PP Connection Design According To en 1993-1-8

Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Steel Structures Publications 33
Teknillisen korkeakoulun teräsrakennetekniikan laboratorion julkaisuja 31
Espoo 2007 TKK-TER-33
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS TO EUROCODE

Preview of MS Power Point presentations
F. Wald
AB TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULU
TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT HELSINKI
UNIVERSITE DE TECHNOLOGIE D’HELSINKI
List of Lessons at Seminar
1. Introduction
Introduction 2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
3. Welded connections
4. Bolted connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8 5. Basics of structural joints
6. Design of simple connections
Prof. František Wald 7. Column bases
Czech Technical University in Prague 8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
9. Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
1 2
Summary List of Content in EN 1993-1-8

List of content 1. Introduction
Timing 2. Basis of design
Lessons
National Annexes
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations 3. Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
CeStruCo CeStruCo 4. Welded connections
Access STEEL 5. Analysis, classification and modelling
Summary 6. Structural joints connecting H or I sections
7. Hollow section joints
3 4
Summary Development of Eurocodes

List of content ECCS Concept in 1978
ECCS First draft in 1984
Timing Lessons
in Window Help Format CEN Started with Eurocodes in 1990
National Annexes with PP Presentations
CEN ENV 199x-x-x in 1992 (actions nationally only)

CeStruCo CeStruCo
CEN EN 199x-x-x in 2005
Access STEEL Advantages
Summary European agreement
All structural materials under one safety concept
Weakness
Copyrights
Size (some countries only rules, some textbooks)
5 6
List of Eurocodes Eurocodes List of Actions
EN 1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of Structural Design EN 1991-1-1 Actions – Dead load published 04/02
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1991-1-2 Actions – Fire 11/02
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN 1991-1-3 Actions – Snow 07/03
Project team Prof. F. Bijlaard
EN 1991-1-4 Actions – Wind 04/05
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete struc. EN 1991-1-5 Actions – Temperature 11/03
Project team Prof. D. Anderson
EN 1991-1-6 Actions – During erection 06/05
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN 1991-1-7 Actions – Exceptional 05/06
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1991-2 Actions – Transport on bridges 09/03
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1991-3 Actions – Crane girders 11/06
EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
7
EN 1991-4 Actions – Silos and tanks 08/05 8
Structural Steel Eurocodes (20 documents) Development of EN 1993-1-8

EN 1993-1-1 Basic rules First package 05/05
EN 1993-1-2 Fire resistance 04/05 From ENV 1991-1 Chapter 6 Connections

EN 1993-1-3
EN 1993-1-4
Thin walled
Corrosion resistant
Annex J Joints

EN 1993-1-5
EN 1993-1-6
Plates
Shells
Annex L Base plates

EN 1993-1-7
EN 1993-1-8
Plates 2
Connections 05/05
Annex K Hollow section joints
EN 1993-1-9 Fatigue 05/05
EN 1993-1-10 Brittle fracture 05/05
EN 1993-1-11 Tensile members (cables) ECCS TC10 comments to ENV 1993-1-1 May 12, 1992
EN 1993-1-12 HSS
EN 1993-2 Bridges CEN/TS250/SC3 project team, head Mr. Jouko Kouhi VTT, Finland
EN 1993-3-1 Mast prEN 1993-1-8 document N 1054 E Sept. 9, 2001
EN 1993-3-2 Chimneys
EN 1993-4-1 Silos 900 national comments
EN 1993-4-2 Tanks
EN 1993-4-3 Pipelines
Final draft Nov. 20, 2001
EN 1993-5 Pilots Voting April 16, 2004
EN 1993- 6 Crane girders
9 Acceptation by CEN May 11, 2005
10
Eurocode Implementation - Examples Summary

Translations
UK N/A; France 12/2006; Poland 2007; Czech Rep. 8/2006 List of content
Timing
National Annexes Lessons
UK 12/2007; France 12/2006; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 8/2006 National Annexes with PP Presentations
CeStruCo CeStruCo
Eurocodes be adopted for government construction
UK unknown; France Not; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 2008 Access STEEL
Conclusions
Eurocodes be adopted for non-government construction
UK unknown; France Not; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 2008
National standards withdrawn

UK 2010; France 2010; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 2010
11 12
National Annex for EN 1993-1-8 National Choice (Czech Rep.)
Alternative procedures Clause 1.2.6 Reference Standards, Group 6: Rivets
ČSN 02 2300: Rivets, Overview (Czech national standards).
Nationally Determined Parameters Clause 2.2 Partial safety factors, paragraph (2)
National choice is allowed in EN 1993-1-8 through (only): Numerical values of partial safety factors for joints are not changed, the values
in Table 2.1 should be used.
1.2.6(6) Reference standard Rivets Clause 3.1.1(3) General, paragraph (2)
2.2(2) Partial safety factors All bolt classes listened in Table 3.1 may be used.
3.1.1(3) Bolt classes Clause 3.4.2 Tension connections, paragraph (1)
If the preload is not explicitly required in design for slip resistance, the hand
3.4.2(1) Hand tightening of the nut is considered adequate tightening of the nut is considered adequate without the control of preload.
5.2.1(2) Classification of joints Clause 5.2.1 General, paragraph (2)
No additional information on classification of joints by their stiffness and strength
6.2.7.2(9) Requirements for elastic distribution of forces in bolt are given to that included in 5.2.1(2).
rows Clause 6.2.7.2 Beam-to-column joints with bolted end-plate
connections, paragraph (9)
The requirements for elastic distribution of forces in the bolt rows introduced
13 14
in (6.26) are not changed.
CeStruCo =
Summary Civil enginnering Structural Connections
List of content Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Timing Bouwen met Staall, Netherlands
Building Research Establishment Ltd., United Kingdom
National Annexes Lessons
with PP Presentations Czech Technical University (contractor), Czech Republic
CeStruCo Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
Access STEEL CeStruCo University of Coimbra, Portugal
Summary Politechnica University of Timisoara, Romania
Review
KREKON Design office, Rotterdam, Netherlands Czech
EXCON a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
15
Constructional Steelwork Association Ostrava, CR 16
European Educational Projects Textbook

ESDEP Basic European educational project 1. Introduction
WIVISS CD lessons 2. Bolts
3. Welding
SteelCall Virtual office 4. Structural Modelling
Stainless SteelCall Internet/CD 5. Simple Connections
6. Moment Resistance Connections
SSEDTA PP presentation + lessons
7. Column Bases
CeStruCo Connection design 8. Seismic Design
NFATEC Internet courses 9. Fire Design
10. Hollow Section Joints
SDCWASS Austenitic stainless steel 11. Cold-Formed Member Joints
DIFISEK Fire design 12. Aluminium Connections
13. Design Cases
17 18
Internet / CD Version Lessons in Window Help Format
Lessons in Window help format
Textbook in PDF file
Worked examples
Presentations
PowerPoint
Programme „Nonlinear analyses of joints by component method“
Video film
Tools for connection design
Example of Software
Example of Tables
19 20
Prepared by RoboHelp tool at Czech Technical University in Prague
PowerPoint Presentations Software
Non-linear Analysis of Steel Connections

Coimbra University
Prediction of behaviour by component method
Based on with nonlinear force - deformation diagram of components
Fire test on 8th storey building Cardington, January 16, 2003 21 22
Video Film CeStruCo on CD
Educational material to support conversion

of ENV 1993-1-1 to EN1993-1-8
Lessons
with PP Presentations
CD / Internet lessons
Statically Stressed Bolts in Dynamically Loaded Connections

CeStruCo
www.fsv.cvut.cz/cestruco
prepared at Delft University
23 24
Access STEEL – Informational tool
Summary at www.access-steel.com
List of content
Timing Lessons
National Annexes with PP Presentations
CeStruCo CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary
25 26
Access STEEL – Information System Access STEEL - Documents

Eurocodes 1993-1-x and EN 1994-1-x for not steel specialists Topics
Project Initiation
Scheme Development
Multi-storey Buildings
Detailed Design Verification Single Buildings
Residential Construction
For practising designers, architects and their clients Fire Safety Engineering
Detailed design of elements
Step-by-step guidance
Full supporting information
250 separate technical resources + 50 interlinked modules
Worked examples Client's guide
Interactive worked examples Concept designs
Flow Charts
English, French, German and Spanish Non-conflicting Complementary Information
Project of EU eContent Programme Worked examples (Pasive and Interactive)
27 28
Example - Client's Guide Example - Concept Designs
29 30
Example - Flow Charts Example - Non-Conflicting Complementary Information
31 32
Example – Pasive Worked Example Example – Interactive Worked Example
33 34
Access STEEL Summary

Informational system based on hypertext engine EN 1993-1-8 – Connectors and joints
EN 1993-1-8 – Will be used from 2007 (mostly)
CeStruCo – Educational material to EN 1993-1-8

Access STEEL – Informational tool for EC3 on internet
35 36
Bases of Design 1. Introduction
2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
according to EN 1993-1-8 3. Welded connections
Prof. František Wald
7. Column bases
8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
1 2
Topics General Requirements

Bases of Design All joints should have a design resistance
such that the structure is capable
Eccentricity at Intersections
of satisfying all the basic design requirements
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses given in EN 1993-1-1.
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
3 4
Partial safety factors for joints Applied Forces and Moments

Resistance of members and cross-sections γM0, γM1, γM2
Resistance of bolts, rivets, pins, welds, plates in bearing γ M2 The forces and moments applied to joints
Slip resistance γ M3, γ M3,ser at the ultimate limit state
Bearing resistance of an injection bolt γ M4
Resistance of joints in hollow section lattice girder γ M5 should be determined
Resistance of pins at serviceability limit state γ M6,ser according to the principles in EN 1993-1-1.
Preload of high strength bolts γ M7
Recommended values
γ M2 = γ M3 = 1,25 (EN 1993-1-1 γ M0 = 1,00, γ M1 = 1,10)
γ M3,ser = γ M7 = 1,10 Frequency bar chart
Effect of actions
γ M4 = γ M5 = γ M6,ser = 1,00 Resistance
5 6
Resistance of Joints Topics
On the basis of the resistances of its basic components
Bases of Design
Linear-elastic or elastic-plastic analysis
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Fasteners with different stiffnesses Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
With the highest stiffness should be designed to carry the load. Classification of Joints
(An exception bolts and slip resistant bolts).
Summary
7 8
Reduction of Resistance
Eccentricity at Intersections of Angles Connected by One Leg
The joints and members should be designed for the resulting (and other unsymmetrically connected members in tension)
moments and forces 2,0(e2 −0,5d0 )t fu
With 1 bolt: Nu,Rd =
Except in the case of particular types of structures - lattice girders γ M2
In the case of joints of angles or tees attached by either a single β2 Anet fu
line of bolts or two lines of bolts With 2 bolts: Nu,Rd =
γ M2
Centroidal axes
β3 Anet fu
With 3 or more bolts: Nu,Rd =
γ M2
Fasteners Reduction factors
Pitch p1 < 2,5 do > 5,0 do
2 bolts β2 0,4 0,7
Fasteners 3 bolts or more β3 0,5 0,7
Setting out lines

9 10
Topics Types of Joint Modelling

Bases of Design STIFFNESS RESISTANCE
Full-strength Partial-strength Pinned
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders Rigid Continuous Semi-continuous -
Classification of Joints
Semi - rigid Semi-continuous Semi-continuous -
Summary Pinned - - Simple
11 12
Elastic analysis at the Serviceability Limit State Elastic analysis at the Ultimate Limit State
Design joint properties based on the type of global analysis Modified stiffness Sj,ini and resistance Mj,Rd
Initial stiffness Sj,ini and resistance Mj.Rd
M
M Sj,ini
M j,Rd
2
3 M j,Rd
Mj,Sd Sj,ini / η
M j,Sd Sj,ini
φ
φ
η is stiffness modification coefficient
13 14
Stiffness Modification Coefficient η M

Sj,ini
Rigid - Plastic Analysis
M j,Rd
Mj,Sd Sj,ini / η
Resistance Mj,Rd and deformation capacity φCd
φ
M
Other types of joints
M j,Rd
(beam-to-beam joints,
Type of connection Beam-to-column joints
beam splices, column
base joints)
Welded 2 3
Bolted end-plates 2 3
Bolted flange cleats 2 3,5 φCd φ
Base plates - 3
15 16
Elastic - Plastic Analysis Joint Modelling and Frame Global Analysis

Full curve description MODELLING TYPE OF FRAME ANALYSIS
M Elastic analysis Rigid-plastic Elastic-plastic analysis

analysis
M j,Rd
Continuous Rigid Full-strength Rigid/full strength
Semi- Semi-rigid Partial-strength Rigid/partial-strength

continuous Semi-rigid/full-strength
S j,ini Semi-rigid/partial-strength
Simple Pinned Pinned Pinned

φCd φ
17 18
Topics Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Hollow sections
Bases of Design
Assumption the members connected by pinned joints
Eccentricity at Intersections (for the distribution of axial forces)
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses Secondary moments (due to rigidity of joints)
Moments resulting from transverse loads
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders Moments resulting from eccentricities
Classification of Joints Type of component

