transformer, Pylons, Cables, Plug, Fuse,
supply and demand.
Appliance, Electromagnetism, Dynamo,
4. How fossil and nuclear fuels are used to
generate electricity for residential, commercial Motor, Earthing, Circuit Breaker, Turbine,
and industrial users. Acid rain, Greenhouse effect, Global warming
5. The contributions of combusting fossil fuels to & Electrocution.
acid rain and the greenhouse effect.
6. That there are many renewable forms of energy
that can be used as an alternative to fossil
fuels.
7. How to induce a current in a conducting
material and how do turbine generators
produce electricity
8. The role of power companies and the national
grid in distributing electricity to all users.
9. The difference between AC and DC electricity.
10. How voltage is transformed during its transport
from producer to user.
11. How do electricity companies charge for our
use and the dangers of using electricity. Click mouse to begin
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Electricity at the flick of a switch

Combusting fossil fuels like c_____, and natural gas produces h______ energy which
is used to produce super hot steam. The steam drives the turbines which are made
from huge magnets surrounded by a copper coil. The movement of the copper coil
across a magnetic field induces a c________ flow in the copper wire. Electrical energy
cannot be stored and is delivered instantly by the National Grid using a network of
overhead wires and underground cables clean and efficiently to every home in Great
Britain.
Supplying the nation’s electricity: Word bank: coal heat current
Fuel Power station Transmission Customer

Diagram
Notes Non-renewable fossil Combusting fossil fuels Electricity is then The amount of electricity
fuels containing ‘ancient generates large amounts transported along a huge that you use during a
energy’ is extracted of heat energy which in network of underground year is calculated using
from deep underground. turn boils water or over ground copper meter readings. Electrical
These fuels include producing steam. This cables to various users energy in the home can
crude oil, natural gas drive turbines producing including schools, homes be transformed into many
and coal. electricity. and factories. other forms of energy.
Energy use in the home

Energy supplied to homes, schools, hospitals and industry needs to be immediate and reliable.
The national grid supplies electrical energy at the flick of a s_________. Demand for electrical
energy varies during the day, with peak demands in the morning, during working hours and
early evening. The lowest demand is during the n________. Power companies use reliable
sources of energy like nuclear power to maintain a steady supply. When the demand is high,
they can use energy produced by gas fired or hydroelectric power stations. These can be started
relatively quickly and cope with ‘peak demands.’ When are these peak periods likely to occur ?
Electricity use in the home: Word bank: switch night
Heating Lighting Cooking Other

Diagram
42% 47% 4% 7%
Notes: The percentage of energy used in homes, offices and other building varies over the year. In the
winter the majority of energy is used for home heating and lighting. In the summer there is
less demand because of the warm temperatures and long light evenings.
Electrical power and the light bulb one

Most of the electrical energy supplied to homes is used for lighting. The filament light bulb was invented
and patented by Thomas Edison in 1880. Edison knew that an electric current that flowed through a
filament would glow to provide a light source. He also noted that the thinner the wire, the more light would
be produced. The only problem was finding the right material to make a filament that would burn long and
bright enough to produce sufficient light. On October 21st 1879, Edison made a filament from carbonised
silk inside a bulb with no air in it...the bulb lasted over 40 hours. Modern bulbs contain a tungsten filament
surrounded by Argon gas which is inert and prevents oxidation of the filament. These bulbs are designed to
last over 3000 hours.
Thomas Edison and the light bulb:

Thomas Edison Patent application First light bulb Modern light bulb
Diagram
150W
Notes Thomas Edison inventor of the filament light bulb, Edison’s first light bulb produced less light and
allowed homes for the first time to use clean, safe lasted for less time when compared to modern
and cheap electrical energy rather than ‘town gas’ or filament light bulbs. Modern bulbs contain a
candles which were expensive, polluting and tungsten filament surrounded by Argon gas which is
relatively unsafe to use. A successful scientist, he inert and prevents oxidation of the filament. These
had over 1000 patents to his name. bulbs are designed to last over 3000 hours.
Electrical power and the light bulb two

Thomas Edison’s bulbs, although revolutionary were expensive and short lasting. Dr. Lewis Latimer, a
draftsman, engineer and inventor worked with Thomas Edison on the incandescent light bulb and invented
carbon filaments for the Maxim electric incandescent lamp, an invention for which he received a patent for
in 1881. Edison’s light bulbs only lasted a few days, Latimer solved this problem by inventing a carbon
filament which didn’t burn out. Due to this discovery, light bulbs became cheap and reliable, lighting
homes, offices and even whole cities like London, New York and Montreal. He also wrote ‘Incandescent
Electric Lighting: A Practical Description’ which was published in 1890.
Lewis Latimer and the light bulb:

Lewis Latimer His work Patent application Modern light bulb
Diagram
Notes Lewis Latimer further developed the light bulb for Latimer’s light bulb was longer lasting than
widespread use in homes and offices during 1881 Edison's and less expensive to produce. His light
whilst working for the Edison lighting company. He bulbs relied on an inexpensive carbon filament to
supervised the conversion to electric light bulbs by convert electrical energy into light energy. These
cities including New York, London and Montreal. bulbs lasted many times longer than Edison’s.
Electricity supply and demand one

Currently we use f_______ fuels like methane (CH4), oil and coal to supply the energy to
generate domestic electricity to meet World demands. Increasingly, new technological
developments have been developed to utilise renewable forms of e_______. This will prolong
our reserves of fossil fuels and reduce polluting gases like carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
Generated electricity is transported to the commercial, industrial, transport and domestic users
by a huge network of over ground and underground cables called the national grid.
Users of electricity: Word bank: fossil energy
Domestic Industrial Commercial Transport
Different users of electrical energy require different voltages and amounts of electricity. Domestic and
industrial users have the greatest demand for electricity. Transport users like the train operators require
electricity at over 10,000 volts. Domestic users (households) require electricity at mains voltage which is
230 volts. All users also require the majority of their electrical energy during the day. Very little is used
during the night. Explain why the amount of electricity you need alters over a 24 hr cycle ?
Electricity supply and demand two

