1380 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, SEPTEMBER 1960
C. Y. LEE, B.E.E., 1947, Cornell University; M.S.E.E., 1949, and
Ph.D., 1954, University of Washington; instructor in electrical en-
gineering, University of Washington, 1948-51; Bell Telephone Labora-
tories, 1952--. Mr. Lee has been engaged in studies of mathematical
problems arising from computers and digital systems. He was a visiting
member of the Institute for Advanced Study in the School of Mathe-
matics during the academic year 1957-58. Member American Mathe-
matical Society, I.R.E., Eta Kappa Nu, Sigma Xi.
IRWIN W. SANDBERG, B.E.E., 1955, M.E.E., 1956, and D.E.E., 1958,
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn; Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1958--.
He has been concerned with analysis of military systems, particularly
radar systems, and with synthethis and analysis of active and time-
varying networks and linear array antennas. Member I.R.E., Eta Kappa
Nu, Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi.
DAVID SLEPIAN, University of Michigan, !941-43; M.A., 1947, and
Ph.D., 1949, Harvard University; Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1950--.
He has been engaged in mathematical research in communication theory,
switching theory and theory of noise, and has been mathematical con-
sultant on various Bell Laboratories proiects. In 1958 and 1959 he was
Visiting Mackay Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University
of California at Berkeley. Member A.A.A.S., American Mathematical
Society, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, I.R.E., Society for In-
dustrial and Applied Mathematics, U.R.S.I. Commission 6.
A. W. WARNER, B.A., 1940, University of Delaware; M.S., 1942,
University of Maryland; instructor in physics, Lehigh University, 1941-
42; Western Electric Co., 1942-43; Bell Telephgne Laboratories, 1943--.
Since joining the Bell System Mr. Warner has been continuously en-
gaged in the development of high-frequency quartz crystal units. At
present he is continuing the development of very stable crystal units
and other solid state devices making use of crystalline quartz. Senior
member I.R.E.
FRANK A. ZUPA, B.S. hi E.E., 1922, Cooper Union; Western Electric
Co. Engineering Dept., 1918-25; Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1925--.
He was engaged in evaluation testing of materials and switching ap-
paratus for about six years, and in design and development engineering
work on practically all types of telephone relays for more than 30 years.
During World War II he was in charge of the packaging design for pro-
duction of the optical proximity fuse and in the evaluation testing of
magnetic mine Mll. At present he is in charge of a group engaged in new
switch and relay design developments.
THE BELL SYSTEM
TECHNIC AL JOURNAL
VOLUME XXXIX NOVEMBER 1960 NUMBER 6
Copyright 1980, American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Signaling Systems for Controlof
Telephone Switching
By C. BREEN and C. A. DAHLBOM
(Manuserip~ received May 17, 1960)
Telephone signaling is basically a matter of transferring information be-
tween machines, and between hurrahs and machines. The techniques de-
veloped to accomplish this have evolved over the years in step with advances
in the total telephone art. The history of this evolution is traced, s~arting
from the early simple manual switchboard days to the present Direct Dis-
lance Dialing era. The effect of the increasing sophistication in automatic
switching and transmission systems and their i~fluence on signaling prin-
ciples are discussed. Emphasis is given to the signaling systems used be-
tween central q~zes of the nationwide telephone networlc and ~he influence
on such systems of the characteristics of switching systems and their in-
formation requirements, the transmission media and ihe compatibility
problem. A review is made of the forms and characteristics of some of ~he
intero~ce signaling systems presently in use. In addition, the problem
of signaling between Bell System and overseas telephone systems is re-
viewed with reference to d~ering information requirements, signaling
techniques and new transmission media. Finally, some speculation is made
on the future ~rends of telephone signaling systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
Telephony in the United States has now reached the point where
it is becoming commonplace for an increasing number of customers to
directly dial their calls throughout the nation. By the end of 1959 more
1381
1382 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
than 15 million main telephones in the Bell Telephone Companies had
access to nationwide dialing, and eventually many more millions of
telephone users will be able to quickly and accurately communicate
with each other in the same way.
To a large degree this modern "miracle" has been made possible not
only by the development of the common control switching system but
also by advances in the art of signaling. Just as the switching function
has sometimes been called the "giant brain", the signaling function
might indeed be thought of as a gigantic "nerve system" carrying sens-
ing and action impulses to and from the "brain" to every part of
the system, near and far.
Today’s communication system, which lets millions of telephone users
throughout the nation get in touch with each other within seconds
after dialing a number, has resulted from the effort of imaginative
telephone people working over the years to evolve new techniques to
meet the ever grooving communication needs of our nation. The pres-
ent highly developed state of the art has been brought about by an
orderly evolution- an evolution wherein communication needs, plans
and techniques, the one stimulating the other, have formed a con-
tinuously improving technology. Some appreciation of the place of the
signaling art in the modern telephone system can be gained by re-
viewing this evolution.
II. HISTORICAL REVIEW
In the simple early telephone system, customers needing only to at-
tract the attention of an operator at a switchboard cranked the famil-
Jar hand magneto, and thereby immediately brought the signaling func-
tion into play. In handling the call thereafter, many of the operator
functions involved the concept of signaling. Such functions as becom-
ing aware of calls in various stages of completion, obtaining verbai
instructions as to the destination of the call, determining whether the
called line is busy or idle, alerting the called station and reporting on
the status of the call reduce to information signals of one form or an-
other either to or from the operator. As such, they were either aids
to, or results of, the iudgment exercised in the operator’s handling of
calls.
Rather early hi the evolution of the telephone it became apparent
that the judgment and efficiency of the operator could be helped by
improving the signals she was called upon to interpret and produce.
Thus, the "drop" gave way to the line lamp, recall and disconnect
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1383
signals were displayed on lamps associated with the switchboard cords
and signals produced by the operator to advance the call to an in-
termediate operator or to complete it to the called customer tended
to be produced automaticaily. However, as long as manuai switchboard
operation prevailed, one part of the call handling process remained rela-
tively unchanged the verbal transmission of the called number from
customer to operator, and from operator to operator.
With the advent of automatic or machine switching it became nee-
essary for people to communicate with machines, for machines to com-
municate with other machines, and for machines to communicate with
people. Machine simulation of many of the signals was accomplished
more or less readily since, in praetieaily all eases, the information items
could be reduced to txvo-state signals. For example; either a line is
requesting service or it is not,; either it, is busy or it is not,; either it
is being rung or it is not; either the telephone is removed from the
switehhook or it is "on-hook", etc.
The adequacy of two-state signaling systems for these functions was
apparent from the start and has had an important bearing on the
subsequent evolution of signaling systems. However, the "addressing"
signals, that is, the signals needed for people to tell machines to whom
they wish to be connected and for machines to communicate this in-
formation to other machines, have a much larger information content
than do the signals used for status or control purposes. Consequently,
the handling of the "address" function has produced some highly
teresting variations during the evolution of telephone signaling systems.
At the beginning, systems used for the automatic transmission of ad-
dressing information were based on the use of direct-current electrical
pulses, the number of which denoted each deeimai digit. Thus, a cus-
tomer’s telephone "address" could be designated by one or more dec-
imal digits and these, in the form of pulses, could be transmitted to,
and interpreted by, the switching machine. Of interest, is the fact that,
in some of the earliest systems such pulses were hand-pulsed by the
calling party with a pushbutton, different pushbuttons being used for
transmitting sequential digits.
A major advance in the art, occurred after the turn of the eentmT
with the introduction of the dial, a device which .rotates back to
stop from a position to which it is pulled, and, in so doing, automat-
ieaily generates a train of pulses corresponding to the value of the de-
sired decimal digit. These pulsed digits directly positioned the switches.
The step-by-step switching system thus evolved from this method of
pulsing and the address information- from people to machines and
1384 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
machines to machines- was conveyed in all cases by pulsed decimal
digits.
Panel and crossbar switching systems, which were introduced later,
utilized switching mechanisms which did not directly respond to, or
follmv, the calling subscriber pulses. These systems required auxiliary
pulse-receiving and pulse-sending arrangements, known as senders, which
received digital information independently of the switch and then con.-
trolled the position of the switch in a manner best, suited to that de-
vice and to the system. The use of these auxiliary signaling arrange-
merits permitted alternative actions by the machine in controlling the
switches. The introduction of such arrangements in panel, and later
crossbar, systems also had the effect of permitting information storage
and signal regeneration in the switching office, thereby opening up pos-
sibilities for new interoffice "languages" for transmitting the address
information. Thus were born the signaling systems which we now know
as revertive, panel call indicator (PCI) and multifrequeney. To more
effectively utilize the speed capabilities of the sender-type devices, these
signaling systems employed multistate signaling techniques.
The transformation to machine or dial central office operation oc-
curred first in local exchange areas, and, since distances were relatively
short, DC signal transmission was adequate for the signaling languages
used by step-by-step, revertive and PCI systems. The later expansion
of machine operation to longer distances, and the handling of toll traf-
fic, accented the need for accuracy and speed, and also for signaling
arrangements adaptable to nOn-De paths. Out of this grew the exten-
sive use of multifrequeney pulsing for the transmission of digital switch-
ing instructions. Also appearing on the scene were single-frequency sig-
naling systems, for transmitting trunk control and status information,
and for transmitting dial pulses where required by the older switching
systems. Sh~gle-frequeney and multifrequeney systems have become the
predominant standard for modern exchange and toll applications where
transmission of switching and supervisory information is required over
Ac paths. In fact, transmission of digital switching information by multi-
frequency pulses not only is used over ac paths but also has become
the preferred method of signaling over all paths in toll and exchange
switching systems.
These, then, are some of the principal events highlighting the his-
tory of signaling in the telephone system. Those close to the art will
recognize that much has been left unsaid. We shall forego further de-
tail at this point, however, in favor of an examination of the philos-
ophy and principles underlying the evolution of the signaling art.
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1385
III. PRINCIPLES OF SIGNALING SYSTEMS
A telephone system, in simplest terms, consists of a net, work wherein
any customer’s telephone station can be used to signal, connect to
and talk with any other similar station in the network. Within the
framework of this basic system function, modern telephone system de-
sign is aimed at meeting numerous objectives -- automation, high-grade
transmission, accuracy, speed, flexibility are some of the principal ones,
not forgetting the all-important obiective of engineering economy. The
signaling philosophy has evolved during the process of integrating the
signaling function with the basic system function, while observing all
of the subordinate system objectives.
Modern signaling systems are closely related to common control
switching systems. From the viewpoint of the signaling engineer, the
common control system appears as a machine receiving external stimuli
in the form of instructions and other controls, following which it per-
forms its required switching operations and generates additional infor-
mation or instructions. Some of the information generated is returned
to the source and some, together with original information, is trans-
mitted to an external destination. It is the function of a signaling sys-
tern to accept source information, convert it to appropriate signals for
transmission over telephone lines or trunks, and deliver it to its des-
tination.
The signaling function begins with the acceptance of input informa-
tion from a source, followed by processes of encoding, signal generation,
signal transmission, signal detection, decoding and delivery of informa-
tion to a destination. While these processes may be combined in vary-
ing degrees in different signaling systems, they are nevertheless pres-
ent in all.
The source and destination of the information transmitted or received
by any particular signaling link might be, respectively, a customer’s
station ’and a central office, or the reverse. Or both the source and
destination might be central offices. In general, an extremity of a sig-
haling system is required to act as both source and destination with
respect to the complementary functions at, the other extremity.
The relationship of the signMing system to the transmission media
constitutes another important factor in the signaling philosophy. Since
the transmission facilities in a telephone system are primarily inte~ded
to permit customers to talk to each other, the signaling engineer has
the choice of signaling over those facilities within the voice-frequency
band or, alternatively, signaling outside of the voice band. If the former
1386 THE BELL SYSTEM TECItNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
