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Read single bond double bond and triple bond page 12.2 to 12.3
*12. Classification: flow chart read 12.4 full
Organic compounds broadly divided into two categories -open chain or aliphatic and
closed chain or cyclic.
Open chain compounds are divided into saturated and unsaturated compounds.
Saturated means straight chain compounds containing a single covalent bonds.
Unsaturated compounds the straight chain compounds containing double or triple
covalent bonds
Closed chain compounds are divided into alicyclic and aromatic compounds.
Alicyclic compounds contain ring or three or more carbon atoms. Aromatic compounds
have sweet smell. They contain alternate single and double bonds. They obey Huckle
law.
Read 12.5 tabular column
12.15, 12.16, 12.19 and 12.20 read thoroughly
13. Homologous series-When the organic compounds having similar structural
formula with functional group arranged in order of increasing molecular weights
are called homologous series. Each member differs by -CH2 group.
14. Significance of homologous series.
Members have same molecular formula similar chemical properties and similar structural
formula.
The molecular masses of two adjacent homologous series differ by 14 amu.
The members of the family are prepared by similar method.
15. Importance of homologous series
1. It helps in systematic study of organic compounds.
2. By knowing the properties of any member of a homologous series. We can predict the
properties of other member of the family.
Types of carbon atom: A carbon atom attached to one or no carbon atom is called
primary. A carbon atom linked with two carbon atom is secondary. A carbon atom linked
with three carbon atom is called tertiary.
Straight chain: The alkane in which carbon atoms are in a continuous chain are called
straight alkane and named as n-alkane.
The alkanes in which the carbon atoms are not in a continuous chain are called
branched chain alkane.
Structural formula: It indicates the relative arrangements of bonded atoms in a molecule
of the organic compound.
Condensed formula: It is a kind of structural formula which indicates the group of
atoms joined together to each carbon atom in the carbon chain present in the organic
compound. Read from the book Structural and condensed formula
Physical properties
They are gas, colorless and odour less. It is lighter than air. Vapor density of methane is 8
and ethane is 15.Almost insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. Methane
melting point -182.5 boiling point -161.5
Alkanes undergo substitution and thermal and catalytic oxidation
Chemical properties
1. Substitution reaction:-**
Methane and ethane with chlorine in the presence of diffused sunlight undergoes
substitution reaction
CH4 + Cl2 diffused UV sunlight ------->CH3Cl +HCl methyl chloride
CH3Cl +Cl2 diffused UV sunlight ------->CH2Cl2 +HCl methylene chloride
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 diffused UV sunlight ------->CHCl3+HCl chloroform
CHCl3+Cl2 diffused UV sunlight ------->CCl4 +HCl carbon tetra chloride
C2H6+Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2H5Cl +HCl monochloroethane
C2H5Cl +Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2H4Cl2 +HCl dichloroethane
C2H4Cl2 + Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2H3Cl3 +HCl trichloroethane
C2H3Cl3+Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2H2Cl4 +HCl tetrachloroethane
C2H2Cl4+Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2HCl5 + HCl pentachloroethane
C2HCl5 + Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2Cl6 + HCl hexa chloro ehtane
2. Combustion reaction:
1. In sufficient air, Methane and ethane burns in oxygen completely with a pale blue
flame to produce Carbon dioxide, water and heat energy.
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 891 kJ/mol
C2H6 + 2 O (g) → CO + 2 H O + 891 kJ/mol
2 2 2
2. Methane and ethane burns in the limited supply of oxygen give Carbon monoxide and
water.
CH4 + 3 O2 → CO + 4 H2O+ heat
2C2H6 + 5 O → 4CO+ 6 H O + heat
2 2
3. Catalytic oxidation: **
a. Alkane to alcohol reaction
When passed through copper tube
Methane gives methanol and ethane gives ethanol.
Temperature is 475K, Pressure 100atm.
Cu
CH4 + 3 O2 ------→ CH3OH methyl alcohol
200C
Cu
C2H6 + 3 O2 ------→ CH3CH2OH ethyl alcohol
200C
b. alkane to aldehyde **
When molybdenum oxide is used as a catalyst
Temperature: 350-500C
Methane gives formaldehyde ethane gives acetaldehyde
MoO
CH4 + O2 ------→ CH3OH formaldehyde or methanal
300-500C
MoO
C2H6 + 3 O2 --------→ CH3CH2OH ethanal or acetaldehyde
300-500C 200C
c. alkane to acid**
When potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate [K2Cr2O7] with con H SO is used
2 4
KMnO4/H2SO4
CH4 ----------------------→ HCOOH formic acid
[O]
KMnO4/H2SO4
C2H6 ----------------------→ CH3COOH acetic acid
[O]
4. Pyrolysis **
a. (Thermal cracking)
Heated to high temperature at 500-1000*c in the absence of air.
Methane gives carbon
Ethane gives ethylene
1000C
CH4 ------→ C + 2 H2
500C
C2H6 ------→ CH2= CH2 + H2
500C
C2H6 ------→ CH2= CH2 + H2 ethene
On oxidation
Alkane alcohol aldehyde acid.
It is called olefin. It is used to form oil products. Occurrence: It is found in natural gas,
wood
Methods of preparation
*Preparation: (dehydration) Ethyl alcohol reacts with conc.sulphuric acid at 160 to
170*c gives ethylene.
Aluminium sulphate is added to avoid frothing.
con sul. acid and aluminum sulphate acts as a dehydrating agent.
Ethane is collected by the downward displacement of water.
The impurities of carbon dioxide and sulphurdioxide are removed by passing through
potassium hydroxide solution.