Although we continue to use fossil fuels to generate e__________ for residential, industrial,
commercial and transport users, the demand in Britain for electrical energy over the last 30 years has
not significantly increased. This may be because we have more efficient devices or that Britain no
longer manufactures large goods like cars. Demand for electricity follows a 24 hr cycle, where the
peak demand is usually around the early evening. The lowest demand for electricity occurs during the
middle of the night. During the winter we use more electricity due to the cooler temperatures and
reduced d___________ hours. Explain why when most winter heating is supplied using methane ?
Supply and demand: Word bank: electricity daylight
Demand for electricity winter & summer (2001) Demand for electricity in all user groups
Demand for electricity follows a 24 hr cycle with peak The two biggest user groups of electrical energy are domestic
demands during the early evening when we all return home and (homes) and industry (factories) They consume just under 60%
begin cooking dinner. The lowest demand is during the night of the supply of electrical energy. Interestingly 8% of all
when we are all asleep and not using appliances. Winter energy is wasted or lost from the system because of resistance
demand is higher because of heating and lighting demands. in overhead and underground cables of the national grid.
Generating electricity
There are many p________ stations in Great Britain supplying millions of watts of electrical
energy to all our homes, every single day. A large power station produces enough electricity for
a city or about a million kilowatts every hour of the day. The majority of power stations in
Great Britain use fossil fuels like crude oil, c______ and natural gas. There are other types of
power stations that use alternative energy sources like nuclear power. There are also smaller
generating stations that use renewable energy sources, for example solar power or biogas.
Think of five types of renewable energy sources ?
Generating electricity: Word bank: power coal
Fossil fuels Nuclear Renewable Biogas

Diagram
Notes Most power stations found in Great Britain and Europe combust coal, oil or natural gas. These fossil fuels
are cheap, abundant and contains vast amounts of trapped energy. Fossils fuels are ancient stores of energy,
the fossilised remains of dead organisms which died many millions of years ago. Once used, they cannot
be replaced in our life times. This is why they are called non-renewable fuels. In the next century, fossil
fuels will have nearly run out and we will have to develop alternative technologies to generate the electrical
energy we consume.
Generating electricity using fossil fuels

Energy trapped in fossils fuels like coal, oil and natural gas is released during their combustion
in power station boilers. This energy is used to produce s________, which drives huge turbine
generators. The movement of the copper coil across a magnetic field induces a current flow in
the copper wire. Electrical e_______ cannot be stored and is delivered instantly by the National
Grid to the consumer.
Generating and supplying electricity: Word bank: steam energy
Gas fired power station

Diagram Transformer 1 Overhead cables
Steam
Turbine
Generator
Waste
Gases Boiler
400,000V
240V
33,000V
Smoke stack Furnace Coke or coal Transformer 2 Transformer 3 Customer
Notes Steam produced from combusting fossil fuels like oil and gas drives the turbine generators. A
current is induced in the cables. Electricity is transported at over 400,000 volts from transformer
one and two. At high voltages and low currents less energy is wasted during its transport. It is then
stepped down to around 33,000 volts where, before reaching your house, it is stepped down further
by transformer three to 230 volts. This is then ready for use by domestic appliances.
Fossil fuels greenhouse effect

Over the last century, our use of fossil fuels has released huge amounts of carbon dioxide into
our atmosphere. This has disrupted the b_________ between carbon in the form of carbon
dioxide and carbon found tied up under rock in crude oil, natural gas and coal. Currently we are
adding an extra 3 billion tonnes of carbon each year into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide
molecule traps infra red h_____ from the Sun. Slowly our planet is warming because of the
rising carbon dioxide levels. How can you reduce your dependence on fossil fuels like petrol
and natural gas ?
The greenhouse effect: Word bank: balance heat
World’s crude oil use Rising levels of carbon dioxide The greenhouse effect
So
la r
ra
di
Absorbed in atmosphere
ati
by greenhouse gases
on
ce
pa
os
tt
ou
ted
dia
Ra
15
15 50
50
Altitude (km)
The World’s energy demand and There are over 500 million cars, Carbon dioxides traps heat
the use of crude oil is all pumping out carbon dioxide energy from the sun. The
increasing. China in the next from the combustion of octane or amount of carbon dioxide in the
two decades will use more than petrol. Car use is set to double atmosphere is increasing by 3
the USA. over 20 years. billion tonnes a year.
Fossil fuels acid rain

Carbon dioxide is not the only pollutant that is released into the environment during
the combustion of fossil fuels. S_________ and nitrogen are also present in crude oil.
During combustion, both sulphur and nitrogen combine with oxygen to form sulphur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These gases form weak a_______ when they react with
water in the atmosphere. Acid rain can damage forests and plant life. It can also
acidify lakes and ponds, disrupting natures balance.
Acid rain: Word bank: sulphur acids
Polluting the Earth’s atmosphere pH of precipitation across America

Diagram
Notes With 280 million Americans each using on The pH of rainfall is lowest where you find the highest
average a staggering 3kw per hour every day population across the East Coast. Almost 150 million
of the year, the amount of Sulphur dioxide Americans live, work, drive and pollute in this area. The
gas emitted per year for every square pH of rain water in some areas of the Eastern USA
kilometre of land is around 0.4 of a tonne. seaboard has a very acidic pH of around 4.2.
Generating electricity using nuclear power

Using fossil fuels to produce electricity adds to acid rain and global warming. They are also
running out, making it necessary to find alternative e________ sources. A nuclear power
station uses radioactive substances like uranium235 as a fuel. As uranium235 decays, large
amounts of energy is released which is then used to heat water producing steam which drives
turbine generators. Nuclear fuels are a highly concentrated energy source, with large nuclear
power stations only requiring about 10 kg of nuclear fuel per day. The only problem is that
radioactive w_______ materials need to be safely stored for many thousands of years.
Nuclear power supplying electricity: Word bank: energy waste
Nuclear power station

