Death metal 1

Death metal
Death metal
Stylistic origins [1] [2]
Thrash metal, early black metal

Cultural origins Mid 1980s, United States (particularly Florida)

Typical instruments Vocals, electric guitar, bass guitar, drums

Mainstream Underground in 1980s, gradual rise until peaking at small to moderate in early 1990s. Increasing diversity and legitimacy
popularity since 2000s.

Subgenres

Melodic death metal, technical death metal

Fusion genres

Deathcore, blackened death metal, death/doom, deathgrind, death 'n' roll

Regional scenes

Florida, New York, Sweden, United Kingdom, Brazil, Japan, Poland

Other topics

Extreme metal, death growl, blast beat, list of death metal bands

Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal. It typically employs heavily distorted guitars, tremolo picking,
deep growling vocals, blast beat drumming, minor keys or atonality, and complex song structures with multiple
tempo changes.
Building from the musical structure of thrash metal and early black metal, death metal emerged during the mid
1980s.[2] Metal acts such as Slayer,[3] [4] Kreator,[5] Celtic Frost,[6] and Venom were very important influences to the
crafting of the genre.[2] Along with the band Death and its frontman Chuck Schuldiner, who is often referred to as
"the father of death metal",[7] [8] [9] bands such as Possessed,[10] Obituary, Deicide, Suffocation and Morbid Angel
are often considered pioneers of the genre.[11] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, death metal gained more media
attention as popular genre niche record labels like Combat, Earache and Roadrunner began to sign death metal bands
at a rapid rate.[12] Since then, death metal has diversified, spawning a variety of subgenres.[13]

Characteristics

Instrumentation
The setup most frequently used within the death metal genre is two guitarists, a bass player, a vocalist and a
drummer often using "double bass blast beats".[14] [15] Although this is the standard setup, bands have been known to
occasionally incorporate other instruments such as electronic keyboards.[16]
The genre is often identified by fast, highly distorted and downtuned guitars, played with techniques such as palm
muting and tremolo picking. The percussion is usually aggressive, and powerful; blast beats, double bass and
exceedingly fast drum patterns frequently add to the complexity of the genre.[17]
Death metal is known for its abrupt tempo, key, and time signature changes, as well as fast and complex guitar and
drumwork.[18] Death metal may include chromatic chord progressions and a varied song structure, rarely employing
the standard verse-chorus arrangement. These compositions tend to emphasize an ongoing development of themes
and motifs.
Death metal 2

Vocals and lyrics

Death metal vocals are often guttural roars, grunts, snarls, and low gurgles colloquially known as death growls.
Death growling is a form of using the lowest vocal register known as vocal fry. The style is sometimes referred to as
Cookie Monster vocals, tongue-in-cheek, due to the vocal similarity to the voice of the popular Sesame Street
character of the same name.[19] Although often criticized, death growls serve the aesthetic purpose of matching death
metal's violent lyrical content.[20]
The lyrical themes of death metal often invoke slasher film-stylized violence,[21] but may also extend to topics like
Satanism, anti-religion, occultism, mysticism, philosophy, and social commentary.[22] [23] Although violence may be
explored in various other genres as well, death metal elaborates on the details of extreme acts, including mutilation,
dissection, torture, rape and necrophilia. Sociologist Keith Kahn-Harris commented this apparent glamorization of
violence may be attributed to a "fascination" with the human body that all people share to some degree, a fascination
which mixes desire and disgust.[24] Heavy metal author Gavin Baddeley also stated there does seem to be a
connection between "how acquainted one is with their own mortality" and "how much they crave images of death
and violence" via the media.[25] Additionally, contributing artists to the genre often defend death metal as little more
than an extreme form of art and entertainment, similar to horror films in the motion picture industry.[2] This
explanation has brought such musicians under fire from activists internationally, who claim that this is often lost on a
large number of adolescents, who are left with the glamorization of such violence without social context or
awareness of why such imagery is stimulating.[2]
According to Alex Webster, bassist of Cannibal Corpse, "The gory lyrics are probably not, as much as people say,
[what's keeping us] from being mainstream. Like, 'death metal would never go into the mainstream because the
lyrics are too gory?' I think it's really the music, because violent entertainment is totally mainstream."[26]

Origin of the term

There are several theories how the term "death metal" originated. One theory is the name originates from an early
pioneer of the genre, Death. A Florida journalist explained to his readers Death play their own kind of metal:
"Death's Metal".[27] Others contest Death is not the origin, but the harsh vocals and morbid lyrical content generally
inspired the genre.[28] Another possible origin is a fanzine called Death Metal, started by Thomas Fischer and Martin
Ain of Hellhammer and Celtic Frost. The name was later given to the 1984 compilation Death Metal released by
Noise Records.[29] [30] The term might also have originated from other recordings. Possessed's 1984 demo is called
Death Metal, and a song with the same name is featured on their 1985 debut album Seven Churches.[31] A demo
released by Death in 1984 is called Death by Metal.[32]