Source of the bending moment
Secondary effects Transverse loading Eccentricity
Compression chord Yes
Summary Tension chord Not No
Yes
Brace member if criter. is satisfied No
Joint Not (if criter. is satisfied)
19 20
Secondary Moments Moments Resulting from Transverse Loads

Moments, caused by the rotational stiffness's of the joints, Momets should be taken into account in the design of the
may be neglected in the design of members and joints.
members to which they are applied
Joint geometry is within the range Brace members may be considered
Ratio of the system length to the depth of the as pin-connected to the chords.
member in the plane is not less than 6 Moments resulting from transverse loads applied to
chord members need not be distributed into brace
members, and vice versa.
Chords may be considered as continuous
beams, with simple supports at panel points.
21 22
Moments resulting from Eccentricities Moments resulting from Eccentricities

May be neglected in the design
Centric of tension chord members and brace members
May be neglected in the design of connections
if the eccentricities are within the limits:
Negative eccentricity −0,55 d0 ≤ e ≤ 0,25 d0
−0,55 h0 ≤ e ≤ 0,25 h0
e eccentricity
d0 diameter of the chord
Positive eccentricity
h0 depth of the chord, in the plane of the lattice girder
23 24
Topics Based on Resitance
Bases of Design
Moment, M
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses M b,pl,Rd Full strength connection
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders Partial strength connection

Classification of Joints Bending moment resistance
of connected beam
Summary
Rotation, φ
25 26
Based on Stiffness (Values for Column Bases) Based on Rotational Capacity

Accuracy of calculation Deformation capacity of connected member
5% Ultimate Limit State
20% Serviceability Limit State Moment,
Elastic rotation M
M M
Relative moment M j / M pl,Rd of connected beam
_ φ
E Ic φ Ultimate rotation
1,0 Rigid φ=
column base L c M c,pl,Rd of connected beam
0,8 Ductile connection (Class 1) φ
S j.ini.c.n = 30 E I c / L c M
0,6 Semi-ductile connection (Class 2)
0,4 S j.ini.c.s = 12 E I c / L c λ o = 1,36 Brittle connection (Class 3)
0,2 Semi-rigid column base

Rotation, φ
Pinned column base
0
0 0,01 0,002 0,003 φ ,27rad 28
Column Bases – Braced Frames Column Bases – Braced Frames

Prediction of column resistance Prediction of column resistance
based on the lower support bending stiffness based on the lower support bending stiffness
Relative stiffness of base plate for λ ≤ 0 ,5 is the limit S j .ini > 0 ,
S j.ini
E I c/ L c Simplified boundary
50 for 0 ,5 < λ < 3,93 is the limit S j .ini ≥ 7 ( 2λ − 1 )E I c / Lc ,
40
30 Accurate boundary and for 3 ,93 ≤ λ is the limit S j .ini ≥ 48 I c / Lc .
20
10 The limiting stiffness 12 E Ic / Lc (slenderness lower than λ = 1,36 )
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 λ0
Relative slenderness of column 29 30
Classification of Joints Topics
National Annex Bases of Design
may give additional information
on the classification of joints
by their stiffness and strength Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
in Cl 5.2.2.1(2) Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Pin is difficult to define Classification of Joints
Small moment resistance Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Small stiffness Summary
High deformation/rotational capacity
31 32
Modelling of Joint by Rotational Springs Shear Panel

Component method
φa
Ma
Mb
Ma Mb T
φb
Forces and moments acting on the joint
Joint Shear panel Shear panel N b2,Ed N b1,Ed

Vb2,Ed Vb1,Ed
separatelly in connections M b2,Ed Mb1,Ed
33 Forces and moments acting on the web panel at the connections 34
Distribution of Internal Forces Topics

Bases of Design
= F t1.Rd = F t1.Rd = F t1.Rd Eccentricity at Intersections
= Ft2.Rd <F
= F t3.Rd
= F t2.Rd
<F <F
t2.Rd
t3.Rd
z1 t3.Rd
z2
z3
≤ F c.Rd ≤F c.Rd
≤ F c.Rd Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Plastic distribution Elastic distribution Classification of Joints
Elastic-plastic distribution
Shear forces Summary
A bolt row in shear only
Rest of shear resistance of each bolt row
Supplement of shear resistance of each bolt row 35 36
1. Introduction
Welded Connections 3. Welded connections
7. Column bases
1 2
Topics Bases of Design

Bases of design
Fillet weld Fillet welds
Design model But weld
Design independent of the direction of loading Plug welds
Very long welds Groove welds
Design example a
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection

EN 1993-1-8 requirements
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Design rules + Design models
Welding in cold-formed zones
Design of partially penetrated butt weld
Summary 3 4
Fillet welds –
Definition of Effective Throat Thickness a Topics
The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld should not be less than 3 mm
Bases of design
Fillet weld
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld
Design throat thickness of flare groove welds in rectangular structural hollow section
5 Summary 6
Design Model of Fillet Welds Plane Stresses
Huber –Misses- Henckey condition of plasticity (HMH)
Triaxial state of stress (needed exceptionally only)
Plane state of stress (needed very often)
σz
σx2 + σz2 - σx2 σz2 + 3τ2 ≤ (fy / γM) 2
σx
a effective throat thickness of the fillet weld

σ┴ normal stresses perpendicular to the throat Uniaxial state of stress (from the material tests)
σ║ normal stresses parallel to the axis of weld (omitted) σ ≤ fy / γM0
τ┴ shear stresses perpendicular to the axis of weld τ ≤ fy / (γM0 √3)
τ║ shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld 7 8
Design Model Correlation factor βw for fillet welds

Standard and steel grade Correlation factor
(
σ 2⊥ + 3 τ 2⊥ + τ 2II ) ≤ f u (β w γ Mw ) EN 10025 EN 10210 EN 10219 βw
S 235
S 235 H S 235 H 0,80
S 235 W
σ⊥ ≤ f u γ Mw S 275 S 275 H
S 275 H
S 275 N/NL S 275 NH/NLH 0,85
S 275 NH/NLH
S 275 M/ML S 275 MH/MLH
fu Ultimate tensile strength of connected material S 355
S 355 H
βw Correlation factor S 355 N/NL S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH 0,90
S 355 M/ML S 355 NH/NLH
S 355 MH/MLH
S 355 W
S 420 N/NL
S 420 MH/MLH 1,00
S 420 M/ML
γMw partial safety factor for material of welds S 460 N/NL
S 460 NH/NLH
S 460 M/ML S 460 NH/NLH 1,00
9 S 460 MH/MLH 10
S 460 Q/QL/QL1
Topics Design Independent of the Direction of Loading

Bases of design
N ⊥ Sd
Fillet weld F w,Sd
Design model F w,Rd F w,Rd
Design independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds La V⊥ ,Sd
Example - Modelling the resistance V // ,Sd
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection fu
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members fvw ,d =
3 β w γ Mw
Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld Fw ,Rd = a fvw ,d
Summary 11 12
Topics Very Long Welds
Bases of design Overloading of weld ends
due to the different deformation of the connected elements
Fillet weld
Design model
τ// τ// τ// τ //
Very long welds
Design example
Lw
Summary 13 14
τ// τ//
Long welds Topics
Lw Bases of design
Reduction of design strength Fillet weld
β Lw = 1,2 − 0,2 (Lw 150 a ) ≤ 1,0 Design model
βLw
1 Very long welds
0,8 Design examples
0,6
0,4
0,2
L/a Welding in cold-formed zones
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
15 Summary 16
Two Fillet Welds in Parallel Shear Fillet Weld in Normal Shear

τ ΙΙ = 0
τ = F 2a l
σ⊥ = τ ⊥ = σ R 2
From plane stress analysis is
F 2a l ≤ fu (β γ
w Mw 3 ) Has to be satisfied
σ2⊥ + 3 τ2⊥ ≤ f u (β w γ Mw )
After substitution
(σ R
) (
2
2 +3 σ R 2 )=
2
2 σ2R ≤ f u (β w γ Mw )
17
(
σR ≤ f u β w γ Mw 2 ) 18
Vl
Connection of Cantilever Flange - Web

Weld VSd
Shear force V Sd = FSd.

Welds are loaded by longitudinal shear force
Transferred by web τII = FSd 2 a h
V l = V Sd S I
fillets
Bending moment M Sd = F Sd e where V shear force
Sd
Transferred by the shape of.weld S Static moment of flange to neutral axis
Centre of gravity, Iwe and cross section modulus W we I moment of inertia
For weld at lower flange cross section modulus Wwe,1 and stress is This longitudinal force is carried by two welds effective thickness a
(
σ ⊥1 = τ ⊥1 = M Sd )
2 W we ,1 Shear stress
For upper weld on flange is
τ II = V l 2 a ≤ f u β w γ Mw 3
(
σ ⊥ 2 = τ ⊥ 2 = M Sd )
2 W we , 2
19 Maximum stress is at the point of maximum shear force 20
Topics Effective Width of Welded Beam-to-Column Connection

Bases of design Connection to plate deformed out of its plate
Fillet weld
Design model
Very long welds
Worked Examples
Summary 21 22
Effective Width Effective Width

t fb
Unstiffened column flanges Unstiffened column flanges
In EN 1993-1-8 Chapter 4.10 In EN1993-1-8 Clause 6.2.4.4
t fb fyb
beff = twc + 2 s + 7 t fc Ft ,fc ,Rd = (twc + 2 s + 7 k t fc )
γ M0
⎛t 2 ⎞⎛f ⎞
beff = twc + 2 s + 7 ⎜ fc ⎟ ⎜ yc ⎟ ⎛f t ⎞
⎜ t ⎟⎜f ⎟ rc k = min ⎜ yc fc ; 1⎟
⎝ fb ⎠ ⎝ yb ⎠ beff ⎜f t ⎟
t wc
⎝ yb fb ⎠
σ
t fc
twc thickness of column web
tfc thickness of column flange twc is thickness of column web
tfb thickness of beam flange tfc thickness of column flange
s equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections tfb thickness of beam flange
23 s is equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections 24
Weld Design for Full Resistance
Topics of Connecting Members - Loading by Normal Force
Bases of design Not directly in code
Fillet weld σt τ⊥
a > 0,7 σw
Design model fu / γ Mw σ
FSd
σ⊥
Design of independent of the direction of loading σ = FSd / (t h) t
Very long welds FSd the acting design force
Example - Modelling the resistance fu plate design strength
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection t the thinness of connecting plate
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members b width of connecting plate
Throat thickness of a fillet weld used in a hollow section joints full capacity of a plate the thickness S235:
(f / γ ) t ( 235 / 1,10 ) t
Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld a > 0,7 y M 0 = 0,7 = 0,52 t ≈ 0,5 t
fu / γ Mw 360 / 1,25
Summary 25 26
Weld Design for Full Resistance Weld Design

of Connecting Members - Loading by Shear Force or Full Resistance of Connecting Members
τ
τ VSd h Loading by shear force ∼ 0,5 t
τ = VSd / (t h) t Loading by normal force ∼ 0,4 t

VSd the design shear force in weld
full capacity of a plate the thickness S235
τt f /( 3 γ M 0 ) t 235 /( 1,1∗ 3 ) t
a > 0,85 ≈ 0,85 y = 0,85 = 0,36 t ≅ 0,4 t
fw / γ Mw fu / γ Mw 360 / 1,25
27 28
Topics Welding in Cold-Formed Zones

Bases of design
Fillet weld May be carried out
within a length 5 t either side of a cold-formed zone
Design model
Cold-formed zones are normalized after cold-forming but before
Design of independent of the direction of loading welding
Very long welds r / t - ratio satisfy the relevant values:
Example - Modelling the resistance
Maximum thickness (mm)
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection r/t Fully killed Aluminium-killed steel
(Al ≥ 0,02 %)
≥ 25 any
Welding in cold-formed zones ≥ 10 any
≥ 3,0 24
Design of partially penetrated butt weld ≥ 2,0 12
≥ 1,5 10
Summary 29 ≥ 1,0 6 30
V
Topics Butt welds
1/2 V
Bases of design Fully suply the cross-section
Fillet weld U
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading π
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance For low quality is decreased design strength
Calculation as fillet weld
Summary 31 32
t
anom
a nom.1
Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld anom a nom c nom

a nom.2
a = anom – 2 mm Full penetration T joints

anom ,1 + anom ,2 ≥ t
t
t
anom
a nom.1 c nom ≤
5
cnom ≤ 3 mm
anom a nom c nom
a nom.2 Partial penetration with an effective width
anom ,1 + anom ,2 < t
. a1 = anom,1 − 2 mm
a2 = anom,2 − 2 mm
33 34
Topics Summary
Bases of design Chapter 4 Welded connections
Fillet weld
+
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading Rules for connection of open sections
Very long welds Component method
Example - Modelling the resistance Rules for connection of hollow sections
Welded
Summary 35 36
1. Introduction
Bolted Connections 2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
(Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins)
7. Column bases
1 2
Scope of the Lecture Material

General
Design resistance of individual fasteners Nominal values of the yield strength fyb
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints and the ultimate tensile strength fub for bolts
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes Bolt class 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 10.9
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts fyb (N/mm2) 240 320 300 400 480 640 900
Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts
Design for block tearing fub (N/mm2) 400 400 500 500 600 800 1000
Lug angles
Pin connections Note: Bolts 12.9 are not allowed
Injection bolts
Summary 3 4
Categories of Bolted Connections Holes (ENV 1990)

