2. The view that knowledge comes from experience and science excels through observation and experiment 3. Old phyc that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the mind 4. Emphasized growth potential 5. Does genes or experience effect us more 6. The strongest survive and lead the week to die 7. Different views in phyc for analyzing 8. Combines biological, psychological, and social analyses 9. Increasing scientific knowledge base 10.Study aimed at solving specific issues 11.Helps people achieve better well being 12.Helps people with physiological disorders 13.Counseling and clinical approaches to physiological disorders 14.The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it 15.Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusion. It examines assumptions, discerns, hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assesses conclusion 16.An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations 17.A testable prediction, often implied by a theory 18.A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables 19.Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to whether the basic finding extend to other participants and circumstances 20.An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles 21.A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them 22.The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share out belief and behaviors 23.All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study 24.A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion 25.Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation 26.A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other 27.A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variable 28.The perception of a relationship where none exists 29.A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependant variable) 30.An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo 31.Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent 32.The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment that is, to one version of the independent variable 33.The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of the treatment 34.Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups 35.variable- the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is studied 36.The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable 37.The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution 38.The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores then diving by the number of scores 39.The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are about it and half are below it 40.The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution 41.A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score 42.A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance 43.The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next 44.A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behaviors 45.A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system 46.The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body 47.The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands 48.A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next 49.A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane 50.The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse 51.The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body or the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft 52.Chemical messengers that transverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse 53.A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction 54.“Morphine within”- natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure 55.The body’s speedy , electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system 56.The brain and spinal cord 57.The sensory and motor neurons that connect the (CNS) to the rest of the body 58.Neural “cables” containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the PNS, connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs 59.Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS 60.Neurons that carry outgoing information from the CNS to the muscles and glands 61.CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs 62.The division of the PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles 63.The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms 64.The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situation 65.The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy 66.A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response 67.Interconnected neural cells 68.The body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream 69.Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another 70.A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones adrenaline, and noradrenalin, which help to arouse the body in times of stress 71.The endocrine system’s most influential gland, under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands 72.Tissue destruction 73.An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp 74.A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task 75.A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft issue; allows us to see structures within the brain 76.A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans 77.The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions 78.The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing 79.A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal 80.The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla 81.The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance 82.A doughnut-shaped system, of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdale, and hypothalamus 83.Two lima beam-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion 84.A neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary glands, and is linked to emotion 85.The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s climate control and information processing 86.Cells in the nervous system that supports, nourish, and protect neurons 87.The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments 88.The porting of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and towards the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position 89.The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field 90.The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory area, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear 91.An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements 92.The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations 93.Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering thinking, and speaking 94.Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding) 95.Controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech 96.Controls language reception- a brain are involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe 97.The brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development 98.The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them 99.A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them 100. All nongenetic influences 101. Study of the limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior 102. Made of DNA contain genes 103. Complex molecule that contains genetic info that makes chromosomes 104. Make up chromosomes, capable of synthesizing proteins 105. Instructions for making a organism 106. Twins that develop from a single identical egg 107. Twins that develop from two separate egg 108. Emotional Reactivity/Intensity 109. The difference among individuals attributable to genes, heritability varies 110. The effect of one factor depends on another 111. Subfield of biology that studies molecular structure/function of genes 112. The Study of the evolution of behavior using principles of natural selection 113. Only the strongest survive because they are the best adapted 114. Random error in gene replication that causes change 115. Biologically and socially influenced characteristics that define people as male or female 116. Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people passed down 117. What is understood as proper behavior 118. Buffer zone around our bodies 119. Priority to ones own goals and defining ones self in terms of personal attributes 120. Giving Priority to the goals of the group and defining your self by that group 121. Behavior intended to hurt someone 122. Found in men and woman-female 2-male 1 123. Found in males and pairs with a X 124. Male sex hormone stimulates growth of male genitalia and characteristics 125. Norms defining how one should behave 126. Expected behavior for males and females 127. Ones sense of being male or female 128. Accusation of male or female roles 129. Theory that we learn by watching others and being rewarded or punished 130. Theory Children learn from their culture and adjust accordingly 131. Studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span 132. Fertilized egg-2 weeks rapid cell division 133. Developing human- 2 weeks to 2 months 134. Developing human- 9 weeks to birth 135. Chemicals or viruses that can reach the fetus during prenatal development and cause harm 136. Abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s drinking 137. Baby’s Tendency when touched on the check to turn towards the touch and open its mouth looking for milk 138. Biological growth that enables changes in behavior uninfluenced by experience 139. Framework that organizes and interprets information 140. Interpreting new experience in terms of existing schemas 141. Adapting ones schemas to incorporate new information 142. Thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating 143. Birth to age 2 during which infants know the world in terms of senses and motor activities- Object permanence/Stranger Anxiety 144. Awareness that things exist even when not perceived 145. Age 2-7 learns language but no concrete logic-Pretend play/Egocentrism/Language Development 146. Part of concrete stage, conservation of matter 147. Childs difficulty in taking another’s point of view 148. Peoples ideas about their own thoughts, feelings and perceptions 149. Deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others states of mind 150. Age 7-11 logical thinking-Conservation/Mathematical transformations 151. Age 12 and on, abstract concepts-Potential for mature reasoning 152. Fear of strangers infants display starting at 8 months of age 153. Emotional tie to another person 154. Optimal period shortly after birth when exposure to certain stimuli produces proper development 155. Way animals form attachments during a critical period 156. Sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy 157. A sense of ones identity and personal worth 158. Transition period from childhood to adulthood 159. Period of sexual maturation 160. Structures that make sexual reproduction possible 161. nonreproductive sexual characteristics 162. The first menstrual period 163. Ones sense of self 164. Ability to form close loving relationships 165. Time of natural menstrual cessation 166. Irreversible deterioration of the brain 167. Different ages compared to each other 168. Same people are studied long term 169. Ones knowledge 170. ones ability to reason quickly and abstractly 171. Cultural timeline of events such as marriage parenthood and retirement 172. The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. 173. The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. 174. Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information 175. Information processing guided by higher-lever mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. 176. The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. 177. The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. 178. A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. 179. Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. 180. The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. 181. The minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. 182. The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. 183. Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. 184. Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. 185. The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. 186. The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth 187. The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. 188. The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. 189. A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. 190. The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. 191. The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. 192. The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers or neurons that begin the processing of visual information. 193. The sharpness of vision 194. A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina. 195. A condition in which far away objects are seen more clearly than near objects is focused behind the retina. 196. Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray. 197. Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. 198. The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 199. The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there. 200. The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. 201. The processing of several aspects of a problems simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. 202. The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. 203. The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. 204. Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. 205. The sense or act of hearing. 206. The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. 207. A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency 208. The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. 209. A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. 210. The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs 211. In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. 212. In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it's pitch. 213. Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. 214. Hearing loss caused by damage the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves 215. A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea. 216. The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. 217. The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. 218. The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. 219. The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. 220. The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect. 221. Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. 222. The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses. 223. An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. 224. The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). 225. The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. 226. The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. 227. A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. 228. Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes. 229. A binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object. 230. A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object. 231. Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. 232. An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. 233. Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change. 234. In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. 235. A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. 236. A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. 237. The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. 238. The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis. 239. Our awareness of ourselves and our environment 240. Periodic psychological fluctuations 241. The biological clock 242. A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur 243. The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state 244. Periodic natural, reversible loss of consciousness 245. False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus 246. The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep 247. Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep 248. A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks 249. A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings 250. A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified- occur in stage 4 251. According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream 252. According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream 253. The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation 254. A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur 255. A suggestion, made during a hypnosis suggestion, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized 256. A split in consciousness. Which allows some thought and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others 257. A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood 258. The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect 259. The discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing the use of an addictive drug 260. A psychological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued 261. A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relive negative emotions 262. Compulsive drug craving and use 263. Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions 264. Drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment 265. Opium and derivatives that depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety 266. Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions 267. Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes 268. A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS; reduces dopamine levels 269. A stimulant and mild hallucinogen 270. Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input 271. A powerful hallucinogenic drug 272. A major active drug in weed; mild hallucinations 273. An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations 274. The presumption that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact 275. The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing 276. Each cycle last about 90 minutes Circadian Rhythm 277. Alpha waves on EEG-lasts only a few minutes-“awake” but very relaxed; hair grows, new cells are made, chemicals in brain are restored. 278. Alpha waves disappear; sleep spindles appear on EEG (about 20 minutes); sleep talking here and in other later stages 279. Transitional stage; sleep walking may occur (non-REM phase) 280. Delta waves-deep sleep—when you are really resting-(30 minutes for 3 and 4 together); bed wetting, growth hormones. 281. Body is paralyzed but brain is active; 4 or 5 dreams every night; each one a little longer-last from 5-45 minutes; bp rises, brain fires, eyes move. About 100 minutes a night is REM sleep. 282. Theories on why we dream 283. Sleep restores depleted levels of energy; eliminates waste products from muscles, repairs cells, oculomotor system maintenance=stage 4 sleep increases after excessive physical exertion. Helps us to “solve problems” (sleep on it). Research shows people with interpersonal problems enter REM earlier and stay there longer 284. (Evans/Foulks)-Dreams are the brain’s attempt at interpreting and assimilating new information. Filing “stuff” away that senses took in during the day; weaving it together so you can file in under “dreams.” 285. (Crick/Mitchison)-Dreams/sleep enable the brain to erase information that is no longer needed and file it is a drawer marked “of little use.” 286. (Snyder)-wake up briefly at the end of REM to check environment for danger—(very evolutionary in thought) 287. Dreams are a safety valve where you can have unacceptable urges or wishes and no one will know. 288. A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. 289. It is when an organism learns by linking two events that occur close together. The animals learn to predict the immediate function. 290. A form of learning in which we associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events. 291. The school of thought that stresses the need for psychology to be an objective science. This perspective was first suggested and propagated by John Watson in 1913, who wanted psychology to study only observable behaviors and get away from the study of the conscious mind completely. Watson's primary rationale was that only observable events are verifiable and thus, are the only events that can be proven false. 292. In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus(US). 293. In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS) is any stimulus that can evoke a response without the organism going through any previous learning; the response to the US (the unconditioned response) occurs naturally. 294. The conditioned response (CR) is the learned response (reflexive behavior) to a conditioned stimulus (CS). This response is almost identical to the Unconditioned Stimulus except that now the reflexive behavior occurs in response to a conditioned stimulus as opposed to an unconditioned stimulus. 295. A formerly neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to produce a conditioned response 296. Initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of reinforced responses. 297. The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. 298. The reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. 299. The tendency, once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. 300. In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. 301. A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. 302. Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning. 303. Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. 304. Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely 305. A chamber also known as a skinner boxy, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcement, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. 306. An operant conditioning procedure which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. 307. In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. 308. A stimulus which increases the frequency of a particular behavior using pleasant rewards. 309. With negative reinforcement the occurrence of a behavior is increased by removing an unpleasant stimulus. 310. Used in conditioning, and it refers to anything that provides reinforcement without the need for learning to an organism. 311. A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. It is also known as secondary reinforcement. 312. This is an operant conditioning principle in which an organism is reinforced every single time that organism provides the appropriate operant response. 313. Reinforcing a response only part of the time. This results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. 314. In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. 315. A variable ratio schedule (VR) is a type of operant conditioning reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after an unpredictable (variable) number of responses are made by the organism. 316. With this type of operant conditioning reinforcement schedule, an organism must wait for a specific amount of time and then make the operant response in order to receive reinforcement. 317. In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. 318. An even that decreases the behavior that it follows. 319. A cognitive map is a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. 320. Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. 321. A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. 322. A desire to perform threats of punishment. 323. Learning by observing others. 324. The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior 325. Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action my enable imitation, language learning and empathy. 326. The positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. 327. The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information 328. A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment of event 329. The processing of information into the memory system 330. The retention of encoded information over time 331. The process of getting information out of memory storage 332. The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system 333. Activated memory that holds few items briefly 334. The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences 335. A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and information retrieved from long- term memory 336. Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings 337. Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort 338. The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage 339. The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through cramming 340. Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list 341. The encoding of picture images 342. The encoding of sound, especially the sound of waves 343. The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words 344. Mental pictures 345. Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices 346. Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically 347. A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second 348. A momentary stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled with in 3 or 4 seconds 349. An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stipulation 350. The loss of memory 351. Retention independent of conscious recollection (procedural memory) 352. Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (declarative memory) 353. A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage 354. A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier 355. A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned 356. A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time 357. The activation, often unconsciously, of a particular associating in memory 358. That eerie sense of “I’ve experienced this before” 359. The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood 360. The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information 361. The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information 362. The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness, anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories 363. Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event 364. Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined 365. Refers to al the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering and communicating 366. Refers to the mental grouping of similar objects, events and people. 367. The mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category 368. Step-by-step procedures that will guarantee a solution. Usually long. 369. A speedier, more error prone version of algorithms. By reducing the number of options and then applying trial and error, the result may be found. 370. Flashes of inspiration. 371. The tendency to search for information that confirms one’s perceptions. 372. The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, it impedes our process to problem solve. Influenced by mental sets and functional fixedness. 373. Predisposes how we think. It refers to our tendency to approach a problem from a particular way that we have been successful in the past. 374. The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions. Stereotypes also limit our thinking. 375. Demands you to use rapid judgment, while leaving out certain relevant information. By judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or math prototypes. Overrides the usage of logic and statistics. 376. States that anything that increases the ease of our retrieving information can increase its perceived availability. If it comes more easily to our mind, we tend to think that it is more common. 377. The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments. 378. The way we present an issue 379. It is the tendency for our beliefs to distort our logic. 380. Our tendency to hold onto beliefs even when we are presented with contradicting evidence. Considering evidence supporting the opposite position is a remedy for this type of bias. 381. Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. 382. The smallest sound units in language. 383. The smallest units of language that carries meaning. Includes prefixes and suffixes. 384. In a language that allows us to properly understand it. 385. How we get meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. 386. How to combine words into meaningful sentences. 387. (3-4 months after birth) A stage in speech development where the infant utters sounds unlike the family language. 388. (1-2 years old) A stage in speech development where the infant speaks single words 389. (2 years old) Infants speak in two-word phrases that resemble Telegraphic speech – speech like a “telegram” I.e. Want candy, me play, no eat…etc 390. States language determines how we think. 391. It is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. 392. Is the statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that measure a common ability. 393. A general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. 394. Is the condition which a person is limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill 395. Is the ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions. 396. Is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable. 397. Is a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. 398. Was a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet. The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. So a child with at the age of 9 is said to have the mental age of 9. 399. Lewis Terman used some parts of Binet’s tests and added other parts to fit the needs of Californian children. He named it the Stanford- Binet. 400. William Stern then devised the intelligence quotient also known as the IQ test. IQ= mental age / chronological age X 100 401. Predict the ability to learn a new skill 402. Reflect what you have learned. 403. Is the most widely used intelligence test. It consists of verbal and performance subtests. It also separates scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory and processing speed. It can also reveal learning/ language disabilities. Allowing psychologists to reveal a new plan for those who have suffered strokes, etc. 404. Is defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group. 405. The test results from these standardizes tests form a normal distribution that forms a normal curve. 406. Is the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of the scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting. 407. It the extent to which a test measures or predicts what is supposed to 408. Is the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. 409. Is the behavior that a test is designed to predict. The measure is used in defining whether the test has predictive validity. 410. Is the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict. It is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. 411. Is the condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life varies from mild to profound 412. Is a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup. 413. Is a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. 414. A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior 415. A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned 416. The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need 417. A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level 418. A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior 419. Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active 420. The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues 421. The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set 422. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure 423. An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve 424. An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise 425. The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters an Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution 426. A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm 427. A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning 428. A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males 429. The most important of the male sex hormones 430. An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex 431. A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills 432. The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behaviour in workplaces 433. A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development 434. A subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change 435. Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales 436. A desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard 437. Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals 438. Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support 439. A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviours, and (3) conscious experience 440. The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli 441. The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion 442. Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal 443. A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion 444. Emotional release 445. People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood 446. Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life 447. Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience 448. The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself 449. An interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease 450. A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. 451. The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. 452. Seylye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages--alarm, resistance, exhaustion 453. The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. 454. Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard- driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people 455. Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people 456. Literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. 457. The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system 458. Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. 459. Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. 460. Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to ones stress reaction 461. Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety. 462. A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. 463. Unproven health care treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies 464. An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. 465. In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. 466. Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. 467. According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. 468. Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. 469. The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain 470. The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. 471. The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. 472. According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. 473. The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. 474. According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved 475. In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality 476. In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories 477. Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated 478. Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. 479. Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others 480. Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions 481. Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet 482. Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history 483. A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics 484. A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes 485. The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots 486. Proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self- esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death. 487. According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self- esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. 488. According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person 489. All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "who am I?" 490. A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports 491. A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. 492. The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests – originally designed to identify emotional disorders 493. A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. 494. Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context. 495. The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors. 496. Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless. 497. The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. 498. The belief that an individual has more control over life circumstances than the environment does. 499. Lack of motivation to avoid unpleasant stimuli after one has failed before to escape similar stimuli 500. A psychology concerned not only with weakness and damage but also with strength and virtue. 501. Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders. 502. One's feelings of high or low self-worth 503. A readiness to perceive oneself favorably. 504. Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns 505. A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity 506. The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital. 507. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widley used system for classifying psychological disorders. 508. Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. 509. An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal 510. An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. 511. An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation 512. An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) 513. An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience 514. Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. 515. Rare and controversial dissociative disorder in which an individual experiences two or more distinct and alternating personalities. 516. Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder. 517. A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities 518. A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state 519. A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania 520. A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. 521. False beliefs, often of persecution of grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders 522. Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. 523. A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist 524. An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. 525. Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system. 526. An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. 527. In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety- laden material. 528. In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. 529. In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) 530. A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way. 531. Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. 532. Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. 533. A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. 534. Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid 535. A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli 536. An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. 537. A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) 538. Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards 539. Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions 540. A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). 541. Therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication 542. The tendency for unusual events to 'regress' toward their average state. 543. A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies 544. The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. 545. Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors 546. A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. 547. The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. 548. Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. 549. A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion- controlling centers of the inner brain 550. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. 551. Suggests how we explain someone's behavior- by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. 552. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. 553. Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. 554. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. 555. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. 556. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. 557. Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. 558. Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. 559. Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. 560. The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. 561. The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. 562. The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. 563. The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. 564. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and it's members. 565. A generalized belief about a group of people. 566. Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or it's members. 567. People with whom one shares a common identity- "Us" 568. Those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup "Them" 569. The tendency to favor one's own group. 570. The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. 571. The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression. 572. A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. 573. A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. 574. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. 575. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. 576. The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. 577. A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. 578. Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. 579. Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. 580. The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. 581. The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. 582. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. 583. An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. 584. Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. 585. A strategy designed to decrease international tensions.