Diagram Transformer 1 Overhead cables
Steam 400,000V
Fuel rods Generator
240V
Turbine 33,000V
Containment building Transformer 2 Transformer 3 Customer
Notes Steam produced from the energy given out during the radioactive decay of Uranium235 drives the
turbine generators. A current is induced in the cables. Using nuclear fuels, although expensive does
not produce any polluting gases like carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide. Safely storing radioactive
waste materials and high decommissioning costs still limit their use here in Britain.
Inside a nuclear power station

Electrical energy is produced using nuclear energy. Increasingly, nuclear energy is used as
an alternative to the combustion of fossil fuels like c______ oil and natural gas. This is
partly because they are a finite resource and currently contribute to global warming
because of c___________ dioxide emissions. A nuclear reactor uses Uraniun235 as a fuel
source. These uranium rods glow white hot, in turn heating water, producing s_______,
which drives a turbine and generates e__________.
Nuclear energy: Word bank: crude carbon steam electricity
Power station Radioactive core Electricity Radioactive waste

Diagram
Notes A nuclear power station Uranium235 rods glow About 8% of our One problem is the
with a characteristic white hot and heat water electrical energy is radioactive waste and its
dome housing the turning it into steam. produced using nuclear safe storage. It has to be
radioactive core. They This drive the turbines fuels. In future years stored for up to 10,000
are very expensive to generators producing this will rise as fossil years safely away from
build and decommission. electricity. fuel use decreases. humans.
Risks of using nuclear energy

Generating electricity using nuclear energy raises a number of issues and enjoys limited
support in Britain. Furthermore, using isotopes like Uranium235 poses certain risks to us
all, in addition to dealing with the large amounts of radioactive waste produced as a by
product. There are many reasons ‘for and against’ using nuclear energy and Uranium235.
The biggest argument for includes reducing our use of f_______ fuels and that only a
small percentage of background radiation comes from the nuclear power industry.
Nuclear energy: Word bank: fossil
Nuclear weaponry Nagasaki Radiation sickness Three-mile island

Diagram
Notes During testing of In Japan, during WWII, Receiving high doses Three-mile island in the
nuclear weapons and America dropped two from gamma radiation US was a nuclear power
warheads, US soldiers ‘Atom bombs’ on Japan. can lead to death and station. A coolant failure
were asked to ‘witness’ The photograph shows radiation sickness. After led to a ‘meltdown’ and
the bomb close to the Nagasaki in complete the initial death toll in an explosion in the
testing site. Many have ruins just hours after the Japan up to 500,000 reactor. The radioactive
since died prematurely atomic bomb was people died within 10 cloud affected a huge
from various cancers. dropped and detonated. years from cancer. area.
Renewable energy sources

Renewable alternatives to using crude oil for generating electricity are now being
developed. These new technologies will reduce our dependence on crude oil, as well as
reducing carbon dioxide e__________. Many sources of energy that we currently use
every day are now renewable. This means that unlike coal, natural gas and crude oil, they
are not used up. Scientists will continue to work towards almost zero reliance on fossil
fuels for the future production of electricity.
Overview of renewable energy: Word bank: emissions
Wind Solar Biogas Hydroelectric
Wind farms could supply Solar cells using solar Converting animal waste like Using moving water, hydro-
up to 20% of the energy energy could power traffic manure from farming into electric dams are able to
we use every year. Why lights and street lamps. methane, using bacteria is a generate clean electricity.
do people in the They are only useful in way of replacing fossil fuels The only problem is that you
countryside object to countries with high rates like natural gas. What is the need lots of space and lots of
these wind farms ? of sunshine. formula of methane? rain every year.
Generating electricity using biogas

Electricity can be generated on a small scale using biogas. Biogas is exactly the same as natural
gas, the fossil fuel extracted from underneath the north sea, but it is produced by b_________
respiring animal wastes like manure. This is therefore a renewable supply of gas which can be
used in the same way as fossil fuels, with the heat energy used to produce steam, which in turn
drives a turbine generator. Why is the amount of electricity generated using this method very
small at present ?
Biogas supplying electricity: Word bank: bacteria

Biogas
Biogas mini power station
Diagram Waste
Waste
Gases
Gases
Turbine
Turbine
Boiler
Boiler Generator
Generator
Steam
Steam 33,000V
33,000V 240V
240V
Manure
Manure Fermentor
Fermentor Fermentor
Fermentor Furnace
Furnace Transformer
Transformer 11 Transformer 22 Customer
Customer
Notes Steam produced from the heat energy given out when natural gas (CH4) is combusted with oxygen
drives the turbine generator. A current is induced in the cables. Electricity is transported to
commercial and domestic users only. Using biogas, although expensive and still contributing to
greenhouse gases does recycles animal waste like manure.
Generating electricity using solar power

Solar power can be used directly to generate small amounts of electricity using photovoltic
cells. These produce a low c________ and are only useful for producing electricity in remote
areas or for devices that only require a low current, for example calculators. Using solar power
to heat water creating steam which then drives a turbine generator is another way the Sun’s
energy can be used to generate electricity. E_________ regions that receive plenty of sunshine
are ideal. The only problem is that the technology is still relatively expensive. Why is the UK
not an ideal location for solar panels or cells ?
Solar power supplying electricity: Word bank: current equatorial
Diagram
Notes Steam produced from the heat energy collected by solar reflectors drives the turbine and generator.
A current is induced in the cables. Electricity is transported to commercial and domestic users.
Using solar cells is expensive and is only viable in countries with good weather. Solar cells can be
used to directly generate electricity. These are very useful where there is demand for energy in very
remote areas like the desert or away from major towns and cities.
Generating electricity using geothermal power