Shear connections
Normal
A Fv,Ed ≤ Fv,Rd
from 4.6 to 10.9 +1 mm for M 12
Bearing type Fv,Ed ≤ Fb,Rd
B
Fv,Ed.ser ≤ Fs,Rd,ser
8.8 or 10.9 +2 mm for M 16 up M 24
Fv,Ed ≤ Fv,Rd
Slip-resistant at serviceability +3 mm for M 27 and bigger
Fv,Ed ≤ Fb,Rd
C
Fv,Ed ≤ Fs,Rd Extra large With loose 3 mm (M12) up 8 mm (M27)
Fv,Ed ≤ Fb,Rd 8.8 or 10.9
Slip-resistant at ultimate
Fv,Ed ≤ Nnet,Rd Slotted (elongated)
Tension connections
Accurate – flushed bolts
D Ft,Ed ≤ Ft,Rd
Non-preloaded Ft,Ed ≤ Bp,Rd
from 4.6 to 10.9 for bolt M20 must be the clearance Δd < 0,3 mm
E Ft,Ed ≤ Ft,Rd
8.8 or 10.9
Preloaded Ft,Ed ≤ Bp,Rd 5 6
Positioning of Holes for Bolts and Rivets Maximum Values for Spacings
p1 e1
Edge and end distances are unlimited, except :
Minimum values for spacings e2
for compression members in order to avoid local buckling
p2
and to prevent corrosion in exposed members and;
End distance e1 1,2 d0
for exposed tension members to prevent corrosion.
Edge distance e2 1,2 d0
Distance in slotted holes e3 1,5 d0
Distance in slotted holes e4 1,5 d0
Spacing p1 2,2 d0
Spacing p2 2,4 d0
7 8
Local Buckling of Plate Staggered Rows

in compression between the fasteners: minimum line spacing of p2 = 1,2d0
need not to be checked if p1 / t is smaller than 9 ε

ε = 235 / fy
according to EN 1993-1-1 using 0,6 p1 as buckling length
t thickness of the thinner outer connected part
9 10
Scope of the Lecture Resistance in Shear in One Shear Plane

General Plane of shear is going through threads of bolt:
Design resistance of individual fasteners
Non-preloading bolts For classes 4.6 a 5.6
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing Fv ,Rd = (0,6 f ub A s ) γ M2
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
For classes 8.8 a 10.9
Anchor bolts
Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts Fv , Rd = (0,5 f ub A s ) γ M2
Design for block tearing A s Core area of cross section of bolt
Lug angles
Pin connections f ub Ultimate strength of bolt
Injection bolts
γ M2 Partial safety factor of bolt
Summary 11 12
d0
Resistance in Shear in One Shear Plane Resistance in Bearing d
Plane of shear is going through shaft of bolt

Fb,. Rd = (2 ,5 α f u d t ) γ M2 e1 p1
Fv , Rd = (0,6 f ub A ) γ M2
where α is minimum from formulas
e1 3 d 0 ; p1 3 d 0 - 1 4 ; f ub f u ; 1,0
A Full area of cross section of bolt
fub Ultimate strength of bolt t minimum thickness in one direction
Fb.Sd
γ M2 Partial safety factor of bolt d diameter of bolt
d0 diameter of hole
f ub strength of bolt
13 f u strength of material (0,8 in oversized holes) 14
Resistance in Bearing Bearing of Plate and Bolt

In oversized holes reduction 0,8
Inner bolt
Load on a bolt is not parallel to the edge,
the bearing resistance may be verified separately
for the bolt load components parallel and normal to the end
R 10
20
Outer bolt
30
e1 40 IPE 200
p 1 60 L 140 P 10 - 140 x 100
VSd = 110 kN
e1 40 M 20 - 5.6
tw tp 4
4
5,6 10 10 50
10
15 16
Bearing Resistance of Bolt Group

p1 e1 Tensile Resistance
p1 = 3 d0 e1 = 1,2 d 0
For the holes 2:

Ft,Rd = (k 2 fub A s ) γ M2
F F
e1 1,2 d 0
α= = = 0,4
3 d0 3 d0
For the holes 1: Holes 1 Holes 2
p1 3 d0 As Area of core of bolt
α= − 0,25 = − 0,25 = 1 − 0,25 = 0,75
3 d0 3 d0
γ Mb Partial safety factor
1)Total bearing resistance is based on direct summarising f ub Ultimate bolt strength

Fb ,Rd = (∑α )
2,5 d t fu 2,5 d t fu 2,5 d t fu
= (2 ⋅ 0,4 + 2 ⋅ 0,75 )⋅ = 2,3 ⋅
γ M2 γ M2 γ M2 k2 = 0,90 for regular bolt head
2)Total bearing resistance is based on smallest of the
k2 = 0,63 for countersunk bolt
individual resistances
Fb .Rd = (∑α )
2,5 d t fu 2,5 d t fu 2,5 d t fu
= (2 ⋅ 0,4 + 2 ⋅ 0,40)⋅ = 1,6 ⋅17
γ M2 γ M2 γ M2 18
Punching Shear Resistance Combined Shear and Tension
F t,exp Experimental tensile resistance / predicted tensile resistance
Bp,Rd = 0,6 π dm tp fu / γM2 F t 1,0 Treads in shear plane
Shank in shear plane
F v,S Ft,S
tp plate thickness F v,R
+
1 ,4 F t,R
≤1
0,5
dm the mean of the across points and across
flats dimensions of the bolt head or the nut,
Experimental shear resistance
whichever is smaller predicted tensile resistance
0 F v,exp
d1 + d 2 d1 d w dm 0 0,5 1,0 Ft
dm =
2 d2 19 Owens G.W., Cheal D.B.: Structural Steelwork Connections, Butterworths, 1989.20
Single Lap Connection with One Bolt Scope of the Lecture

1,5 fu d t General
Reduction of bearing resistance Fb ,Rd ≤ Design resistance of individual fasteners
γ M2 Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
M 16 - 5.6
Slotted holes
P5 - 60 x 840
Long joints
Rivets
8 5
FSd Anchor bolts
30 30 Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts
Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
21
Summary 22
Shear and Bearing pass through Packing Bearing Resistance in Slotted Holes
60% of resistance in circular holes
Reduction of bolt shear resistance
(force perpendicular to the long direction of the slot)
9d
βp = 22 18
18
200
Force, F, kN
8 d + 3 tp 40 40 8 16 8
180
Circular holes, (test 1c-16-1-d+2)
40 40 8 16 8 160
β p ≤ 1,0 M 16 M 16
140
120
β p
100
1,0 tp
10 10 Slotted holes, (test 5c-16-1-d+2,5)
80
35 35
50 50 60
25 25
40
0,5 110 110 20
Displacement , mm
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0 t p
0,3 d 1,0 d 1,5 d
23 24
Long Connection Scope of the Lecture
General
Reduction of shear resistance L j − 15d Design resistance of individual fasteners
β Lf = 1 − Non-preloading bolts
200 d
Single lap joints
β Lt β Lt ≤ 1,0 Bearing through packing
1
Slotted holes
β Lt ≥ 0,75
0,8
0,75
Long connections
0,6 Rivets
Lj
Anchor bolts
0,4

0,2 Design for block tearing
0 Lug angles
Lj
0 15d 65d
Pin connections
Injection bolts
25
Summary 26
Rivet Connections Scope of the Lecture

General
Philosophy of design was used for bolts Design resistance of individual fasteners
(class A)

Single lap joints
Bolts spacing's recommendations are coming from rivets Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
27
Summary 28
Anchor Bolts Scope of the Lecture

The nominal yield strength does not exceed General
when the anchor bolts act in shear 640 N/mm2 Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
otherwis not more than 900 N/mm2 Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
For bolts with cut threads reduction by a factor of 0,85 Rivets
Anchor bolts
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
29
Summary 30
Slip-resistant Connections
using 8.8 or 10.9 Bolts Friction Coefficient μ
Fp.Cd
Tests
Prestressing force EN 14399-2:2002 High strength structural bolting for preloading -
Fs.Rd Part 2 : Suitability Test for Preloading
Table for class of friction surfaces
With painted surface treatments a loss of pre-load may occur
Fs,. Rd = (k s n μ γ M3,ser ) F p, Cd over time.
Class of friction surfaces Slip factor µ
F p,Cd is design prestressing force of bolt (= 0,7 f ub A s),
A blasted, metal spraying (EN 1090) 0,5
μ friction coefficient B blasted (EN 1090) 0,4
n number of friction planes C cleaned (EN 1090) 0,3
D cleaned (EN 1090) 0,2
ks coefficient corresponding to clearance of hole
31 32
Hole Size Coefficient ks Combined Tension and Shear

Description ks k s n μ ( Fp ,C − 0,8 Ft ,Ed )
Fs,Rd =
γ M2
Normal holes 1,0
Δ Fb
Oversized holes bolt

Ft
external
or short slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to 0,85 Fb
preload Δ Fj tensile force
Fp
the direction of load transfer total bolt force
Long slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to Fj

0,7
the direction of load transfer
Short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the δ p,ext
0,76 δb δp
direction of load transfer elongation of the bolt plate shortening
δ b,ext
Long slotted holes
0,63
with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer 33 34
Scope of the Lecture Block Tearing

General Block tearing consists of failure in shear at the row of bolts
Design resistance of individual fasteners along the shear face of the hole group accompanied by
Non-preloading bolts tensile rupture along the line of bolt holes on the tension
Single lap joints face of the bolt group.
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
N Ed
N Ed
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary 35
N Ed
36
N Ed
Test FE Model
Rupture
Topkaya C.: A finite element parametric study on block shear failure

Orbison J.G., Wagner M. E., Fritz W.P.: Tension plane behavior in of steel tension members, Journal of Constructional Steel Research,
single-row bolted connections subject to block shear, Journal of 60 , 2004, s. 1615 – 1635, ISSN 0143-974X.
Constructional Steel Research, 49, 1999, s. 225 – 239. 37 38
Design Model Worked Example - Angle

P10; 1.4401
35
Symmetric bolt group subject to concentric loading 40
70
240
Veff,1,Rd = fu Ant / γM2 + (1/√3) fy Anv / γM0

100
35
25
L - 100 x 100 10 70
materiál 1.4401
30 + 7 x 30 +30
8 x M16; 70
60
Ant net area subjected to tension 240
Anv net area subjected to shear In plate (staggered rows)

fu Ant 1 A 0,5 × 530× (35 − 2 × 9) ×10 1 (2 × 240− 6 ×18 − 2 × 9)×10 = 72 + 409 = 481kN
Veff,1,Rd = + fy nv = = + × 220×
γM2 3 γM0 1,25×103 3 1,1×103
Eccentric loading
In angle (staggered rows)
Veff,2,Rd = 0,5 fu Ant / γM2 + (1/√3) fy Anv / γM0 Veff,2,Rd =
0,5 fu,p Ant
+
1 A
fy,p nv = =
0,5 × 530× (60 − 189)×10 1
+ × 220×
(240− 3 ×18 − 9)×10 = 70 + 204 = 274kN
γM2 3 γM0 1,25×103 3 1,1×103
39 40
Single Lap Connection Single Lap Connection

d
t
1,5 fu d t p1
Reduction of bearing resistance Fb ,Rd ≤ β 2 Anet fu p1
γ M2 Nu .Rd =
γM2
( )
2 ,0 e 2 − 0 ,5 d 0 t f u ≥
≤ 52,5
d 0 d0
e2 N u .Rd =
γ M2 p1 p1 p1 p1
β 3 Anet fu
Nu .Rd =
γM2
Reduction factors
Pitch p1
2 bolts β2 0,4 0,7
3 and more bolts β3 0,5 0,7
41 42
Worked Example – Fin Plate Worked Example – Fin Plate, Shear Resistance
3 x M20, 8.8
P10 - 230 x 110
meteriál S235 HEA 200
10 S235
35 80 45
70 70
IPE 300 45 230
S235 70 70
70
230 45
70 50
50
VSd = 100 kN 45
5
50 50 In beam web
60 0 ,5 fu,b1 Ant 1 A 0 ,5 × 360 × 276 ,9 1 1171,5
VRd,11 = + fy,b1 nv = + × 235 × = 199 kN
γ M2 3 γ M0 1,25 3 1,0
43 44
Worked Example – Fin Plate, Tying Resistance Scope of the Lecture

General
45
Single lap joints
70 70
70 70 Slotted holes
45
Long joints
Rivets
50
50 Anchor bolts
In beam web Lug angles
fu,b1 Ant 1 A 360 × 681,6 1 553 ,8
Pin connections
NRd,u,6 = + fy,b1 nv = + × 235 × = 298 kN Injection bolts
γ M,u 3 γ M0 1,1 3 1,0
45
Summary 46
Lug Angles Scope of the Lecture

