The St.

George Hospital

Departments of Renal Medicine/Nutrition and Dietetics

Nutrition Protocols for the Management

of People with Renal Failure

Coordinated by: Maria Chan

Senior Dietitian (Renal Medicine)

Date: November 2007 (under review and to be re- endorsed

by the Renal Physicians of the St. George Hospital)

Last updated and endorsed: September 2000

First developed and endorsed: 1996

This document has been developed by the Nephrologists and Dietitians of

The St George Hospital, Kogarah NSW

These protocols are only intended to provide general guidelines for the dietary
management of patients with Renal Failure. Each patient will receive an
individualised diet prescription and education by the dietitian.
Contents Page

A. Common goals of nutritional management. 3

B. Guidelines and policy for referrals. 4

C. Guidelines and policy of nutrition related issues, 5

e.g. medications used in relation to nutrient metabolism.

D. Abbreviations used. 5

E. Dietary protocols for the management of people with renal disease.

1. Hypertension (general) 6

2. Early Renal Failure 7

3. Moderate Renal Failure 8

4. Predialysis CRF – Advanced Renal Failure 9

5. Nephrotic Syndrome 10

6. Acute Renal Failure 11

7. Haemodialysis (HD) 13

8. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) 14

9. Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) 15

10. Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis (IPD) 16

11. Renal Transplant 17

12. Metabolic Disorders 18

13. Nutritional Support 20

14. Renal Diagnostic Test Diets 21

F. References 22

2
A. Common Nutritional Goals For Renal Disease Management:

 To attain and maintain optimal nutritional status.

(This includes general good nutrition with optimal energy and balanced intake
of all essential nutrients.)

 To attain and maintain ideal body weight (IBW) and lean body mass (LBM).

 Prevention of malnutrition and undesirable change of body weight.

 Control of uraemia and related symptoms.

 To maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.

 Control of hypertension.

 Control of lipid abnormalities.

 Control of hyperphosphataemia.

 To possibly slow the progression of renal failure (in non-dialysis CRF).

 Optimal glycaemic control (in patients with diabetes).

 To encourage regular exercise and physical activities.

3
B. Guidelines and Policy for Referrals (both inpatient and outpatients)

All patients are to be assessed and counselled by the dietitian according to

guidelines in sections C and E or individual variations as per nephrologist.

1. By Medical Officer referral only:

Documentation of referral from AMO is required to initiate dietary

intervention of the following:

- Early/moderate/advanced renal failure, in particular a protein

restricted diet.
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Acute Renal Failure
- Renal Calculi/metabolic disorders
- Others: e.g. diabetes, hypertension, weight, lipid, sodium and
fluid management in patients who do not have renal impairment.

2. Blanket Referral:

- CKD clinic
- Dialysis – Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD, APD
and IPD)
- Transplantation.

4
C. Guidelines and Policy of Nutrition Related Issues

 Medication Used

- Phosphate binders:

Patients are to be educated to control their Phosphorus intake (if applicable)

and to take the phosphate binders as prescribed by their AMO. If any extra
phosphate binders are required for in-between meal supplementary snacks
and fluids, the dietitian should refer the patients to their AMO to adjust the
dosage and timing of the binders used.

- Oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) and insulin:

Adjusting OHAs or insulin dosage may be required when incorporating renal

and diabetic diet therapy, for example inclusion of simple carbohydrate may
be required for diabetic patients to meet their energy requirements. The
dietitian should liaise with the AMO re adjusting their OHAs or insulin
accordingly.

 Vitamin and Mineral Supplements

All vitamins and minerals are to be prescribed by the AMO. The

recommended levels of supplementation are described in Section E. In
special conditions which alter the vitamin and mineral requirements, e.g. poor
oral intake, wound healing, burns, malabsorption, pregnancy etc., the dietitian
should liaise with the AMO re prescribing the appropriate supplements.

D. Abbreviations Used

BMI - Body Mass Index

CKD – Chronic Kidney Disease
CHO - Carbohydrate
/d - per day
GFR - Glomerular Filtration Rate
HBV - High Biological Value
IBW - Ideal body weight (for height)
nPCR - normalised Protein Catabolic Rate
RDI - Recommended daily intake (for healthy Australian)
URR - Urea Reduction Ratio

5
E. Nutrition Management Protocols

1. Hypertension (General)

Referral: Medical Officer referral required.