History

Emergence and early history

English heavy metal band Venom, from Newcastle, crystallized the elements of what later became known as thrash
metal, death metal and black metal, with their 1981 album Welcome to Hell.[33] Their dark, blistering sound, harsh
vocals, and macabre, proudly Satanic imagery proved a major inspiration for extreme metal bands.[34] Another
highly influential band, Slayer, formed in 1981. Although the band was a thrash metal act, Slayer's music was more
violent than their thrash contemporaries Metallica, Megadeth and Exodus.[35] Their breakneck speed and
instrumental prowess combined with lyrics about death, violence, war and Satanism won Slayer a rabid cult
following.[36] According to Allmusic, Slayer's third album Reign in Blood "inspired the entire death metal genre".[37]
It had a big impact on the genre leaders.[35]
Death metal 3

Possessed, a band that formed in the San Francisco Bay Area during
1983, was attributed by Allmusic as having a Slayer influence on their
1985 album, Seven Churches.[39] Although Possessed's brand of metal
resembled Slayer's thrash metal style, they are often cited as the "first"
death metal band.[40] This is largely because of the grunted vocals which
set the stage for death metal's breakaway from thrash metal.[39] The 1984
demo Death Metal and 1985 album Seven Churches are regarded as their
most influential material.

During the same period as the dawn of Possessed, a second influential

metal band was formed in Florida: Death. Death, originally called
Mantas, was formed during 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner, Kam Lee, and
Rick Rozz. In 1984 they released their first demo entitled Death by
Metal, followed by several more. The tapes circulated through the tape
trader world, quickly establishing the band's name. With Death guitarist Chuck Schuldiner (1967–2001) of Death,
Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the widely recognized as "the father of death
[38]
metal".
scene. Fast, dark minor-key riffs and fierce solos were complemented
with fast drumming, creating a style that would catch on in tape trading
circles.[41] [42] Subsequently, Schuldiner has been "widely recognized as the Father of Death Metal".[43]

Along with Possessed and Death, other pioneers of death metal in the United States include Autopsy, Necrophagia,
Master, Morbid Angel, Massacre, Atheist and Obituary.
In 1987, Death released Scream Bloody Gore, which some writers consider the genre's first "proper" release[44] and
"the first true death metal record".[45]

Growing popularity
By 1989, many bands had been signed by eager record labels wanting to cash in on the subgenre, including Florida's
Obituary, Morbid Angel and Deicide. This collective of death metal bands hailing from Florida are often labeled as
"Florida death metal". Death metal spread to Sweden in the late 1980s, flourishing with pioneers such as Carnage,
God Macabre, Entombed, Dismember and Unleashed. In the early 1990s, the rise of typically melodic "Gothenburg
metal" was recognized, with bands such as Dark Tranquillity, At the Gates, and In Flames.
Following the original death metal innovators, new subgenres began by the end of the decade. British band Napalm
Death became increasingly associated with death metal, in particular, on 1990's Harmony Corruption. This album
displays aggressive and fairly technical guitar riffing, complex rhythmics, a sophisticated growling vocal delivery by
Mark "Barney" Greenway, and socially aware lyrical subjects, leading to the creation of the "grindcore" subgenre.
Other bands contributing significantly to this early movement include Britain's Bolt Thrower and Carcass, and New
York's Suffocation.
To close the circle, Death released their fourth album Human in 1991, an example of modern death metal. Death's
founder Schuldiner helped push the boundaries of uncompromising speed and technical virtuosity, mixing technical
and intricate rhythm guitar work with complex arrangements and emotive guitar solos.[46] Other examples are
Carcass's Necroticism – Descanting the Insalubrious, Suffocation's Effigy of the Forgotten and Entombed's
Clandestine from 1991. At this point, all the above characteristics are present: abrupt tempo and count changes, on
occasion extremely fast drumming, morbid lyrics and growling vocal delivery.
Earache Records, Relativity Records and Roadrunner Records became the genre's most important labels,[47] with
Earache releasing albums by Carcass, Napalm Death, Morbid Angel, and Entombed, and Roadrunner releasing
albums by Obituary, and Pestilence. Although these labels had not been death metal labels, initially, they became the
genre's flagship labels in the beginning of the 1990s. In addition to these, other labels formed as well, such as
Death metal 4

Nuclear Blast, Century Media, and Peaceville. Many of these labels would go on to achieve successes in other genres
of metal throughout the 1990s.
In September 1990, Death's manager Eric Greif held one of the first North American death metal festivals, Day of
Death, in Milwaukee suburb Waukesha, Wisconsin, and featured 26 bands including Autopsy, Broken Hope,
Hellwitch, Obliveon, Revenant, Viogression, Immolation, Atheist, and Cynic.[48]

Later history
Death metal's popularity achieved its peak between the 1992–93 era, with some bands such as Morbid Angel,
Cannibal Corpse and Obituary enjoying mild commercial successes. However, the genre as a whole never broke in to
the mainstream. The genre's mounting popularity may have been partly responsible for a strong rivalry between
Norwegian black metal and Swedish death metal scenes. Fenriz of Darkthrone has noted that Norwegian black metal
musicians were "fed up with the whole death metal scene" at the time.[49] Death metal diversified in the 1990s,
spawning a rich variety of subgenres.