General
Single lap joints
Slotted holes
1. The lug angle to transmit a force 1,2 times the force in the outstand of Long joints
the angle connected. Rivets
2. The fasteners connecting the lug angle to the outstand of the angle Anchor bolts
member should be designed to transmit a force 1,4 times the force in Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts
the outstand of the angle member. Design for block tearing
3. The connection of a lug angle to a gusset plate or other supporting part Lug angles
should terminate at the end of the member connected.
Pin connections
4. The connection of the lug angle to the member should run from the end
of the member to a point beyond the direct connection of the member to Injection bolts
the gusset or other supporting part. 47
Summary 48
Pin Connections Design of Pin
Analysis Given thickness t
As bolt (shear, bearing)
As beam (bending)
FEd γ M 0 2 d 0 F γ d
Combination of shear and bending a≥
2 t fy
+
3
: c ≥ Ed M 0 + 0
2 t fy 3
d = 30 Given geometry
F Sd
d3 = t1 t2 t1
20
c c
t 1 = 10 t 1 = 10
c =1 c =1 FEd γ M 0
t2 = 18 M Sd t ≥ 0,7 : d 0 ≤ 2,5 t
49
fy 50
Analysis of Pin - Shear Analysis of Pin - Bending

Resistance of one shear area of pin in shear Resistance of pin in bending
Fv . Rd = (0,6 A f up ) γ Mp ≥ Fv .Sd = 0,5 FSd M Rd = (0,8 W el A f yp ) γ Mp ≥ M Sd = (FSd 8 )(t + 4 c + 2 t 1 )
F Sd applied force
F Sd applied force
f yp yield point of pin
f up strength of pin
γMp = 1,45 partial safety material factor t1 t2 t1
γMp = 1,45 partial safety material factor c c
A cross sectional area of pin
A Cross sectional area of pin W el = π d 3 32 cross sectional elastic modulus of pin M Sd
51 52
Analysis of Pin –
Combination of Bending and Shear Analysis of Pin - Bearing
Stresses due to bending and shear: Bearing stress of plate and pin
(MSd M Rd ) + (Fv ,Sd Fv , Rd ) ≤ 1
2 2
( )
Fb, Rd = 1,5 t d f y γ Mp pro f yp ≥ f y a 2 t 1 ≥ t
fy yield point of plates

f yp yield point of pin
t1
c
t2 t1
c
γMp = 1,45 partial safety material factor
M Sd
53 54
Analysis of Pin - Serviceability Scope of the Lecture
Replaceable pin General
the contact bearing stress should satisfy σh,Ed ≤ fh,Rd Design resistance of individual fasteners
E FEd ,ser ( d 0 − d ) Single lap joints
σ h,Ed = 0,591 Bearing through packing
d2 t Slotted holes
Long joints
fh,Ed = 2,5 fy / γM6,ser Rivets
d the diameter of the pin; Anchor bolts
d0 the diameter of the pin hole;
FEd,ser the design value of the force to be transferred in bearing, Lug angles
under the characteristic load combination Pin connections
for serviceability limit states Injection bolts
55
Summary 56
Injection Bolts Bearing Strength of an Injection Bolt β

σ2
k t k s d t b ,re sin β σf b ,re sin
t2
β 1,33
Fb,Rd,resin =
t1
σ2 t2
1
1,0
σ1 t1
1,33
1,0
γ M4
σ2 t
σ2
σ σ 1 1 2
σ2 t2
σ1 σ1 σ2
ß coefficient depending of the thickness ratio 1.0 2.0 t / t 1 2
1.0 2.0 t1/ t2 fb,resin bearing strength of the resin

Bolts of class 8.8 or 10.9 tb, resin effective bearing thickness of the resin
kt 1,0 for serviceability limit state
The design ultimate shear load of any bolt in a Category A
1,2 for ultimate limit state
Preloaded injection bolts should be used for Category B
ks 1,0 for holes with normal clearances or (1,0 - 0,1 m),
and C connections for oversized holes;
m the difference (in mm) between the normal and oversized
57 hole dimensions 58
Scope of the Lecture Summary

General
Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
Non-preloading bolts in Chapter 3 of EN 1993-1-8
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing Non-preloaded bolts
Slotted holes
Long joints Preloaded bolts – preload (0,7 fub)
Rivets
Anchor bolts Injection bolts (replacement of rivets;
Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts bolts 8.8 and 10.9)
Lug angles Pins (including serviceability)
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary 59 60
1. Introduction
Basics of structural joints 2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
(Structural Joints Connecting Open Sections)
7. Column bases
1 2
Scope of the Lecture Different Approaches

General Experimentation
Component method Curve fitting
Basic components Finite element analysis
Assembly Simplified analytical models – Component Method
Resistance M Experiment
Stiffness
Rotation capacity Function lt hb M
φ = C1( kM )1 + C3 ( kM )3 + C5 ( kM )5
M-N interaction
ta
Summary 3
φ
4
Moment-Rotation Characteristic Scope of the Lecture

Rotational stiffness
Moment resistance
General
Rotation capacity Component method
M, moment, kNm
Initial stiffness Sj, ini
Basic components
Joint
resistance Assembly
M j, Rd Experimental curve
Resistance
Elastic Design curve
limit Stiffness
2/3 M j, Rd Rotation capacity
M-N interaction
Rotation,φ , mrad Summary
Deformation capacity φj,Cd 5 6
Procedure Rotational Capacity
Decomposition of joint M Bending moment, kNm
Component description Experimental curve
Column web in tension
Joint assembly Bilinear model
Connection M
j.Rd
Components in tension Plastic

rotational
capacity φ pl
Components in compression Rotational
Classification Web panel in shear capacity
φ
of joint
Column web in compression
Representation 0 φ el φu φ Cd Rotation, mrad
Joint
Modelling in analyses 7 8
Decomposition of Joint Background References

Zoetemeijer P.: Summary of the research on bolted
beam-to-column connections, TU-Delft report 26-6-90-2,
glfe eflg Delft, 1990.
c
Zoetemeijer P.: Summary of the Research on Bolted
c Unstiffened column web in shear to ot Beam-to-Column Connections (period 1978 - 1983), Ref.
o Unstiffened column web in compression No. 6-85-M, Steven Laboratory, Delft, 1983.
t Beam flange in compression
f Column flange in bending Zoetemeijer P.: Proposal for Standardisation of
l Bolt row in tension Extended End Plate Connection based on Test results -
g End plate in bending
e Unstiffened column web in tension Test and Analysis, Ref. No. 6-83-23, Steven Laboratory,
Delft, 1983.
9 10
Practical Application
of the Component Method Spring Models
Parallel configuration
F
Design tables 1
Green book 2
Fu = F1.u + F2.u
Blue book 1
2
k = k1 + k2
Computer programs Serial configuration d δ = min (δ1; δ2)
F 1 2
1
Simplified hand calculation Fu = min (F1.u; F2.u)
2 1 / k = 1 / k1 +1 / k2
δ = δ1 + δ2 .
11 d 12
Scope of the Lecture Description of Basic Components
General
The structural properties of basic joint components are
Component method described in Chapter 6 of EN 1993-1-8.
Basic components e.g.
VEd
Assembly Column web panel in shear

VEd Fc,Ed
Resistance Column web in transverse compression

Ft,Ed
Column web in transverse tension

Stiffness
Column flange in bending Ft,Ed
Rotation capacity End-plate in bending

M-N interaction
Ft,Ed
Flange cleat in bending Ft,Ed
Summary etc.
13 14
Bolts in Tension Ft,Ed End-plate in Bending Ft,Ed
Analytical model Analytical model

Stiffness coefficient F L Stiffness coefficient
δ b = t ,Ed b
2 E As Ft ,Ed m 3
δp =
Ft ,Ed A 3E I 2 Leff ,ini t 3
kb = = 2,0 s F F 3E I 3 Leff ,ini t 3
E δb Lb k p = t ,Ed = t ,Ed = 12 = 0 ,5
E δ p E Ft ,Ed m 3 m3 m3
As
k b = k 10 =1,6 Leff.ini = 1,7 Leff
Lb
Resistance, see bolts Leff t 3
k p = k 4 = k 5 = k 6 = 0,85
Deformation capacity - britle 15
m3 16
Ft,Ed
End-Plate Resistance Failure Modes

By equivalent T-stub in tension
Mode 1 - Plate failure
F
n m
Mode 2 - Plate and bolts failure
L eff
t 2
Mode 3 - Bolts failure
B B
Deformation capacity - ductile

17 18
Bolt head / washer size influence Effective Length
F/2 F/2
F/2 F/2
Circular failure
Q Q Single bolt
ϕ u ϕ Bolt group
Q n m Q
Mode 1 only
dw dw
F/4 F/4 F/2 F/2 F/4 F/4
Q/2 Q/2 Q/2 Q/2

Another failure
Single bolt
u
ϕ ϕ Bolt group
Q n m Q
C C
19 20
α =8 2p 5,5 4,75 4,45

Circular Failure Bolt in Corner λ2 1,4
F F
Leff ,op = α m
1,2
⇒ F F
1,0
F ϕ In EN 1993-1-8 0,8
δ
2r r=m r=n
graph only
Virtual work m
0,6
on cone deformation α
α λ2 = 2
r m+e 0,4
ϕ/2 r´
m
λ1 = 0,2
Leff ,cp = 2 π m
ϕ/2
ϕ m+e
δ ϕ/2
x 0,0
α 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 λ1
α α
21 22
Bolt at Oversize T stub Position

e
e e
mx mx mx
Weld
w bp
e Yield lines
mx
23 24
Column Flange with Backing Plates Flange Cleat in Bending
e bp As equivalent T-stub flange
Increase of resistance Mode 1 h bp
only e bp
4M pl ,1,Rd + 2M bp ,Rd
FT,1,Rd =
m
2
M pl,1,Rd = 0,25Σl eff ,1t f fy / γ M 0
2
M bp,Rd = 0,25Σl eff ,1t bp fy ,bp / γ M 0
25 26
Influence of Gap Another Components

g ≤ 0,4 ta g > 0,4 ta see EN 1993-1-8
ra emin ra emin
m m
0,8 r a 0,5 t a
g ≤0,4 t a g >0,4 t a
ba
Effective length ℓeff = 0,5ba
27 28
Scope of the Lecture Design Resistance

General Welded connection
Component method
Basic components
Ft,Rd
Assembly z M j,Rd
Resistance Fc,Rd
Stiffness
Rotation capacity M j ,Rd =Ft ,Rd z
M-N interaction
Summary 29 30
Design Resistance Simplified Lever Arm
Boted connection – one bolt row
Ft.Rd
Ft.Rd
z z z z z
z z
Fc.Rd Fc.Rd
M j ,Rd = ∑F i ti ,Rd
zi
31 32
More Bolt Rows - Firs Bolt Row (start from top) More Bolt Rows – Second Bolt Row
Limits Colum web in shear Column web in Beam flange in Colum web in shear Column web in Beam flange in
compression compression
Limit compression compression
by By shear Ft1.Rd
shear and and compressed

Ft1.Rd Ft1.Rd Ft1.Rd Ft1.Rd Ft1.Rd
Ft2.Rd
compressed part Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd
part
Resistance Column flange in Column web in tension End plate in bending
bending,
of
second bolt row Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd
Resistence Column flange in Column web in tension End plate in

bending bending
of Ft1.Rd Ft1.Rd F
t1.Rd Column web in tension Column flange in bending Column web in tension
first bolt row
Resistance Ft1.Rd Ft1.Rd
of Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd
33 both bobt rows 34
More Bolt Rows - Third Bot Row Scope of the Lecture

Taking into account bolt General
rows groups Component method
Ft2.Rd
Etc. Ft3.Rd Ft3.Rd
F
t1.Rd
Ft1.Rd F
t1.Rd
Basic components
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Assembly
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Resistance
Stiffness
Part in compression
F
t1.Rd
F
t1.Rd
Rotation capacity
Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd
M-N interaction
Part in tension Ft3.Rd Ft3.Rd
35
Summary 36
φ
Rotational Stiffness Shape Stiffness Ratio Factor
Rotatinal stiffness Sj = M / φ From curve fitting ⎛ M
ψ
⎞
S j ,ini
μ= = ⎜ κ Sd ⎟ ≥1
Fi Sj ⎜ M ⎟
Deformation or a component
δi = M, moment, kNm ⎝ j ,Rd ⎠
ki E
j,
Joint
∑δ i resistance
M j, Rd
Initial stiffness S ini
Rotation in joint φj = i
z Elastic Design curve
Joint with more springs limit
2/3 M j, Rd Shape by stiffness ratio factor
Mj Fi z Fi z 2 E z2 E z2
S j .ini = = = = →
φj ∑δ i
Fi
∑k ∑
1 1
μ∑
1 Deformation capacity φj,Cd
z E i ki ki Rotation,φ , mrad
37 38
More Components Equivalent stiffness

δ
p q lg
∑k eff ,i zi
pq k eq = i
lg z1 z z
z
n Mj φ 2 φ
o 1
i φ1 φ2 φ3 k eff =
1
∑k i i
n i p p z1
o q q
g g Lever arm
l l ∑k eff ,i z i
2
z4
z= i
∑k i
eff ,i z i
39 40
Scope of the Lecture Rotation Capacity