Remarks: The guidelines below are applicable to people with or without renal
impairment. However, dietary prescription must be adjusted
according to the individual's conditions, e.g. hyperkalaemia,
hyperphosphataemia, diabetes etc.

______________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol:

In General: Healthy eating as per Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

(DASH) recommendations (see reference) and Australian Dietary
Guidelines.

Energy: Aim to attain and maintain IBW

Overweight patients may need weight reduction to aid blood
pressure control.

Sodium: No added salt diet, 80-100 mmol/d Na+ .

Alcohol: No more than 2 standard drinks per day or advised by AMO.

Increased Fruit, vegetables and low fat dairy products for increased intake
Consumption of: of potassium, magnesium, calcium and fibre.

Moderate
Consumption of: Protein

Decreased
Consumption of: Saturated fat, total fat and cholesterol.

6
2. Early Renal Failure

Description:
 Stage 1-2 CKD
 Asymptomatic

Referral: Medical Officer referral required

Remarks: Use of dietary protein restriction is not recommended.

__________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol:

In General: Healthy eating as per Australian Dietary Guidelines.

Protein: Usually no restriction.

Energy: 35-45 Kcal (150-190KJ)/kg IBW/d

30-35 Kcal (130-150KJ)/kg IBW/d for individuals 60 years of age or
older.
Aim to attain and maintain IBW
Overweight patients may need weight reduction to aid blood
pressure control.

Sodium: If hypertension or oedema present:

Approximately 80mmol/d (no added salt)

- may need lower sodium intake if severe oedema present

- may need higher sodium intake in patients with salt-losing
nephropathy.

Lipids: If hyperlipidaemia present:

- Cholesterol <300mg/d
- Saturated fat <10% of energy.

7
3. Moderate Renal Failure

Description:
 Stage 3 CKD

Referral: Medical Officer referral required.

__________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol:

In General: Healthy Eating as per dietary guidelines.

Protein: If a restricted protein diet is required:

Approximately 0.75g/kg IBW/d (Australian RDI) or level as
requested by AMO
Approximately 70% HBV protein.

Energy: 35-45kcal(150-190KJ)/kg IBW/d

30-35 Kcal (130-150KJ)/Kg IBW/d for individuals 60 years of age or
older.
Aim to attain and maintain IBW.

Overweight patients may need weight reduction to aid blood

pressure control.

Sodium: Approximately 80mmol/d (no added salt)

- may need lower sodium intake if hypertension and/or oedema is
a problem
- may need higher sodium intake in patients with salt-losing
nephropathy.

Potassium: No restriction unless hyperkalaemia present

40-70mmol/d if restriction required.

Phosphorus: <1000mg/d if hyperphosphataemia present.

Lipids: Cholesterol <300mg/d

Saturated fat <10% of energy.

Other Vitamins &

Minerals intake: near RDI

Vitamins &
Minerals
(supplementation): May need individualised Calcium, Iron and Vitamin D
supplementation. May need supplementation of Vitamin B
complex, Vitamin C and folate acid near RDI levels if protein intake
is <60g/day.

Fluid: UO + 500ml/d, depending on balance.

8
4. Advanced Renal Failure (Pre-Dialysis)

Description:
 Stage 4-5 CKD
 Symptomatic

Referral: Medical Officer referral required or from “Blanket referral of the CKD
clinic)
___________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol:

Protein: Approximately 0.6g/kg IBW/d (or as requested by AMO)

Approximately 70% HBV protein.

Energy: 35-45 kcal (150-190KJ)/kg IBW/d

30-35 Kcal (130-150KJ)/kg IBW/d for individuals 60 years or older.

Aim to attain and maintain IBW

- energy from CHO approximately 50-60%
- energy from Fat approximately 30-35%.

Sodium: Approximately 80mmol/d (no added salt)

- may need lower intake if oedema present
- may need higher sodium intake in patients with salt-losing
nephropathy.

Potassium: No restriction unless hyperkalaemia present

40-70mmol/d if restriction required.

Phosphorus: <800mg/d if hyperphosphataemia present.

Lipids: Cholesterol <300mg/d

Saturated fat <10% of energy.

Other Vitamins &

Minerals intake: near RDI

Vitamins &
Minerals
(supplementation): Individualized Calcium, Iron and Vitamin D.May need
supplementation of Vitamin B complex, Vitamin C
and folate acid if protein intake is <60g/day.

Fluid: Depending on balance and/or severity of oedema if present.