Subgenres
It should be noted that cited examples are not necessarily exclusive to one particular style. Many bands can easily be
placed in two or more of the following categories, and a band's specific categorization is often a source of contention
due to personal opinion and interpretation.
• Melodic death metal: Scandinavian death metal could be considered the forerunner of "melodic death metal".
Melodic death metal, sometimes referred to as "melodeath", is heavy metal music mixed with some death metal
elements, such as growled vocals and the liberal use of blastbeats. Songs are typically based on Iron
Maiden-esque guitar harmonies and melodies with typically higher-pitched growls, as opposed to traditional death
metal's brutal riffs and much lower death grunts. Carcass is sometimes credited with releasing the first melodic
death metal album with 1993's Heartwork, although Swedish bands In Flames, Dark Tranquillity, and At the
Gates are usually mentioned as the main pioneers of the genre and of the Gothenburg metal sound.
• Technical death metal: Technical death metal and "progressive death metal" are related terms that refer to
bands distinguished by the complexity of their music. Common traits are dynamic song structures, uncommon
time signatures, atypical rhythms and unusual harmonies and melodies. Bands described as technical death metal
or progressive death metal usually fuse common death metal aesthetics with elements of progressive rock, jazz or
classical music. While the term technical death metal is sometimes used to describe bands that focus on speed and
extremity as well as complexity, the line between progressive and technical death metal is thin. "Tech death" and
"prog death", for short, are terms commonly applied to such bands as Cryptopsy, Edge of Sanity, Opeth, Origin
and Sadist. Cynic, Atheist, Pestilence and Gorguts are examples of bands noted for creating jazz-influenced death
metal. Necrophagist and Spawn of Possession are known for a classical music-influenced death metal style. Death
metal pioneers Death also refined their style in a more progressive direction in their final years. The Polish band
Decapitated gained recognition as one of Europe's primary modern technical death metal acts.[50] [51]
• Death/doom: Death/doom is a style that combines the slow tempos and melancholic atmosphere of doom metal
with the deep growling vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal.[52] The style emerged during the late
1980s and gained a certain amount of popularity during the 1990s.[52] It was pioneered by bands such as Autopsy,
Winter,[53] Asphyx,[53] Disembowelment,[53] Paradise Lost,[53] and My Dying Bride.[53]
Death metal 5

• Goregrind and deathgrind: This style mixes the intensity, speed,

and brevity of grindcore with the complexity of death metal. It
differs from death metal in that guitar solos are often a rarity,
shrieked vocals are more prominent as the main vocal style (though
death growls are still utilized and some deathgrind bands make
more use of the latter vocal style), and songs are generally shorter in
length, usually between one and three minutes. The style differs
from grindcore in the more technical approach and less evident
hardcore punk influence and aesthetics. Some notable examples of
Belgium-based Aborted are "key contributors to
deathgrind are Brujeria, Cattle Decapitation,[55] Cephalic Carnage, the death-grind genres" according to
Pig Destroyer,[56] Circle of Dead Children and Rotten Sound. Allmusic.
[54]

• Blackened death metal: is a style that combines death metal and

black metal.[57] [58] These bands also often tend to adopt some of the thematic characteristics of that genre as well:
Satanism and occultism are all common topics and images. The style was influenced by bands such as Sarcófago,
Blasphemy, Beherit and Impaled Nazarene. In the mid 1990s it was developed further by bands such as
Belphegor, Behemoth, Akercocke, Zyklon and Sacramentum.
• Deathcore: With the rise in popularity of metalcore, some of its traits have been incorporated into death metal.
Bands such as Suicide Silence, Salt the Wound and the early works from Job for a Cowboy combine metalcore
with death metal influences. Characteristics of death metal, such as fast drumming (including blast beats),
down-tuned guitars, tremolo picking and partially growled vocals, are combined with screamed vocals, melodic
riffs and breakdowns.

Other fusions and subgenres

There are other heavy metal music subgenres that have come from fusions between death metal and other non-metal
genres, such as the fusion of death metal and jazz. Atheist and Cynic are two examples. The former of went as far as
to include jazz-style drum solos on albums, and the latter incorporated elements of jazz fusion. Nile have also
incorporated Egyptian music and Middle Eastern themes into their work, while Alchemist have incorporated
psychedelia along with Aboriginal music. Some groups, such as Nightfall and Eternal Tears of Sorrow, have
incorporated keyboards and symphonic elements, creating a fusion of symphonic metal and death metal, sometimes
referred to as symphonic death metal.