choice is elected, one has the satisfaction of feeling that signaling can
be accomplished if talking is possible, but is faced with the problem
of signal mutilation and signal imitation due to noise or voice-gen-
crated signals. If the out-of-band technique is adopted, the signaling
engineer is faced with not only the problem of economically justifying
additional signaling channels but also the problem of coordinating voice
and signal channels.
In some cases there is little left to choice, and this aspect is accepted
as part of the signaling philosophy. For example, the transmission plant
involved in the interconnection of switching offices might be so rigidly
designed and installed that in-band signaling would be the only eco-
nomic choice. On the other hand, the choice of out-of-band signaling
might be patently simple, such as in the case of PC signaling over wire
conductors.
For the most part, the prevailing Bell System philosophy is to era-
ploy in-band signaling over nonmetallic facilities and out-of-band (PC)
signaling over metallic paths. There are departures from this, and these,
along with other factors influencing the application of the over-alt sig-
haling philosophy, will be discussed later.
In contemplating telephone signaling systems, it is convenient to make
a distinction between the systems employed to signa! between the cus-
tomer and the central office and those used to signal between cen-
tral offices. This distinction is not always appropriate where step-by-
step switching is concerned. However, with modern common control
central office switching systems, segregation into these two classifica-
tions is quite valid, since the central office usually acts as ~ buffer
between customer stations. In the development of modern signaling sys-
tems, it has been desirable also to make this distinction between cus-
tomer-to-central-office systems and central-office-to-central-office sys-
terns in order that an optimum choice of signal encoding, generating
and decoding arrangements could be made for each category.
The characteristics of customer-to-central-office systems are influenced
by a somewhat different environment than that of interoffice systems.
For example, conditions m~der which signal transmission must be
complished differ, and fewer information requirements exist in the cus-
tomer-to-central-office environment. In addition, the need for simple
signaling transducers (dials, pushbuttons, bells, etc.) at the customer
terminals results in a considerably different approach toward customer
signaling systems than toward interoffice systems.
As a result, customer-to-central office telephone signaling systems have
tended toward relatively simple arrangements which, with minor varia-
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1387
tions, have been standardized for all central office switching systems.
Confined to operation over DC loops, except for special cases, these
systems employ two-state DC (off-hook, on-hook) signals, rugged PC dial
pulse generators and simple Ac-operated bells. Party identification and
selective signaling for multiparty lines represent signal variations unique
to this class of signaling system.
It will, of course, be realized that, in defining the scope of the cus-
tomer-to-eentral-office signaling systems as above, a great, deal has been
left unsaid concerning the technical problems and solutions involved
in obtaining maximum accuracy and range for the customer signaling
devices, while at the same time maintaining low cost. It, is interest-
ing to note in passing that the long-term standing of the customer’s
rotary dial and bell eombination is being probed by pushbutton dials
and tone ringer explorations. We shall confine the remaining discussion
of signaling in this paper to the systems used to communicate between
central offices, particularly those of the common control type.
From the foregoing, the essential elements of the signaling philosophy
may be summarized as follows:
i. Signaling system objectives are integrated with the prime telephone
system technical and economic objectives.
ii. Signaling system requirements are strongly influenced by, and co-
ordinated with, switching and transmission system techniques and re-
quirements.
iii. A large degree of mutual independence is maintained between
signaling systems used between customers and central offices and those
used between central offices.
In the development of this philosophy a number of principles have
emerged. They will be staged without discussion below, but the reader
will wish to bear them in mind during the remainder of the discussions
and descriptions appearing in this paper.
1. It, is desirable to consider a signaling system as a conveyer of in-
formation, separating out, and locating the basic information generators
and receivers in other parts of the telephone system to which the sig-
naling system is connected. This permits¯flexible and interchangeable
use of signaling systems with various switching systems.
2. It, is not necessary nor desirable to "package" all of the required
interoffice signaling functions in one system. On the contrary, separa-
tion of functions in such a way that some are associated with the switch-
ing system and others associated with an interofSee signaling "link"
often permits economies, promotes flexible application of the signalit~g
link, and permits adaptation to different signaling "languages."
 1388 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JO~JRNAL, NOVEMBER ]900
3. It is desirable to employ the concept of individual signaling links
between switching points, with signal interception and repetition occur-
ring at the switch point. In contrast to end-to-end signaling over built-
up connections, the use of individual signal links allows information
to be modified or inserted at, switch points, and permits the use of
different, signaling "languages" between switetling offices in a built-up
connection. The signal transmission problem is also minimized.
4. Signaling links which are alike or symmetrical at, each terminal
are desirable in order to permit reversible use on two-way circuits.
5. The use of simple two-state signaling to accomplish the control
and supervisory signaling functions is desirable where possible to sim-
plify the signaling system and improve its operating margins.
6. "Full duplex" or completely independent two-way handling of
trunk control and status signals between offices is desirable for sim-
plicity, speed and accuracy.
7. The use of self-checking or error-detecting codes for the transmis-
sion of multibit information, such as the address, has proved desirable
from technical and economical standpoints.
8. In-band signaling is desirable where application to voice channels
is possible. SpeeiM eases of out-of-band signaling, such as nc trans-
mission of trunk control and status signals over available lnetallic
eilities are difficult to improve upon, however. New carrier systeln tech-
niques, now under development, may influence this picture.
IV. FACTORS INFLUENCING APPLICATION OF SIGNALING PRINCIPLES
4.1 General
The function of a signaling system, as noted previously, is to ac-
cept source information, convert it to appropriate signals for transmis-
¯ sion over telephone lines or trunks and deliver it to its destination.
The coordination of this function in a reliable and economical manner
with switching and transmission system parameters constitutes the sig-
naling problem. Criteria to be observed in the solution of the problem
include speed, accuracy, efficient use of frequency spectrum, provision
of adequate signal sensitivity and resistance to signal imitation and mu-
tilation in the presence of noise and other transmission impairments.
The signaling principles outlined in the previous section have been
evolved in the course of developing solutions to the signaling problem
for various switching and transmission systems as they were conceived
for the Bell System. Characteristics of particular switching and trans-
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1389
mission systems have in some instances emphasized certain of the prin-
ciples and in other cases have limited their application. It is interesting
to observe that the traditional distinction between "exchange" and
"toll" signaling has probably resulted from varying and changing em-
phasis given to some of the factors next discussed. Parenthetically, it
will be noted that this distinction is beginning ~o disappear, as direct
distance dialing (DDD) mad carrier-type transmission systems become
more prevalent.
Section V of this paper contains descriptions of modern signaling
systems as they are employed in the Bell System. The following dis-
cussion is intended to bridge the gap between the philosophical con-
cepts discussed up to this point and the practical embodiments of sig-
naling systems.
~.2 Information Requirements
Signals destined for customers at the ends of a telephone connection
generally are conveyed in the form of audible tones- for example,
dial tone, busy tone and ringing tones. These tones also provide in-
formation to operators. All other signals are of the type requiring
machine recognition or response, and these are primarily of interest, in
considering the effect of information requirements on signaling systems.
The general nature of this type of information is as follows:
(a) information to control the seizure, holding or release nf an inter-
office trunk and the far-end equipment;
(b) information to indicate to the originating end the status of equip-
ment at the distant circuit terminal;
(c) information describing the telephone number or telephone address
of the called customer.
4.2.1 Control
Trunk control information may be manifested (or registered) by var-
ious electrical conditions in a telephone system. For example, the in-
formation may be registered by the position of a telephone switchhook,
an operated key, a plug inserted in a jack or an operated relay in some
part of a switching train (or by a memory cell in electronic systems).
In common control systems, the control registration also exists during
the addressing period in the device known as a sender.
The nature of the trunk control information is such as to be readily
conveyed by a two-state signaling system, and Bell System signaling
arrangements are designed to handle the function in this manner. Fur-
 1390 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
ther, the control information is capable of being transmitted continu-
ously following this line of reasoning: let seizure be denoted by a change
of state; then hold is a continuance of the state of seizure, with release
a change of state in the opposite direction and idle a continuance of
the state of release. This method may be contrasted with "spurt" sig-
naling~ wherein a change of state is indicated by a uniquely encoded
signal of short duration for each state indicated. For simplicity and
reliability, most Bell System signaling arrangements have employed the
"continuous signaling" mode of operation, although, as shown later,
continuous signaling is not applicable to transmission systems where
trunk-to-channel concentrations are achieved through speech-interpo-
lating arrangements.
4.2.2 Status
One purpose of status information is to indicate whether the called
customer has answered or not. It is necessary to transmit this infor-
mation to the originating end of a connection in order to indicate,
for charging purposes, the start and end of the conversation time. The
source of .the information is the called customer’s switchhook either
the telephone is off-hook or on-hook (similar information is also gen-
erated by the plug-in-jack response of a PBX operator answering a
central office call).
As in the case of the control signals, status information indicating
the answer condition can be readily conveyed by a two-state signaling
system, and signaling systems in the Bell System are designed accord-
ingly. However, in order to convey by two-state systems additional in-
formation relative to the status of the called customer’s line, such as
line or path busy, distinctive signals denoting these conditions are trans-
. mitred by coding the on-off intervals. It is in~eresting to observe in
this connection that existing toll signaling systems have been designed
so that busy information is conveyed by changes of state in the sig-
naling system. This is done in order to flash an originating operator’s
supervisory lamp. However, ~vith the trend toward DDD and away
from operator-handled traffic, this requirement is being relaxed in new
systems since such information can be satisfactorily conveyed to cus-
tomers by audible tones on direct-dialed toll calls just as it is on direct-
dialed exchange calls.
With common-control-type equipment at the terminating end of trunk
circuits, additional status information is required to indicate the avail-
ability of the "sender" and its readiness to accept pulsing. In this case,
SIGNALING SYSTEMS ]~091
in order that the transmission from the originating to the terminating
sender can be coordinated, status signals are returned from the ter-
minating end to provide for "delay dial," "start dial," "stop dial"
and "go." These status signals are also two-state in nature, at times
being originated in the distant trm~k relay equipment and at. other
times in the distant sender itself.
From the above it will be seen that the information source for both
control and status signals occurs in various parts of a telephone sys-
tern. The design of telephone switching systems is such that control
and status information is usually registered or repeated in trunk equip-
ments associated with each end of an interoffice circuit. The signal
function is usually combined with the functions performed by these
trunk equipments if a derived interoffice signal link is not required.
This is illustrated by interoffice exchange trunks and loll-connecting
trunks operating over nc trunk facilities. If, however, the transmission
path requires derivation of a signaling link [such as composited (CX)
or single-frequency (SF) links to be described later], it is not essential
to combine the trunk or other information registers with the signaling
link; in fact, it is usually better to separate the signaling link sys-
tem so that it can be flexibly adapted to the trunk circuits of various
switching systems.
4.2.3 Address
Let us turn now to the address function. The prime source of this
information is the originating customer’s dial. In nonsenderized step-
by-step systems this source is usually repeated by a relay before being
presented to the interoffice trunk conductors. Since the address gen-
erated by the dial consists of two-state signals, these can be conveyed
through later stages of the switching system by any two-state signaling
system.
In common control or senderized systems the address information
generated by the originating customer’s dial is registered on relays in
the sender, and this constitutes the information source for subsequent
signaling. It is possible to re~ransmit this source information in vat-
ious ways, such as by dial pulsing, revertive, multifrequeney or other
techniques, (concerning which more will be said later). With the ex-
ception of dial pulsing, these read-out methods involve conversion to
multistate signals. Thus, the effect of these arrangements is to require
that ensuing signaling paths be capable of transmitth~g signals that are
multistate in character.

