Thus r = 3, or a+b+c+d =0.

If a+b+c+d then we see

given equations that r = . Hence the value r IS 3 or

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2010

1. Answer: (A)

(1 x 2 x 3) + (2 x 4 x 6) + (3 x 6 x 9) + + (335 x 670 x 1005)

(1 x 3 x 6) + (2 x 6 x + (3 x 9 x 18) + + (335 x 1005 x 2010)

(Ix2x3)[e +23 +33 + ... +3353]

= ~--~~--------------

(lx3x6)[13 +23 +Y + ... +3353]

lx2x3 1

= -----

lx3x6 3

2. Answer: (E)

From the given equations, we obtain

a+b+c+d =a(r+l), a+b+c+d =b(r+l), a+b+c+d =c(r+l), a+b+c+d = +1).

Adding these four equations gives

4(a +b+c+d) = (a+b+c+d)(r+ 1),

that is,

(3-r)(a+b+c+d) =0.

3.

x-cos

=

cos +--- = --- + --- = ---

tanx cosx x

a+b c=

+2=

4.

(C)

we note that 4n3 =

+

- [n(n-

29

Therefore

143 + 153 + ... + 243 + 253

:::: +
4 4
152x162 142x152
+ .... +
4 4
242 x252 232 x 242
+
4 4 4
252 x262
::::
4
= xl 4

132x142

--- = (25 x 13 + 13 x7)(25 x 13 -13 x

4

8 x 1 = 9 x 64 x 132.

Thus ~143 +153 +163 + ... +243 +253 :::: 3x8x 13:::: 312.

5. Answer:

Since the diameter AD perpendicularly bisects the chord BC,

BE=EC== -fS.

Also, given that BD II Fe, we have LDBE = LFCE.

to I1CFE, so As F is the midpoint of OE, we

Let = x. Then AE == 5x.

we

AExED=

=

+

x= .

6.

we

or (k-m)(k+m) = 1 x 4907.

It follows

k-m=7 +m

30

3,

Therefore the ordered pairs (x, y) that satisfy the given equation are: (444,3472), (-264, 3472), (2544, 24532), (-2364,24532).

Hence the answer is 4.

even a

5, and number of odd integers in

the number of "Good" subsets of S is

t {~)~(~) ~ G}(~) + (~) + (~}(~) +(~) + (~) + ...

... , i.

(5\ (5\ (5J (5\

+ l5 Jl 0 j + 1 + ... + 5 Y

= 5(1 + 5) + 10(1 + 5 + 10) + ... + (1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 +

= 30 + 160 + 260 + + 32 = 637.

8. Answer: (B)

Let g(x) = f(x) - k. g(r) = fer) - k = k - k = O. Similarly, g(s) = O.

rand s are roots of the quadratic equation g(x) = ax' + + c - k = b

we r + S = --. LLVUvv

a

b b 2 b

f(r+s)=f(--)=a(--) +b(--)+c=c.

a a a

9. Answer: (D) We have

)+

)-1=

)+

)-1=

) _-

c

31

Extend DA and CM to meet at E as shown in the figure above. Since AM = MB, LAEM = LBCM and LAME = LBMC, we conclude that MEM is congruent

to tillCM. Therefore AE = BC and CM = EM. Thus CE = 2CM= 13.

the area of trapezium be S em'. S = !(DE)(DC),

2

we

+

= DE2 + DC2 + 2(DE)(DC) =

+

+ +

Now + = DA +AE +

and it follows that S = 30.

=

+

+DC=

11. Answer: 132

L

LW

+

+

Simplifying the above equations, we obtain L-2W = 12 and 3W -L= 6.

Solving the simultaneous equations, we get L = 48 and W = 18. Hence perimeter of the rectangle is 132 units.

12. Answer: 2575

+1)

As u , =1+2+3+ ... +r= ---, we have 2

iIi 2 i (2

L-=L =L-

r=1 Ll ; r=1 r(r + 1) r=1 r

2)_22_2i r+l - -i+l-i+(

Hence,

Sn:= t_i = t( :; J = t(~l = !(___:__

;=1 _l_ i=I7+1 ;=1 2) 2

n

= +

4

»,

r=1

=

• 402 5 as a

• 80 integers with 25 as a factor;

Ell 16 125 as a

as a

32

Therefore the total number of prime factor 5 in 20 10! is 402 + 80 + 16 + 3 = 501. As there are clearly more than 501 prime factor 2 in 2010!, we obtain k = 501.