References
[1] "Death Metal/Black Metal" (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ explore/ style/ d384). Allmusic. . Retrieved 2008-07-04. "Death Metal grew out of
the thrash metal in the late '80s."
[2] Dunn, Sam (Director). (August 5, 2005). Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (http:/ / imdb. com/ title/ tt0478209/ ). [motion picture]. Canada:
Dunn, Sam. .
[3] Joel McIver Extreme Metal, 2000, Omnibus Press pg.14 ISBN 88-7333-005-3
[4] The greatest metal band for Mtv (http:/ / www. mtv. com/ bands/ m/ metal/ greatest_metal_bands/ 071406/ index7. jhtml)
[5] Joel McIver Extreme Metal, 2000, Omnibus Press pg.100 ISBN 88-7333-005-3
[6] Joel McIver Extreme Metal, 2000, Omnibus Press pg.55 ISBN 88-7333-005-3
[7] allmusic ((( Death > Biography ))) (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p4050)
[8] Metal Rules Interview with Chuck Schuldiner (http:/ / www. metal-rules. com/ interviews/ chuck. htm)
[9] The Best Of NAMM 2008: Jimmy Page, Satriani Models Among The Highlights | News @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com (http:/ / www.
ultimate-guitar. com/ news/ industry_news/ the_best_of_namm_2008_jimmy_page_satriani_models_among_the_highlights. html)
[10] Rivadavia, E. Possessed: Biography, allmusic (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p5171), (accessed August 13, 2008)
[11] Morbid Angel page @ Allmusic (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p4953) "Formed in 1984 in Florida, Morbid Angel (along with Death)
would also help spearhead an eventual death metal movement in their home state"
[12] Is Metal Still Alive? (http:/ / www. emptywords. org/ Watt4-93ismetalstillalive. htm) WATT Magazine, Written by: Robert Heeg,
Published: April 1993
Death metal 6