1392 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL 3OURNAL, NOVEMBER ]960
From the above we may conclude that two-state signaling is ade-
quate for all information requirements of nonsenderized systems and,
in addition, is adequate for control and status signals of senderized
type systems. Practical signaling systems have been designed with this
in mind. For the transmission of address information by senderized
systems, however, additional signaling capabilities are required. These
are discussed in Section 4.4.
4.3 S’witching Systems
The effect of switehiug system design on signaling systems is closely
related to the effects just discussed. Nonsenderized step-by-step systems
need to transmit only simple trunk control signals and trains of dial
pulses in the forward* direction, sending status information in the back-
ward direction. While the dial-pulsing function requires careful design
and engineering to cope with the problems of pulse distortion and switch
limitations, the signaling system as a whole is relatively simple. Com-
mon control switching systems increase the effectiveness with which
information can be exchanged between switching offices. They als0 en-
large the opportunity to use improved signaling systems. However, they
add considerably to the signaling system requirements.
The increased signaling possibilities of common control systems are
obtained through the use of senders, which are digital storage and
pulsing devices that can be temporarily associated with trunks and lines
during the addressing process. They possess the capability of register-
ing address information and transmitting and receiving this over trunk
circuits in various ways. (Receiving-end senders are more appropriately
called "registers" in the newer common control systems.) The use of
senders in this manner has several effects on signaling systems:
.(a) Full duplex signaling is required over the interotSee signal path
in order that the sender control signals ("start" and "stop" dial, etc.)
described in Section 4.2.1 can be effective.
(b) Full signal regeneration of the address is possible at each switch-
ing point.
(e) Higher-speed transmission is made possible.
(d) The addressing system can be separated from the trunk control
and status indicating system.
(e) New signaling codes (or languages) can be introduced readily.
The significance of the first four effects noted above is obvious. The
last-named effect warrants some further discussion.
* The term "forward" coincides with the direction of traffic over the trunk,
the reverse direction being designated as "backward."
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1393
4.~ Signaling "Languages"
Signaling codes employed by senders in the Bell System for address-
ing or directing the positioning of switches include the following:
4.4.~ Dial Pulsing
Dial pulsing or decimal trains of pulses correspond to those produced
by a rotary dial. Senders capable of decoding these pulse trains are
used in all common control systems to record the number pulsed by
the originating customer. Senders of the same general type, and also
those capable of producing dial pulse trains, are required at common
control offices when signaling to and from step-by-step systems. For
engineering convenience, dial-pulse signals are sometimes used between
common control offices. Some dial-pulse senders have been designed to
operate at twice the nominal (ten pulses per second) dial speed, and
signaling systems are affected accordingly. Otherwise, dial pulse simu-
lation by senders has no effect on signaling systems except as noted
in the previous general discussion on sender operation.
4.4.2 Reverli~e Pulsing
Revertive pulsing, the signaling language born of the panel switch-
ing system, is so named because of it.s reverse method of acting. Its
principle of operation is broadly as follows: At the terminating end
of a trunk a switch composed of a brush having access to a plurality
of terminals is set in motion under its own power and is caused to
leave a trail of pulses while seeking a terminal. These pulses are re-
ceived by a sender at the originating end which compares the infor-
mation they contain with previously stored digital information. When
a match is obtained, the sender causes the switch to stop and close
its contacts to the terminal at that position.* Information concerning
the progress of the call from switch to switch is sometimes required
by the sender, and this is transmitted in the same direction as the
pulses iust mentioned. Thus, the revertive system requires t.he trans-
mission of three signaling states, two to. define the digit, pulses and
a third for supervision. This has the effect of limiting revertive sig-
naling to circuits specially designed for three-state operation. Up to
recently, this has restricted revertive signaling to PC loops, and has pre-
vented its application over derived two-state channels such a~s eom-
* It is of interest to note that the revertive pulsing system represents an early
method of accomplishing functions similar to those now performed by modern
servo-control systems.
 ]39~ THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL~ NOVEMBER 1960
posite signaling, N carrier signaling and single-frequency signaling. How-
ever, as described in Section V, the latter has recently been adapted
to three-state signaling for revertive pulsing.
Of interest is the fact that revertive pulsing is a substantially higher
speed signaling system than dial pulsing. This follows from the fact
that the pulses are not required to drive a switch, but are generated
by a switch in motion. However, since the sender must tell the switch
when to stop, and since this must occur on a terminal correspond-
ing to the revertive pulse count, revertive operation introduces an
additional "round trip" time requirement, which must be met by the
signaling system to keep the met, hod operative. Although revertive is
no longer the preferred method of pulsing for new systems, it might
outlive the panel switching system, since it, has been carried over into
crossbar systems, where it presently serves to provide a common lan-
guage between panel and crossbar and from crossbar to crossbar
offices.
4.4.3 Call Announcer and Call indicator
The introduction of dial switching systems into a manual telephone
exchange network required that some method be provided to permit
a machine otfiee to complete calls to customers still served by switch-
board operators. Two methods ~vere devised to accomplish this. In the
call announcer scheme the address digits were transformed in the
chine office to spoken digits, which were then transmitted to the ter-
minating switchboard operator. Another method caused the digital reg-
istrations to be transmitted to the terminating switchboard and there
displayed as illuminated digits. The display method was called call in-
. dicator.
The ea!l announcer method, utilizing a photoelectric digit-to-voice
encoding machine, was quite ingenious but had limited application and
is now praetiea!ly nonexistent. It will therefore not be discussed fur-
ther.
The call indicator method of signaling between dial and manual of-
flees was applied both to the step-by-step systems and to the panel
system. In the step-by-step system the signaling was done with eon-
ventiona! dia!-pulse trains which were decoded and displayed at the
switchboard. Since this involved no new signaling techniques, it is of
no further interest in this discussion. However, in the panel system the
signaling is of interest, since it was accomplished by a new multistate
code. (The system is described in detail in Section V.) The panel call
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1395
indicator (PCI) code has an advant, age in speed over dial pulse sig-
naling; however, its multistate characteristics limit it to loop trans-
mission paths capable of accepting multistate signals.
The PCI system has had a significant effect on signaling systems,
far beyond its original display purpose. Since PCI senders were de-
signed to transmit both the central office designation as well as the
four numeriea! digits of the customer’s number, they were utilized to
transmit this information to tandem-switching-type offices when re-
quired. Crossbar system senders were also designed to follow suit, both
with respect to call indicator operation as well as for operation with
tandem oftiees. Thus, a considerable number of PCI signaling applica-
tions have resulted. However. PCI pulsing to manual oflSees will dis-
appear with manua! operation, and its use in signa!ing to tandem
offices is being gradually superseded by multifrequeney pulsing as cross-
bar and panel offices become converted to ten-digit dialing. For this
reason, PCI signaling has not, been included in the program of adapt-
ing exchange-type signaling to AC transmission over carrier systems.
4.~.~ Multifrequcncy
Multifrequency signaling is the most recent Bell System addressing
language. Principally used at first as a signaling system for outward
ea!ls to the No. 4 toll switching system originating at DSA and CLP~
boards, and for inward ea!l completion between manuM and No. 4 toll
switching systems and loea! crossbar offices, it was rapidly extended
to permit distant toll operators to key-pulse calls also to the No.
system.
Multifrequeney pulsing systems traBsmit each digit, of an address
with a single ~c spurt. Eaeli digit is composed of a unique combination
of two out of a possible five frequencies in the voice baBd. In addition to
the fundamental advantage of making it possible to signal over any voice
channel, MF pulsing provides the advantage of being adaptable to oper-
ator key pulsing and high speed interoffice signa!ing. Through the
sign of its code, the received signals can be checked for parity and
rejected if more or less than two frequencies are received for each
digit.
Multifrequeney pulsing is now standard for iBtertoll trunks between
common control switching systems and for exchange trm~ks between
No. 5 common control switching systems. Systems arranged to use
incoming aBd outgoing multifrequeney pulsing presently include the
crossbar tandem system, the No. 5 crossbar system, and the No. 4 type
1396 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
toll system. The No. 1 crossbar system is arranged for completion of
terminating calls from offices equipped to send multifrequency pulsing.
The older systems such as panel and step-by-step still depend upon
their original methods of pulsing except that both panel and No. 1
crossbar systems are now capable of seven- and ten-digit multifrequency