*1. Dehydration of ethyl alcohol with con sulfuric acid at 160-1700
H2SO4 at 160-1700 or Al2O3 at 3000
CH3CH2OH --------------------------------------> C2H4 + H2O
Ethanol
*3. Halogenation
AlCl3
CH2=CH2 + Br2-----> CH2Br-CH2Br
1,2-dibromoethane
Usually bromine solution is orange in colour. But due the above reaction the colour
change disappears. So this is the tests for ethylene.
AlCl3
CH2=CH2 + Cl2-----> CH2ClCH2Cl
1,2-dichloroethane
AlCl3
CH2=CH2 + I2------> CH2ICH2I
1,2-dibromoethane
Reactivity of Cl>Br>I
4. Halo acids
CH2=CH2 + HBr-----> CH3CH2Br
bromoethane
CH2=CH2 + HCl-----> CH3CH2Cl
chlorooethane
5. Addition of ozone: with ozone it gives ethylene ozonide in the presence of carbon
tetra chloride
6. *It reacts with Baeyer’s reagent alkaline potassium permanganate to give ethylene
glycol. Pink color disappears so it is a test for alkene.
KMnO4/H2O
CH2=CH2 ----------------- > CH2OHCH2OH
ethane 1, 2-diol or ethylene glycol
H2SO4
8. CH2=CH2 -------->CH3-CH2OH
H2O
Alkynes:
It has triple bond. Bond angle is 180*C.
Sources: It occurs from natural gas and petroleum.
Members
Physical properties: It is colorless gas with an ethereal smell when pure. It is insoluble
in water and soluble in organic solvents. Vapour density is 13.It is lighter than air. It has
garlic odour. M.Pt -82*C B.Pt -75*C
Chemical Properties: it burns in air with a sooty flame
1. It undergoes oxidation reaction with alkaline potassium permanganate to give oxalic
acid. (Baeyers reagent)
alkaline KMnO4
Oxalic acid
2. Addition of hydrogen in the presence of Ni, Pd, Pt catalyst gives ethane and
ethene
3. Addition of halogen
ethyne or acetylene gives acetylene dichloride and acetylene tetrachloride with
chlorine in the presence of carbon tetra chloride
It reacts with Bromine in the presence of bromine water gives acetylene dibromide
and tetra bromide.
Acetylene reacts with iodine and gives acetylene di iodide in the presence of alcohol.
Polymerization 600C
When acetylene is passed through the red hot tube we get benzene.
Alcohols
From alkane one hydrogen atom is replaced by OH group we get alcohol. OH is the
functional group. They are not found in nature. It is prepared from destructive distillation
of wood and fermentation of sugar.
Structure
Preparation: Lab:
**1. by the hydration of ethene: The addition of a molecule of water to an unsaturated
organic compound is called hydration.
Ethane reacts with sulphuric acid at 80C to give ethyl hydrogen sulphate which on
hydrolysis gives ethanol.
800C and 30 atm
CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 -----------------------------------> CH3CH2HSO4
CH3CH2HSO4 + H2O -----------------------------------> CH3CH2OH
Ethyl hydrogen sulphate ethanol
Industrial method: From water gas: water gas reacts with hydrogen in the presence of
chromium oxide and zinc oxide at 3500C it gives methyl alcohol.
*By fermentation: Ethanol can be prepared by the fermentation of cane sugar or starch
by using invertase and zymase.
Physical properties: 1.It is colorless liquid with strong alcoholic liquid, toxic in nature,
inflammable. It is soluble in water and most of the organic solvents. Boiling point of
methanol is 64.50C and ethanol is 78.30C
*Density: ethanol is lighter than water.It is 0.79 g/ml
*6.Dehydration of ethanol:
With con sulphuric acid methanol gives dimethyl ether at 1400C whereas ethanol gives
diethyl ether and at 160-1700C it gives ethene.
ΔCon sulphuricacid
2 C2H5OH-------------------------- C2H5OC2H5 + H2O
1400C diethylether
ΔCon sulphuricacid
2 C2H5OH-------------------------- C2H4 + H2O
1600C-1700C ethene
Ethanol is used as a solvent for gums and resins, antifreeze, used in spirit level and in
thermometers, in the manufacture of synthetic rubber, paints, varnishes perfumes etc in
the manufacture of acetic acid chloroform, diethyl ether (anesthetic).
Absolute alcohol: It is 100% pure ethyl alcohol. It is prepared by distilling moist alcohol
with benzene.
*Denatured alcohol: It is made unfit for drinking by adding pyridine and copper
sulphate and methyl alcohol. It is called denatured alcohol.
Carboxylic acid: It contains -COOH group as functional group. They are known as fatty
acids because stearic acid and palmitic acid were obtained by hydrolysis of natural fats.
Names are derived from removing e from alkane and adding -oic acid.
*Properties
***1. It is colorless liquid with pungent vinegar like smell.
2. It has sour taste. Boiling point is 1180C.
3. It is highly soluble in water. It turns blue litmus red.
***Pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid because below 16.50C. It solidifies into
ice mass.
Chemical properties: Acidic nature: It ionizes in aqueous solution to furnish hydronium
ion.
*2. It reacts with metals such as sodium, K, Zn and liberates hydrogen gas.
Tests: 1.Esterification
2. It reacts with neutral ferric chloride to give a wine red colour.
3. Its aqueous solution turns blue litmus red.
Uses: It is used for coagulating rubber and for making white lead.
It dissolves P, S and I.
It is used to preserve food. It is used to prepare vinyl acetate, acetic anhydride,
acetamide, esters, acetone etc.
It is used for making cellulose acetate for water proof fabric.
It is used for making metallic acetates which is used in paints and dyeing industries.