[13] Silver Dragon Records (http:/ / www. silver-dragon-records. com/ death_metal. htm) "During the 1990s death metal diversified influencing
many subgenres"
[14] Purcell, N. Death Metal music: the passion and politics of a subculture (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=AwJJR5vvlIsC& pg=PA9&
dq="death+ metal"+ double+ bass& hl=en& ei=0enJTJSTI5LAsAO42PjhDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& sqi=2&
ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q="death metal" double bass& f=false), at 9, McFarland, 2003 (retrieved October 28, 2010)
[15] Kahn-Harris, K. Extreme metal: music and culture on the edge (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=9--qAVrfxukC& pg=PA32&
dq="death+ metal"+ double+ bass+ blast+ beats& hl=en& ei=XuvJTNj3Lob4sAOW_IXkDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&
resnum=3& ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage& q="death metal" double bass blast beats& f=false), at 32, Berg Publishers, 2007 (retrieved
October 28, 2010)
[16] Marsicano, D. Melodic Death Metal (http:/ / heavymetal. about. com/ od/ heavymetal101/ p/ melodicdeathmetalprofile. htm), About.com
(retrieved October 27, 2010)
[17] FretJam Guitar Lessons, "How to Play Death Metal Guitar" (http:/ / www. fretjam. com/ how-to-play-death-metal-guitar. html)
[18] Purcell, Natalie J.. "1" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6ZErQs5hCUQC). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a
Subculture. McFarland & Company. pp. 12. ISBN 0786415851. . Retrieved June 2007. "A good Death Metal song will keep the listener to the
edge of his seat while the song twists and turns through numerous time changes and scale patterns - John Gallagher, Dying Fetus"
[19] "Cookie Monster Vocals" (http:/ / heavymetal. about. com/ od/ glossary/ g/ gl_cookiemonste. htm). about.com. . Retrieved January 21,
2006.. See further examples of this usage at "The cookie monster vocal explained" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060218034831/ http:/ /
rocknerd. org/ article. pl?sid=04/ 07/ 15/ 1626209). rocknerd. Archived from the original (http:/ / rocknerd. org/ article. pl?sid=04/ 07/ 15/
1626209) on February 18, 2006. . Retrieved January 21, 2006.
[20] Sharpe-Young, Garry. Death Metal, ISBN 0-9582684-4-4
[21] Moynihan, Michael, and Dirik Søderlind (1998). Lords of Chaos (2nd ed.). Feral House. ISBN 0-922915-94-6, p. 27
[22] Purcell, Natalie J.. "3" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6ZErQs5hCUQC). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a
Subculture. McFarland & Company. pp. 39–42. ISBN 0786415851. . Retrieved June 2007.
[23] Wikihow: How to Appreciate Death Metal (http:/ / www. wikihow. com/ Appreciate-Death-Metal)
[24] Khan-Harris, Keith. Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge. Oxford: Berg, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84520-399-3
[25] Baddeley, Gavin. Raising Hell!: The Book of Satan and Rock 'n' Roll
[26] Alex Webster ([[Cannibal Corpse (http:/ / www. waytooloud. com/ 2007/ 10/ 23/
cannibal-corpse-alex-webster-and-george-“corpsegrinder”-fisher/ )]) interview]
[27] Nunslaughter interview (http:/ / www. crudedude. net/ mcdeath/ interviews/ nunslaughter. html) "The term Death Metal was coined by a
Florida journalist who was explaining to his readers Death play their own kind of metal it is “Deaths Metal” so we owe the term to him but I
think it was a global movement. Bathory's demo was 1983 and so was Hellhammers first demo"
[28] Death / meer dan death metal (http:/ / www. emptywords. org/ ASinterview4-95. htm) Aardschok Magazine, Written by: Robert Haagsma,
Published: April 1995 "The definition death metal was called into being because of the drift of the lyrics - death in all its shapes - and the
death rasp which the "singers" use. That one of the founders of the genre is going by the name Death might be a coincidence"
[29] Purcell, Natalie J.. "3" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6ZErQs5hCUQC). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a
Subculture. McFarland & Company. pp. 53. ISBN 0786415851. . Retrieved June 2007. "The term "Death Metal" emerged when Thomas
Fischer and Martin Ain, a pair of Swiss Venom fans in the band Hellhammer (later Celtic Frost), started a fanzine called "Death Metal". Later,
their record label German Noise Records used the "Death Metal" name for a compilation featuring Hellhammer"
[30] Hellhammer biography (http:/ / www. hellhammer. nl/ bio. html)"Karl from Noise is planning to call the LP Black Mass but it is Tom who
talks him out of it and proposes Death Metal which actually is the name of the underground mag Tom used to run"
[31] Purcell, Natalie J.. "4" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6ZErQs5hCUQC). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a
Subculture. McFarland & Company. pp. 53. ISBN 0786415851. . Retrieved June 2007. "Meanwhile, in 1983, the term was co-coined by some
American teens who formed the band Possessed and labeled their demo "Death Metal"."
[32] THE DEATH OF DEATH (http:/ / www. emptywords. org/ Martelgang01-2002. htm) Martelgang Magazine, Written by: Anton de Wit,
Published: January 2002, "Yet it's almost unthinkable that the term wasn't inspired by the band name Death or their first demo, Death by Metal
from 1984."
[33] Venom – Welcome to Hell review @ Allmusic (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ album/ r688241) "Make no mistake: Welcome to Hell, more
than any other album, crystallized the elements of what later became known as thrash, death, black, and virtually every other form of extreme
metal"
[34] Venom band page @ Allmusic (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p5755) "Venom developed a dark, blistering sound which paved the way
for the subsequent rise of thrash music; similarly, their macabre, proudly Satanic image proved a major inspiration for the legions of black
metal bands"
[35] Into The Lungs of Hell (http:/ / www. emptywords. org/ MetalHammerItaly03-2000. htm) Metal Hammer magazine, Written by: Enrico de
Paola, Translated by: Vincenzo Chioccarelli, Published: March 2000 ""
[36] Slayer band page @ Allmusic (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p5453)
[37] Huey, Steve. "Reign in Blood – Slayer" (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ album/ r18220). Allmusicguide.com. . Retrieved 2007-01-05.
[38] Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Death—Biography" (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p4050). Allmusic. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
[39] Possessed – Seven Churches review @ Allmusic (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ album/ r15558) "the band definitely displayed a strong
Slayer influence; but it was ... Jeff Becerra who first introduced the barely decipherable grunting vocal style which would epitomize the death
Death metal 7