Where the Earth’s crust is thin or where it contains large amounts of radioactive
substances like Uranium235 a ready heat source from ‘hot rocks’ is available. Water can be
superheated producing s_______. Geothermal power stations makes use of this energy by
heating water and producing steam which then drives turbine generators. This is a
c_______, renewable energy source. If there is insufficient energy to produce steam, the
heated water is used in people’s homes. Why is this technology not used in England, but is
found in Iceland ?
Geothermal power supplying electricity: Word bank: steam clean
Diagram
Notes Steam produced from the heat energy collected by water that is pumped deep into to the Earth’s
crust drives the turbine generator. A current is induced in the cables. Electricity is transported to
commercial and domestic uses only. These geothermal power stations are only found where the
Earth’s crust is thin enough to allow the heating of water. Many cities in Iceland generate their
electricity using geothermal energy.
Generating electricity using gravitational potential energy

Water held behind a dam, stores huge amount of gravitational potential energy. When the
stored water is allowed to flow downhill, its kinetic energy is used to drive turbine generators,
which in turn produces electricity. Hydroelectric dams are usually constructed in mountainous
areas with high yearly rainfall levels. The three gorges dam is the largest r__________ and is
currently under construction in China. When finished, it will generate millions of kilowatts of
electricity. Although this is renewable e_______ up to ten million people will be displaced
when the valley is flooded. Why is this technology used only in wet mountainous areas ?
Moving water supplying electricity: Word bank: reservoir energy
Diagram
Notes Large amounts of land and rainfall are required for any hydroelectric dam. The main
advantages of hydroelectricity is that it is a renewable form of energy and the start up time
from allowing the water drop to generating electricity is less than a second. Electrical energy
generated in this way is used to supply electrical power during peak demands.
Understanding kilowatts one

The power rating of an appliance tells us the number of joules that it uses every second
and the overall power of the appliance. If you were choosing between a 300 watt and 500
watt drill, you might choose the 500 watt drill if you had to drill through concrete. This is
because the ‘strength’ of the drill will be higher, therefore the 500 watt drill will be more
able to drill very hard concrete. Below are some examples of the power ratings and the
energy (Js-1) that these d________ use, every second. Try looking for the power rating of
your computer and play station at home ? (found underneath or rear of the product)
Energy and the joule: Word bank: devices
City Baby Hair dryer Hearing aid

Diagram
Notes A city that has a A new born baby A hair dryer has a A hearing aid, one of the
population of about ten weighing just 6 kg and power rating of 900 smallest electrical devices
million people uses taking their fist steps watts and uses 900 running off small watch
about 30,000 million uses about 25 joules per joules of electrical batteries uses only 0.0001
joules per second. second. energy per second. joules per second.
Understanding kilowatts two

A kilowatt hour is equal to the energy consumed by a 1,000 watt device that is switched for one
hour. The amount of e__________ a power plant generates or a customer uses over a period of
time is measured in kilowatt hours (kWh) Kilowatt hours are determined by multiplying the
number of kW's a device uses by the number of hours the device remains switched on. For
example, if you use a 100 watt light bulb for 10 hours, you have used 1000 watts of power, or
1 kWh of electrical energy. The table below shows typical values for power usage of some
household appliances. Remember Power (Watts) = Voltage (V) x Current (I)
Power ratings: Word bank: electricity
2.5 Heater (2500 W) 2,500
Kettle (2000 W)
2.0 2,000
Hair dryer (1500 W)

1.5 1,500
Drill (1200 W)
1.0 1,000
Toaster (900 W)
Kilowatts
0.5 500
Laptop (180 W)
Watts
Light bulb (100 W)
0.0 0
Cost of electricity
The cost of using electrical a___________ at home is calculated using the Kilowatt
hour. The electricity m_______ records how many kWh units of energy your house
uses per year.
Calculating the Kilowatt hour
Energy transferred (kWh) = Power (kW) x time (h) x cost of 1 kWh (£)
Working out the cost of electricity: Word bank: appliances meter
Appliance 2 kW Toaster 500 W Dyson 5 kW Cooker 3 kW Washer

Diagram
(N.B. Cost of 1
kWh = 5p)
Time used 5.0 h 6h 30 mins 6 mins

Total cost 0.1 kW x 5.0 h x 5p 3 kW x 6 h x 5p _____________ ____________
= 2.5 pence = ________ ___________ ? __________ ?
The cost of electricity in your home

We all have to pay for the electricity that we consume in our homes. In every home, you will
find an electricity meter. This records the amount of electrical e_______ your home uses. The
electricity company records the number of units (kilowatt hours) that you use every quarter by
comparing the previous reading with the current reading. Once the meter has been read, the
electricity company sends you a b_____ showing how many units you used, their cost and a
payment date. How can you help your parents reduce the amount they pay for their electricity ?
The cost of electricity: Word bank: energy bill
Electricity meter An example of an electricity bill

Diagram
Notes A typical bill is sent every three months to

your home by electricity companies.
1: Account number
2: Bill date
3: Customer address
4: Number of units used
5. Price per kilowatt hour
6: Total amount due including all charges
Electricity and its dangers

Mains electricity, overhead cables and substations are all dangerous. The electricity that
we use in our homes has a voltage of 230 volts. At this voltage, the current carried in the
live wire has sufficient energy to kill you. Although there are many inbuilt s_______
measures, working with or using e__________ is dangerous, even when changing a plug
at home. If you are unsure of how to work safely with electricity or don’t know the basic
safety rules, you may cause the death of yourself or worse still: others.
Dangers of using electricity: Word bank: safety electricity
Electrical fires Warning Electrocution

Diagram
Notes Illustrated by these pictures are some of the dangers of using or working with electricity. Picture 1:
An electrical fire caused by a short in a sub-station. Picture 2: Wherever you seen this sign ‘keep
out’ remember overhead cables and substations carry electricity at huge voltages. Picture 3: This
person is highly trained and observes very stringent safety rules. Electricity will always flow to
Earth, even through you if you give it the opportunity. Remember electricity can kill !
Domestic electricity
A modern household circuit supplies electricity at 230 volts to lights, sockets and all appliances.
The live wire (brown) carries the current with the highest voltage from the power station
through the main fuse box, meter and main residue c________ circuit breaker. Each socket and
plug is also protected by its own fuse. Current, at a lower voltage returns to the power station
through the neutral wire (blue). If l______ current should escape due to a fault in the appliance,
it is taken safely away through the Earth wire which is green and yellow in colour.
Mains circuit in the home: Word bank: current live
Notes
Lights ring main
There are two ‘ring main’
circuits.
Fuse 5A
Fuse 13A Circuit 1: Supplies electricity

at 230 volts and 5 amps for
Main switch
lights.
65999
Circuit 2: Supplies electricity
kWh at 230 volts and 13 amps for
meter
Socket ring main the sockets.
Find where the electricity

meter is placed. What unit of
power does it measure ?
L N E
Safety features of domestic wiring