Restriction as documented by medical officer.

9
5. Nephrotic Syndrome

Referral: Medical Officer referral required.

Additional Goals in Dietary Management:

1. Control of proteinuria.
2. Control of fluid balance.
3. Control of lipid abnormalities.
___________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol:

Protein: Depends on the degree of renal function, usually no dietary protein

modification required.

Remark – high protein diet as recommended in the past is no

longer considered beneficial.

If dietary protein modification required:

0.8-1.0g/kg IBW/d approximately 70% HBV protein
Lower protein diet – 0.6-0.8g/kg IBW/d (or level as advised by AMO)
may be indicated in patients with progressive renal failure.

Energy: 35-45kcal(150-190KJ)/kg IBW/d

30-35 Kcal (130-150KJ)/kg IBW/d for individuals 60 years of age or
older.
Aim to attain and maintain IBW.
Patients on steroid therapy may need to control body weight.

Sodium: If severe oedema present, approximately 50mmol/d (low sodium).

Otherwise 80-100 mmol/d (no added salt)

Calcium: Patients on steroid therapy require adequate calcium intake

(>RDI ie. 800-1000mg/d).

Lipids: Cholesterol <300mg/d

Saturated fat <10% of energy.

Fluid: Restriction as documented by medical officer.

10
6. Acute Renal Failure

Referral: Medical Officer referral required

___________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol:

Non-Dialysed: See dietary protocol for Advanced CRF (4).

Haemodialysis See dietary protocol for Haemodialysis (7).

Or CVVHD:

Energy & Higher requirements for malnourished and hypercatabolic Protein:

patients to prevent negative nitrogen balance. (See guidelines
on next page).

Sodium: Individualised
Anuric or oliguric phase, 60-80mmol/d
Polyuric phase, no restriction or higher intake to replace urinary
losses.

Potassium: Individualised
If hyperkalaemia present, 40-70mmol/d
Polyuric phase – may need high K+ diet.

Vitamins &
Minerals: As per advanced CRF and Haemodialysis protocols (4 & 7).

Fluid: 500ml + losses, generally UO

Restriction as documented by medical officer.

11
Calculation of daily energy requirements in ARF:

CALCULATION OF DAILY CALORIE NEEDS

A) Calculated Resting Energy Expenditure: Modified from the Harris-Benedict

Equation

Males (Kcal/d): 66.47 + 13.75W + 5.0H – 6.76A

Females 655 + 9.56W + 1.85H – 4.6A
(Kcal/d):
W = weight in kilograms; H = height in centimetres; A = age in years
Total Calorie Needs = Calculated Resting Energy Expenditure x Activity Factor x Injury
Factor

ACTIVITY
INJURY FACTOR
FACTOR

Surgery Infection Trauma Burns

Confined to Bed Minor 1.2 Mild Skeletal 40% BSA

1.2 1.2 1.35 1.5

Ambulatory Major 1.3 Moderate Head 100% BSA

1.3 1.4 Injury 1.4 - 1.9
1.6
Severe
1.6 Blunt
1.35

B) Measured Resting Energy Expenditure: Indirect Calorimetry

This involves measurement of:

Oxygen Consumption (VO2 mL/min)

Carbon Dioxide Production (VCO2 mL/min)

And subsequent calculations using the Weir formula.

Abbreviated Weir Formula

3.9 VO2 + 1.1 VCO2 = Kcal/min x 1,440 = Kcal/d

Extracted from: Nutrition in ARF. A Reappraisal for 1990’s.

P. Monson & R. Mehter. Journal of Renal Nutrition
Volume 4, number 2 April 1994.

12
7. Haemodialysis (Stage 5 CKD)

Referral: Blanket referral.

___________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol:

Protein: 1.2-1.4g/kg IBW/d (depending on type of dialyser used)

To aim:
- nPCR ~1.1-1.2g/kg IBW/d
- URR  65%
- pre-dialysis urea ~ 25 mmol/l
Higher requirements for malnourished patient (~1.5g/kg IBW/d)
Approximately 60-70% HBV protein.

Energy: 35-45kcal(150-190KJ)/kg IBW/d

30-35kcal(130-150KJ)/kg IBW/d for individuals 60 years of age or
older.
Aim to attain and maintain IBW
- energy from CHO approximately 50-60%
- energy from Fat approximately 30-35%.

Sodium: ~80mmol/d(no added salt).

