TYPES ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present gerund Working, dancing Being sent, being

e.g. I like working given.
hard e.g. He was punished
by being sent to
prison.

Perfect gerund Having worked Having been sent

e.g. The man e.g. The safe shows
admitted having some signs of having
stolen the car been touched.

E.G

 She admits that she loves him.

à She admits loving him.

 She admitted that she loved him.

à She admitted loving him

 She admits that she loved (has loved) him.

à She admits having loved him.

 He admitted that he had stolen the picture.

à He admitted having stolen the picture.

 She admits that she was paid by CIA.

à She admits having been paid by CIA

 She admits that she is given money by CIA.

à She admits being given money by CIA.

 SOPHIE PHAN (ĐÔNG NGHI)

THE GERUND AS SUBJECT OF A VERB:

 A gerund can function as a subject of a verb.

e.g. Learning a foreign language takes a lot of time.

Reading his letter is her favorite thing.

 It is common after: believe, consider, discover, expect, find, suppose, think, etc.

e.g. I believe that smoking cost nothing.

 I think that learning English requires patience.

 After “find” we can omit “that” and “be”.

Find + gerund + adj

e.g. He found that talking to her was boring

à He found talking to her boring.

I find working with him interesting.

e.g. She likes fishing

S V O

Ryan always imagines being a film star

S V O

Verbs commonly followed by gerund

Admit Postpone

Dread Put off

Can’t (couldn’t) help/stand Resist

Appreciate Stop

Consider Cease

Delay Fancy

Dislike Imagine

Endure Remember

Anticipate Mean

Avoid Risk

Contemplate Suggest

Face Practice

Give up Feel like

Continue Involve
Mention Finish

Prevent Keep

Recollect Mind

Recall Propose

Save Report

e.g. Do you anticipate having working with him?

I appreciate your coming here

I couldn’t help crying

I can no longer bear talking with him.

Verbs + Object (possessive adj/pronoun/noun) + gerund:

e.g. Ella enjoys him/his singing.

He insisted on me/my writing the letter.

My mother approved of me/my going to Nha Trang.

The list consists of the following verbs:

Avoid Consider

Enjoy Involve

Mean Object to

Save Suggest

Approve of Insist on

Appreciate Dislike

Fancy Like

Mind Remember

Stop Understand

Disapprove

Verbs + Noun/pronoun/possess adj + gerund

Verbs + Noun/pronoun + preposition + gerund:

 To prevent

à I can’t prevent him/his/my friend spending his money

 To prevent sb from doing sth

à I can’t prevent him/my friend from spending his money

 To stop (from)

 To excuse

 To forgive + (for) …

 To pardon

e.g. Please forgive me/my coming late.

Please forgive me for coming late

He won’t forgive her/his wife (for) hanging out with another man.

The gerund after “come” and “go” (out-door activities):

Climbing, driving, fishing, sailing, shopping, skiing, sight-seeing, window-shopping, etc.

The gerund after “need”, “want” and “require”:

The gerund can be compared to the passive infinitive (passive meaning)

e.g. Your hair needs cutting

= Your hair needs to be cut

The door needs painting

= The door needs to be painted.

AS A COMPLIMENT OF A VERB:

 Her favorite pastime is singing.

 Her part time job is cooking

 It’s called paintballing.

AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONS:
After a preposition, the gerund (passive or active) must be used:

e.g. What can you do besides typing?

We can buy anything without having to travel.

The word “to”:

 “To” is part of the infinitive, especially after some auxiliary verbs such as: “be”, “have”, “ought”,
“used” and “be going” and certain verbs, e.g. “want”, “hope”, etc.

 But “to” is also a preposition:

 With some verbs:

Be used to

Contribute to

Be contributed to

Devote/ be devoted to

Take to

Get down (round) to + V – ing

Look forward to

Reduce/be reduced to

Commit/be committed to

Confess to

Limit/ be limited to

Object to

e.g. All his money was contributed to building this orphanage school.

= He contributed all his money to building this orphanage school.

Mother Teresa delicated all her life to teaching children from the slum in India

 We can use object pronouns, possessive adjectives or nouns before the V – ing:

e.g. I object to people/his/him smoking

We have had our commitment to supplying high quality services to our customers.
 There should be limitation to using natural resources.

• With other nouns and adjectives

• Nouns:

Access

Approach

Alternative

Importance

Obstacle

Key + V-ing
Similarly

Contrary

Closeness

Oposition

Road

path

 Adjectives:

Accessible

Agreeable

Important

Close + V- ing
Opposite

Essential

Similar

Adjectives + preposition + gerund:

Accustomed to
Bore with

Famous for

Interested in

Scared of

Tired of

Afraid of

Susceptible to + V – ing
Disappointed of

Proud of

Sorry for

Scared for

Successful in

Fond of

Excited about

Responsible for

Verb + Object + preposition + gerund:

Feel like

Dream of/ about

Insist on

Succeed in

(Dis)approve of + V-ing
Decide against

Think about/ of

Look forward to

Apologize for
Verb + Object + preposition + gerund:

Accuse … of

Charge … with

Forgive/ excuse/ pardon … (for)

Suspect … of

Prohibit … from

Apologize to … for + V – ing

Congratulate … on

Thanks … for

Blame … for

Prevent … from

Stop … from

Warn … against

e.g. He suspects me of leaking some confidential information.

Some common expressions with v-ing:

A. It + be + no (little, hardly any) + use …: (hầu như ko có lợi)

e.g.

It’s no use worrying about it

It’s little use buying a new car.

It’s hardly any learning Russian now.

B. It + be + no (hardly any) + good …: (hầu như ko có gì tốt)

e.g.

It’s no good cheating in examinations

It’s no good smoking

N.B. It +be +good (better) + to-inf

e.g.

It’s no good to smoke

I’ll go out now. It’s better to be too early than too late.

C. There + be + no +(hardly any) point (in)… (Ko có ích lợi gì)

e.g. There is no point (in) arguing with him. He is so conservative to change.

D. It+ be + worth (worth while) … (xứng đáng để làm gì)

e.g. The house is within a walking distance so it’s not worth taking a taxi.

The book is worth reading

The matter is trivial. It’s not worth quarrelling.

E. Have difficulty (trouble) + (in):

e.g.

He had difficulty finding a good school for his children

I have difficulty saying goodbye him.

Did you have any trouble getting visa?

People often have difficulty reading his hand-writing.

***N.B. Remember that we use “ difficulty”, not “difficulties”:

F. It + be + a waste of time (money):

e.g.

It’s a waste of money buying this car. It’s really the kid toy to show off with friends.

It’s a waste of time playing Vo Lam Truyen Ki.

G. Spend (waste) + time (money):

e.g.

Everyday she spends 2 hours travelling.

Last week she spent all her savings buying clothes.

She wasted a half day persuading him to buy her a Dyland

***N.B. we use “Spend (waste) time (money) on sth”

e.g.

Every night, Yanni spends 1 hour on Chinese.

H. What + be + the use (point) (+of):

What’s the point of quarreling with her!

I. Not much care

e.g.

I don’t much care talking to him. He is rude and snobbish

K. Be busy/ be occupied (with)/ be bored with/ be fed up with/ be frantic.