Electricity is dangerous and using it at home requires some safety precautions. The l______
wire is the most dangerous...carrying mains voltage at 230 volts. This will easily kill you. The
n________ wire carries the current back to the power station, usually at a low voltage which is
close to zero. The e________ wire is for safety and only carries a current if there is a fault in the
appliance. There are many safety features that ensure that using electricity at home is as safe as
possible. Why is it also our responsibility to make sure we know the dangers of using electricity
when at home ?
Safety at home: Word bank: live neutral earth
Part Main fuse box RCCB Earthing electricity

Diagram Current surge breaks circuit
Electromagnet
Live wire
Neutral
Notes Main fuses will melt if there is A surge in current causes an In appliances, if the live wire
a current surge through the electromagnetic effect in the becomes loose, then the Earth
live wire breaking the supply RCCB. This causes the contact wire returns the stray current
to your house. Fuses fitted in point to pull apart therefore back to Earth. Without an Earth
plugs and fuse boxes need to breaking the current supply to wire, the current might travel
be the correct rating. the house. through you and kill you.
The electrical plug one

All appliances require a plug so that electricity can flow through the device supplying it
with electrical energy. Most appliances are now sold with a p_____ already fitted. A plug
has several features that makes it very safe to use: It has a tough plastic case, a cable grip
to prevent the f______ from coming away from the plug and pins that a partially insulated.
A plug is also supplied with a fuse that breaks the circuit if there is a current surge. Try
wiring a plug safely. Make sure the live, earth and neutral are connected to the right pin ?
The plug one Word bank: plug flex
Household plugs Wiring a plug Electrical flex

Diagram
Notes Features of a plug include its There are three pins connected to The cable from the
tough outer case, insulated pins three wires: Live (brown) takes plug to the appliance
and cable grips. You should the current from the power should never be
always replace a broken plug station, neutral (blue) returns it broken. If it is then it
and make sure you do not and Earth (green & yellow) takes needs to be replaced
overload sockets. stray current to ground. with new cable.
The electrical plug two

All plugs have to be fitted with the correct fuse. The fuse is required to protect the device
from potentially dangerous c________ surges. A current surge can damage your appliance
by melting circuits or if the current is large enough, it may even cause an electrical fire.
When a current surges, the f______ wire will get hot and eventually melt, therefore
breaking the circuit. This stops a dangerous surge in current reaching your appliance. Why
do they make fuses with metals with relatively low melting points ?
The plug two Word bank: current fuse earth breaks power
Household plugs Parts of a plug Melting fuse

Diagram Earth Returns stray current
to e________.
Fuse Melts and b_______

the circuit.
Neutral Returns current to

p_________ station.
Notes Wiring a plug: Practise Live Takes supply at 230V Fuses are made from metals
to your appliances.
wiring a plug. You need to with low melting points.
connect the right wire to the When a current surges, the
Grip Stops wires from
right terminal and make being pulled out. fuse becomes hot. If this
sure there are no loose surge is large enough it will
connections. melt and break the circuit.
Understanding Fuses
The fuse rating in amps depends on the appliance and the current it requires. The fuse rating is the
maximum current the fuse can carry without m___________. Only certain values are available: 3 A,
5 A, 13 A & 30 A.
Equation: Current (Amps) = Power (W) / Voltage (V)
Example: A drill has a power rating of 690 W and uses 230 V mains. What fuse should be fitted to
the drills plug ? Current = 690 W/230 V = 3 A. A 5 amp fuse should be fitted. A 3 amp would melt
and a 13 amp fuse might allow a damaging current to flow before melting.
Working out the correct fuse rating: Word bank: melting
Appliance Cooker Washing machine Play station Kettle

Diagram
Power (W) 5750 W 2300 W 115 W 2000 W

Mains (V) 230 V 230 V 230 V 230 V
Correct 5750 W/230 V ______________ _______________ ______________
fuse = 25 Amps ______________ _______________ ______________
= 30 Amp fuse _____________ ? ______________ ? _____________ ?
Understanding electromagnetism
If you place a magnetic compass near to a copper wire that is carrying a current, the compass’s
needle will be attracted away from ‘true north’ towards the wire. This is because a flow of
e__________ through a conductor has a slight magnetic effect. A temporary electromagnet can
be created when a current flows through a wire which surrounds an iron core. The current
induces a magnetic effect in the iron core, as long as c__________ flows. Electromagnets are
used everywhere and are found in scrap yards, buzzers and electrical motors. Name three other
uses of electromagnets ?
Electromagnetism: Word bank: electrons current
Electromagnetic effect The electromagnetic effect and electromagnetism

Diagram
Notes Even a small current in a wire A wire carrying a current coiled around an iron core induces a
has an effect on a magnetic temporary electromagnetic. Electromagnets are used in a wide
compass. When reading a range of applications. As soon as the power is switched off, the
compass, you should never use magnetic effect stops. You can also control the strength of an
near electrical appliances. electromagnet.
Uses of electromagnetism
Electromagnets are used everywhere. They have several advantages over permanent magnets
because they can be switched on or off and they can be made many more times powerful than
permanent m_________. Iron is a valuable material and can be recycled and sorted from other
materials using a ‘lifting electromagnet.’ A MRI (magnetic resonance image) is used to image
body tissues. This produces an image far clearer than ultrasound or X rays. Also, airport
security uses electromagnets to detect the presence of m______ on a passenger. When you pass
through, metals will sound the alarm. Why are metals considered a risk to airplane travel ?
Uses of electromagnetism: Word bank: magnets metals
Recycling iron MRI Scanner Airport security

