requires a finite number of stress reversals It was reported that an international

at a given point. Part wear alters the stress USE OF RESONANT INSPECTION FOR program studying the modelling of hot and
distribution and pitting may not occur. An IMPROVED POWDERED METAL PARTS cold compaction of metal powders had been
investigation was described in which laws of instituted involving 30 institutions in 15
cumulative damage and wear intensity R.H.Nath et al. (Quatrosonics Inc., USA.) countries. Phases of the study are
maps were determined for a 1.75%Ni- A technique which uses a PM part’s mechanical behaviour of powder,
1.5XCu-O.%Mo-0.5%C steel. vibrational resonances to non-destructively modelling of collated data, compaction of
reveal defects was described. Other NDT a part and simulation of compaction and
FRETTING BEHAVIOUR OF SINTERED methods scan for the defect but resonant comparison with a real part. Attention is
LOW ALLOY STEELS inspection scans the whole part for changes given to HIP. Experimental devices are
in structural integrity and is faster. The being developed. Examples of data for
B.Martin et al. (Ecole Centrale de Lyon, technique can be automated and allows stainless steel were given. Proceedure for
100% inspection at low cost. Parts are not identification of parameters in constitutive
Lyon, France.)
rejected by subjective judgements. The equations was discussed. The part used for
It was reported that Running Condition
technique is based on ultrasonic validation was described.
Fretting Maps and Materials Response
resonance spectroscopy.
Fretting Maps had been compiled from DIRECT SIMULATION OF
data from investigations of fretting COMPACTION AND CONSOLIDATION
High performance alloys
behaviour of a range of low alloy steels. OF STEEL POWDER BY EULERIAN
Cracking and particle detachment were ANALYSIS
SUPERSOLIDUS SINTERING AND
used as guides to wear resistance and BRAZING USING PREALLOYED NICKEL
contact fatigue properties depending on JKihara et al. (University of Tokyo,Tokyo,
BASE POWDERS
test conditions. Japan.)
Granular modelling was discussed with
R.M.German et al. (Pennsylvania State
WEAR AND CRACKING OF SINTERED regard to quantitative description of
University, University Park, USA.)
HIGH SPEED STEEL MATRIX powder flow and consolidation in mixing.
Effects of process conditions on
COMPOSITES IN FRETTING At densities above 75 to 80% continuum
sintering of low melting point prealloyed
CONDITIONS mechanics models must be used for
Ni base powders, used in brazing were
compaction analysis. Factors omitted, fine
investigated. Electron probe microanalysis
pore structure and locallized physical
A.Wronski et al. (University of Bradford, was used to determine densification
properties, are noted. It was reported that
Yorkshire, UK) mechanisms and the role of alloy elements.
powder assemblies had been modelled by
Failure of automotive parts, rocker arms
LOW CYCLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF eulerian finite element methods which
and valves, due to wear and cracking, was
SUPERALLOY REPAIR JOINTS incorporate elasto-plastic deformation and
discussed. It was reported that such
stress transfer. Experimental load/
damage can be reproduced in fretting
J.Liburdi et al. (Liburdi Engineering Ltd., displacement data was compared with
tests. The method was applied to high
Canada.) calculated results. Micro-mechanics were
speed steels with additions of MnS, as a
It was reported that simulated repair used to deduce elasto-plastic relationships.
lubricant, and extra TIC, which was shown
to confer improved wear resistance. joints in Inconel 738 had been subjected to MACRO-MICRO MODELLING FOR
fatigue tests. The joints were made by
VISCOUS SINTERING AND HOT
supersolidus liquid phase sintering of
Process instrumentation ISOSTATIC PRESSING
superalloy powder of the same
composition as the base metal. The JKihara et al. (University of Tokyo,Tokyo,
AUTOMATED NON-DESTRUCTIVE
structure of the repair was a cast base Japan.)
EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR
metal with a PM overlay. Effects of pore size Drwabacks in finite element and
INSPECTION OF PM COMPONENTS
and location were studied and comparison difference methods for modelling
made between repaired and cast materials. shrinkage in sintering and HIP were
J.L.Walker, G.L.Workman (University of discussed. It was noted that granular
Alabama, Huntsville, USA) PROPERTIES OF HIGH DENSITY modelling and microscopic flow analysis
A flaw detection system which uses a SINTERED 316L STAINLESS STEEL do not account for dimensional change. It
neural network and statistical analysis to was reported that macro- and micro-
resolve variations in ultrasonic stress wave J.Wood et al. (University of Nottingham, modelling can link the two techniques and
factors resulting from part variations was Nottingham, UK.) allows prediction of shrinkage and
described. The method was evaluated on Carburizing of ferrous parts to improve locallised sintering. The elasto-creep frame
specimens with a range of defect sizes wear resistance was discussed. It was noted was used to trace dependence of shrinkage
and geometries. Accept/reject criteria that liquid carburizing is unsuitable for PM with time. The models were illustrated by
were established. parts and that gas carburizing is better numerical examples.
than pack. Studies of the effects of alloy
DC POTENTIAL DROP FOR elements on ion nitriding and Aluminium sintering
DETECTION OF DEFECTS RELATED nitrocarburizing were refered to. The
investigation described was to determine RESEARCH IN LIQUID PHASE
TO UNIAXIAL COMPACTION
the viability of low pressure and plasma SINTERING OF ALUMINIUM-
carburizing on C free steels. Structure and TRANSITION METAL SYSTEM
B.A.van den Bos (Linkoping University,
Sweden.) properties were described. G.N.Romanov, N.S.Timofeev (Yakut Univer
It was reported that a direct current sity, Russia.)
potential drop technique shows promise Modelling A theory of LPS in interacting systems
in non-destructive detection of defects, was discussed with respect to solid and
such as cracks, density variations and MECHANICS OF METAL POWDER liquid phase diffusion. Four classes of
surface decarburization, in PM parts but is FORMING - AN INTERNATIONAL system were identified. Studies of Al
tedius due to the small volume tested. A RESEARCH PROGRAMME transition metal systems were described.
finite element method was used in a test The possibility of producing porous and
program to reduce testing time. Examples D.Bouvard et al. (Inst. National Polytechni- dense materials in one system was
were given. que de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.) demonstrated.

40 MPR November 1996