Potassium: Restricted if hyperkalaemia present, 40-70mmol/d.

Phosphorus: <1000mg/d plus the use of phosphate binders.

Lipids: Cholesterol <300mg/d

Saturated fat <10% energy.

Other Vitamins &

Minerals intake: RDI levels

Vitamins & Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C and folic acid near the RDI
Minerals: levels. Individualised Vitamin D, Iron and Calcium supplement
(supplementation):

Fluid: 500ml + previous day losses

Aim <0.5kg/d fluid gain, ie. <2-2.5kg interdialytic fluid gain.

13
 8. Peritoneal Dialysis (Stage 5) :Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
(CAPD)

Referral: Blanket referral.

Addition Goals of Dietary Management:

High protein diet to replace high peritoneal protein loss.
___________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol:

Protein: 1.3 -1.5g/kg IBW/d

Approximately 60-70% HBV.

Maintenance – 1.2g/kg IBW/d

Repletion or peritonitis – 1.5g/kg IBW/d
To aim serum urea ~20-25 mmol/l
nPCR ~1.2g-1.5g/kg IBW/d

Energy: Total energy from oral intake and dialysate:

35-45kcal(150-190KJ)/kg IBW/d & 30-35 Kcal (130-150KJ)/kg
IBW/d for individuals 60 years of age or older.
On average, glucose absorption from dialysate provides ~
500kcal/day. So recommend oral intake:
25-35kcal (105-150KJ)/kg IBW/d & 20-30kcal(80-120KJ)/kg IBW/d
for individuals 60 years of age or older.
Aim to attain and maintain IBW
Weight control may be required in view of high absorption of
glucose.

Sodium: Approximately 80mmol/d (no added salt), lower if hypertensive.

Potassium: Restricted if hyperkalaemia present, 40-70mmol/d

High potassium diet if hypokalaemia present.
(Remarks: clearance of potassium in CAPD is usually good and
potassium restriction is not usually needed)

Phosphorus: <1200mg/day plus the use of phosphate binders.

Lipids: Cholesterol <300mg/d

Saturated fat <10% energy.

Other Vitamins &

Minerals intake: RDI levels

Vitamins & Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C and folic acid near the RDI
Minerals: levels. Individualised Vitamin D, Iron and Calcium supplement
(supplementation):

Fluid: Depending on balance (usually 1,000-1,500ml/d).

14
 9. Peritoneal Dialysis (Stage 5): Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)
also known as Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD)

Referral: Blanket referral.

Goals of Dietary Management:

As per CAPD.
___________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol:

Protein:

Energy:

Sodium:

Potassium: *

Phosphorus: as for CAPD protocol

Lipids:

Vitamins &
Minerals:

Fluid:

Remark: To monitor serum K+ as potassium restriction is often needed in APD

due to the nature of the procedure – night dialysis only .

15
10. Peritoneal Dialysis (Stage 5): Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis (IPD)

Referral: Blanket referral.

Goals of Nutritional Management:

As per CAPD

Remark: – this procedure has rarely been performed in SGH over last few years. It
is usually used in patients needing respite care and attending hospital PD.
– The literature has suggested different diets for dialysis and inter-dialysis
days.* However, to minimise confusion to patients, the following diet
prescription will be implemented for all days.
______________________________________________________________________

Dietary Protocol for Dialysis and Inter-dialysis Days:

Protein: 1.2g/kg IBW/d.

Energy: As per CAPD.

Sodium: Usually 60-80mmol/d, depending on blood pressure.

Potassium: If hyperkalaemia present, 40-70mmol/d.

Phosphorus: <1200mg/d.

Lipids: As for CAPD.

Vitamins &
Minerals: As for CAPD.

Fluid: Previous day losses + 500ml. Restricted as advised by MO.

* Suggested guidelines from literature:

Dialysis Day (usually in Inter-dialysis Days (home)
Hospital)
Protein 1.2-1.5g/kg IBW/d 0.8g/kg IBW/d

Energy: As per CAPD 35kcal/kg IBW/d

Sodium: Normal, unless Usually ~80mmol/d (no added salt)

hypertensive depending on blood pressure

Potassium: Normal, unrestricted If hyperkalaemia present, 40-70

mmol/d

Phosphorus: 1200mg/d <800mg/d

Lipids: As for CAPD As for CAPD

Vitamins & Minerals: As for CAPD As for CAPD

Fluid: Depending on balance. Previous day losses + 500ml

Restricted as advised by
RMO

16
11. Renal Transplant

Referral: Blanket referral.

