Limitele funcțiilor elementare

Limitele funcțiilor elementare Aplicații

1) Funcția constantă f : R→ R , f (x )=c , c ∈ R. lim f ( x )=lim 12=
x →2 x →2
lim f ( x )=
x →a c, ∀a∈ R lim f ( x )= lim 12=
x →−∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x )= lim 12=
x→∞ x →∞
n n−1
2) Funcția polinomială f : R→ R , f (x )=a n x +a n−1 x +. . .+ a1 x +a0 ,
lim (3 x 2−4 x +1)=
ai ∈ R ,i=0,n , x →2

lim f ( x )=f ( a), a ∈ R ;

x →a lim (3 x 2 −4 x +1 )=

{
x →−∞
lim f ( x )= lim x a n= ¿ ∞, dacă (an <0 , n −impar )sau (an >0 , n − par );
n

x→ −∞ x→ −∞ ¿ −∞ , în rest . lim ( 3 x 2 −4 x+1 )=

❑ x→∞

x→ ∞ x→∞ {
lim f ( x)=lim x a n= ¿ ∞ , dacă a n> 0;
n

¿ −∞ , dacă an <0.
❑
2
3) Funcția rațională f : R {x|Q( x )=0 ¿→ R , ¿ lim
x −3 x+1
=
n n−1
P( x ) an x +an−1 x +. ..+ a1 x+ a0 x →2 x +4
f (x )= =
Q (x ) b m x m +bm−1 x m−1 +. ..+b 1 x+b 0
; x 2−3 x +1
lim f ( x )=f ( a) , a ∈ R , Q(a )≠0 ; lim 3 =
x → ∞ 2 x −x +3

{
x →a

an lim
x 2−3 x +1
=

lim f(x)=¿ {0, dacă:n<m;¿ , dacă:n=m; ¿¿¿¿

2
x →−∞ 5 x +2

x→±∞ bm lim
2
x −3 x +1
x →−∞ −5 x+4
=

4) Funcția radical
lim f ( x )=√ a , a≥0 ; lim √ x=∞ . lim √ 2 x−1=
f : [0 , ∞ )→ R , f (x )=√ x ; x →a x→∞ x →3
3 3 3 3
3 lim √ x =√ a ; lim √ x=−∞ lim √ x=∞ .
f : R→ R , f ( x )=√ x ; x →a x →−∞ ; x→ ∞ lim √3 x+1=
α x→∞
Teoremă Fie șirul (x n ), cu x n=n , n≥1, α ∈ R .
α
3
lim √ −2 x3 +x−1=
lim n =¿ {0,dacă {α̇ ¿.<0,¿ {1,dacăα=0, ¿¿¿¿ x →−∞

Atunci n→∞
()
x
5) Funcția exponențială f : R→( 0 ,∞ ), f (x )=b , b>0 , b≠1 . 2 x
lim 5 = x lim =
lim b x=ba ,a ∈ R; lim b x =∞ ; lim b x =0 . x →3 ; x →3 7
Dacă 0< b<1: x →a x →−∞ x→∞

lim ( ) =
x
x a
lim b =b ,a ∈ R; lim b =0 ; lim b =∞ .
x x
x
3
lim 3 =
Dacă 1 < b: x →a x →−∞ x→ ∞
x →−∞ ; x→−∞ 5
n
Teoremă Fie șirul (a ), cu baza a.
2 x +3 x
lim x x =
x → ∞ 3 +4
 n
lima =¿{0,dacăb∈(−1,1),¿{1,dacăb=1,¿{∞,dacăb>1,¿ ¿
2
x
lim x =
x→∞ 2

Atunci n→∞
6. Funcția logaritmică f: (0, ∞)→ R , f(x) =
log b x , b>0 ,b≠1 .
lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿lg x=¿ lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿log 1 x=¿
lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿f (x)=∞,a=0;¿ lim f ( x )=f ( a), a ∈(0 ,∞ ) ; x>0 ¿ ;
x>0 ¿ 3
Dacă 0< b<1: x>0 ¿ x →a
lim f ( x )=−∞ .
x→∞

lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿f (x)=−∞;¿ lim¿ x→∞ ¿ ¿log 1 x=¿ lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿log5 x=¿
lim f ( x )=f (a), a ∈(0 ,∞ ); lim f ( x )=∞ . ¿
2 x>0 ¿
Dacă 1 < b: x>0 ¿ x →a x→∞ ;
7. Limitele funcțiilor trigonometrice
lim sin x=sin a lim sin x= lim sin x=
f : R→[−1,1 ], f (x )=sin x ; x →a ; x→
π
x→
π
lim cos x=cos a 2 ; 4
f : R→[−1,1 ], f (x )=cos x ; x →a ;
π lim cos x= lim cos x=
f : R {( 2 k +1 ) |k ∈ Z ¿→ R , ¿ lim tgx=tga x→
π
x→
π
2 f (x )=tgx ; x →a , 3 ; 4

π
a ∈ R { (2 k +1 ) ¿¿ lim¿ x→π/2 ¿ ¿tgx=−∞¿ lim¿ x→π/2 ¿ ¿tgx=∞¿ lim tgx= lim tgx=
2 ; x>π/2 ¿ ; x<π/2 ¿
x→
π
x→
π
3 ; 4

lim ctgx=ctga
f : R {kπ|k ∈ Z ¿→ R , ¿ f (x )=ctgx ; x →a , lim ctgx= lim ctgx=
π π
lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿ctgx=∞¿ lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿ctgx=−∞¿ x→
3 ;
x→
4
a ∈ R {kπ|k ∈ R ¿ ¿ ; x>0 ¿ ; x<0 ¿ .