General For platic global analyses
For basic safety M
Component method
Basic components M j.Rd
Assembly
φCd
Resistance Ductile components
Stiffness Plate in bending 0,0 φ el φu φCd φ
Rotation capacity Column web in shear
M-N interaction Brittle components
Summary 41
Bots, welds
42
Upper Limits for Material In EN 1993-1-8
In the US standard only
F Deem to satisfy criteria
Brittle
Ductile
Welded joints
Unstiffned φCD ,min = 0,015
Unstiffned in tension + Stiffened in compression + No shear
δ influece
φCd ,min = 0,025 hc / hb
δ Cd,1 δ Cd,2
F
Ductile
Boted joints
Brittle Plate failure
δ
End plate/column flange thickness t ≤ 0,36 d fub / fy
δ Cd,1
δ 43Cd,2 44
Scope of the Lecture M-N Interaction

General For most portal frame connections (pitched rafters)
Component method In EN 1993-1-8
Basic components Limit 5% of normal force resistance of connected element
Linear interaction
Assembly NSd M
+ Sd ≤ 1
Resistance N j ,Rd M j ,Rd
Stiffness
Component method
Rotation capacity
M-N interaction
Summary 45 46
Example VSd M Sd Application of EN 1993-1-8 Procedure

NSd
NSd M
Normal force, kN + Sd ≤ 1
N j ,Rd M j ,Rd
e Normal force
w e N j,t,M,Rd
f Nj,t,M=0,Rd f Linear interaction
F 3,t
F2,t
5 % error Linear interaction
et
n Nj,t,M,Rd
g d Moment,
kNm g M j.c.N d Moment F1,t
h c M j.t.N
h c
Component method F2,c
et
i Linear interaction Component method
i m Nj,c,M,Rd
N j,c,M=0,Rd F1,c
j k 47
N j,c,M,Rd
48
j k
Component Method - Resistance Stiffness
Centre of the part in tension
F t.Rd
Simplification to two springs
Bolts
Compressed part – in centre of flage
zt
N Sd M Sd Fc.t.Rd
z Ft.Rd
Centre of the part in compression zt z

NSd NSd c.t
zc z z
MSd MSd
Neutral axis zc z
c.b
F c.Rd Fc.b.Rd
Fc.Rd Active part
Bolts and compressed part Two compressed parts
As for base plates

49 50
Evaluation on Tests M - φ Diagram Praha Test

Normal force, kN Moment, kNm
200 30
Test Test SN 1500
100 SN 1500 25
Moment, Prediction by component method
20 kNm
0 10 20
-10 0
SN 1000 15 Prediction of resistance
-100 by interaction
Interaction 10
-200 Component method
5
Rotation, rad
0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
51 52
Evaluation on Coimbra Tests M - φ Diagram Coimbra Test

Moment, kNm
Normal force, kN Test EE7
800 Component method 120
Interaction Experiments Prediction by component method

100
400 EE7
EE6 Moment,
kNm 80
0 EE1 Prediction of resistance
0 EE2
by interaction
-50 EE3 60
50 EE4
-400 EE5
40
20
Rotation, rad
0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06
53 54
1. Introduction
Design of Simple Connections (of Open Sections) 3. Welded connections
7. Column bases
1 2
SSEDTA Lecture List of Lessons related to Connection Design

Flow Charts
New and Flexible Approach to Training for

Simple connections - fin plates
Simple connections - end plates
Engineers in Construction
Column splices for both axial load & moment
Column bases (axial load only)
Non-conflicting Complementary Information
Design model for simple end plate connections
A: Detailing guidance
B: Shear resistance
Leson 16 Design of Simple Joints

C: Tying resistance
Design model for simple fin plate connections
A: Detailing
B: Shear resistance
C: Tying resistance
Access STEEL information tool on internet

Design model for simple Column splices (non-bearing)
Initial sizing for non-bearing splices
Design model for simple Column bases - axially loaded
Passive examples
Beam to beam fin plate connection
Beam to column end plate connection
Column splice (non-bearing)
Column base, axially loaded
Column splice (bearing)
3 4
Example – Fin Plate

Flow chart
5 6
Example – Fin Plate
Subject to shear
1 3 1 3 1
2 2 2
1. Fin plate
2. Supported beam
3. Column
4. Supporting beam
7 8
Example – Fin Plate Example – Fin Plate

Mode of failure - subject to shear Ductility requirements
Bolts in shear VRd,1
not guided by bolt shear failure
Fin plate in bearing VRd,2
Fin plate in shear (gross section) VRd,3
Fin plate in shear (net section) VRd,4
Fin plate in shear (block shear) VRd,5
Fin plate in bending VRd,6
Fin plate in buckling (LTB) VRd,7
Beam web in bearing VRd,8
Beam web in shear (gross section) VRd,9
Beam web in shear (net section) VRd,10
Beam web in shear (block shear) VRd,11
Supporting column web or supporting beam web (punching shear) VRd,12 9 10
Example – Fin Plate Example – Fin Plate

Rotation capacity requirements Subject to tying forces
1. Given rules in initial design
Depth of Fin plate Fin plate width Horizontal gap Beam edge Fin plate edge 1 1 1
3 3
supported beam thickness bp (mm) gh (mm) distance distance
hb1 (mm) tp (mm) e2,b (mm) e2 (mm)
hb1 ≤ 600 10 100 10 40 50 4
hb1 > 600 10 120 20 40 60
bp
or gh
gv 2 2 2
2. Limit of hight and calculate required rotation e1,b
e1
1. Fin plate
hp ≤ hb − 2t f,b1 − 2r
a
p1
hp 2. Supported beam
p1
φavailable > φrequired e1

3. Column
4. Supporting beam
e 2 e 2,b he
11 12
z
Example – Fin Plate Summary
Mode of failure – subject to tying Design of simple connections not described
in EN 1993-1-8
Bolts in shear NRd,u,1
Fin plate in bearing NRd,u,2
Fin plate in tension (block tearing) NRd,u,3 Tables
Fin plate in tension (net section) NRd,u,4
Green book UK
Blue book Germany
Beam web in bearing NRd,u,5
ECCS TC10 document (in preparation)
Beam web in tension (block tearing) NRd,u,6
Beam web in tension (net section) NRd,u,7
Access STEEL materials on internet
Supporting column web in bending NRd,u,8
13 14

1. Introduction
3. Welded connections Thank you for your attention
5. Basics of structural joints
7. Column bases
15 16
Structural Steelwork Eurocodes Simple Joints
Frames are traditionally analysed assuming joints to

be either:
Design of Simple Joints
– Pinned.
– Rigid.
However few joints meet these ideals.
1 2
Design Considerations of Joints EC 3 Requirement
EC3 states that:

Rigid Joints: – “A nominally pinned connection shall be designed
– Expensive to fabricate and construct. so that it cannot develop significant moments
which might adversely affect members of the
structure.”
Real Pin Joints:
– Also expensive
Simple Joints:
– Need to be flexible
3 4
Joint Requirements Joint Properties
Joints have three principal properties:

Joints must: – 1. Strength:
– Transfer actions. » able to transfer moments & forces.
– Accept required rotations. – 2. Stiffness:
» have an appropriate slope on M - Ø curve.
– 3.Deformability:
» Have adequate rotation capacity.
5 6
Stiffness Requirement Strength Requirement
S j,ini not greater than: 0,5 E Ib / Lb. Depends upon the members connected.
where: Ensures that joint has only a small resistance

S j,ini is the initial rotational stiffness of the connection. compared to the connected members.
Ib is the second moment of area of the connected
beam. Remember that shear and any axial load must be
Lb is the length of the connected beam. transferred between members.
7 8
Maximum Moment Resistance Rotation Capacity
Mpbisisfully
Mpc fullyplastic
plasticmoment
momentofofresistance
resistanceofofcolumn.
beam.
Joint must not fail as a consequence of any large
rotations required.
Mpc Mpc
Not sufficient to consider just the detail of the

Mpb Mpb connection in initial state.
Mpc Mpc
If Mpb < 2Mpc If Mpb > 2Mpc

then Mj,Rd = 0.25Mpb then Mj,Rd = 0.25*2*Mpc
Figure 1: Maximum moment resistance requirement for simple joints 9 10
Effect of Gap Closure Practicalities
φ
M Many joints currently assumed to operate as simple
joints transfer moments in excess of EC3 limits.
Contact between beam
flange and column face
Resulting designs function satisfactorily.
M Supported by extensive research.
φ
Figure 2 : Effect of gap closure
11 12
Transfer of Forces Beam to Column Joints
Example 1
Joints likened to links in a chain.
Strength determined by weakest link.
Principal transfers by:

– Welding.
– Bolting.
Top and seat cleats Seat and stability cleats
– Riveting,(occasionally ).
(major and minor axes (major and minor axes)
13 14
Beam to Column Joints Beam to Column Joints

Example 2 Example 3
Single web cleat (major axis: Double web cleats (minor

bolted to beam and column) axis: Welded to beam,
Welded fin plate: (minor axis: bolted to column).
bolted to beam, welded to column. Tab plate: (major axis:
Shear plate (major axis) Shear plate (major axis)
welded to beam, bolted to
column).
15 16
Typical Beam to Beam Joint Simple Web Angle Connection
Supporting
Supported beam
beam
Figure 4:
Beam to beam
connections
Single
Double notched
notched angle
end plateconnection
connection
2.1.2 Should any tying forces need to be considered ( as is the case in the
U.K.NAD). Then the connection must also be checked for such action which
will involve consideration of the following potential failure modes, remembering
that it will often be necessary to combine the axial and the shear forces to
obtain a resultant action.
17 18
Transfer of Forces Simple Web Angle Connection
Shear force must be transferred to column.
This involves several steps:

– Beam into bolts.
– Bolts into angle.
– Angle into bolts.
– Bolts into column flange. a1
Lv
a3
a2
19 20
Transfer of Forces Checks Needed for Tying

Forces
Web of beam into bolts:

Block shear in beam web (amended failure zone).
– Block shear.
Bearing in bolts to beam web.
Web of beam into bolts:
Shear in bolts.
– Bearing.
Tensile capacity of web cleats.
Shear failure in bolts.
Tensile capacity of bolts to column face.
Bearing and block shear in angle legs.
Shear in bolts to column flange.
Bearing in bolts to column flange.
21 22
Other Detailing Guidance Summary
The philosophy of simple joints in terms of idealised and

Minimum end distance. real behaviour has been introduced.
Minimum edge distance. The concept of joints as an assemblage of components
Maximum end and edge distances. has been put forward.
Minimum bolt spacing. Requirements for strength, stiffness and rotation capacity
Maximum bolt spacing. have been described.
Examples of practical details are provided.
23 24
1. Introduction
Column Bases 2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
5. Basics of structural joints
Prof. František Wald 6. Design of simple connections
7. Column bases
1
Scope of the Lecture Background Materials

Basis of design ENV 1993-1-1
Components – Annex L (1992)
– Base plate in bending and bolt in tension – Annex A2 – Design of Joints (1992, 1999)
– Base plate and concrete in compression
– Anchor bolt in shear COST C1
Assembly - Semirigid connections (EU project, finished 1999)
– Resistance
– Stiffness
– Pre-design
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
Fixing by Base Plate Component Method

Base plate in bending
Baseplate and concrete Baseplate in bending Column flange and web Anchor bolt
and anchor bolts in tension
in compression anchor bolts in tension in compression in shear
Column web in compression

Base plate in bending
and concrete in compression
Anchor bolts in shear
Major components
Scope of the Lecture Base-plate in bending
Basis of design
and anchor bolts in tension
Components
– Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Column flange F
– Base plate in bending and concrete in compression e m
– Anchor bolt in shear
Assembly
– Resistance
– Stiffness t
– Pre-design l eff
Classification
Base plate
Worked examples
Summary
F
Contact of Edge of T stub
δb = Θp n
m n
Θp δb
Q=0 Q=0
8 ,82m 3 As <
Lb .lim = > Lb
Leff t 3
Embedded Anchor Bolt Force, kN

40
180
160
L bf 140 Experiment W13/98
L b 120
Experiment W14/97 φ 24 - 355
315 3
L be 100
Prediction
P6 - 40 x 50 40 5
80 50 10
d 60 10
6
40 5
P10 - 95 x 95
20
Lbe ≅ 8 d
0
95 95
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6
Deformation, mm
CEB documents for anchor bolts resistance

e
F / Σ B t.Rd
1
Mode 2
n m Mode 3
0,8
FRd.3 FRd.1 FRd.2
Bt.Rd B t.Rd Mode 1
Bt.Rd Bt.Rd B B 0,6
Q Q Q Q
0,4 Mode 1*
a) Mode 3 b) Mode 1 c) Mode 2
0,2
End plate – contact or no contact

FRd.1*
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Base plate – no contact B B
4 l eff M pl.Rd / Σ B t.Rd
350 Force, kN 350 Force, kN