___________________________________________________________________

1. Immediate Post-Transplant (about 6 weeks)

Pre-transplant diet (see haemodialysis or CAPD protocol) and protein and energy
requirement as below until graft functions.

For patient with a functional graft:

Protein: 1.3-1.5g/kg IBW/d

Energy: 30-48 kcal (120-200KJ)/kg IBW/d

Remarks: "Immuno-compromised diet"

To practice strict food hygiene and to avoid foods that may
have high bacteria counts in view of immunosupressant
therapy.

2. Chronic Post-Transplant Phase

In General: Healthy and balanced eating as per Australian Dietary

Guidelines.

Energy: To maintain a BMI between 20-25.

Protein: Approximately 15% total energy.

Fat: <30% total energy

Cholesterol <300mg/d
Saturated fat <10% energy.

CHO: 50-60% total energy, encourage high complex CHO intake.

Calcium: Approximately 1200-1500mg/d.

Phosphorus: Approximately 1200-1500mg/d.

Sodium: Restricted if hypertension present, i.e. 80-100 mmol/d.

Potassium: Patients on Cyclosporine A may need K+ restriction if serum

K+ is elevated.

17
12. Metabolic Disorders (Renal Related)

Referral: Medical Officer referral required.

Common Dietary Protocol:

1. Maintain adequate energy intake and a balanced intake of nutrients.

2. Fluid: High and regular fluid intake, about 2.0-3.0 L/d, preferably WATER, to
produce at least 2 litres urine per day. Regular intake throughout the day, say
second hourly. If suggested by the MO, drink enough fluid at bed-time to aim for
nocturia, and to consume extra fluid after voiding.
___________________________________________________________________

1. Hypercalciuria:

Calcium: Approximately 800mg/d (Australian RDI)

Remark: Dietary calcium restriction is no longer found to be
useful. A low calcium diet may lead to negative Ca2+
balance.

Protein: Usually no dietary modification

Remark: High protein intake may increase urinary calcium
losses.

Sodium: Approximately 80mmol/d, i.e. no added salt.

Fibre: High fibre diet, i.e. 30-40g fibre/d.

2. Hyperoxaluria:

Oxalate: Low Oxalate diet, i.e. 60-70mg oxalate/d.

Calcium: Approximately 800mg/d (Aust. RDI)

Remark: Dietary calcium restriction is no longer found to be
beneficial as it enhances oxalate absorption and excretion
and will therefore increase urinary oxalate.

Protein:
Sodium: As per hypercalciuria
Fibre:

Vitamin C: Avoid supplementation

Vitamin D: Avoid supplementation

Pyridoxine: As prescribed by AMO

18
3. Hyperuricosuria:

Purine: Low purine diet

Optimal protein food intake to avoid excess purine intake.

Energy: Aim to attain and maintain IBW. Overweight patients require

weight reduction.

Sodium: Approximately 80mmol/d (no added salt).

Alcohol: Limit alcoholic beverages or use sparingly.

4. Cystinuria

Protein: Normal intake

A low methionine diet is not applicable as it is restrictive and
impractical.

19
13. Nutritional Support

Nutritional Support may be indicated when:

1. Poor nutritional status is indicated by unintentional loss of body weight, abnormal

nutrition parameters, e.g. total protein, albumin etc.

2. Nutritional requirements cannot be met by food and beverage consumption.

3. Increased in nutritional requirements, e.g. catabolism, wound healing, post-

surgical stress, malabsorption etc.

Routes of Nutritional Support:

1. First line of action is oral nutrition supplementation.

2. If oral nutrition supplementation fails, liaise with AMO re indication for enteral
feeding.

3. Other routes of nutritional support to be "ordered" by the AMO if appropriate:

- Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition (IDPN) for HD patients.
- Intraperitoneal amino acid (IPAA) dialysate for CAPD patients.

20
14. Renal Diagnostic Test Diets

TEST DIET

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) No special diet

Renin Study No special diet

21
 References

General References

1. CARI – Caring for Australasians with Reanl Impairment Guidelines

http://www.cari.org.au/index.php
2. The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative
(NKF KDOQITM guidelines, http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/index.cfm
3. Evidence Based Practice Guidelines for Nutritional Management of Chronic
Kidney Disease. Dietitians Association of Australia. Journal of Nutrition and
Dietetics Vol.63, Supp.2, 2006 S35–S45
4. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure, American
Journal of Kidney Disease Vol. 35, No.6 Suppl. 2 June 2000.
5. Kopple JD & Massry SG, Nutritional Management of Renal Disease, Williams &
Wilkins 1997.
6. Mitch WE & Klahs S. Handbook of Nutrition and the Kidney - Lippincott-Raven
2002.
7. A clinical guide to nutrition in End Stage Renal Disease, 2nd Edition, The
American Dietetics Association 1994.