pulsing to tandem switching systems arranged for centralized AMA.
Multifrequency signaling, as indicated above, has had a considerable.
impact on the signaling arrangements used for switching systems. Its
use is continuing to grow and new applications continue to be found.
Systems based on the multifrequency pulsing objectives are now being
considered for customer-to-central-office pushbutton signaling. In this
connection, the use of a different coding system is being considered, but
loss of compatibility may not be objectionable since, as noted earlier,
the central office serves as a buffer between customer signaling sys-
tems and interoffice signaling systems.
4.5 Other Switching System Effects on Signaling
Returning now to the general matter of switching systems effects on
signaling, we observe at least one other broad effect which is worth
dwelling upon, i.e., one-way versus two-way operation of interoffice trunk
circuits.
From the standpoint of traffic, it has been found satisfactory to op-
erate with one-way trunk groups in exchange switching. In this method
of operation, traffic always originates in the same direction over a trunk
group. Trunk and signal circuits designed for one-way operation tend
to be simpler than for two-way operation since they can be designed
to fit only the signaling requirements that are unique to each end of
the circuit.
Two-way operation has been the usual practice for long-haul or toll-
type circuits in order that these costlier circuits can be used more
efficiently. In practice, the additional signaling and trunk-switching com-
plexity has been absorbed in the trunk equipment at each termina!,
and the signaling arrangements have been kept simple by designing
them for symmetrical operation at each terminal. With symmetrical
operation, each of the input-output functions is applied, conveyed and
delivered in an identical manner for each direction of operation. Since
for the longer circuits the control and status functions are always con-
veyed over a derived signal link, such as CX or SF, and since these
signaling functions have been reduced to two-state conditions in either
direction it has been possible to design the signal links for symmetry
without penalty.
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1397
4.6 Effect of Special Signal Requirements on Signaling Systems
The reader will note that these effects might have been considered
in preceding sections. In electing to discuss them separately, we hope
that there will perhaps be a little gain in clarity.
For the purpose of this discussion "special signal requirements" are
considered to include such signaling functions as are not directly per-
formed in conveying the basic information involved in trunk control,
far-end status and called telephone address. Some special signals pres-
ently in use which are of interest are:
(a) originating end re-ring (ring forward);
(b) auxiliary charge functions;
(c) interoffice coin (box) control;
(d) calling party identification.
Of these, only the first directly affects the basic interoffice systems
used for control and status. The remaining categories are conveyed by
separate signaling systems which require only that they be mutually
noninterfering.
4.6.1 The Re-ring Function
This is required only ~vhen an originating operator desires to attract
the attention of a terminating operator after a connection has been
established. It will be noted that, this is never required on a direct
customer-dialed call, either exchange or toll. And it is required on an
operator dialed call only when the call cannot be directly dialed to
the called customer. In this case an "inward operator" is called in
at the terminating end to handle the call. The re-ring signal is a carry-
over from manual ringdown practice, and will probably disappear when
full DDD is in effect.*
The re-ring heritage goes back to the time when it was conveyed by
a ringing signal which was the same whether used for connect, discon-
nect or re-ring. In carrying this function over to automatic signaling
systems, it was integrated with the two-state systems which, it has
been observed, are otherwise satisfactory for interoffice control and sta-
tus requirements. This was accomplished by making use of time to
derive a third state. Thus, to the basic connect and disconnect states,
a third re-ring state, consisting of a short pulse of the disconnect state,
was added. The effect of this is that signaling and switching systems
must be designed with a proper regard for time, the signal system
* The re-ring function will be re{ained, however, for special operating assistance
on dialed international calls, as discussed in Section VI.
1398 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
being required to accurately sense and convey re-ring impulses, and
the switching system being required to distinguish between short re-
ring pulses and long disconnect signals. Obviously this requires close
coordination between signaling system and switching system design, and
it has been the basis of some interesting technical problems during
the introductory coordination of new signaling systems with old switch-
ing systems.
4.6.2 Remaining Special Signals
We shall discuss these only briefly. Signals for charging purposes nor-
mally are conveyed by the called party answer and disconnect signals.
These are interpreted in the originating switching office and result in
the operation of registers or in records being made that correspond to
the time of answer and disconnect on automatic message accounting
tape. The primary effect on signaling systems of these charging systems
is to make it, quite essential that an answer signal be properly dis-
tinguished from a flashing signal, and this is done by appropriate
timing in the trunk equipment at the originating switching offaee.
There exists in a few of the large metropolitan areas a system known
as "remote control zone registration." In this, common equipment at
a tandem switching point, is used to generate a charge signal, depend-
ing on the destination of the call and the elapsed time of conversation.
This information, consisting of a measured number of pulses, is trans-
mitted from the tandem office back to the originating office where the
customer’s message register is operated. It, is essential, of course, that
this method be impervious to signal imitation by other signaling or
switching functions. Hence, as applied in nc exchange signaling systems,
the remote control signals consist of relatively high voltage pulses which
are not readily imitated.
4.6.3 Other Applications
Some additional applications of the multifrequency system recently
coming into use relate to the third and fourth categories of special
signals noted above. In case (c), signal pulses similar to the digits in
the multifrequency code are used to send "coin collect" or "coin re-
turn" signals from a master office to a satellite office not equipped
with local coin supervisory equipment. In ease (d), the identity of a
line originating a call is transmitted using the multifrequency code from
an originating switching office to an office equipped with centralized
AMA recording equipment. These systems are chiefly of interest in this
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1399
discussion in illustrating the basic utility and versatility of the multi-
frequency method of signaling. The primary impact of both of these
systems on the interoffice signalh~g system is that they require careful
coordination therewith. It is obvious that this is a fundamental rule
that must, be observed in considering the application of any new sig-
nal or signaling system to the telephone plant.
4.7 Transmission Media
The influence of the transmission media on the development of sig-
naling systems has been at least as significant as that exerted by the
switching considerations just discussed. The most significant impact, of
course, is in the transition from simple metallic voice circuits, served by
nc signaling, to repeatered or carrier-type facilities requiring AC signal
transmission.
The De signaling design problem has been somewhat similar to that
encountered in the design of DC telegraph facilities. Signaling arrange-
ments using both neutral and polar transmission have been employed
in the design of trunk circuits operating over metallic facilities, with the
choice being based on range requirements and economy. Where distances
between central offices indicated the need for a higher degree of sophisti-
cation, other telegraph techniques were introduced in the form of sim-
plexed and eomposited signaling arrangements.
As dialing distances increased and the transmission path required the
use of voice-frequency repeaters or carrier systems, it, became necessary
to either transmit the signaling information over paralleling PC telegraph
facilities or by AC signals over the same path used for voice. The extensive
use of carrier systems, in particular, dictated that :tc signaling be em-
ployed.
Signaling systems using low frequencies, such as those used for early
ringdown signaling systems, cannot be applied on circuits with corn-
posited telegraph. Also, low-frequency signaling systems are relatively
slow in operation, due to lack of sensitivity and the need to protect the
circuits from speech imitated signals. Even the 1000-cycle ringdown
signaling arrangements, using 20 cycles as a modulating frequency, are
too slow to be used for dial pulsing. Accordingly, AC signaling systems
for dial operation required a new approach. In considering such systems
the question is encountered whether to use frequencies within or outside
of the voice band. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the al-
ternative schemes are reviewed below.
The obvious advantages of out-of-band signaling are, of course, free-
1400 THE :BELL SYSTEM TECItNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
dora from the effects of speech currents, compandors and echo suppres-
sors. In general, out-of-band signaling also allows relatively simple term-
inal equipment and has the additional advantage of permitting signaling
to take place during the talking interval. The necessity of providing addi-
tional bandwidth, filters to provide the signaling slot, and the possibility
of switching to a trunk over which it is possible to signal but impossible
to talk due to a trouble in the separate speech path, are disadvantages.
In-band signaling systems have the advantage of not, requiring addi-
tional bandwidth. In addition, since the signaling currents utilize the