FRd.1*
Resistance
300 300 W97-12
250 Simplified prediction 250

Experiment
200 200
m = 32
Complex calculation Complex calculationm = 67
150 150
B B Simplified prediction
100 100
50 50
∗
2 Leff M´ pl .Rd W97-02
Deformation, mm Deformation, mm
= 0 0
F Rd .1
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Stiffness Effective length of T stub
No prying
0 ,425 Leff t 3 As
kp = kb = 2 ,0
e m
m3 Lb
Prying accured
0 ,85 Leff t 3 A
Prying occured
l 1 = 2 α m − (4 m + 1,25 e )
No prying
l 1 = 2 α m − (4 m + 1,25 e )
kp = kb = 1,6 s l2 = 2π m l2 = 4π m
m3 Lb Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ) Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 )
Leff ,2 = l 1 Leff ,2 = l 1
e w e
ex
mx
Effective Length for Hollow Sections
(not in EN 1993-1-8)
a
bp
ac
b b bc
No prying (a) m
Prying
l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x m m eb ea
l 2 = 2 π mx l 2 = 4 π mx
l 3 = 0,5 bp l 3 = 0,5 bp Leff .1 = π m Leff .2 =
b
(a − a c )2 + (b − bc )2
l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex m= − e a + eb
2 2
2
l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex Leff .5 = π m Leff .4 =
a 2
l 6 = π mx + 2 e l 6 = 2 π mx + 4 e + eb
2 2
2 ea
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 ) Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 ) Leff .3 = m (a − ac )2 + (b − bc )2
8 e a eb
Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ) Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 )
L eff = min ( Leff .1 ; Leff .2 ; Leff .3 ; Leff .4 ; Leff .5 )
Scope of the Lecture Base plate in bending

Basis of design
and concrete in compression
Components FSd FRd
Column flange
c tw c
Assembly t
– Resistance L
– Stiffness Base plate fj
– Pre-design
Classification
Flexible
base plate
Worked examples
3D behaviour – concrete in crushing
Summary
Concrete 3D Resistance in Crushing c cc

(the same as EN 1992-1-1) a1 c
c
a ar
t c c
a 1 b1 t
Joint coefficient kj = h Effective width
ab b b1
1
br
Elastic resistance ensuring small deformations, to unit length M′ = t 2 fydfyd
M
⎧a + 2 a r ⎫ 6
⎪5 a ⎪ 1
⎪ ⎪ Bending moment to unit length M ′ = 1f j c 2 2
a 1 = min ⎨ ⎬ a1 ≥ a M ′ =2 f j c
Effective width ⎪ a + h ⎪ 2
1 1 f 2c 2 =1 1 2t 2 f
⎩⎪5b1 ⎭⎪
Equivalent length of cantilever c f j cj = 6t fy y
22 6
fy
⎧b + 2 br ⎫ Effective width c=t
fy
⎪5 b ⎪ 3 γ Mc0 =f jt
⎪ ⎪ 3 γ M0 fj
Effective width b1 = min ⎨ ⎬ b1 ≥ b
⎪ b + h ⎪
⎪⎩5 a 1 ⎪⎭
Contact Area Comparison to FE simulation
Vertical deformation at the surface, mm Vertical deformation along the block height
c
0,0 top of the concrete block
c elastic deformation of the whole block elastic deformation
c Ap A 0,1
F
} local deformation under plate
predicted value
δ glob
deformation at the edge
δ edge
deformation at the axis
δ axis
A eq
edge axis foot of the concrete block Vertical deformation, mm

c c 0 0,1
c
Stiffness Comparison to Experiments

F α ar 1800 Force, kN
δ r = deformation of elastic hemisphere F
E c Ar tw
1600 L
t
1400 Calculated strength
0 ,85 F
δ r = 1200 Experiment δ
Ec L ar
Concrete and grout
1000
Concrete
F E c a eq . el L E c a eq . el L 800
kc = = =
δ E 1 ,5 * 0 ,85 E 1 ,275 E 600
Prediction based on local and global deformation,
fy 400
a eq.el = t w + 2,5 t ≈ a eq.str = t w + 2 c = t w + 2 t
3 f jγ M 0 200 Prediction based on local deformation only
cfl
0
x
E Ip
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
δ Deformation, mm
Grout
t tg
tg Scope of the Lecture
tg Basis of design
o tg Components
h 45
o
45
– Base plate in bending and concrete in compression
Assembly
βj = 2 / 3 lower nut

– Resistance
f c.g ≥ 0,2 f c – Stiffness
– Pre-design
t g ≤ 0,2 min (a ; b) packings Classification
t g ≥ 0,2 min (a ; b) Worked examples
Summary
Components in Shear Anchor Bolt in Shear
Fh
Resistance in tension
Fh
Reduce resistance in tension
δh
Resistance in bending and shear
δh
0
4.6 5.6
0 ,375 f ub As 0 ,250 f ub As
F v .Rd = F v .Rd =
γ Mb γ Mb
Format as bolts in shear
Resistance
Scope of the Lecture
N Rd M Rd
Basis of design Aeff active part
Components
– Base plate in bending and bolt in tension rb r c
– Base plate in bending and concrete in compression

∑ F t.Rd
N Rd = fAeff f j − ∑ Ft .Rd
Assembly j
– Resistance
– Stiffness N Rd = Aeff Mf jRd- =∑
∑FFt .tRd.Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
M Rd = ∑ F t . Rd rb + Aeff f j rc
– Pre-design
Classification
Worked examples
Plastic design – force equilibrium
Summary Complex shape of contact area
M1 , N
M
1 Scope of the Lecture
Basis of design
M 2, N 2 Components
M N=0 – Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
N Rd = Aeff f j − ∑ Ft .Rd – Anchor bolt in shear
Assembly
– Resistance
compression
tension M Rd = ∑ Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc . – Stiffness
– Pre-design
Ft.Rd 0 N N Classification
M=0
Worked examples
Interaction diagram
Summary
History of Loading MSd
NSd c c
Moment c cc c
MRd Non-proportional c
Non-proportional loading loading
Moment
Proportional loading Proportional c
loading z
Nonlinear part of the curve
Column base zT zc
Plastification of one component resistance
N φRd = Aeff fkj −⎪⎨ ∑ Ft .Rd
⎧ kp
0 Normal force t
⎪
Anchor bolts in tension and one flange in compression ⎩ kc kc kc
Ft Fc kb
M Rd = ∑ Ft .Rd⎛ rb + Aeff f j rc .
e0 NSd
S j.ini ⎞
0 Rotation ⎜ ⎟
M Rd = min ⎜ ⎟
FT .Rd z Fc .Rd z
;
⎜ zc zt ⎟
⎜1− 1+ ⎟
⎝ M Sd / N Sd M Sd / N Sd ⎠
Simplified contact area
Stiffness
MSd / NSd = konst. xc <N Sd / MSd < ∝ Moment, kNm
t = 30
120
2 25 400 kN M
M Sd / N Sd Ez 100
Rd
Sj = HE 160 B M 20 - 10.9
M Sd / N Sd − α 1
μ∑ c c
80 20 t
ki 60
z k −z k c
c cc c
α= c c t t 15
∑c F N Rd = Aeff f j − ∑10Ft .Rd
40
kc + kt N Rd = Aeff f j − t .Rd 20
μ = ( 1,5 γ )
2 ,7 0 Rotation, mrad
/ 2Rd = ∑ Ft⎪⎨k.Rd rb + Aeff f j rc . Rd = ∑ Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .

⎧ k 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
rM M
p
1+ ⎪
⎩
t
kc kc kc
M Sd / N Sd kb
γ =
r/2 Sensitivity study, base plate thickness
M Rd / N Sd +
M Sd / N Sd
Simplified contact area
Normal force, kN NSd

M
Sd
3 000 HE 200 B Components Assembly

Lever arm is changing by the activation of one bolt row
Lever arm is changing by the activation of both bolt rows M 24
t Force, kN Moment, kNm
30
Base plate thickness, t, mm 80
40 200
M pl.Rd Ekb
2 000 Simplified prediction h = 1 000 100 Experiment
N pl.Rd Anchor bolt
30 0 60 W7-4.20-prop
0,5
25 1 600 200 Force, kN
j −∑ ∑ Ft .Rd
M
1 000
20 N Rd = Aeff fColumn F
resistancet .Rd
420 590
100 E k p N Rd40 = Aeff f j −Prediction HE 160 B
N
15 Base plate
0
590 0,5 t = 20
M Rd = ∑ Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc . M Rd20 = ∑ Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .

h = 500
0 420 200 E k c Force, kN
100 Moment, kNm 100
1 600 0,5 Concrete
0 0
Deformation, δ , mm
0 10 Rotation, mrad
Sensitivity study, base plate thickness, resistance

Comparison to experiment
Pre-design, stiffness
E z2t
S j .ini .app = Basis of design
20 Components
M M – Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Sd Sd
N Rd = Aeff f j − ∑ Ft .Rd – Anchor bolt in shear
Assembly
– Resistance
M Rd = ∑ Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc . – Stiffness
– Pre-design
z z Classification
Worked examples
Lever arm Summary
Classification
Non-Sway by Resistance
According to stiffness Fcr.pin t = 12 mm

β = a 1 = b1 = 280 mm
Fcr,res
a = b = 500 mm
1
h = 1000 mm
M 24 -420
Accuracy 0,9 S j,ini,pin S j,ini,pin = 7 100 kNm / rad
t = 40 mm
5% in resistance and 10% in serviceability 0,8
a 1 = b1 = 420 mm
S j,ini,stif a = b = 500 mm
h = 1000 mm
0,7 M 24 -420
Simillar to beam-to-column joints S j,ini,stif = 74 800 kNm / ra
0,6 _
0,0001 0,01 1,00 100,0 log S
λo ≤ 2
pro λ o ≤ 0,5 Sj,ini ≥ 0 Sway Frames for Serviceability
pro 0,5 < λ o < 3,93 Sj,ini ≥ 7 (2 λ o - 1) E Ic / Lc 5 kN
115 kN 115 kN
yS / yP
pro λ o ≥ 3,93 Sj,ini ≥ 48 E Ic / Lc
y
HE 200 B
1,0
HE 200 B 4m
0,8
λ o ≤ 1,36 0,6
S j,ini,pin
Sj,ini ≥ 12 E Ic / Lc. 0,4
5m
S j,ini,stif
0,2
Asked stiffness for relative slenderness 0

0,01 100
log S
0,0001 1
Relative moment Scope of the Lecture
1,0 Rigid
0,8
connection Basis of design
0,6
S j.ini.c.n = 30 E Ic / L c Components
0,4 S j.ini.c.s = 12 E I c / Lc λ o = 1,36
0,2 Semi-rigid connection
Hinge
0 Assembly
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 Relative rotation, φ
– Resistance
In relative values – Stiffness
– Pre-design
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
Worked Example – Base plate c bc =200 c

c tw=9 c
a1 = 1600
MSd
FSd
a = 420 ar = 590
HE 200 B
c
tf =15 rb
t = 30
M 24 c
e a = 50 br = 590
30
eb = 90 hc =200
p = 240 b = 420 b1 = 1600
b eff r
tf =15 c
h = 1000
c
e c = 60 rb = 160
c
Contact area
Worked Example – Frame (sway)

Mj.Rd / M Ny.pl.Rd
F F F
1,0 F F Sd
F
F Sd
Sd Sd
F F
Sd Sd Sd
Sd Sd
0,8
2 2 1,2 m
S = 30 E I c / L c
0,6 j.ini.c.n
IPE 550
0,4 S j.ini.c.s = 12 E I c / L c (for λ o < 1,36 )
0,2 HE 340 B HE 340 B
0 9m
0 0,1 0,2 0,3
φ = φ E I c / Lc
Worked diagram
24 m
Frame imperfections – by equivalent forces
Element imperfections – by stability check
Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy
Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy
Fy Fy Fy Fy
2 Fx 2 2 2
Fx Fx Fx
Fx Fx Fx Fx N
2 2
N
Fx = 0,38 kN
H φ
w Fy = 23,00 kN w2 Fy = 26,79 kN
1
w1 = 2,64 kN/m
w = 1,65 kN/m
2
First load combination Second load combination
Load combination H φ
N N
Comparison
Maximal Maximal Maximal Vertical Horizontal
Elastic design – connection stiffness, pre-design moment moment moment deformation sway
in base plate in corner in rafter of rafter of corner
kNm kNm kNm mm mm
0 337,85 318,10 113,68 73,70
z E z 2 t 210 000 * 700 2 * 20 108,20 290,13 307,62 109,80 27,43

S j .ini.b − c = = = 242 100 kNm/ rad
kf 8 ,5
214,09 305,90 274,73 95,54 19,42
E z 2 t 210 000 * 700 2 * 20
z S j .ini.b − b = = = 343 000 kNm/ rad 3
kf 6
2,5
2
E z 2 t 210 000 * 400 2 * 30 1,5

S j .ini.cb = = = 50 400 kNm/ rad 1
kf 20
0,5
z 0
Scope of the Lecture Summary

Basis of design Component method
Components
Good accuracy
Worked examples
Assembly – Savings by taking into account of
– Resistance stiffness (for serviceability only)
– Stiffness
– Pre-design – Hand calculation unusual
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
1. Introduction
Fire Design of Connections 3. Welded connections
7. Column bases
1 2
Scope of the Lecture Structural Fire Design – Procedure of Design

Structural fire design Thermal analyses
of fire compartment or local fire
Temperature of connections (EN 1991-1-1)
Connectors at elevated temperature Transfer of heat into the structure
(EN 199x-1-2)
Component method
Mechanical loading at fire situation
Structural integrity (EN 1990, EN 1991-1-x)
Summary Mechanical modelling of structure at elevated temperature
(EN 199x-1-2)
3 4
Connections under Fire EN 1993-1-2 Approaches