14. Answer:

note

a>b>l,

1 1

-- - = log, ab -loga ab

logab b logab a

= (10gb a + 1)-(loga b + 1) = log, a -loga b

1 1

=-----

= (_1 __ 1 Y

log, b log; a)

~ C~+ 10;;0)' -4(10;ob ](10;; a)

= -J1229-4 = -J1225

= 35.

15. Answer: 1994

Consider k = 1,2, ... ,2010. If k 120 then x:= 2~10 -1_

k J 0 < y := -k- l2~1 0 J < 1 , so =

= so

is 2x3x x

we see

-l

= + 1

kl20JO k)2010

16. Answer: 1005

+

It follows that

33

=

= 1005.

Answer: 216

1'-'U.'"'''' 1

+ +b=

we

+ + = 36.

Likewise, adding 1 to the other two given equations gives

(b + Now multiplying

+ = 36

+

+ =

resulting equations above leads to

[(a+l)(b+l)(c+l)]2 =363 =66.

It follows that (a + 1)(b + l)(c + 1) = 63 = 216.

18.

Answer: 27

A

9 eN r sin x sin x

. 1 ( 23) 1 . 1

Thus sm 2 x = 4" 3 - 9 = 9" ' and so sm x = 3 .

==

::::

34

Answer: 2010

Consider any integer k where 1 S k S 2010. By division algorithm, there exists unique pair of integers (q, r) such that 2010 = kq + r with 0 S r S k - 1. We rewrite this as 2010 = (k - r)q + r(q + 1). That is, k - r copies of q and r copies of q + 1 add up to is one desired expression for each value of k, which is clearly unique. such expressions all.

20. Answer: 60

a be a positive integer a + (n - 1) is 2010, that is,

a+(a+ 1)+···+ (a + n 1) = 2010.

that the sum of n consecutive

a, a + 1, ... ,

or

n(2a+n-l) 4020 22 x3x5x67. (1)

n < 2a + n - 1, we have

and (2) imply that n E{1,2,3,4,5,

12,15,20,30,

n

+ -1

have different parities, it follows that nand 4020 have different parities. Consequently, n

we have

n E{I,3,4,5,12,15,20,60}. 4020 If n = 60, then 2a+n-l=-- = 60

so a = 4. Thus the largest

>

2

::: + 2::: 1 + + 31 =

Hence we conclude that there are two pairs of positive integers (n, m), namely,

3), 1!+2!+3!+"'+n!

35

22. Answer: 65

Since BE bisects LCBA, we have BC = EC = 119 . Thus we can let = 1

BA EA 169

some

= +

(169y Y = (169 + 119)2 + (119y)2

(169 -119 X 169 + 119) = (169 + 119) 2 2 169 + 119 144

y = 169 -119 = 25

y=-

5

. I 2 2 13

Hence, from tnangle BCE, we have BE = '\J 119 + (l19y) = 119 x -.

5

Finally, note that MDE and tillCE are similar, so we have

ED = AE x CE = 169 x 119 = 65 em,

BE 119x¥

Answer: 72

First we find the number of ordered pairs (m, n) of positive integers m and n that m + n = 190 and m and n are not relatively prime.

To this end, write m = ka and n = kb, where k, a and b are positive integers k > l. Since m + n = 190, we see that k is a factor of = 2x5x k"# We consider six cases:

(i)

k = 2. Then a + b = 95, and

are

It follows from the above cases

36

Since the total number of ordered pairs (m, such that m + n = 190 is 189, we I.JV .... _H-<Uv

that the required number of ordered pairs (m, n) where m and n are relatively prime is 1 -117 = 72.

9 25 9 25

f(x) = + = +--

1 + cos 1- cos 2x 2 cos 2 X 2 sin 2 x

=! ~tan2 x + 9)+ !(25cot2 x + 25)

2 2

1

+- x+25

2

Z +_!_(2~(9tan2 xX25 cot 2 x)) (AM-GM Inequality)

2

= 17 + _!_(2-J9x 25) 2

= 32.

Note that f(tan -1 ff) = 32. Thus the least possible value off (x) is 32.

Answer: 2002

First we place the 5 red balls on a straight line and then place 1 blue ball between 2 adjacent red balls. With this arrangement fixed, the condition of the question is

We are now left with 9 blue balls. We can place remaining 9 blue

before, after or in between 5 red balls. number of

the answer to the question. Including the two ends, there are 4 + 2 = 6

these 9 can The

6 "'1-1"""""

"."'