metal genre"
[40] Possessed band page @ Allmusic (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p5171) "the brutal Seven Churches was arguably the first true death
metal album and set the stage for the genre's breakaway from thrash"
[41] Death band page (http:/ / www. emptywords. org/ BAND. htm)
[42] Purcell, Natalie J.. "3" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6ZErQs5hCUQC). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a
Subculture. McFarland & Company. pp. 54. ISBN 0786415851. . Retrieved June 2007.
[43] Death biography, allmusic (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p4050)
[44] About.com (http:/ / heavymetal. about. com/ od/ death/ p/ pro_death. htm)
[45] Aldis, N. & Sherry, J. Heavy metal Thunder, 2006, San Francisco: Chronicle ISBN 0-8118-5353-5
[46] Empty Words, where there are dozens of reviews along this line (http:/ / www. emptywords. org)
[47] 'Death Metal Special: Dealers in Death' Terrorizer #151
[48] Biography, Official Atheist site (http:/ / www. officialatheist. com/ index. php?item=biography), accessed December 10, 2008
[49] Zebub, Bill (2007). Black Metal: A Documentary.
[50] Eduardo Rivadavia. "Decapitated Biography" (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p420031). Allmusic. . Retrieved 2010-02-07.
[51] "Decapitated's New Lineup Performs Live For First Time; Photos Available - Feb. 3, 2010" (http:/ / www. roadrunnerrecords. com/
blabbermouth. net/ news. aspx?mode=Article& newsitemID=134476). Blabbermouth.net. . Retrieved 2010-02-07.
[52] 'Doom Metal Special:Doom/Death' Terrorizer #142
[53] Purcell, Nathalie J. (2003). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=6ZErQs5hCUQC). McFarland & Company. pp. 23. ISBN 0786415851. . Retrieved April 2008.
[54] Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Aborted" (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ artist/ p568178). Allmusic. . Retrieved 2009-06-10.
[55] "The Locust, Cattle Decapitation, Daughters", Pop and Rock Listings, The New York Times, April 13, 2007. (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/
2007/ 04/ 13/ arts/ music/ 13pop. html?pagewanted=3) Access date: August 6, 2008.
[56] Bryan Reed, The Daily Tar Heel, July 19, 2007. (http:/ / media. www. dailytarheel. com/ media/ storage/ paper885/ news/ 2007/ 07/ 19/
Arts/ phantom. Limb. Exorcises. Its. Emotions-2925041. shtml) Access date: August 6, 2008.
[57] Henderson, Alex. "Ninewinged Serpent review" (http:/ / www. allmusic. com/ album/ r1241205). Allmusic. . Retrieved 2009-05-03.
[58] Bowar, Chad. "Venganza review" (http:/ / heavymetal. about. com/ od/ reviews/ gr/ hacavitz. htm). About.com. . Retrieved 2009-05-03.

Literature
• Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal. Bazillion Points Books. ISBN 978-0-9796163-1-0
• Albert Mudrian, Choosing Death: The Improbable History of Death Metal & Grindcore ( Feral House (http://
www.feralhouse.com/)) ISBN 978-1-932595-04-8
• Kahn-Harris, Keith 'Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge' Berg, http://soulremnants.com, ISBN
1-84520-399-2
• Purcell, Natalie J. 'Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture' McFarland & Company, ISBN
0-7864-1585-1
• Ian Christe. Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal. (New York, NY. Harper
Collins, 2003) ISBN 978-0-380-81127-4
• Harrell, Jack. "The Poetics of Destruction: Death Metal Rock." Popular Music and Society. Spring 1995.
Republished, April, 1996 in the Social Issues Resources Series (SIRS) database.
Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and Contributors

