Table of Contents

Section Page Number

Properties of Limits 1
Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity 3
Finding Limits Graphically 3
Finding Limits Numerically 4
Finding Limits Analytically 6
One Sided Limits 8
Infinite Limits 10
Continuity at a Point 12

Chapter 2: Derivatives 15
Tangent Line Approximation 15
Basic Rules and Higher Order Derivatives 19
Product Rule 27
Quotient Rule 28
Chain Rule 30
Natural Logarithmic Differentiation 34
Exponential Functions 37
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 41
Implicit Differentiation 42
Related Rates 44
Position, Velocity, Acceleration 47
Curve Sketching 49
Optimization 58

Chapter 3: Antiderivatives 61
Basic Rules 61
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 63
The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 65
Rules for Integrating Logarithmic, Exponential, 66
and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Integration by Substitution 70
Numerical integration Techniques 76
Separable Differential Equations 80
Area of a Region Between Two Curves 81
Volumes of Revolution 83
L’Hopital’s Rule 91
 A Preface to Limits and Continuity …

In mathematics, the limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis

concerning the behavior of that function near a particular input.

The modern notion of the limit of a function goes back to Bolzano who, in 1817, introduced the
basics of the epsilon-delta technique to define continuous functions. However, his work was not
known during his lifetime. Cauchy discussed limits in his Cours d'analyse (1821) and gave
essentially the modern definition, but this is not often recognized because he only gave a verbal
definition. Weierstrass first introduced the epsilon-delta definition of limit in the form it is
usually written today. He also introduced the notations lim and limx→x0

In mathematics, a continuous function is a function for which, intuitively, small changes in the
input result in small changes in the output. Otherwise, a function is said to be "discontinuous." A
continuous function with a continuous inverse function is called "bicontinuous."

Continuity of functions is one of the core concepts of topology.

In this chapter you will learn how to find limits of functions analytically, graphically, and
numerically, and also limits dealing with continuity.
 A Preface to a Derivative and its Use…

In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the derivative is a measure of how a function changes as

its input changes. Loosely speaking, a derivative can be thought of as how much one quantity is
changing in response to changes in some other quantity; for example, the derivative of the
position of a moving object with respect to time is the object's instantaneous velocity.

The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the best linear approximation of
the function near that input value. For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the
derivative at a point equals the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point.

The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. You will use limits to find slopes of
tangent lines to graphs with it in this chapter.
 A Preface to Antiderivatives and Uses of Integration…

In calculus, an antiderivative, primitive integral or indefinite integral of a function f is a

function F whose derivative is equal to f, i.e., F ′ = f. The process of solving for antiderivatives is
called antidifferentiation (or indefinite integration) and its opposite function is called
differentiation, which is the process of finding a derivative. Antiderivatives are related to definite
integrals through the fundamental theorem of calculus: the definite integral of a function over an
interval is equal to the difference between the values of an antiderivative evaluated at the
endpoints of the interval.

The term integral may also refer to the notion of antiderivative, a function F whose derivative is
the given function ƒ. In this case, it is called an indefinite integral, while the integrals discussed
in this article are termed definite integrals.

The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried
Leibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they
independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation.
AP Calculus AB Book

Daniel Skolnik Period 1

Mr. Strong