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Glucocorticoids
• ↓ chronotropic & ↓ inotropic states = ↑ filling time for coronary vessels Ca+ K+
Anticoagulants +
β
Cell
Prevent
the
formation
of
thrombi (Pancreas)
Heparin
—
I V
Insulin
•
Short-‐term
(60-‐90
min
onset),
easily
reversed
(IV
protein
to
neutralise
acid)
•
Activates
antithrombin
3
(AT
I II)
–
inhibits
factors
I Ia
(thrombin)
&
Xa Anti-‐neoplastics
*
Prevents
fibrinogen→fibrin
by
thrombin Kill
tumour
cells
and/or
halt
tumour
growth
•
A E:
haemorrhage
(especially
wounds),
osteoporosis
LMWH:
longer
lasting,
more
predictable
(affect
Xa
>
I Ia)
–
enoxaparin,
dalteparin Cytotoxics
Hirudin/Bivalirudin:
direct
thrombin
inhibitors
–
superior
to
Heparin,
I V
only Alkylating
agents:
cyclophosphamide
—
N S
Avugatram:
orally
active
X Ia
inhibitor
–
future
direction...
•
Cross-‐links
D NA
strands
–
prevents
replication
•
Metabolised
to
phosphoramide
mustard
(active)
&
acrolein
(AE's)
Warfarin
—
oral
•
Caution
in
renal
patients
•
Prolonged
Tx
(2-‐3/7
onset
—
↑
prothrombin
stores)
•
A E:
haemorrhagic
cystitis
(accumulate
in
bladder),
alopecia,
anorexia
•
Prevents
Vitamin
K
reductase
action
Anthracyclines:
doxorubicin
—
S-‐phase
–
Essential
for
factors
2,
7,
9
and
10
and
proteins
C
&
S
•
Affects
topoisomerase
I I
function
–
prevent
repair
of
D NA
strand
breaks
•
A E:
haemorrhage,
teratogenic
(eye,
limb,
C NS
defects)
•
Caution:
liver
impaired,
<
4
yo,
radiotherapy
•
Reduced
effectiveness
if
↑VitK
intake
(leafy
vegetables)
Antimetabolites:
methotrexate
(G1–S
phase)
•
Overdose:
VitK
administration
•
Inhibits
Dihydrofolate
reductase
(DHFR)
=
↓
folate-‐dependent
D NA
synth
•
Caution:
renal/liver
impairment,
radiotherapy,
P UD
Thrombylytics
/
Fibrinolytics
•
A E:
N&V,
anorexia,
alopecia,
myelosupression
Catalyse
fibrin
breakdown
Platinum:
cysplatin
—
N S
Convert
plasminogen→plasmin
•
Free
radical
formation
inside
cells
→
D NA
damage,
apoptosis
Digests
fibrin,
fibrinogen,
and
factors
I I,
V
and
V II
•
Caution:
hearing
impairment,
renal
impairment
–
ototoxic
&
nephrotoxic
Streptokinase
—
I V Vinca
Alkaloids:
antitubulins
&
antimitotics
—
vincristine,
docetaxel
(M
phase)
•
Synthesised
by
haemolytic
streptococci
—
will
develop
Ab's
if
repeated
<
6/12
•
Inhibits
microtubule
formation
→
mitotic
arrest
•
First-‐line
in
acute
M I
•
Contra:
radiotherapy
•
Less
selective
that
tPA
—
activates
bound
and
circulating
plasminogen
•
A E:
alopecia,
abdo
pain,
constipation,
fatigue,
fever,
neurotoxic
Non-‐cytotoxic
Tissue
Plasminogen
Activator
(tPA)
—
I V
Antibodies:
trastuzamab
•
Natural
plasminogen
activator
from
endothelial
cells
–
recombinant
•
Binds
H ER2
receptor
(breast
ca.