Diagram
Notes A temporary electromagnet A powerful electromagnetic An electromagnet is used to

is used to sort scrap iron and is used to image the inside of increase air security when
steel from other scrap metals the human body. This device flying. A metal object, for
like aluminium, zinc, copper is called a magnetic example, a gun or bullets will
and magnesium. resonance imager or MRI. trigger an alarm.
Defining electricity
We see lightning, the effects of electrostatic charges or s______ electricity all the
time. We also see electrical energy being used by many devices, but where does it
come from ? The answer is inside the a______ of conducting materials like copper.
Electricity is a flow of e_________ through a conducting material. A conducting
material consist of millions of atoms, where electrons are free to leave their o______
and flow in an electrical current.
Inside the atom: Word bank: static atom electrons orbit
Inside the atom Sub atomic particles

Diagram Sub-Atomic Charge Position
particle
- -
Neutron _______ ? Nucleus
- - Electron _______ ? In Orbits
Proton _______ ? Nucleus
- -
The atom is made from protons, neutrons and
electrons which orbit the positive nucleus.
-
- Electrons in metals are free to leave the atom
and flow in an current when a voltage is applied.
- - Some metals like copper and gold are good
conductors meaning they allow electrons to flow
easily from atom to atom.
Faraday his work

Michael Faraday born 1791 is known for his work with electricity and magnetism. Despite
having little or no formal educational, Faraday went on to discover electromagnetic induction,
electropotentials in b_________, the electrical plasma arc and the Faraday cage. He published
his work in several volumes detailing all his discoveries. He also instituted the ‘Christmas
lectures’ which brought science to children. Imagine your life without electrical energy or
batteries ! Write a short description of how things would be different ?
Faraday and his work: Word bank: batteries
Faraday Faraday’s published work The plasma arc

Diagram
Notes Michel Faraday born Faraday went on to discover electromagnetic One of Faraday’s many
22nd September 1791 induction, electropotentials in batteries, the inventions included the
died August 25th 1867. electrical plasma arc and the Faraday cage. He plasma arc. He demon-
Pioneer in electricity published his work in several volumes detailing all strated this principle in
and magnetism. his discoveries. the 1830s.
Faraday inducing a current

Michael Faraday’s greatest discovery in 1831 was that a moving magnetic field produced an
electric current or flow of e__________ inside a conducting wire. Faraday, building on the
work of Charles Coulomb and Andre Ampere had demonstrated that when a wire crosses a
magnetic field, a current is induced. The principle of electromagnetic induction was a landmark
in science, for it made possible the d_________ or generator which is able to produce cheap,
clean, transportable and relatively safe electrical energy. Find out what Coulomb and Ampere
discovered ?
Faraday and his work: Word bank: electrons dynamo
Faraday Electromagnetic induction Turbine generators

Diagram
Motion
North
South
Current flow
Magnet
Notes Michel Faraday born Dynamos and turbine generators found in power stations both generate
22ns September 1791 electricity. They both have a coil of wire which spins at high speeds in a
died August 25th 1867. magnetic field. When the wire coil crosses the magnetic field, a voltage is
Pioneer in electricity induced across the wire. There are three ways to increase the size of voltage
and magnetism from induced in the copper coil: 1: Use a stronger magnet 2: Use a coil with more
1831 to 1855. turns 3:Spin the coil faster.
Generating a current for domestic use

In a coal fired power station, the steam produced when combusting fossil fuels like coal drives huge
turbine generators. These work a bit like an electric m_______ in reverse. Movement of the copper
coil across a magnetic field induces a c________ and voltage. The current enters and leaves the
generator through brushes, which are connected to ‘O’ rings. As the generator rotates (50 times a
second), the current moves back and forth. This is why it is called alternating current. Remember, it
is the movement of the copper coil across the magnetic field that gives sufficient energy to the
electrons to flow in a current.
Inducing an electric current: Word bank: motor current
Power station and turbine generators Turbine generators

Diagram
r
n erato
ge
in e
m turb
a
Ste
Notes Steam drives the turbine generators which produces an electric current. As the coil of copper wire
moves through the magnetic field, energy is transferred to the electrons. These generators are around
60% efficient and can generate up to 500,000 kilowatts per hour. Steam can be produced by either
combusting fossil fuels like coal, gas and oil or by using nuclear energy. Why are power stations
situated near supplies of water and fossil fuels ?
Generating alternating current one

The current produced by a turbine generator found in all power stations flows
momentarily in one direction and then, it r_________ and flows in the opposite direction.
This cycle is repeated continuously. The frequency of this change in direction is 50 times a
second or 50 Hz. This is called ‘alternating current,’ generally shortened to AC. Mains
current is supplied as a___________ current, reversing its direction 50 times a second.
This type of current is fine for simple devices like light bulbs and toasters, but direct
current which flows in one direction only is required for complex machines like
televisions and computers.
Alternating current: Word bank: reverses alternating
Mains alternating current Using AC current

Diagram
+230
Vo ltage
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Time (S)
-230
Diode placed in circuit

Notes The trace shows mains alternating current which changes Simple devices like toasters,
direction 50 times a second. This frequency gives some idea lights, kettles and heaters can
of the speed the coil must turn inside the generator. Unit of use normal mains alternating
frequency is the Hertz (i.e. 50 Hz = 50 cycles per second) current.
Generating alternating current two

Dynamos and turbine generators found in power stations both generate electricity. They both
have a c______ of wire which spins at high speeds around a magnet. When the wire coil
crosses the magnetic field, a v________ is induce inside the wire. There are three ways to
increase the size of voltage induced in the copper coil:
1: Use a stronger magnet 2:Use a coil with more turns 3:Spin the coil faster
Alternating current: Word bank: coil voltage
Mains alternating current Inside a bike dynamo