Death metal  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=420737445  Contributors: 10000SwordsW, 12tb9959, 165.121.112.xxx, 165.121.113.xxx, 165.121.114.xxx, 165.121.124.xxx,
209.86.216.xxx, 23skidoo, 2CrudeDudes, 62.104.216.xxx, 666-DemonicYoshi-666, 666schaffer666, 68.44.1.xxx, A Sniper, ABC paulista, AEUG, AVeryBoredGuy, Aaron Schulz, Abanor,
Abdullais4u, Acid bel, Acidweed666, AdRock, Adamravenscroft, AdultSwim, Aelius28, Aenimated, Aeternus, After Midnight, Ahvazi, Aitias, Ajraddatz, Akmaster425, Alansohn,
Alaskahellowhat, Albert Mond, Alcuin, AlemanI2.0, Alex.muller, Alexius08, Alfonsoguitars, Amillar, Amrator, Amrush, Anathematized one, Andrew Dalby, Android Mouse, AngelOfSadness,
Anger22, Angry Shoplifter, Anna Lincoln, Anonymous44, Antvman, ApotheosisNashville, Appraiser, AriGold, ArielGold, Art LaPella, Artaxiad, Arthena, Aryder779, Asarelah, Asarlaí, AshTM,
Aspects, Atechi, Atkm2891, Atlant, Atooishinjuu, AubreyEllenShomo, Auntof6, Autoarbitaster, Avador, Avono, Azraelkain, Baa, Backtable, Baitenator, Bardin, Barnolde, Bbb12341234,
Beadrx, Belegost, BenFrantzDale, Beng2889, Bforte, BigHaz, Bigdandtheskakid, Bigjerm09, Binary TSO, Black Eagle, Blackfell, Blackkrashed, Blacklabelskatez, Blackmetal12, Blackmetalbaz,
Blahm, Bloodoftheancients, Bloodredchaos, Blovett4, Blue520, BlurTento, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Boccobrock, Bogdangiusca, Bongwarrior, Bopash4, Born Again 83, BornInBlood,
Bornintheguz, Boutonie, Bpeps, Brandon, Breeze010, Brennen1, Brian0918, Brockovich61493, Brumski, Brutalbloodlust, Btilm, Btsgreg, Bubba hotep, Burner0718, C9, CF, CT Cooper,
CaelumArisen, Camw, CanDo, CanadianLinuxUser, Cannibaloki, Capitan Obvio, Captain-tucker, Captaincorky, Cassandraleo, Catgut, Cemetarycrypt, Ceoil, Cha0010, Chanakaj, CharlotteWebb,
Chasingsol, Cheesera, Chewz16, Chickyfuzz14, Chowbok, ChrisHodgesUK, Chuckiesdad, Ciaccona, Cic, CircafuciX, Circeus, Cjthellama, Clconway, Clerks, CoNaDa, Colin Marquardt,
Colonelsanders117, Colonelsanders227, CommonsDelinker, Consumed Crustacean, Conversion script, Coolman230, Coronos, Courcelles, Cowman109, Crazycomputers, Crazyguy12, Cruj,
Cryptic, CyanideSandwich, Cyanolinguophile, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Dace59, Daddy Kindsoul, Damanmundine1, Damianallison, Dan Guan, DanMS, Daniel A. A., DanielMrakic, Danorux,
Danteferno, Dantherocker1, Dark Draconion, Dark Prime, DarkBard, DarkMoon1979, Darklilac, Davemon, Davey Sprockett, DavidJJJ, DavidLaurenson, Dawn of defiance, Dbtfz,
DeadEyeArrow, Deafbringer, Death2, DeathThrash007, Deathanatos, Deathgrinder, Deathrole, Defacto, Deiz, Deltabeignet, DemonOfTheFall27, Denurns897, Der Golem, DerHexer, Derision,
Derp555, Dethme0w, Dexter prog, Dferrantino, Digestion, DigitalTerrorist, Dimi juve, Dina, Dnas, Doh286, Dominicc13, Don4of4, Download, Dr. Brian von Lind, Draconiszeta, Dreadstar,
Drizzling Blur, Drmars, Drnuclear5000, Durandal1717, DynV, Dysepsion, Dysfunktion, EWS23, Eastlaw, EinzelGaengerin, Eleven even, Elkman, Ellywa, Elsebroke, Emojim, Epbr123, Eric
Mushroom Wilson, Eric shun, Eric.Christopher.Scott, Esperant, Eumolpo, Eustusxgg, EvilZak, Ex1le, Excirial, Explicit, Extransit, Fahadsadah, Fair Deal, Fakefacsonbli, FalkonG4, Fallen flame,
Faradayplank, Fastily, Felix C. Stegerman, Finalius, FireCrystal, Fitz221, Flamelai, Flayeddisciple, Fleetfox13, Flewis, Floul1, Flyguy649, Foobar, Foxxygirltamara, Franco1582, Freakofnurture,
Fredrik, Frenrir1, Funeral, Furrykef, Fuzzie, FveLeafClvr, Fyrael, GVOLTT, Gail, Gaius Cornelius, Ganymede Deimos, Gareth Owen, Garret Beaumain, Genesiswinter, Gggbgggb, Gianfranco,
Giliganislanderererer, Gjp23, Gm1121983, Gmaxwell, Gogo Dodo, Golbez, Gothbag, Grafen, Graham87, Grim23, Grindcoredotcom, GripTheHusk, Gscshoyru, Gtrmp, Guglielf, Guillaumito,
Guitar01, Guitarguy kyle, Gunmetal Angel, Gustav Lindwall, Gutsul, Guziel313, Gxc, Gzuckier, H.Curns, HaeB, Haspotatoes, Hede2000, Hellhound, Hellqvist, Heretic soul666, Hervegirod,
Hmas, Hopkins4321, Horror master34, I dream of horses, IL7Soulhunter, ILorbb, IRP, ITshnik, IainP, Ian1019, IbLeo, Icairns, Imheadingtothepark, Imran, In Flames, Indianabones56,
InfiniteDreams, Inhumer, Inpiscinator, Ioeth, Iridescent, Isilioth, IvanLanin, Iweartomato, J Milburn, J.P. Sola Christus, J.delanoy, JBHD, JEN9841, JYi, JaGa, Jamdav86, James086, Janejellyroll,