same path as the speech currents, the amplification provided by voice
amplifiers also renews the strength of the signaling currents. With in-
band signaling it, is possible to quicMy substitute another voice channel
in case of trouble, since the signaling is carried along with the speech
circuit.
In-band signaling systems are advantageous when telephone facilities
within a trunk are connected in tandem. Under these conditions signal-
ing equipment need only be furnished at the terminals of the trunk and
not at the intermediate point ~vithin the trunk. This is economically
significant in the Bell System toll plant, where an average of 1.4 trans-
mission links comprise g trunk. In addition to the economic advantage,
there is no additional signal distortion introduced through equipment at.
intermediate points.
In-band signaling systems tend to be more complex because of the
need for protection against speech-generated signals, but the Bell System
type of in-band signaling provides protection adequately and economi-
cally by signal-to-guard arrangements in the signaling receiver. The
guard uses the energy present in the frequency spectra outside of that
assigned to the signaling frequency itself. Such guard energy, when com-
bined with the energy present at the signaling frequency, determines
whether the receiver is to operate or not,. The ratio of signal-to-guard
voltages can be adjusted at the time of design of the receiver, and this,
together with timing, provides protection against speech operation.
In choosing the frequency to be used for supervisory signaling it is
desirable to select, as high a frequency as possible in order to reduce the
occurrence of speech-imitated signals, since speech energies at the higher
frequencies are, of course, a good deal less than those present in the lower
ranges. In addition, it is desirable to select a frequency that will not
interfere or be interfered with by signaling systems using other tones
which may be present at the same time such as multifrequency pulsing
arrangements. The power level of the signaling frequency should also be
low enough to avoid ovefloading the intermediate amplifiers, but it must
SIGNALING SYSTEMS ]401
be of sufficient level to provide satisfactory operation of the receiver in
the face of the usual types of noise present on telephone trunks.
The earliest in-band signaling system utilized a frequency of 1600
cycles. This frequency was dictated by the use of "emergency bank"
carrier channels which were used during World War II to provide addi-
tional circuits. Trunks which included such filters had an upper frequency
cutoff of about 1750 cycles, and hence a signaling frequency of 1600
cycles was selected. With the close of the war and the removal of the
emergency equipment it was possible to raise the signaling frequency to
2600 cycles. At this higher frequency the problem of protection against
speech operation was made considerably easier and permitted the use
of smaller components as well as less complex circuitry. Present standard
voice-frequency signaling systems employ tones of 1600 to 2600 cycles
and use all frequencies, except the signaling frequency, to guard against
false operation of the signaling receiver on speech currents.
Other AC signaling systems such as the multifrequency pulsing system
must also be designed with the transmission media in mind. Falling in
the band between 700 and 1700 cycles, they are just within the band-
width provided by the emergency facilities and well within the voice
band of standard voice circuits.
The most recent extension of AC signaling has been in connection with
the exchange plant. With the continued trunk growth and increasing
costs of voice-frequency cable facilities, the use of short-hau:l carrier sys-
tems appeared to offer economic advantages in the exchange plant over
physical facilities. With the development of short-haul carrier systems
arose the need for inexpensive signaling arrangements to handle the in-
teroffice trunk signals.
Initially, two-state out-of-band signaling was employed using a sig-
haling slot outside but adjacent to the voice band, and a system using
3700 cycles was designed for types N, O and ON carrier systems. While
the signaling devices for this system were less expensive than in-band
signal ch’cuits, the system lacked the in-band advantages discussed
earlier; also, the loss of ch’cuit patching flexibility limited their useful-
ness somewhat. For these reasons, and in anticipation of the large-
scale use of carrier in exchange areas, new transistorized in-band signal-
ing arrangments were designed. The new in-band systems not only
accommodated the two-state signaling required for control, status and
dial pulse address signals, but also were adequate for the three-state
revertive pulsing s!gnals required by panel and some crossbar offices.
In addition, the new designs were adapted to operation with a variety
of switching system trunk circuits.
1402 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
Compatibility
During the evolution of the Bell System plant it has been almost axio-
matic that new systems should work with existing systems. This follows
from the fact that it is difficult to justify economically the abandonment
of existing plant in favor of permitting a new system to function in an
environment all its own. Thus arises a problem in compatibility.
Prior to the widespread application of dial systems the compatibility
problem was not severe, since intersystem signaling requirements for
ringdown operation were relatively simple and dial system isolation was
possible to a considerable degree. However, as the total number of dial
central offiees increased and, as the varieties increased, the compatibility
problem became more important, particularly where direct dialing ex-
change areas were increased in size and scope. Finally, the introduction
of nationwide dialing concepts caused the compatibility problem to be-
come fail blown.
Where the evolutionary developments in switching systems required
that these systems communicate with each other, it was necessary to
accomplish this over transmission facilities which also were undergoing
evolutionary changes. It, is obvious therefore that systems used for in-
tersystem signaling have been fated with a sizable compatibility prob-
lem. In the solution to this problem it has been necessary also to make
sure that, signaling systems were properly coordinated with each other
in order to avoid interference. Finally, the solution to the compatibility
problem has required that the design of signaling systems adequately
provide for flexible plant administration methods.
Up to about, the beginning of the last decade, dial switehing systems
used for exchange service were interconnected over metallic paths and
consequently employed nc signaling methods. Since, for operation over
metallic facilities, the "control" and "status" functions are usually com-
bined with the switching system trunk equipment, and since these equip-
ments usually contained features unique to the switching system, there
appeared to be little need for a systematic approach toward providing
compatible signal circuits for interchangeable use between different
switching systems. Consequently there resulted a large number of trunk
circuit designs, many of which were uniquely tailored to a particular
switching and signaling plan.
The extensive intereonneetion of different, kinds of dial switching sys-
tems and the requirement for extending signaling ranges occurred at,
about the same time. Initially the extension in signaling ranges was ob-
tained through the use of telegraph-type derived signal links which were
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1403
obtained by compositing the voice circuits. These signal links (CX) pre-
sented the opportunity for providing signaling compatibility. Thus re-
sulted the standardization of input and output signals at, the terminals
of derived signal fin -ks. Output and input signs.ling leads, called some-
what arbitrarily E and M leads respectively, became standard termina-
tions for CX signaling circuits and provided the capability of always
delivering and accepting uniform signal conditions. This input-output
standardization permitted CX signal links to be connected to corre-
sponding E and M lead trunk circuits of any system. These standard
terminations were tarried over to the signal links later developed for
use over nonmetallic facilities such as the various single-frequency sig-
naling systems and out-of-band signaling systems.
As noted previously, the use of senders in common control offices has
led to the use of a number of signaling languages for the address func-
tion -- revertive, PCI and multifrequeney. In order for systems to com-
municate with each other they have been equipped in varying degrees
with registers and senders to accept these signaling languages. Table I
shows the extent to which modern switching systems are able to address
each other using the signaling languages. It will be noted that some sys-
tems have the ability to communicate in several ways with a particular
connected system. The selection of a particular method is left to engineer-
ing choice, taking into account the total interconnecting requirements of
the exchange or toll office under consideration.
The Bell System philosophy of repeating signaling information at,
each switching point has assisted in obtaining compatibility between
various signaling systems, since at each mvitehing point it is possible
to convert the input, control, status and address information to meet
the requirements of the switching point, beyond.
The problem of maintaining compatibility with transmission systems
has involved conversion of interoffice signaling systems from PC to aC
methods, where tarrier transmission facilities were substituted for metal-
lie facilities. With in-band signal system operation, proper eoordinatiou
in the design of transmission and signaling systems has assured that
satisfactory signal transmission will occur over any voice transmission
system, and the standardization of input and output, signaling leads for
CX, SF and out-of-band signal links has made it possible to flexibly
interconnect switching systems over PC or ~c transmission facilities.
It is of interest, to note the degree to which Ac signaling systems must.,
of themselves, observe the rules of compatibility. Fig. 1 indicates the
manner in which the voice-frequency spectrum is now utilized for the
transmission of Ac signals for telephone and other Bell. System services.
1404 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1405

