What is ubiquitous system, explain how ubiquitous system can be created?

Ubiquitous Computing is created based on the context which takes place in real situations in the
world. Ubiquitous system is created on how context can be acquired, distributed, and used and
how it changes human computer interaction in Ubiquitous Computing. When apply this concept
in to technology, it can be used by any one at any time anywhere. so ubiquitous system can be
created by using different technology tougher to perform a particular action .

What is ubiquitous computing system? Explain

1. There are two key visions of ubiquitous computing:

1. Ubiquity – we can access to the computer facilities through the devices anytime and
anywhere.
Equipments that the people using in their day today life, like telephones and household
Equipments will connect to the online and other services by itself without a humans
role.

2. Transparency – access is hidden, integrated into environments where we don’t realise

we are using the facilities.
In ubiquitous system is the tools and the network will be working together. we accessed
through intelligent interfaces without even thinking about it.

The concept of ubiquitous system is

6. It is mobile wireless computing and It is virtual computing;

7. idea of making use of invisible computers in the world around us. we don’t need to access to the
Internet through computers.
8. it is about smart environments;information processing has been integrated into everyday
objects and activities.
9. Examples are:
1. the alarm system of our home can be connected to our mobile phone
2. mobile devices can help us to find ways and give us weather changes ex. Tom tom as
navigation device
3. current market shares can be updated to mobile phone

What are the embedded systems?

• Design challenge – optimizing design metrics

• Processor technologies

• IC technologies

• Design technologies
  An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system which resides inside the device or
equipment it manages or controls. An embedded system has certain pre-defined tasks and
specific constrains, thus differing from the general purpose PC computer.

A microprocessor based system that is built to control a function(s) of a system and is designed not to be
programmed by the user. (Controller)

User could select the functionality but cannot define the functionality.

Embedded system is designed to perform one or limited number of functions, may be with choices or
options.

PCs provide easily accessible methodologies, HW & SW that are used to build embedded systems

Why did they become popular?

 Replacement for discreet logic-based circuit’s Functional upgradability? easy maintenance

upgrades
 Improves the performance of mechanical systems through close control
 Protection of Intellectual property
 Replacement of Analogue circuits (DSPs)

What does an embedded system consist of?

 Processor – Types, technologies, functionalities

 Memory – how much, what types, organisation
 Peripherals/ I/O interfaces – communicate with the user, external environment
 Inputs and outputs / sensors & actuators – Digital - binary, serial/parallel, Analogue, Displays
and alarms, Timing devices
 SW – OS, application SW, initialisation, self check
 Algorithms

Three key technologies for embedded systems

 Processor technology
 IC technology
 Design technology

• Single-functioned
– Executes a single program, repeatedly
• Tightly-constrained
– Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
• Reactive and real-time
– Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment
 – Must compute certain results in real-time without delay

What is the Computer Architecture?

Computer has five basic part I/O device, memory, control, processor, data path The CPU (ALU, Control
Unit, Registers), The Memory Subsystem (Stored Data), The I/O subsystem, (I/O devices) this the
fundamental of the computer

BUS - Physically a set of wires. The components of the Computer are connected to these buses.

• Address Bus
• Data Bus
• Control Bus

A bus is an “information path” connecting the various functional units within the CPU generally will
be capable of transmitting one entire word in parallel

• Address Bus- Used to specify the address of the memory location to access. Each I/O devices
has a unique address. (monitor, mouse, cd-rom). CPU reads data or instructions from other
locations by specifying the address of its location. CPU always outputs to the address bus and
never reads from it

• Data bus -Actual data is transferred via the data bus. When the cpu sends an address to
memory, the memory will send data via the data bus in return to the cpu.

• Control Bus- Collection of individual control signals, Whether the cpu will read or write data

• I/O Bus or Local Bus-The I/O bus will be used to access all other I/O devices connected to the
system.

CPU organization

• CPU controls the Computer; The CPU will fetch, decode and execute instructions. The CPU has
three internal sections: register section, ALU and Control Unit
 • Register Section-Processor’s instruction set architecture are found in this section . Including the
section bus and registers. Non accessible registers by the programmer. Using the address
being accessed and a temp storage register.

• Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)- Performs most Arithmetic and logical operations, Retrieves and
stores its information with the register section of the CPU

Von Neumann and Harvard architectures

• They differ in how data is arranged in memory. The Neumann uses mixed memory module
while the Harvard uses separate memory modules for data and instructions

• Modern computers today predominantly use the Neumann architecture. Although it will also
use some elements of the harvard architecture

Memory Subsystem

ROM: Read Only Memory-Program that is loaded into memory and cannot be changed also retains its
data even without power.

RAM: Random Access Memory-Also called read/write memory. This type of memory can have a program
loaded and then reloaded. It also loses its data with no power.

Different ROM Chips

Masked ROM-ROM that is programmed with data when fabricated. Data will not change once installed.
Hardwired.