Jarrydn, Jason Quinn, Jbhuntly, Jeandrea777, Jeff G., JeffyJeffyMan2004, Jeremyiscool, JesiCason, Jimeree, Jitterro, Jkelly, Jmm6f488, Jobe6, Joe Regueira, JoeGucciardi, JoeXcore, Johan
Rachmaninov, John, John Cardinal, Johnastl, Jon138, Joost, Josh.oosterman, Jowe27, Joyous!, Jpgordon, Jumanji656, KJS77, Kameejl, Kampfar, Kaobear, Karl-Henner, Karpsmom, Katieh5584,
Keilana, Kerotan, Killiondude, Kimchi.sg, Kintetsubuffalo, Kirazoglu, Kiwihello, Kkahnharris, Kmaster, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kol651, Koliak2991, Korath, Korey Kaczynski, KrakatoaKatie,
Krash, Krellis, Kroum, Krusty13, Kubigula, Kultron, Kung Foo, Kungfuadam, Kurykh, Kvltfrost, L Kensington, LAAFan, LUCPOL, La Grande Reverteur, La Pianista, Lajan, Lando Calrissian,
Landon1980, Lankiveil, Larry Yuma, Lectonar, Lee Daniel Crocker, Leefeni,de Karik, Leon Sword, LessHeard vanU, Lexor, Lightdarkness, Likelightoflies, Linkato1, LochNess, Logical
Cowboy, Logical Defense, Lone Isle, Lord Voldemort, Lord kavi, Lord of War 3, Lothar von Richthofen, Lotrfan95, Lovingfire, Lowrenjames1, Lozeldafan, Luckiducki004, Luckypapers,
Lun4tic, LunaticFringe, MER-C, METALGOD42088, Maddie!, Madhero88, Madsoldier46, Majorly, Mak17f, MakeChooChooGoNow, Maku183, Mapi08, Maralia, Marcus B, Marcus Brute,
Marek69, Markendust, Markkawika, Markoff Chaney, Markoroeder, Marnues, Martarius, Martial75, Martinp23, Mason092, MathKnight, Mato, Matt Deres, Matt714, Mattbrownftw,
Mavroprovato, Max Resist, Maxrider16, Maziotis, Mbecker, Mboverload, Mcwatson, Meegs, Meelar, MegX, Megastrike14, Mel Etitis, Melissagail2009, Melodeathfreak, Messy137,
Metaknight118, Metal Gimp, Metallica4665858, MetallicaRTL666, Metallord123321, Metamagician3000, Mezmerizer, Mgiganteus1, Michael Ferenc, Michaelas10, Mike Dill, Mike5193,
MikeCapone, Mild Bill Hiccup, Millerc, Misfit13b, Mlceltic, Moe Epsilon, Momotron, MonicaMan, Monk Bretton, Moomoomoo, Moxy, Mr Pyles, Mr.scavenger, Munci, Mushroom, Muya,
Myanw, Mygerardromance, Mystman666, Mzyxptlk, NMChico24, Nachi, Nadavspi, Nae'blis, Nakon, Nathan Hamblen, Naufana, Navnløs, NawlinWiki, Ndenison, Necromancer, Neelix, Nescio,
New york93, Newagelink, Nicke Lilltroll, Nickin, Nightfall, Nihiltres, Nikandroff, Ninja-4976, Nishkid64, Nivix, Nixón, Nocturnal Slayer, Nogz.info, Noisycomputercore, Nori Llane, Nosebud,
Notedgrant, Nothingagainst, Ntay, Numbo3, Nyght, Nymf, Ohboil, Ohiogrinder, Ohnoitsjamie, Olivier, Onco p53, OnwardToGolgotha, Opes, Orcaloverbri9, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Ours18,
Overcow, PET, PapaNoel17, Parasti, Pasajero, Passitivity, Paul foord, Pax:Vobiscum, PearlTheater, Pearle, Peter Fleet, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phgao, Phil Boswell, Phil Sandifer, Phthoggos,
Piano non troppo, Piersamastera, Piet Delport, Pigman, Pip2andahalf, PiratesRule, Pit, Pjsula, PleaseStand, Poopinassed, Portillo, PranksterTurtle, Prawn, Prolog, Prophaniti, Prozak,
Psychomelodic, Purgatory Fubar, Pwnage8, Quintote, Qwase1235, R'n'B, REGGA, RG2, RZ heretic, RainbowOfLight, Raistlin Majere, Rajackar, RattusMaximus, Ray Dassen, RazorICE,
Razorhead, RedHillian, Renaissancee, RexDeath, RexNL, Reyjavik, Rhrex88, Ri3mannZeta, Ric Metal Heart, Rich Farmbrough, Rich Robbins, Rift14, Risteristevski, Rjwilmsi, Robma,
Rockreport, Roelium, Roomoor, RossPatterson, RottweilerCS, Rrburke, RyanCross, Ryanrichy, Ryouga, SJP, SWAdair, Sabrebd, SailsOfFezlum, Salsb, Sam Hocevar, Sam Medany, Sam Spade,
Samchafin, Sammyo56, Sanami569x, Sardanaphalus, Sarrixx, Satanael, Saturn-78, Scabrosus, Scarian, Sceptre, Schneelocke, SchuminWeb, Scourge441, Screambloodygore667, Seano1,
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Sin-man, Sindelar, SingNowSeraph, Sitethief, Sky Attacker, Slashburn, SlayerDave, Slugger, Smashyourface666, Smashyourface86, Sn0wflake, Snowmanradio, Snoyes, Some jerk on the
Internet, Sparkiplasma, Spartacusprime, Spearhead, Spike Wilbury, SpuriousQ, Sry85, Stevelopian, Stormie, StratfordHeights, Struway, Su37amelia, Sublime soulstorm, SuedeHead, Suffor,
SummerPhD, Super Spam Away, Superbeecat, Supersonic^, Swarm, Swooningdisaster, Synchestra, Synchronism, Szadou, TKD, TROTF, TTGL, TUF-KAT, Tawker, Techman224,
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