TABLE I--ADDRESSING SYSTEMS BETWEEN OFFICES

Terminating Office
MF SIGNALING ....
Originating Office Step- No. 4 Cross- Office Panel
Step- by- Toll No, 1 No. 5
bar Cross- Selec- Sender Local
by- Step Cross- Cross- tor Tan-
Step Tan- bar Tan- bar bar Tan - dem ual VF
dem dem dem TELEGRAPH --~- ...........~ I~

V
Step-by-Step DP DP DP DP DP x x
CI
V
II
Step-by-Step Tandem DP DP DP
CI
DP DP
Local Manual DP DP V
MF MF MF MF I I
3 4 5 6 7 8 404
5 6 7 8 9103 2
DP DP DP DP V V FREQUENCY IN CYCLES PER SECOND
Dial System A DP DP MF MF MF
MF RP RP RP PCI PCI Fig. 1 -- Various signaling and plant tones.
DP DP MF DP
Manual Toll DP DP MF v V It is obvious that where any two or more of these signals are present at
MF RP RP MF
the same time it is essential that they be mutually nonirtterfering.
DP
Panel Sender Tandem DP DP X X X PCI
RP RP V. MODERN INTEROFFICE SIGNALING SYSTEMS

DP MF DP V
Crossbar Tandem DP DP MF x 5.1 General
MF RP RP RP PCI
Up to this point ~ve have discussed the nature and effect of signaling
MF DP V principles on the evolution of the signaling art. An idea of the methods
No. 4 Toll Crossbar DP DP MF MF
MF RP RP PCI of implementing these principles in practical signaling systems will be
DP MF DP V obtained from the following general descriptions. These are confined to
No. 5 Crossbar DP DP MF MF MF PCI typical systems and are divided broadly into two categories, PC signaling
RP RP
PCI PCI
and AC signaling. In each category the performance of the trunk con-
MF MF MF trol, status and addressing functions will be observed, and also the
Panel x X MF PCI RP RP PCI PCI application in the exchange and intertoll plant.
RP RP RP
MF MF 5.~ DC Systems
No. 1 Crossbar x X MF PCI RP RP PCI PCI
RP RP RP
In the exchange plant where short distances are frequently encoun-
Office Selector Tandem x x x X RP PCI tered DC signaling systems continue to be used extensively. They are
DP = Dial pulsing; RP = Revertive pulsing; MF = Multifrequency pulsing; used also for some short-haul toll systems. The systems are of two gen-
PCI = Panel call indicator; CI = step-by-step call indicator; V = Verbal; X = eral types, the simplest, occurring where a PC loop path is available.
No connection. These are grouped below as loop signaling systems. Where a clear loop
path is not feasible or where extended PC ranges are desired, signal links