Hypertension

1. Harsha D. W. et.al. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, a summary of

study results. Journal of the American Dietetics Association 1999;99 (supp): S35-
S39.
2. Vogt T. et.al. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension - various articles in the
1999;99 supplement of Journal of the American Dietetic Association.
3. Appel, L.J. et.al. A Clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood
pressure, N. Engl J. Med. 1997:336.1117-1124.
4. 1999 Guide to Management of Hypertension for Doctors NHF.

Pre-Dialysis CRF

1. Kopple J.D., Nutritional Management of non-dialysized patient with CRF. Kopple

JD & Massry SG, Nutritional Management of Renal Disease, Williams & Wilkins
1997, Chapter 17
2. Walsher M. et.al. Should protein intake be restricted in predialysis patients?
Kidney international, vol.55 (1999) pp771-777.
3. Burgess E. Conservative treatment to slow deterioration of renal function.
Evidence-based recommendations, Kidney International Vol. 55 Suppl. 70 (1999)
SS17-SS25.
4. Kasiske B.L. et.al. A Meta - Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Protein Restriction
on the Rate of Decline in Renal Failure , Am J Kidney Disease 1998, 31:954-961.
5. Delahanty, L. Implications of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial for
Renal Outcomes and Medical Nutrition Therapy. Journal of Renal Nutrition, Vol.
8, No 2, April 1998 pp 158-161.
6. Irvin, B. The Renal Application of 1994 Diabetes Guidelines. Journal of Renal
Nutrition Vol. No. 3 July 1997, pp158-161.
7. Hadfield c. The Nutritional Adequacy of Low Protein Diet, J. Renal Nutrition,
1992;2 (3) suppl. 37-41.

22
Nephrotic Syndrome

1 Kaysen, K. Nutritional Management of Nephrotic Syndrome, Nutritional Management

of Renal Disease, Kopple JD & Massey SG. Williams & Wilkins 1997, Chapter 18.

Acute Renal Failure

1. Kopple JD Nutritional Management of Actute Renal Failure. Nutritional Management

of Renal Disease, Kopple JD & Massey SG. Williams Wilkins 1997, Chapter 24.

2. Monson, P and Mehta RL. Nutrition in ARF - A reappraisal from the 1990s. J. Renal
Nutrition 1994;4(2):58-77.

Haemodialysis

1. Ahmed, KR Kopple, J.D. Nutrition in Maintenance HD patients, Nutritional

Management of Renal Disease, Kopple JD & Massey SG. Williams Wilkins 1997,
Chapter 19.

CAPD

1. Heimburger O. et.al. Nutritional Effects and Nutritional Management of Chronic PD.

Nutrition Management of Renal Disease, Kopple JD & Massey SG. Williams Wilkins
1997, Chapter 21.

Transplantation

1. Marine - Brundage, K.A. Nutritional Management of Renal Transplantation, Nutritional

Management of Renal Disease, Kopple JD & Massey SG. Williams Wilkins 1997,
Chapter 22.

Vitamins & Minerals

1. Chazot, C. & Kopple JD, Vitamin Metabolism and requirements in Renal Disease and
Renal Failure, Kopple JD & Massry SG, Nutritional Management of Renal Disease,
Williams & Wilkins 1997, Chapter 15 & 16.
2. Makoff R. Water Soluble Vitamin Status in patients with renal disease treated with
haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. J. Renal Nutrition 1992;1(2):56-73.

Nutritional Support

1. Faulks, C.J. Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition, Kopple JD & Massry SG, Nutritional
Management of Renal Disease, Williams & Wilkins 1997, Chapter 20.
2. Treatment of malnutrition with 1.1% amino acid peritoneal dialysis solution AKJD Vol.
32, No.5 (Nov) 1998 p761-769.

Metabolic Disorders

1. Massey L.K., Roman-Smith, H and R.L. Sutton. Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium
on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. J. of
American Dietetic Association.

23