Steel looses with temperature strength and stiffness Fire protection is applied to the member
and its connections
Rules based to protect as members
Steel structures expand when heated and contract
on cooling
Component approach in EN 1993-1-8
together with a method for calculation
Temperature within the connections is lower the behaviour of welds and bolts
compare to connecting steel members at elevated temperature
Connection moment, shear and axial capacity can be
evaluated at elevated temperature
5 6
Scope of the Lecture Analytical Models of Heat Transfer
Structural fire design 1. Section factor (Am /V) method simmilar as for members
Am /V surface/volume ratio
Temperature of connections
2. Based on the temperature of the beam lower flange
Connectors at elevated temperature
Concrete slab
Component method h ≤ 400 mm h > 400 mm
Structural integrity 0,62 θ0 0,70 θ0
Summary 0,75 θ0 0,88 θ0

h h
h
0,88 θ 0 0,88 θ0
7 8
Accuracy Demonstration
on 7th Large Scale Fire Experiments on Steel Frame Fire Test January 16. 2003
A B C D E F
4
9000 9000 9000 9000 9000
Motivation
6000
q
3
s Temperatures in elements and connections
r
Internal forces in the connections
9000 o
Behaviour of the composite slab
2
n
6000
1
t p
Fire Compartment for Structural Integrity Fire Test, January 16, 2003 9 10
Fire Compartment
Instrumentation
148 thermocouples
57 low temperature strain gauges
10 high temperature strain gauges
37 deformations
10 video cameras
2 thermo-imaging cameras
Interier Exterier, Fire load 11 12

Moderate Fire No Collapse Reached
Maximal temperature 1108 °C in 55 min 13 Deflections over 1000 mm; residual deflections 925 mm 14
Fin Plate Connection before the Experiment

Instrumentation C441
West view
C447
D E C444
Walls C442 C448
C443 C445
C454 - 462 C486 - 488 C472 - 475
2 C446 C449
C463 - 471 C475 - 479
G521 G525 G529 G533 120
D1/2-E1/2
G534 North view
G522 G526 G530
C441 - 449 C483 - 485 C450 - 453 C483
C484
G523 G527 G531 C485
G535
FIRE COMPARTMENT N
G536
D2 E2 G524 G528 C480 - 482 G532 DE1/2
1
Fin plate connection
Window West view
Thermocouples at elements and connections, numbered Cijk
Thermocouples in compartment 300 mm below ceiling, numbered Gijk C450 4th bolt row
Fire compartment
C451 3rd bolt row
N
C4522nd bolt row
D1 E1
C453 1st bolt row
120
15 E1/2-D1/2 16
t = 26 min. θcon,ø = 275 °C t = t0t +t==028’

26
h min
28’ θθcon,ø
T=
con,ø = 275
330=°C
con,ø 330 °C
°C
980,0°C 980,0°C
In 26 min of fire is temperature

of the structure under 400°C
800 800
600 600
Gas temperature Gas temperature

θ, °C Heating θ, °C Heating
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
Time Time
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
17 18
t = t0 +t =042
h min
42’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 645=°C645 °C t = t0 +t =044
h min
= 660=°C660 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
Buckling of beam lower flange Buckling of beam lower flange
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
25 26
t = t0 +t =046
h min
= 685=°C685 °C t = t0 +t =048
h min
= 710=°C710 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
27 28
t = t0 +t =050
h min
= 730=°C730 °C t = t0 +t =052
h min
= 775=°C775 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
29 30
t = t0 +t =054
h min
= 810=°C810 °C t = t0 +t =056
h min
= 835=°C835 °C
980,0°C
The maximal temperature of 1088 °C 980,0°C
of secondary beam was reached

by its lower flange in 57 min
800 800
600 600
Gas temperature
θ, °C Cooling Gas temperature
1000 θ, °C Cooling
400 1000 400
600
600
Time
400,0°C 400,0°C
0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 Time
0 30 60 90 t,min
31 32
t = t0 +t =058
h min
= 855=°C855 °C t = t0 +t =160
h min
= 880=°C880 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
Gas temperature
Gas temperature θ, °C Cooling
θ, °C Cooling 400 1000 400
1000
600
600 400,0°C 400,0°C
Time
Time 0
0 0 30 60 90 t,min
0 30 60 90 t,min
33 34
t = t0 +t =162
h min
= 900=°C900 °C t = t0 +t =164
h min
= 885=°C885 °C
Maximal temperature 980,0°C 980,0°C
of fin plate connection 908,3°C

was reached in 63 min
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
35 36
t = t0 +t =178
h min
= 775=°C755 °C t = t0 +t =180
h min
= 745=°C745 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
43 44
t = t0 +t =182
h min
= 740=°C740 °C t = t0 +t =184
h min
= 730=°C730 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
45 46
t = t0 +t =176
h min
= 720=°C720 °C t = t0 +t =178
h min
28’ θcon,ø = 710=°C
Tcon,ø 710 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
47 48
Fin plate connection after the fire test
Temperature Differences Measured by Thermocouples
Measured temperature, °C
D2 E2
Difference shown
1000 by the thermo
imaging
800 camera
600
D1 E1
400
Fin plate, by 4th bolt
200 Beam, bottom flange
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 Time, min
Maximal temperature of fin plate by 4th bolt 908 °C in 63 min

67 68
Analytical Prediction Compared to Test

Connection temperature, °C Predicted
Structural fire design
1000
from gas measured temp.
based on "section factor" Temperature of connections
800 D2 E2 Connectors at elevated temperature
600 Component method
Predicted
400 from beam bottom flange
based on measured temp. D1 E1 Structural integrity
200
Measured Summary
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 Time, min
Measured 908 °C in 63 min.; predicted 878 °C in 53 min

69 70
Bolts and Welds Properties at Elevated Temperature Bolt Resistance at Elevated Temperature
Factors kb,θ; kw,θ are used to describe the strength reduction Marked loss of strength between 300 and 700ºC
1
Bolt
Shear resistance of bolts in fire γ
0,9 Fv ,t ,Rd = Fv ,Rd k b ,θ m
0,8 k b,θ
γ m ,fi
0,7 Bearing resistance of bolts in fire
0,6
Carbon steel γm
Fb ,t ,Rd = Fb ,Rd k b ,θ
0,5 k y,θ
Tension resistance of a bolts in fire
γ m ,fi
0,4
0,3 γm
0,2
Weld Ften ,t ,Rd = Ft ,Rd k b ,θ
k w,θ γ m ,fi
0,1
0 γΜ partial safety factor for the resistance
θ a ,°C
0 200 400 600 800 1000
71 γΜ,fi partial safety factor for fire 72
Filled Weld Resistance at Elevated Temperature Butt Weld Resistance at Elevated Temperature
Design strength per unit length of a fillet weld For full penetration butt weld up to 700ºC
in a fire as equal to the strength of the weaker part
γm of the joint
Fw ,t ,Rd = Fw ,Rd k w ,θ
γ m ,fi using the appropriate reduction factors for steel
γΜ partial safety factor for the resistance For temperatures higher than 700ºC
the reduction factors for fillet welds
γΜ,fi partial safety factor for fire to butt welds
73 74
Scope of the Lecture Component Method

Structural fire design Decomposition of joint
Componnet description
Temperature of connections Joint assembly
Component method e
f gi M
e fgi
Structural integrity φ
c z
Summary d h c dh
75 76
Component Method Component Method

Decomposition of joint Decomposition of joint
Componet description Componnet description
Joint assembly Joint assembly e
f gi M
e fgi
Component Joint c φ z
Force d h
Moment c dh
F i ;θ = k y ,θ F i ; 20 º C ; M i ;θ = k y ;θ M i ; 20 º C ;
M, kNm
Deformation F k y ;θ Rotation Moment
i ;θ
δ i ;θ = = δ i ; 20 º C M k y ;θ 20 ºC
K i ;θ k E ;θ φi ;θ = i ;θ = φi ; 20 º C ; 100ºC
Si ;θ k E ;θ 50 500ºC
Stiffness Stiffness 600ºC
K i ;θ = k E ,θ K i ; 20 º C ; E z2
Si ;θ = θ = k E ;θ Si ; 20 º C ; 700ºC Rotation
1 800ºC φ , mrad
∑i k 77
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 78
i ;θ
P 28
500 kN 500 kN
150
Worked Example Fire Resistance 85 125 40 45

4 x M24
Fire resistance of an end plate connection Unprotected

of the truss lower flange Section factor Am / V = 54 ,0 / 1 ,24 = 43 ,18 m - 1
Required R30 Fire resistance t = 44 min
P 28 (exposed to nominal standard fire curve)
500 kN 500 kN
150
4 x M24
85 125 40 45
Protected dp = 15 mm
Intumescent paint Am λ p 0 ,1
= 43 ,18 = 288 Wm - 3 K - 1
Fire resistance V dp 0 ,015
79
(exposed to nominal standard fire curve) t = 112 min 80
Scope of the Lecture Structural Integrity

Structural fire design If used catenary actions of beams and slabs
Temperature of connections
Connectors at elevated temperature In case of advanced design models
Component method
Structural integrity
Summary Resistance of connections
to horizontal forces at ultimate limit state
(for fu)
81 82
FE Simulation of Cardington Test Experiment in Cardington

Normal force, kN
300
I. Beam only
200 II. One section
III. Full floor
100
20 40
0
60 80 100
Time, min
-100
-200
- 300 Model of structure

720°C
Heating Cooling
Observed joint 6 x 3,75 m
I. II.
III.
83 84
4 x 6,0 m
Low Temperature Strain Gauges Protected Columns
PLAN D1 E1
Internal wall 5th floor
of the fire compartment
11,0 m 99 97 105
107
500
103 101 111 109
7,0 m
99, 103 97, 101 107, 111 105, 109
83 81 91 89
N
Window 1,27 x 8,70 m 87 85 95 93

D1 E1 81, 85 91, 95 89, 93
83,87
UC 305 x 305 x 198 UC 305 x 305 x 137
500
4th floor
UC 305 x 305 x 137
(UC 305 x 305 x 198)
20 20 115 113
500
119 117
115, 119 113,117
15,2
309,2 127 125 At external
(314,5)
y 320,5 columns
123 121
(31,4) 13,8 (339,9)
21,7 (19,1) 127, 123 121, 125
20
z
20
500
3rd floor 85 Internal External (with 1 m of beam) 86
Measured Stresses at External Columns Measured Bending Moments in Columns

Stress, MPa
Column D1 Column E1
83 81 91 89 Bending moments, kNm 5th floor
150
600 d-D1; d-E1
93 b-D1
c-D1 4th floor
100 c-D1; c-E1
95 87 85 95 93 b-D1
87 400
50 3rd floor a-D1
Time, min. c-E1
0 200
2nd floor
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210
-50 Time, min. D2 D1
0
81 D1, E1 60
0 120
-100 83 d-E1
89 4th floor d-D1
500 mm -200
-150 91
a-D1
-200
Section 500 mm above the floor at 4th floor

87 88
Measured Forces in External Columns Required Tie Forces - References

Force, kN
300
Everage
Ft,5 5th floor Ft,5 BS 5950: Structural use of steelwork in buildings
c-E1 d-D1; d-E1
200
c-D1 Ft,4 4th floor Ft,4 c-D1; c-E1 EN 1991-1-7 Actions – Exceptional loading
b-D1
3rd floor
100 3rd floor a-D1
(5th foor) d-D1 d-E1
Ft,3 Column ties
0 Ft,3
0 60 120 Time, min. 2nd floor
-100 d-D1 D2 D1
d-E1
-200 4th floor Tie anchoring
Everage re-entrant corner
-300 c-D1
-400 c-E1
A
-500 Beam model Tie anchoring
free column A
Edge ties Beams not used as ties

Forces at 3rd, 4th and 5th floor calculated from strainganges at level c,d
89 90
Required Tie Forces Column ties Scope of the Lecture
Structural fire design
Tie anchoring
re-entrant corner Temperature of connections
A
Tie anchoring
free column A
Component method
Edge ties Beams not used as ties
Structural integrity
Ft = min [0,5 ( 1,4 gk + 1,6 qk ) st L; 75] Summary
gk the characteristic value of permanent action,
qk the characteristic value of variable action,
L the beam span
st the mean transverse spacing of the ties adjacent to that being checked
91 92
Summary List of Lessons at Seminar

Well designed connections at ambient temperature 1. Introduction
do not need to be recalculated at elevated temperature, 2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
if are not directly exposed to fire 3. Welded connections
The structural fire design according to EN 1993-1-2 4. Bolted connections
is ready for design of connections exposed to fire 5. Basics of structural joints
7. Column bases
Thermal analyses Transfer of heat Mechanical behaviour
of fire compartment into structure at elevated temperature 8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
or local fire
EN 1991-1-2 EN 199x-1-2
93 94
Thank you for your attention
95
1. Introduction
Seismic Design of Connections 3. Welded connections
7. Column bases
1 2
Scope of the Lecture Principles

Principles Basic conditions
Design criteria Over-strength demand
Ductility demand (rotation capacity)
Beam-to-column typologies
Robustness demand
Design and fabrication recommendations (reliable detailing together with material behaviour)
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading Northridge and Kobe earthquake
M - φ modelling Unexpected damages to connections
Column web panel Detailing practices
Summary Welding
3 4
Scope of the Lecture Design Criteria for Seismic Resistant Frames