–
growth
stimulator)
–
blocks
cascade
•
Selective
for
bound
plasminogen
at
low
concentrations
•
Cell
targeted
by
immune
system
&
receptor
endocytosed
(↓
expression)
-‐
But
need
high
concentration
to
dissolve
within
1hr
of
M I
→
not
selective Tyrosine
Kinase
Inhibitors:
imatinib
(inhibit
B CR:ABL
T K
in
Philadelphia
chr)
•
Decreases
intercellular
signalling
Gout
•
Not
curative
–
only
decreases
growth
Prevent
&
reduce
urate
crystal
formation Hormonal
GOUT: Selective
Oestrogen
Receptor
Modulators
(SERMs):
tamoxifen
Allopurinol:
xanthine
oxidase
inhibitor
–
lowers
urate
production
from
xanthine
•
Competes
with
oestrogen
at
receptor
sites
in
breast
cancer
–
↓
growth
•
Used
to
prophylactic
&
treatment
of
hyperuricaemia
(high-‐cell
turnover)
Colchicine:
gout
and
anti-‐inflammatory
•
Inhibits
neutrophil
migration,
chemotaxis,
adhesion
&
phagocytosis
Antibiotics Antivirals
Prevent
&
reduce
urate
crystal
formation
Bacterial
cell
wall
synthesis
inhibitors
–
cidal Nucleoside
Analogues:
guanine
analogues,
inhibit
D NA
polymerase
β-‐lactams:
binds
penicillin
binding
peptides
(PBPs)
•
acyclovir
(herpes),
caniciclovir
(CMV)
•
Inhibits
translinking
of
peptidoglycan
layer
(transpeptidase
inhibition) Nucleoside
Analogue
Reverse
Transcriptase
Inhibitors:
compete
for
R T's
-‐
Penicillins:
amoxicillin
•
zidovudine
-‐
Cepahlosporins:
cephalexin Non-‐nucleoside
Reverse
Transcriptase
Inhibitors:
alters
R T
activity
Glycopeptides:
vancomycin
—
block
transpeptidase
&
peptidoglycan
synthase
•
nevirapine
Protein
Synthesis
Inhibitors HIV
Protease
Inhibitors:
prevents
precursor
cleavage
into
proteins
–
↓mutation
Macrolides:
erythromycin,
clarithromycin,
roxithromycin
[50s]
-‐static
•
saquinovir
Aminoglycasides:
gentamicin
[30s]
-‐cidal Amantadine
/
Rimantadine:
inhibits
viral
uncoating
–
Influenza
A
Lincosamides:
clindamycin
[50s]
-‐static Neuroaminidase
inhibitors:
inhibits
viral
shedding
Tetracyclines:
doxycycline
[30s]
-‐static
•
zanimivir,
oseltamivir
–
influenza
A
&
B
Chloramphenicol:
[50s]
–static Interferons:
boost
host
immune
response
–
recombinant
I FNa's
Nucleic
Acid
Interferants
Rifamycin:
rifampicin
—
inhibits
bacterial
R NA
polymerase
(TB,
M RSA)
-‐static Antifungals
Quinolones:
ciprofloxacin
—
D NA
gyrase
(Gr–)
&
topoisomerase
(Gr+)
-‐cidal
Nitromidazole:
metronidazole
—
form
free
radicals
when
metabolised
-‐cidal Polyene
Antifungals:
binds
ergosterol
in
wall
–
forms
porin
[static/cidal]
Antimetabolites
/
Folate
Inhibitors
•
amphotericin
B
Linezolid:
inhibits
50s
subunit
–
M RSA,
V RE Azole
Antifungals:
block
ergosterol
production
(lanosterol
12a-‐demethylase)
Clavulanic
acid:
binds
to
β-‐lactamase
→
↑β
lactam
effect
(not
an
antibiotic)
•
flucanozole,
ketocanozole
[static]
Allyamines:
block
ergosterol
synthesis
(squaline
epoxidase)
[cidal]
Corticosteroids
•
terbinafine
Hormones
produced
in
adrenal
cortex Echinocandins:
inhibt
B
glucan
synthesis
(cell
wall
maintenance)
[cidal]
Glucocorticoids
—
cortisol
(also
has
some
action
against
mineralocorticoids)
•
casofungin
MOA:
bind
to
cytoplasmic
glucocorticoid
receptor
(GR)
→
D NA
binding
site DNA
Synthase
Inhibitors:
inhibit
D NA
&
R NA
synthesis
–
substrate
analog
•
Transactivation:
activation
of
gene
•
flucytosine
[cidal]
•
Transrepression:
repress
cyto/chemokine,
adhesion
molecule
&
inflam
proteins Antimitotic:
binds
tubulin
–
inhibits
cell
division
[static]
Low
dose:
hormone
replacement,
adrenal
insufficiency
•
Griseofulvin
High
dose:
immunosupression,
anti-‐inflamm,
chemo-‐induced
nausea
relief
(↑AE) Anti-‐malarial
Agents
AE:
poor
healing,
infection,
dyspepsia,
oedema,
iatrogenic
Cushing's,
acute
Prevent
&
kill
parasite
(Plasmodium
falciparum,
malariae,
vivax,
ovale)
adrenal
insufficiency
(on
withdrawal),
osteoporosis
(↑OC
activity)
Directions:
take
with
meals,
don't
stop
suddenly,
see
Dr
if
infection
begins Schizonticides:
Prednisolone:
Quinine:
kill
parasite
within
R BC
–
therapeutic
(PF,
P M)
/
suppress
(PV,PO)
•
Use:
Anti-‐inflam
(asthma),
auto-‐immune
disease
&
croup
•
M OA:
Inhibits
haem
polymerase
→
haem
aggregates
in
parasite
(cytotoxic)
•
↓
capillary
dilation,
oedema,
fibrin
deposition,
leukocyte
migration,
scarring
•
A E:
cinoconism
(flushed
sweaty
skin,
blurred
vision,
tinnitus,
↓hearing,
•
A E:
osteoporosis,
poor
healing,
immune
suppression,
↓
growth
confusion,
abdo
pain,
photosensitivity,
N
&
V
&
D.