1,

S3 = {IOl, 102, 103, ... , I50},

1

37

By Pigeonhole Principle, for any subset A of S with IAI = 2010, there exists i, where 1 ::s i::S 2000, such that I AnSi I~ 2.

a.b E AnSi' It is clear that la - bl < 49.

>

k, we find a E . Let

:::

A=

+1: i=

2, ... ,

A is a subset of S with IAI = 2010 and la - bl 2: 49 for any distinct a,b EA.

27. Answer: 112

n

Figure 1

A

c

We observe that to avoid the four points x, the must cross

or E as shown in Figure 1 above. Further, the paths that cross C, D or E are

is, no can cross both C D or D or C

There is only 1 way to get from A to C and from A to E. It is easy to see are 4 ways to get from A to D.

1 6 21 B

15

10

..
1 5 a
1 4 ... a
1 3 !
1 2 i
1 6 3

2

C

B= 1 x21 =21;

It pass through D: number of ways B=4x21=

@ E:

A to D x number

Dto

toE

E

It follows

A to B is + + 7 = 1

38

o be centre and let intersect at

mapping C2 to C1 has similitude ratio !_. It maps B to

10

can also be seen by connecting P to the centre of

and are similar.) The power respect to is PM2 = 20.

PB. PA = 20, or equivalently (PA - AB)PA:::: 20. Together with AB =!_, we

at

28. Answer: 60

obtain AB:::: 8 and AP = 10. Consequently, the triangle hence LPAD = LBAO = 6(f.

is equilateral,

29. Answer: 6

We shall show that a = 3, b = 2 and c:::: l.

Note that 2a > b + c. As b + c is a multiple of a, it follows Let a + c = kb. Then kb = a + c = b + c + c, so 2c =

must have k = 2 and therefore b = 2c. Since b c are

implies that c = 1 and b = 2. Thus a:::: 3. Hence = 6.

a

f

answer is C:) ~

39

31.

Answer: 2780

Note that 0 S f(n):s 4 for 1 :==:: n:==:: 99999.

k=0,1,2,3,4,let

denote the

number of integers n, where 1 :==:: n : 99999, such thatf(n) = k. Then

=

k=O k=l

By considering number 2-digit, 3-digit, 4-digit and 5-digit positive with exactly one 0 their decimal representation, we obtain

aj = 9 + 9 x 9 x 2 + 9 x 9 x 9 x 3 + 9 x 9 x 9 x 9 x 4 = 28602 .

Similarly, we have

+9X9X9X(~J

a3 =9+92 x4 = 333, =9.

9+9x9x

Hence

M = l x 28602 x 2+2x4626x 22 +3x333x 23 +4x9x24 =102780, and it follows that M - 100000 = 2780.

32. Answer: 5

Let n = p4 _5p2 +13. Whenp = 3, we have n = 49 and so the sum of digits is 13. Whenp = 5, we have n = 513 and the resulting sum of digits is 9.

Now let p > 5 be a prime. We have

n= p4 _Sp2 +13=(p-2)(p-l)(p+

+2)+9.

40

Extend BA and CD to meet at X. Let

be the point on 1

= (AD + 2

such

II

33. Answer: 360

x

B

Let AD = CE = a. Then BC = 3a, and

=2a.

By the similarity of triangles FHG and ECG, we have

(FH)2

area of L1 FHG = CE x area of L1 ECG = cm'';

HG FH 3

(ii) - = - = 2 , so that HG = 2CG and DH = HC = - HG. 2

It follows from (i) and (ii) that the area of triangle FDH = ~ x 60 = 90 cm'', 2

Now, let area of triangle XAD be y cm''. By the similarity of triangles XFH, we have

(iii) ~ = AD = ~ , so XA = and

area

= 2x area

=

= =

41

34. Answer: 75

First we note that every positive integer m can be written uniquely (in base as

m bo +bj x27+ x272 + ... + x

r

(depending on

b, < 27 i = 0, 1, 2, ... , r.

Since the coefficients of P(x) are non-negative integers and P(l) = 25, we see that

ak ::;; 25 < for 0 :S k:S n. Thus by the above remark, the polynomial IS

uniquely determined by the value P(27) = 1771769. Writing 1771769 in base 27,

we 1771769 = 2+11x27+9x273 +3x274. Therefore

=2+1 + +

2+2xll+4x9+5x3 =

+

+

+ ... + +

35. Answer: 12

First we shall show that r. =~. Let P be tangent to

point concurrence

=

, so

=

r2 + r3

Thus r;:; = rj + r3 . Solving for r- we obtain r. =~. Substituting r1 18,

~ --;; r2 + r3

= 8, r3 =

42