Programmable ROM (PROM)- Capable of being programmed by the user with a ROM programmer. Not
hardwired.

Erasable PROM (EPROM)- Much like the PROM this EPROM can be programmed and then erased by
light

EEPROM-Another form of EPROM but is reprogammable electrically.

Different RAM Chips

Dynamic RAM (DRAM) : Leaky capacitors. Caps are charged and slowly leak until they are refreshed to
their original data locations. Ex. Computer RAM
Static RAM (SRAM)- Much like a register. The contents stay valid and do not have to be refreshed.
SRAM is faster than DRAM but cost more Ex. Cache

Each RAM chip has 2^n * m. N address inputs and m bidirectional data pins

RISC and CISC

Most CPU’s today are based on the CISC methodology, but with the increase in transistor resources the
RISC methodology is also in use within the same processor

Intel AMD has some advantage

• on-chip cache clocked as fast as the processor

• additional functional units for superscalar execution
• support for floating point operations
• branch prediction
• out-of-order execution

While keeping backward compatibility with older x86 standards and utilizing a RISC processing core
increases overhead, market factors have dictated that this be the case for manufacturers

Intel’s newest processors blur the barrier between RISC and CISC even more through the following
advancements

Rapid Execution Engine-Two Arithmetic Logic Units allowing basic integer instructions to execute in 1/2 a
clock cycle.

Data Prefetch Logic- Anticipates data needed by an application and pre-loads it into the Advanced
Transfer Cache.

Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (SSE2) Instructions-Special instruction set to accelerate video, speech,
image processing, encryption, and science/engineering applications.

Hyper-Threading Technology- two logical processors that can execute different tasks simultaneously
using shared hardware resources

Modern RISC Examples-Apple iPods (custom ARM7TDMI SoC), Apple iPhone (Samsung
ARM1176JZF)

Palm and PocketPC PDAs and smartphones (Intel XScale family, Samsung SC32442 - ARM9)
 Nintendo Game Boy Advance (ARM7)

Some nokia and sonyericion phone

CISC processors are more expensive to build, and maintaining the microcode for these processors
becomes increasingly more complex

RISC processors gain a performance advantage through the elimination of microcode, pipelining and
caching, and the use of a direct execution control unit

Technological advancements have blurred the boundary between true RISC and CISC architectures in
recent years, and this trend continues today. Designers are actively looking for things to integrate into
the chips to make use of the increased transistor resources and make performance improvements

My note

RISC stands for reduced instruction set computer and CISC - for complex instruction set computer. The
major difference is that RISC chips use simpler instructions sets to achieve higher clock frequencies and
process more instructions per clock cycle than CISC processors.

Intel and AMD, for example, develop CISC processors (x86) while Apple and SUN use RISC
architecture. Major problem of RISC - they don't afford the widespread compatibility that x86 chips do.

2. Explain human computer interface and briefly describe the designed mythologies of Human
Computer Interface? 

The human computer interface is used to communicate the human with the computer. This is
the inter communication between the system and the user .HCI includes hardware and
software.

They use where various system .that means 1.Input 2.output

Input: It is the device which help the user to give data to the computer.
Example: keyboard,mouse.
Output: It is the device which help the user to get the data from the computer.
Example: monitor .

There are two different types of interface they are

 1.Graphical user interface. 2.web based user interface.
Graphical user interface: In the graphical user interface they accept the input via device such as
computer keyboard and mouse. They provide the graphical output in the monitor.
They can be classified into two they are
1. Object Oriented.
2. Application Oriented.

based user interface

1. which accept the input and provide output by generating web page which as transmitted
through the Internet and view the user using a web bowser.
Human-computer interaction covers computer graphics, operating systems, human factors,
industrial engineering, psychology, and the systems of computer science.

User interface design

Designing effective interfaces for software systems

Objectives

 To suggest some general design principles for

 user interface design
 To explain different interaction styles
 To introduce styles of information presentation
 To describe the user support which should be
 built-in to user interfaces
 To introduce usability attributes and system
 approaches to system evaluation

The user interface

 System users often judge a system by its

 interface rather than its functionality
 A poorly designed interface can cause a user to
 make catastrophic errors
 Poor user interface design is the reason why so
 many software systems are never used
Graphical user interfaces

Most users of business systems interact with these systems through graphical interfaces although, in
some cases, legacy text-based interfaces are still used

GUI characteristics

GUI advantages

They are easy to learn and use

Users without experience can learn to use the system quickly.

The user may switch quickly from one task to another and can interact with several different
applications

Information remains visible in its own window when attention is switched.

Fast, full-screen interaction is possible with immediate access to anywhere on the screen

User-centred design

The aim of this chapter is to sensitise software engineers to key issues underlying the design rather than
the implementation of user interfaces

User-centred design is an approach to UI design where the needs of the user are paramount and where
the user is involved in the design process

UI design always involves the development of prototype interfaces