Beclomethasone: Cholorquine:
kills
parasite
–
prophylactic
&
therapeutic
•
Use:
asthma
(prophylacticly)
•
M OA:
as
quinine
•
Poor
absorption
–
inhaled
for
airway
inflammation
•
Resistance
developed
–
↓
uptake
•
A E:
osteoporosis,
poor
healing,
immune
suppression,
↓growth,
candidiasis Mefloquine:
kills
parasite
–
prophylactic
&
therapeutic
•
M OA:
unknown
–
?
toxic
complexes
with
heme
→
parasite
death
Inflammatory
Bowel
Disease
•
Used
for
chloroquine-‐resistant
Plasmodium
Radical
Cure
Doxycycline:
tetracycline
antibicrobial
–
inhibits
30s
ribosome
&
protein
synth
5-‐Aminosalicylates
—
mesalamine
•
A E:
photosensitivity,
candidiasis,
oesophagitis
GIT-‐specific
anti-‐inflammatory
–
C OX
&
5-‐lipoxygenase
inhibitors
=
↓PG,
↓LT Artemisin:
produces
reactive
oxygen
radical
during
haem
breakdown
•
May
↓
chemotaxis
(Mϕ
&
Nϕ),
I NFγ,
T NFα
•
Used
in
conjunction
with
mefloquine
Bound
to
sulfapyridine
–
broken
in
gut
=
maximal
effect
there Pyrimethimine
/
Sulfodoxine:
Fansidar
•
Sulfapyridine
causes
A E:
fever,
malaise,
N&V,
headache,
↓folate
•
D HFR
inhibitor
+
sulfonamide
(also
D HFR
inhibitor)
–
selective
for
Plasmodium
Contra:
aspirin
allergy
(similar
structure) Malarone
–
atovaquone
+
proguanil
Corticosteroids:
•
Parasite
mitochondrial
E TC
inhibitor/pyrimidine
synthesis
inhibitor
↓LT,
↓PG,
↓cytokines,
↓adhesions,
↓IgE-‐dependent
histamine
release
+
Plasmodium
D HFR
inhibitor
Oral
use
in
exacerbations
(UC
>
C D)
—
remission,
not
maintenance
Prevention
Methods
Immunosuppressants: Gamete
destruction:
Primaquine,
proguanil,
artemisinin,
pyrimethimine
Azothioprine,
6-‐Mercaptopurine:
thioguanine
derivatives
–
inhibit
purine
synth
•
Slow
onset
(3-‐6/12)
–
maintenance
Anti-‐emetics
&
Emetics
•
Caution:
allopurinol
(xanthine
oxidase
required
to
break
down
6-‐M.) Prevent
&
induce
vomiting
Methotrexate:
folate
analogue
•
Cytotoxic,
immunosupressive
&
anti-‐inflammatory
roles Anti-‐emetics
—
antagonise
Ach,
histamine,
5HT
and
dopamine
Cyclosporin:
calcineurin
inhibitor
(↓IL-‐2) H1
Antagnoists:
promethazine
—
motion
sickness,
morning
sickness
•
↓
T
cell
response
in
severe
U C
—
remission,
not
maintenance
•
A E:
drowsiness,
sedation
•
A E:
nephrotoxic,
H TN,
hyperlipidaemia,
gum
hyperplasia,
induce
diabetes Muscarinic
receptor
antagonists:
hyoscine
—
morning
sickness
•
A E:
drowsiness,
dry
mouth,
blurred
vision
Anti-‐T NFα
Agents: D2
Receptor
antagonists:
metoclopramide,
prochlorperizine
inflixamib:
anti-‐T NFα
antibody
–
I V
infusion,
repeated
for
maintenance
•
Use:
radiation-‐induced,
gastroenteritis,
cytotoxic-‐induced,
anaesthesia
•
S E:
sedation,
hypotension
5HT
Receptor
antagonists:
ondansetron
—
cancer,
anaethetic,
radiation
•
S E:
headache,
G IT
uptset
Emetics
Ipecacuanha:
induce
if
toxic
substance
swallowed
&
patient
is
conscious