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Pollution Analysis and Control

Syllabus
Lecture 1 • Theory 100 Marks
• Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Engineering by Mackenzie
• 3 Tests – Best of Three will be considered in the Sessional
Gordhan Das Valasai Marks.
• Assignments

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah

Syllabus Syllabus
• Importance of Environmental Education • Nuclear pollution and its control
• Science, Technology and Environment • Noise pollution and its control
• Environmental Factors and their effects • Global Warming
• Pollution and its causes • Ozone
• Air pollution and its control • Greenhouse effect
• Water pollution and its control • Domestic and Industrial wastes/effluents
• Land pollution and its control • Major environmental issues of Pakistan

Time Table Atmosphere

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday • The atmosphere is a very thin (relatively) layer
of gas over the surface of the Earth
12:00 10:00 12:00 11:00
• Earth’s radius approx. 6400km
• Atmospheric thickness about 100km

• (If you travel 100km horizontally south you

will reach Hyderabad, but if you go vertically,
you will reach in space!

1

Air Density, Pressure and Height
• Pressure decreases as you go up in height.
• The change is pressure is not constant. The
pressure decreases exponentially with
increasing height.
Layers of Atmosphere
• Layers of Atmosphere - according to
temperature changes
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere
Troposphere
• As altitude increases in the troposphere, the
temperature decreases.
• On average, for every 1-kilometer increase in
altitude, the air gets about 6.5 Celsius degrees
cooler.
• At the top of the troposphere, the temperature
stops decreasing and stays at about —60°C.
• The altitude at which the temperature stops
decreasing is called the tropopause.
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Pressure and Density Decrease with Height
Troposphere
• Tropo- means “turning” or “changing.” Conditions
in the troposphere are more variable than in the
other layers. The troposphere is the layer of the
atmosphere in which Earth’s weather occurs.
• The depth of the troposphere varies from
16 kilometers above the equator to less than
9 kilometers above the North and South poles.
• Troposphere contains almost all of the mass of
the atmosphere.
Stratosphere
• The stratosphere extends from the top of the
troposphere to about 50 kilometers above
Earth’s surface.
• Strato- means “layer” or “spread out.”
• The stratosphere is the second layer of the
atmosphere and contains the ozone layer.
• The lower stratosphere is cold, about —60°C.
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Mesosphere
• Meso- means “middle,” so the mesosphere is
the middle layer of the atmosphere.
• The mesosphere begins 50 kilometers above
Earth’s surface and ends at an altitude of
80 kilometers.
Thermosphere
• Near the top of the atmosphere, the air is very
thin.
• At 80 kilometers above Earth’s surface, the air
is only about 0.001 percent as dense as the air
at sea level.

Exosphere
• Exo- means “outer,” so the exosphere is the
outer portion of the thermosphere.
• The exosphere extends from about 400
kilometers outward for thousands of
kilometers.
• Satellites orbit the Earth in the exosphere.

Composition of pure dry air