Diagram
Driver
+230V Axel
Voltage
Time 0.1 0.2
-230V Copper coil
Notes Iron core

The trace shows mains alternating current which
Magnet
changes direction 50 times a second (50 Hz.) Notice
how the direction of the current follows the position of Contact
the armature that is found inside the turbine generator. Output
Direct current
A current that continuously flows in one direction is called a ‘direct current,’ or
abbreviated to DC. An example of direct current is the current supplied by a
b________ or cell. Direct current is used for electric trains, other motor driven
devices and complex devices like computers. These devices could not use alternating
current because of the change of polarity every 50th of a second. This means that a
motor would change direction 50 times per s_______ and effectively not turn in any
one direction.
Direct current: Word bank: battery second
Direct current in circuits Using DC current

Diagram
+ 230
Vo ltage
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
- 230 Time (S)
Notes A direct current is supplied by a battery. It only flows in Complex equipment requires
one direction. Alternating current can also be converted to current that travels in one
direct current using a diode. Complex devices like direction only. AC current is
computers and motors require direct current. converted to DC current.
Fleming’s right hand rule one

To determine the direction of a current flow in a circuit or single wire when it cuts across
magnetic lines of flux (north to south), we use Fleming’s right hand rule. This simple rule
is easily used so that we can work out the d__________ of the current flow through a
simple wire. Remember that understanding this rule, allows us to understand how we
generate electricity for commercial, residential and industrial users.
Fleming’s right hand rule: Word bank: direction
Flemings right hand rule Rules

Diagram Hand digit Rule
Thumb
Movement ofofthe
Movement thewire
wire
First finger Point your First finger in the direction of the
Magnetic Field (from north to south)
ThuMb Rotate your hand about that finger until your

First finger thuMb points to the direction of the Movement
Magnetic
Magneticfield
field of the wire.
SeCond Then your seCond finger indicates the

Second finger direction of the Current flow in the wire.
Direction
Directionofofcurrent
current
finger
Notes Using Fleming’s right hand rule is simple and tells us the direction of a current in a
wire. This is determined by the direction of the movement of the wire across the
magnetic lines of flux. Practise this rule with your right hand and after a few
attempts it becomes very simple.
Fleming’s right hand rule two

Work out the direction of current in the four examples below. Use Fleming's right hand
rule to determine the direction of a current flow in a circuit or single wire when it cuts
across magnetic lines of flux (north to south.) Remember that understanding this rule
allows to understand how we generate electricity for commercial, residential and industrial
use.
Fleming’s right hand rule:

Problem one Problem two Problem three Problem four
Diagram
N
N
N
S
S
S
S
No movement
Work out which way the current flows in the wire ? (out of the page or into the
page) Start with the direction of magnetic lines of flux and then the movement of
the wire and work out the direction of the current in the wire. Practise until it
becomes second nature.
Transforming electricity
Transformers can be used to step up or step down voltage. Most transformers at home
are used to provide a low voltage p_______ supply from high voltage domestic mains
electricity for devices like computers, radios and televisions. These devices require
low voltages because of their delicate components and circuit boards. A transformer
uses alternating current in one coil to induce alternating current in another coil with a
different and l_________ voltage. When do we use step up transformers ?
Transformers and voltage: Word bank: power lower
Inside a transformer Step up or step down transformers

Type Notes Examples
Step If the secondary coil has 230 V to
up more turns than the primary 10,000 V.
coil then it is a step up
transformer, because the
secondary voltage is larger.
Step If the secondary coil has 10,000 V to
down fewer turns than the primary 230 V.
coil then it is a step down
transformer, because the 230 V to 5 V.
secondary voltage is smaller
Working with transformers

A transformer contains two coils of wire, wound on an iron core. These wires are
linked by the iron core. We can work out the output or input voltage or even the
number of turns for the primary or secondary coil by using the following formula.
Secondary voltage Number of turns on secondary coil V2 = N2
Primary voltage
= Number of turns on primary coil V1 = N1
Solving problems with transformers:

Example one Example two Example three
Diagram
Primary turns (N1) 100 turns 100 turns ?

Secondary turns (N2) 400 turns 50 turns 50
Input voltage (V1) 10 V 20 V 10 V
Output voltage (V2) ? ? 5V
Step down/Step down ? ? ?
Power distribution and the national grid

Power stations are usually found away from large cities. The electrical energy they produce needs to
be transported over large areas. A network (national grid) of cables, pylons, substations and
transformers supply all the cities in England with electricity. Electrical energy is transported from the
producer to the user at very high v__________ and low c__________. This reduces resistance and
the ‘heating effect’ therefore saving energy, fossil fuels and money.
Transformers and the national grid: Word bank: voltage current
Power station National grid network Substation/transformers All users of electricity
Notes: AC electricity is generated by high speed turbines driven by steam produced from combusting fossil fuels like
coal. Before transport across the UK, electricity is stepped up to 400,000 V or higher to minimise the current and
resistance. Closer to large cities and industrial areas, the voltage is stepped down to 132,000 V. Heavy industry like car
factories use electricity at 33,000 V. Light industry uses electricity at 11,000 V. In towns, local substations transform the
electricity to 230 V for domestic use. The customer is billed in kilowatt hours by electricity companies.
Extension questions and homework

1: Define the following terms: Electricity, Alternating current, Direct current, Turbine, Generator, Power-station,
Transformer & National Grid.
2: Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table.
Picture Role in electricity production

