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A brief introduction
Brian D. Jeffs
Associate Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Brigham Young University
October 2004
References
WSRT 49 cm (612
MHz) image of 2
Mpc radio galaxy
DA240
Symmetric ionized
gas jets ejected
from black hole in
central core.
s(t) d
x1(t)
x2(t)
θ τ x(t)
xm (t ) = s (t − mτ )
•••
d
τ = sin θ
c (M-1)τ xM(t)
Delay-Sum Beamformer (broadband)
x0(t)
When Τ = τ, the
δ(t-[M-1]Τ) × channels are all time
w0 aligned for a signal
x1(t)
δ(t-[M-2]Τ) × from direction θ.
w1 M −1
x2(t) y (t ) = ∑ wm xm (t − [ M − m − 1]Τ)
δ(t-[M-3]Τ) × m =0
+
w2
wm are beamformer
weights.
•••
Gain in direction θ is
Σwm. Less in other
xM-1(t)
δ(t) × directions due to
wM-1 incoherent addition.
Similarity to FIR filter
s(t) x0(t)
× Let Τ=0 (steer beam
w0 to broadside).
δ(t-τ)
× Represent signal
δ(t-τ) w1 delay across array as
× a delay line.
+ y(t)
δ(t-τ) w2
Sample: x[n] = x0(nT) .
Looks like an FIR filter!
δ(t-τ)
y[n]=x[n] * w[n]
× Design w with FIR
wM-1 methods!
Narrowband Beamformer
Narrowband assumption: Let s(t) be bandpass with
BW << c / (M-1)d Hz.
This means the phase difference between upper and lower band
edges for propagation across the entire array is small, e.g. < π/10
radians.
Most communications signals fit this model.
If signal is not narrowband, bandpass filter it and build a new
beamformer for each subband.
Sample the array x[n] = x(nT),
[ ] T
x[n] = 1, e − jξ ,L , e − j ( M −1)ξ s[n], ξ =
2π f 0 d
c
sin θ .
We can now eliminate time delays and use complex weights, w =
[w0, . . . , wM-1]T, to both steer (phase align) and weight (control beam
shape).
Narrowband Phased Array
x0[n]
×
w0
x1[n]
×
w1
x2[n]
× y[n] = wHx[n]
+
w2
[
w = α 0 , α1e − jς
, L, α M −1e ],
− j ( M −1)ς T
2π f 0 d
•••
ς= sin θ 0 ,
c
α m = amplitude weight for sensor m,
xM-1[n] f 0 = bandpass center frequency, Hz,
×
θ 0 = direction of max response.
wM-1
Beam Response Plots
= [α , α e ],
− jς k − j ( M −1)ς k T
solve for θk .
wk 0 1 , L , α M −1e This looks like a DFT
2π f 0 d across sensor channels!
ςk = sin θ k . This can be written :
c Frequency = Direction!
M −1
yk [n] = ∑ α m xm [n] e − jmς k .
m =0
FFT Multiple Beamformer Diagram
x0[n]
yθ0[n]
x1[n]
yθ1[n]
M point
x2[n]
FFT yθ2[n]
Window
across m
(multiply)
for each
by α
time sample
•••
n.
xM-1[n]
yθ(M-1)[n]