[ ]
π π lim arcsin x=
f :[−1,1 ]→ − , , lim arcsin x=arcsin a lim arcsin x= x→ √
2
2 2 f (x )=arcsin x ; x →a ; x →−1 ; 2

lim arccos x =arccos a

f :[−1,1 ]→ [ 0 , π ] , f (x )=arccos x ; x →a ; lim arccos x = lim arccos x=

( ) x→ √
1 2
π π x→
f : R→ − , , lim arctgx=arctga 2 ; 2
2 2 f (x )=arctgx ; x →a , a∈R ;
π π lim arctgx = lim arctgx=
lim arctgx= lim arctgx =− x → √3 ; x →1
x→∞ 2 ; x →−∞ 2 .
lim arcctgx = lim arcctgx=
lim arcctgx=arcctga x → √3 ; x →1
f : R→( 0 , π ), f (x )=arcctgx ; x →a , a∈R ;
lim arcctgx =π lim arcctgx=0
x →−∞ ; x→ ∞ .

( )
LIMITE REMARCABILE x
1
lim 1+ =
x→∞ 2x
1 1

lim 1+
x→ ∞
( )
1 x
x
= lim 1+
x →−∞
1 x
x ( )
=lim ( 1+t ) t =e
t→ 0 ;
lim ( 1+ sin x ) x =
x →0
ln ( 1+5 x )
lim =
x x →0 x
ln ( 1+ x ) a −1 6x
lim =1 lim =lna , ( a> 0 , a≠1 ) e −1
x →0 x ; x →0 x ; lim =
x →0 3 x
2
(1+4 x ) −1
( 1+x )r −1 lim =
lim =r , r ∈ R¿ . x →0 x
x →0 x sin 4 x
lim =
x→0 x
 sin x tgx arcsin x arctgx tg 3 x
lim =1 lim =1 lim =1 lim =1 lim =
x→0 x ; x→0 x ; x →0 x ; x →0 x . x →0 2 x
arcsin 5 x
lim =
x →0 x
arctg 3 x
lim =
x →0 2x

Operații cu limite de funcții

lim f ( x )=l 1 lim g ( x )=l 2

Teoremă Fie f , g : E→ R , a ∈ E ’ și c ∈ R , iar x →a , x →a . Atunci:

lim ( f +g )( x )= lim f ( x )+ lim g ( x )=l 1 +l 2

1) x →a x →a x →a ; Caz exceptat: ∞−∞ ;

lim cf ( x )=c lim f ( x )= cl

2) x →a x →a 1 ;

lim ( f⋅g)( x )= lim f ( x )⋅¿ ¿ lim g ( x )=l 1⋅l 2

3) x →a x→a x →a ; Caz exceptat: 0⋅(±∞ ) ;

lim f ( x )
f ( x ) x →a = l1 0 ±∞
lim = lim g ( x ) ;
4) x →a g( x ) x →a l2 ; Cazuri exceptate: 0 ±∞ ;

lim |f ( x )|= lim f ( x )

5) x →a | x →a | = | l1 |;
lim g( x )
l lim ( f ( x )) g( x )= lim f ( x ) x→ a
=l
6) dacă f (x )> 0 , ∀ x ∈ E și dacă
l
l 2
12 are sens, atunci: x →a x →a 1 ;
lim g( x )

√
n n
lim √ f ( x )=n lim f ( x )= √ l 1 lim b
g( x )
=b x→ a =b 2
l

Cazuri particulare: x →a x→a ; x →a , b > 0;

0 0 ∞
Cazuri exceptate: 0 ;±∞ ;1 .

Aplicații:

2
−2 x2 +6 x −4 3x
x
lim ( 3 x+ 5 + ln x ) 2
lim lim lim x
1) x →1 ; 2) x → ∞ 5 x −x ; 3) x →2 x −2 ; 4) x →−∞ 1+4 ;

lim (sin x )(cos x ) 1+2+2 +. . .+ 2

lim
2 x
lim
x
lim
√x
x → ∞ √ x +1+ x
; 8) x → ∞ √ x+1+ √ x +2 ;
π 2 x 2
; 6) x → ∞ 1+3+3 + .. .+3 ; 7)
x→
5) 3
 (√ )
3x x+1

9)
lim( )x
x→ ∞ x+1
2 x+1
; 10)
lim
x→∞
x 2 +1
4 x 2 +x .