Electricity Meter
Power cables
Power station
3: Answer the following:

a) The strength of a induced current depends on three factors. Name them and explain how each one affects the
strength of the current.
b) Use your knowledge of circuits to design an alarm against intruders using a 3 volt cell, a buzzer, a trip switch
and conducting wires.
c) How is the heating affect used in appliances like heaters and kettles.
d) Explain how fossil fuels like coal and natural gas are use to generate electricity.
e) Explain why it is important to use renewable alternative to fossil fuels to generate electricity.
4: Look at the four pictures below. Complete the table:
Picture Power rating Joules per second What is the electrical energy converted to ?
Bulb 60 watts
Kettle 3000 watts
Hair Dryer 2000 watts
Toaster 3000 watts

a) Explain with a simple diagram the difference of the atoms in a conductor and an insulator.
b) Explain with a simple diagram how you would induce a current using a magnet, a copper wire and motion.
c) What devices would you use to measure the voltage and current in a circuit. Draw a circuit diagram using the
correct symbols.
d) Draw the following circuits: (i) Parallel circuit with 3 bulbs, two cells (1.5 V) and 3 switches controlling all 3
bulbs independently. (ii) Series circuit with 2 bulbs, one cell (9 V) and one switch.
e) What devices in the home uses the heating effect. List 3 and draw one of them.
f) What devices in the home use electrical energy to produce kinetic energy, sound energy and light energy. List
three and draw one of them.
g) Why do all houses use parallel circuits for its sockets and lights.
6: Complete the following table:
Appliance Power (W) Voltage (V) Current (I) Correct fuse (3A, 5A, 10A & 13A)
Light bulb 24 12 3A
TV 230 230
Hairdryer 230 4
Tumble dryer 230 9

a) A vacuum cleaner is labelled 230 V & 460 W. When connected to the 230 V mains supply, what current does it
take.
b) When operating from the 230 V mains supply, the current in a heating element of an electric fire is 4.5 A.
Calculate the power of the heater in watts. How many joules per second of energy is transferred through the
device.
c) The three conducting wires that form the electricity cable to a house are called.
d) Which wire in a standard plug carries the current back to the power station.
e) Which wire in a standard plug carries the current at the highest voltage. Explain your answer.
f) How does the fuse protect the appliance and why is having the correct fuse for the appliance important.
g) Explain the differences between a modern circuit breaker and a metal fuse. Detail how they work differently and
state which one gives you the user the most protection and why.
h) Explain why an appliance with a plastic case requires no earth cable but an appliance with a metal case requires
an earth cable. Why are appliances with plastic cases said to be double insulated.
i) Suggest why it is illegal to have a main socket fitted in the bathroom.
j) Explain why manufactures of lawnmowers and other outdoor power tools recommend that they should be used
with a residue current circuit breaker.
k) Why should you never climb an electricity pylon or break into a substation.
l) Why should you always replace a plug that is broken.

a) What type of current will a transformer work with.
b) Explain why electricity is transported at high voltage and low current around the national grid.
c) Explain with the aid of a diagram how a cycle dynamo generates electricity for the front and rear lights.
9: Complete the following table:
Primary voltage (AC) Secondary voltage (AC) Primary turns Secondary turns Step up Step down
100 V 10 100
200 V 100 10
240 V 12 V 200
132,000 V 11,000 V 12,000
11,000 V 240 V 1000
A 24 V lamp needing 2 A is supplied from a transformer connected to 240 V mains.
a) What is the turns ratio of the primary to secondary coil.
b) How much power is supplied to the lamp [power (watts) = voltage x current]
c) How much current is taken from the mains.
d) How long in time, would 1 kW power the lamp for.
e) 460,000 watts (W) of power may be supplied through the national grid at (i) 230 V or (ii) 230,000 V. Calculate
the size of the current for each voltage.
(f) Why is 230,000 V used despite the dangers of high voltage electrocution.
(g) What are the energy changes in the process which begins with natural gas arriving at the power station and ends
up in a light being switched on in your home.
h) What are the advantages and disadvantages of overhead and underground cable. Make a table and compare the
two methods of transporting electricity.
Internet:
Go to google.co.uk and find out about generating electricity. Make a short summary, include diagrams and name
the website that you used.

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Electricity at the flick of a switch

Supplying the nation’s electricity: Word bank: coal heat current

Fuel Power station Transmission Customer

Energy use in the home

Electricity use in the home: Word bank: switch night

Heating Lighting Cooking Other

Electrical power and the light bulb one

Thomas Edison and the light bulb:

Electrical power and the light bulb two

Lewis Latimer and the light bulb:

Electricity supply and demand one

Users of electricity: Word bank: fossil energy

Domestic Industrial Commercial Transport

Electricity supply and demand two

Supply and demand: Word bank: electricity daylight

Generating electricity: Word bank: power coal

Fossil fuels Nuclear Renewable Biogas

Generating electricity using fossil fuels

Generating and supplying electricity: Word bank: steam energy

Gas fired power station

Smoke stack Furnace Coke or coal Transformer 2 Transformer 3 Customer

Fossil fuels greenhouse effect

Fossil fuels acid rain

Acid rain: Word bank: sulphur acids

Polluting the Earth’s atmosphere pH of precipitation across America

Generating electricity using nuclear power

Nuclear power station

Fuel rods Generator

Containment building Transformer 2 Transformer 3 Customer

Inside a nuclear power station

Nuclear energy: Word bank: crude carbon steam electricity

Power station Radioactive core Electricity Radioactive waste

Risks of using nuclear energy

Nuclear energy: Word bank: fossil

Nuclear weaponry Nagasaki Radiation sickness Three-mile island

Renewable energy sources

Overview of renewable energy: Word bank: emissions

Wind Solar Biogas Hydroelectric

Generating electricity using biogas

Biogas supplying electricity: Word bank: bacteria

Generating electricity using solar power

Solar power supplying electricity: Word bank: current equatorial

Generating electricity using geothermal power

Generating electricity using gravitational potential energy

Moving water supplying electricity: Word bank: reservoir energy

Understanding kilowatts one

Energy and the joule: Word bank: devices

City Baby Hair dryer Hearing aid

Understanding kilowatts two

2.5 Heater (2500 W) 2,500

Hair dryer (1500 W)

Working out the cost of electricity: Word bank: appliances meter

Appliance 2 kW Toaster 500 W Dyson 5 kW Cooker 3 kW Washer

Time used 5.0 h 6h 30 mins 6 mins

The cost of electricity in your home

Electricity meter An example of an electricity bill

Notes A typical bill is sent every three months to

Electricity and its dangers

Dangers of using electricity: Word bank: safety electricity

Electrical fires Warning Electrocution

Fuse 13A Circuit 1: Supplies electricity