Principles Strong Column/Weak Beam design principle
Design criteria Panel zone strength
Beam-to-column typologies Connection strength and degradation characteristics
Design and fabrication recommendations P-δ effects
Welding technology
Member local buckling
Strain-rate loading
M - φ modelling
Column web panel
Summary 5 6
Requirements for Connection
Design Criteria in USA Successful Performance
Guidelines designs for frames with different Welded Joints
anticipated seismic demands Through-Thickness Strength
1997 NEHRP Provisions Base Material Notch-Toughness
AISC Seismic Provisions Weld Wire Notch-Toughness
Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames (OMRF) Weld backing and Run out Tabs
Plastic rotation capacities of 0,01 rad Reinforcing Fillet Welds
Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames (IMRF) Cope Hole Size, Shape, Workmanship
Plastic rotation capacities of 0,02 rad Bolted Joints
Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF) Bolt Sizing, Hole Type, Tightening
Plastic rotation capacities of 0,03 rad
7 Net Section Strength 8
Design Criteria in Europe Scope of the Lecture

EN 1998-1-1 basic provisions concerning steel joints Principles
General rules for steel connections in dissipative Design criteria
structures Beam-to-column typologies
Requirements for MRF (Moment Resistant Frame) Design and fabrication recommendations
beam-to-column connections
Welding technology
EN 1993-1-8
Strain-rate loading
Rotational stiffness of a joint Sj
axial force NSd in the connected member not exceed 10% M - φ modelling
Rotation capacity Column web panel
9
Summary 10
Beam-to-Column Typologies Connection Types

FEMA/SAC test programmes Prescriptive Moment Frame Connection
Connection type classified for certain ranges of
Member size
Plastic rotation angle
Connection types
Welded Unreinforced Flange (WURF)
Welded Cover Plated Flange (WCPF)
Welded Flange Plates (WFP)
Welded Vertical Ribbed Flange (WVRF)
Welded Column Tree with Bolted Beam (WCT/BB)
Welded Single Haunch (WSH)
Welded Double Haunch (WDH) 11 12
Welded Flange Plate Connection Welded Column Tree with Bolted Beam
13 14
Field Bolted Types of Connections Field Bolted Types of Connections

Guidelines as pre-qualified for certain conditions Bolted end plate (BEP)
of use
Bolted end plate (BEP)
Welded flange plates with bolted beam (WFPBB)
Bolted single haunch (BSH)
Bolted double haunch (BDH)
15 16
Field Bolted Types of Connections Field Bolted Types of Connections

Welded flange plates with bolted beam (WFPBB) Bolted double haunch (BDH)
17 18
Beam-to-Column Typologies Beam-to-Column Typologies
Specific joints in Japan Specific joints in Europe
Extended end plate joint
A A
Stiffener Stiffener
.
.
.
10M20 - 10.9
A-A
19 20
Beam-to-Column Typologies Beam-to-Column Typologies

Specific joints in Europe Specific joints in Europe
C C
Welded joint B B
Welded flange plate joint
.
.
.
.
.
.
3M20 - 6.6
C-C
B-B
21 22
General Rules
Scope of the Lecture for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures
Principles Localisation of plastic strains, high residual stresses,
Design criteria and fabrication defects
By experimental evidence
Design and fabrication recommendations Non dissipative connections of dissipative members
Welding technology Full penetration butt welds
Deemed to satisfy the overstrength criterion
Strain-rate loading
For fillet weld or bolted non dissipative connections
M - φ modelling
Column web panel Rd ≥ 1,35 R fy
Summary 23 24
General Rules Requirements for Moment Resistant Frame
for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures beam-to-column connections
Bolted joints Structure dissipate energy in the beams
In shear categories B and C (slip resistant) only Connections between the beams and the columns should be
Un tension category E With controlled tightening of the bolts designed for the required degree of overstrength
Shear joints with fitted bolts are also allowed. Moment resistance Mpl.Rd and the shear force (VG, Ed + VM,Ed)
Bolted shear connection evaluated in 6.6.2 of standard EN 1998-1
The shear resistance of the bolts should be higher than 1,2 times Dissipative semi-rigid and/or partial strength connections
the bearing resistance are permitted provided all of the following conditions
The strength and ductility of members and their connections Connections have a rotation capacity consistent with global
under cyclic loading deformations
Should be supported by experimental evidence Members framing into the connections are demonstrated to be
stable at the ultimate limit state (ULS)
For all types of connections in dissipative zones
Effect of connections deformation on global drift is taken into
Available plastic rotation φ = δ /( 0 ,5 L ) account
p
25 26
Requirements for Moment Resistant Frame

Beam-to-Column Connections Design and Fabrication Recommendations
Connection design Material properties
Plastic rotation capacity φCd in the plastic hinge Yield-to-Ultimate Stress Ratio (YUSR)
Not less than 35 mrad for structures of ductility class H YUSR (fy/fu) = 0,65 or 0,80
and 25 mrad for structures of ductility class M with q>2. For a plastic rotation capacity up to 0,030 rad.
Under cyclic loading without degradation of strength and stiffness YUSR = 0,95
greater than 20% Reduced plastic hinge length at a plastic rotation capacity of 0,030 rad
Supported by experimental evidence
Partial strength connections The plastified length of the beam with YUSR = 0,95
Column capacity design from the plastic capacity of connections Half the corresponding length in YUSR = 0,80
27 28
Scope of the Lecture Design and Fabrication Recommendations

Principles Access Hole Size and Geometry
Design criteria
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading
M - φ modelling
Column web panel
Summary 29 30
Design and Fabrication Recommendations Scope of the Lecture
Access Hole Size and Geometry Principles
Increasing the size of the web cope
Design criteria
Easier welding on the beam bottom flange
Better weld quality Beam-to-column typologies
25 Design and fabrication recommendations
10
25
10 Welding technology
38
20
20
Strain-rate loading
25 25 50 M - φ modelling
Standard Modified Column web panel
Configurations of weld access hole
31
Summary 32
Strain-Rate Loading Strain-Rate of Carbon Steel

The strain-rate loading has an important influence on the
behaviour of joints Stress
A strain rate typical for steel members yielding under
seismic action in the range of 0,03-0,06 s-1
Increases the yield strength
Lower ultimate strength of welded connections
Ductility is reduced by up to 27% Conventional speed
Decrease of ductility due to high strain rates is not straightforward E
Very high speed
for cyclic loading
Strain
33 34
Strain-Rate of Carbon Steel Strain-Rate of Austenitic Steel

Stress, MPa -1
α DIF , fy = f y ,dyn / f y 800 502 s
10 -2s -1
10 -4s -1
α DIF , fu = f u .dyn / f u 600
400 140 s -1
Time to yield stress

αDIF.fy α DIF .fu 50 s -1
200
>1s 1,0 1,00 Strain, %
0
100 ms 1,1 1,05 15 30 45 60 75
10 ms 1,6 1,05
EN 10088-2 1.4307 (304L)
1 ms 1,9 1,05 increase of f02 o cca 7% - 28%
35 36
Scope of the Lecture M - φ Modelling
Principles Stable behaviour
Design criteria Unstable curve
Beam-to-column typologies Slip in connection
Design and fabrication recommendations M M M
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading φ φ φ
M - φ modelling
Column web panel
Summary 37 38
M - φ Modelling Parametres
φ j .i
Stable behaviour Rotational capacity β Δ .i =
φ j .el
Unstable curve Ei
βe =
Slip in connection Energy M j .el (φi − φel )
Ei φi
Rotational capacity and β E .i =
φel M j .el (φix − φel )
energy
S j .i
β S .i =
Stiffness S j .ini
M j .i
β M .i =
39 Resistance M j .ini 40
M
Sj.ini
Models Exponential Curve Ma
Sj.ini
Sj.s
M0
Curve fitting Initial stiffness Sj,ini
Initial stiffness Moment resistance M0 φa φ
Moment resistance Unloading Sj,s Sj.s
Unloading - M0
Component (S j .ini − S j .s )(φa − φ ) − S (φ − φ )

M j = S j .i φi = M i −1 −
Component cycling description ⎡ (S j .ini − S j .s )(φ a − φ )n ⎤
1/ n j .s a
Assembling ⎢1 + ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
2 M0
41 42
Scope of the Lecture Column Web Panel
Principles T joints or double T joints with unsymmetrical loads strong
influence on the behaviour of the joint
Design criteria The resistance of the joint is reduced by between 20 - 40%
Beam-to-column typologies and the ductility is increased by 150 - 200%, due to the web
Design and fabrication recommendations panel.
Welding technology Adding supplementary web plates on the column web panel
can increase the resistance of the joint.
Strain-rate loading
M - φ modelling
Column web panel
Summary 43 44
Column Web Panel High Strength Bolts in Seismic Joints

High strength bolts (in US HSFG, High Strength Friction
r Grip bolts) can be used as ordinary bolts in seismic joints
It is recommended that they are tightened at a level of 50%
of their preloading force.
In this case the surfaces of the plates do not have to be
beff prepared for working as a slip-resistant connection
Ls
beff
For static loads For seismic loads 45 46
Scope of the Lecture List of Lessons at Seminar

Principles 1. Introduction
Design criteria
Design and fabrication recommendations 5. Basics of structural joints
Welding technology 6. Design of simple connections
Strain-rate loading 7. Column bases
M - φ modelling 8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Column web panel
Summary 47 48

PP Connection Design According To en 1993-1-8

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PP Connection Design According To en 1993-1-8

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Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Steel Structures Publications 33

Teknillisen korkeakoulun teräsrakennetekniikan laboratorion julkaisuja 31

Espoo 2007 TKK-TER-33

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS TO EUROCODE

Summary List of Content in EN 1993-1-8

Summary Development of Eurocodes

 CEN ENV 199x-x-x in 1992 (actions nationally only)

Structural Steel Eurocodes (20 documents) Development of EN 1993-1-8

Eurocode Implementation - Examples Summary

National standards withdrawn

European Educational Projects Textbook

PowerPoint Presentations Software

Non-linear Analysis of Steel Connections

Video Film CeStruCo on CD

 Educational material to support conversion

Statically Stressed Bolts in Dynamically Loaded Connections

 National Annexes with PP Presentations

Access STEEL – Information System Access STEEL - Documents

Example - Client's Guide Example - Concept Designs

Example – Pasive Worked Example Example – Interactive Worked Example

Access STEEL Summary

 CeStruCo – Educational material to EN 1993-1-8

Topics General Requirements

Partial safety factors for joints Applied Forces and Moments

Setting out lines

Topics Types of Joint Modelling

Stiffness Modification Coefficient η M

Elastic - Plastic Analysis Joint Modelling and Frame Global Analysis

M Elastic analysis Rigid-plastic Elastic-plastic analysis

Semi- Semi-rigid Partial-strength Rigid/partial-strength

Simple Pinned Pinned Pinned

 Classification of Joints Type of component

Secondary Moments Moments Resulting from Transverse Loads

Moments resulting from Eccentricities Moments resulting from Eccentricities

 Global Analysis of Lattice Girders Partial strength connection

Based on Stiffness (Values for Column Bases) Based on Rotational Capacity

0,2 Semi-rigid column base

Column Bases – Braced Frames Column Bases – Braced Frames

Modelling of Joint by Rotational Springs Shear Panel

Joint Shear panel Shear panel N b2,Ed N b1,Ed

separatelly in connections M b2,Ed Mb1,Ed

33 Forces and moments acting on the web panel at the connections 34

Distribution of Internal Forces Topics

Topics Bases of Design

 Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection

a effective throat thickness of the fillet weld

Design Model Correlation factor βw for fillet welds

Topics Design Independent of the Direction of Loading

Two Fillet Welds in Parallel Shear Fillet Weld in Normal Shear

Connection of Cantilever Flange - Web

Shear force V Sd = FSd.

Topics Effective Width of Welded Beam-to-Column Connection

Effective Width Effective Width

Weld Design for Full Resistance Weld Design

τ VSd h  Loading by shear force ∼ 0,5 t

τ = VSd / (t h) t  Loading by normal force ∼ 0,4 t

Topics Welding in Cold-Formed Zones

Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld anom a nom c nom

a = anom – 2 mm  Full penetration T joints

Scope of the Lecture Material

Categories of Bolted Connections Holes (ENV 1990)

Local Buckling of Plate Staggered Rows

 need not to be checked if p1 / t is smaller than 9 ε

CEN ENV 199x-x-x in 1992 (actions nationally only)

National standards withdrawn

Educational material to support conversion

National Annexes with PP Presentations

CeStruCo – Educational material to EN 1993-1-8

Classification of Joints Type of component

Global Analysis of Lattice Girders Partial strength connection

Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection

τ VSd h Loading by shear force ∼ 0,5 t

τ = VSd / (t h) t Loading by normal force ∼ 0,4 t

a = anom – 2 mm Full penetration T joints

need not to be checked if p1 / t is smaller than 9 ε

according to EN 1993-1-1 using 0,6 p1 as buckling length

For the holes 2:

Topkaya C.: A finite element parametric study on block shear failure

Computer programs Serial configuration d δ = min (δ1; δ2)

Assembly Column web panel in shear

Resistance Column web in transverse compression

Column web in transverse tension

Rotation capacity End-plate in bending

Flange cleat in bending Ft,Ed

Analytical model Analytical model

Deformation capacity - ductile

Etc. Ft3.Rd Ft3.Rd

As for base plates

Access STEEL information tool on internet