1406 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL ~IOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
are derived from the transmission path as described under derived
signaling linl~s.
The loop and derived systems accomplish the trunk control functions
(seizure, holding, release) and the status functions (far-end answer oi’
other switchhook condition). In addition, the address function is coordi-
nated with the loop signaling arrangements and conveyed directly by the
derived signaling links when dial pulsing signals are required.
5.2.1 Loop Signaling Systems
These systems, in general, signal by altering the current flow in the
trunk conductors. At one end of a trunk the current may be interrupted,
its value changed between high and low levels, or its direction may be
reversed. These changes are detected by sensitive, marginal or polar-
type electromechanical relays at the other end of the trunk.
Signaling methods of this type have become known as high-low, wet-
dry, reverse-battery and battery-ground. The older highdow and wet-dry
methods are being rapidly supplanted by reverse-battery and battery-
ground techniques.
5.2.~.1 High-Low Signaling (Fig. 2). This method of signaling is ac-
complished by marginal current changes. A seizure signal is originated
by applying battery and ground to the trunk in series with a marginal
relay c. At the distant end, relay L operates and a call indication is
given to the called office. When the called customer answers, the s relay
operates to short-circuit the high resistance winding of the L relay,
causing sufficient current to flow to operate the c relay to indicate the
answer to the calling end of the trunk.
A CORD B CORD
CIRCUIT TRUNK CIRCUIT
I JACK I Several types of derived pc signaling circuits are in use as described
TO
CALLING ; _ r-- ^ _ I ?~
STATION
RELAY
~HIGH-RESlSTANCE
WINDING
OFF--HOOK SIGNAL (LOW RES) CAUSES C RELAY TO OPERATE
ON--HOOK SIGNAL (HIGH RES) CAUSES ~ RELAY TO RELEASE
Fig. 2 -- High-low signaling.
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1407
5.2.1.2 Wet-Dry Signaling. In this type of signaling a trunk is "wet"
when battery and ground are connected to the called end of a trunk
and a PC bridge is comaected at the calling end to initiate a seizure sig-
nal. The customer answer removes the battery and ground, and hence
the trunk is "dry" during the busy or off-hook condition and "wet"
during the idle or on-hook interval. A release signal is registered by
opening the ~)c bridge at the calling end of the trunk.
5.2.1.3 Reverse-Battery Signaling (Fig. 3). This is the preferred nc sig-
naling system for modern interoffice exchange trunks. At, the calling
terminal a seizure signal is indicated by the closure of the trunk con-
ductors through the windings of a polar relay cs. The resulting trunk
current operates the A relay at the called terminal. Upon called customer
answer the ¯ relay is operated to reverse the polarity of the battery,
which in tnrn operates the cs relay. A release is indicated by opening
the trunk at the calling terminal.
5.2.1.4 Battery and Ground Signaling. A variation of reverse battery
signaling is obtained by supplying battery and ground at each end of
the trunk series aiding. This effectively doubles the value of the trunk
current and permits increased operating range.
5.2.2 Derit~ed Signaling Linl~:s
Derived signaling links are used for the longer exchange plant trunks
and for short-haul intertoll trunks. Signaling connections between the
trunk relay circuits and the derived signaling links are obtained via a
uniform system of leads designated E and M. For this reason systems
of this type are frequently known as E and M lead systems. Fig. 4
shows the intereonneetion between trunk and signaling circuits as well
as the potentials and directions of the E and M lead controls. Fig. 5
shows further detail.
CALLED
below.
5.~.~.1 Simplez (SX) Signaling (Fig. 6). Simplex signaling feeds sig-
naling currents through center taps of line.transformers to the balanced
path furnished by the trunk conductors. With SX signaling, the trunk
resistance is halved by paralleling the two conductors, thus extending
the range as compared to loop signaling.
5.2.2.2 Composite (CX) Signaling (Figs. 7 and 8). Composite signaling
consists essentially of a high-pass-low-pass filter arrangement which
separates the nc and low frequency signaling currents from the voice
frequency signals, the separation point, being at about 100 cycles per
1408 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNIC£L JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1409

SIGNAL SIGNAL CONDITION AT A CONDITION AT B

ATO B BTOA M LEAD E LEAD M LEAD E LEAD

ON-HOOK ON-HOOK GROUND OPEN GROUND OPEN

OFF-HOOK ON-HOOK BATTERY OPEN GROUND GROUND

~o ON-HOOK OFF-HOOK GROUND GROUND BATTERY OPEN
OFF-HOOK OFF-HOOK BATTERY GROUND BATTERY GROUND

,L o o G:

[ TRUNK ~’~ OFFICE A

SIGNALING
SIGNALING
MEDIUM OFFICE B
SIGNALING
~’]
CIRCUIT

Fig. 4 i E and M lead conditions.

OFFICE A OFFICE B

TRUNK EQUIPMENT TRUNK EQUIPMENT

7 F

O0 O~ 0a- O0 O~-
-Jo

zto I ~ , CONDITION ON M LEAD { ~ I ~

o~ I RESISTANCE~ -- "-- IRESISTANCEI ~
I LAMP I ON--HOOK GROUND I LAMP t [J
~ I OFF-HOOK BATTERY I ~
I °o

o
o
oo ~ ~o
o

~ z z
o O O O

~ TO RELAY KEYER I SIGNALING CHANNEL TO RELAY KEYER ~

OR BOTH I (:TWO-WAY) OR BOTH
~o~: J
SIGNALING EQUIPMENT SIGNALING EQUIPMENT
~Z
-~<
Fig. 5 -- Signals between trunk and signaling equipment in E and M lead sig-
naling systems.
1410 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1411

TRUNK LINE LINE

EQUIPMENT CX SET CX SET E(~UIPMENT
........................ -] r r
LINE

........... Q E LEGS

’ ’
~ E ~ ..........

S~G NA’I-
TRANSMITTING
--__ SIGNAL
~I~
RECEIVING
RELAY
’ cx
/ I cx
RELAY -~

Fig. 6 -- Principle of simplex signaling.

second. Fig. 7 shows the basic principles and Fig. 8 shows in greater NETWORK I ~ F -- ~ I NETWORK

detail the signaling arrangements for a single voice channel The circuit
uses one conductor of the pair for transmitting signaling information
and the second conductor for providing compensation for ground poten-
tial differences between the two terminals.
< POTEN%I- OF THE OTHER TWO POTENTi- <
When the trunk conductors of a phantom group are equipped with ¯ I.I ~ OMETER CX RELAYS ASSOCIATED OMETER ~ I.I.

composite sets, four paths are obtained which can be used independently
with a ground return or three paths with one path reserved for ground
potential compensation for the other three paths.
5.2.2.3 Duplex (DX) Signaling (Fig. 9). Duplex signaling is based upon
symmetrical and balanced circuit that is identical at both ends. It is
patterned after composite signaling but, does not require a eompositc
set,. One ~vire of the pair is used for signaling and the other conductor
for ground potential compensation.
CENTRAL
TRUNK
OFFICE
Fig. 7 -- CX circuit for one end of a trunk pair.
Fig. 8 -- Composite signaling circuit for one-voice channel.
5.2.3 Addressing by DC Methods
5.2.3.1 Dial Pulsing. The customer’s dial actuates a cam which gener-
ates open and close signals, the number of open or "b)’eak" signals being
equal to the digit, being transmitted. In common control switching sys-
tems dial pulses are generated by relay-type pulse generators.
Fig. 10 shows typical dial signals. Between digits the loop is closed
for a somewhat longer time, which enables the switch in the central
office to recognize the end of a digit.
Trains of dial pulses are defined in terms of pulse repetition rate and
per cent break. (Per cent break is the ratio of the duration of a single
open loop or "break" interval to the sum of the open and closed inter-
vals.) Nominal speed vMues for all types of dials vary from 7.5 to 12
pulses per second; breaks vary from 58 to 67.5 per cent. The latest, dials
vary between 9 and 11 pulses per second and 60 to 6,i per cent break.
Some special operator dials are capable of 20 pulses per second, but, these
are only used with compatible central office equipment.
With loop signaling, dial pulses actuate a reeeivh~g relay, such as the
1412 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS

I MAKE = CLOSED LOOP OR OFF-HOOK

I
BREAK = OPEN LOOP OR ON-HOOK
PER CENT -- BREAK INTERVAL
BREAK -- BREAK+ MAKE INTERVALSxlO0
BREAK
.... CYCLE .... +

<!
MAKE

BREAK

ON-HOOK---~ OFF-HOOK~.~- .... 1ST DIGIT .... 4

Fig, 10 -- Signaling conditions during dialing.

s relay in Fig. 3. The operation of this relay either directly causes a

switch to step or, in common control systems, the pulses are counted
and registered by relays.
When using derived signal links, dial pulsing is transmitted in the
forward direction via the M lead in the same way as the trunk control
signals. Pulses are sent over the facility and result in similar pulses on the
E lead of the terminating circuit. Through appropriate circuitry, the E
lead pulses cause the terminating switch to step, as in the case of loop
signaling circuits or, alternatively, the pulses are counted and registered
by relays in common control systems.
The design of many of the E and M lead signaling circuits includes
pulse correcting circuits to maintain the pulses within the operating
limits of the associated central office equipment.
,,/ U 5.2.3.2 Revertive Pulse Signaling. As used in the panel system, Fig. 11,
a "start" pulse from the originating office causes a terminating selector
to be started and driven by its o~vn power over a bank of terminals.
The selector signals its position at each step by a pulse which is generated
by a grounded brush passing over a commutator associated with the
switch mechanism. A counter at the originating end of the trunk counts
these pulses and initiates a signal to stop the switch when the desired

£
i i
I
I
~l, ~G ~1,1
-m
h f
position is reached.
l;Vhen this is used in crossbar systems, a relay in the terminating office
sender produces a train of revertive pulses upon receipt of a start signal
from the originating office. The pulses are couni, ed in both the originat-
ing and terminating offices. When a stop signal is received from the
originating office, the count in the terminating office is transferred to
I
a register, and the counter is released for use in the next digit.
Revertive pulsing is faster than dial pulsing, but requires signaling
1414 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOTLTRNAL~ NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1415

ORIGINATING OFFICE TRUNK TERMINATING OFFICE TABLE II--PCI SIGNAL CONDITIONS

LINE FINDER AND COMMUTATOR Symbols Loop Conditions
DISTRICT SELECTOR ] T
I
ItII ! -,,I posiT,ON open loop
light positive current
light negative current
heavy negative current

(Polarities are ring ~4th respect to tip.)

Basic PCI Cycle

~ -~ "1 ~ ICOUNT~NGI ~ ’,~1 .... II SUPPORt) Time Intervals A B C D

Normal Pattern -- n -- n
Permissible Modifications p N p N
CIRCUIT -~ I0’~/x / x / xl I I

RESISTANCE ~ II ~ I I / HIEI
the first and third bits of each digit are defined by open and positive
~I Y ~I REGISTER I I MAGNET pulses with the states of the second and fourth bits being defined by
~
F03~ ~ STP~ I FOR PRE- ~ -- , ~-~ _[~ CORK
~ & DETERMINED I I ~II~ F ~LV# ROLL light negative and heavy negative pulses. These variations are shown
u
~-- STEPPING ~
RELAY ~
OF PULSES I I~
I"
Z
""’" in Table II, and the complete code is given in Table III. The alternate
I
negative bits of the code are used to synchronize the receiving with the
Fig. 11 -- Revertive pulsing between panel offices. sending end and to advance the register to successive digits. Four deci-
mal digits, sent consecutively with no pause in between, require a total
circuits capable of operating up to 22 pulses per second from crossbar transmission time of about one second. The signal characteristic as it,
senders and up to 32 pulses per second from panel selectors. . appears on the trunk conductors is shown in Fig. 13. A heavy positive
The signals transmitted over the trunk coDductors are shown in Fig. pulse is transmitted to indicate end of pulsing. This, together with the
12. Revertive signaling requires transmission of three states since, in four states required to define alternate bits of the code, results in a five-
addition to the two states required for the terminal count, a third state state signaling system.
is transmitted after all selections have been pulsed. (This is referred to As shown in Fig. 14, PCI pulses transmitted over the trunk are de-
as "incoming advance" and signifies that the switching equipment can tected by means of polar and marginal relays at the receiving end.
cut the trunk through to the talking paths at each end.) The three states
are transmitted by two polarities and a zero current condition. TABLE III--PCI COD~S
~.2.3.3 Panel Call Indicator Signaling. The PCI code is essentially a Thousands
Hundreds Tens and Units
binary system employing four bits per decimal digit. The two states of Digit
TERMINATING OFFICE A D A B c D
ORIGINATING OFFICE (~) (s) (2) (4) (s) O)

INCOMING 0 n n
STOP
)VANCE 1 P 11
.START 2 n p n
3 n p n

SENT FORWARD’-’~-~
I- SENT BACK
~ REVERTIVE
~ PULSES
4
5
6
7
8
n
N
N
N
--

p
p
N
N
N
N
n
9 n
Fig. 12 -- Revertive pulsing.
1416 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1417

ORIGINATING OFFICE 5.3 A C Systems

DIGIT 3
P General
Alternating-current signaling systems have been designed to convey
O the basic trunk control, status and address functions required by switch-
lug systems. They are used over toll and exchange trunks where PC
signaling is not feasible or economical, such as long-haul circuits and
SENT FORWARD short-haul circuits equipped ~vith carrier. Two-state AC signaling can
handle trunk eontro!, status and addressing where the latter is coded
Fig. 13 -- PCI pulsing.
by dial pulsing. Three-state Ac signaling has been designed to handle the
revertive method of addressing, including the trunk control and status
The output of the detectors is registered on relays or switches in the signals. Multistate Ac signaling, in the form of multi-frequency pulses,
terminating office. When the PCI transmission is to a manual office the conveys the address function only. It is coordinated with two-state
registrations are displayed on a field of lamps in view of the operator. trunk eontroi and status signaling, either ~c or DC, aS required.
The display consists of ten numbered lamps for each digit, one of which In the two-state ac category, systems using both in-band and out-of-
is lighted to indicate the value of the digit. band signaling frequencies are in use. In-band systems are frequently
referred to as voice-frequencg signaling. They will be discussed first.
ORIGINATING OFFICE LINE TERMINATING OFFICE
I [ I Voice-frequency signaling has a wide variety of applications. Fre-
\/ \/
quencies in the voice band from about 500 eps to about 2,600 eps are
used and signaling equipment is required only at the terminals of a long
transmission path.
T SYNC Voice-frequency signals are usually of the same order of amplitude as
voice currents so as not to overload voice amplifiers or cause erosstalk in
adjacent channels. Consequently, they cannot be detected by present-
DIGIT
SEQUENCE
day electro-mechanical devices but must, be detected by electron tube or
CIRCUIT transistor circuits.
One of the chief problems in voice-frequency signaling is prevention
of mutual interference bet~veen voice and signals. Voice-frequency signals
are audible and consequently signaling must not, take place during the

FR M
REGISTERS
-,,.L
~
I
DIGIT
time the channel is used for conversation. Signal receiving equipment,
however, must remain on a channel during conversation to be ready to
respond to incoming signals and it may thus be subject to false operation
REGISTER
from voice sounds which resemble the tones used for signaling. Protec-
tion against voice interference is accomplished in a number of ways:
RELAY CONDITION LINE 1. Signal tones of a character not likely to occur in normal speech
CONDITION
1 2 3 are chosen. In so-called 1000-cycle signaling, the frequency is modulated
+ --
at a 20-eps rate. In multifrequeney systems, several frequencies are
+ + combined and h~dividual receivers set up to respond to each frequency.
-- + 2. Time delay is often used to prevent false operation due to voice.
The signal receiver is made slow to respond so that normal noise and
Fig. 14 -- Basic PCI pulsing system. voice currents which would otherwise actuate the receiver are ignored.
1418 THE BELL SYSTEH TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEHBER 1960
SIGNALING SYSTEMS t419
3. Voice-frequency energy, other than the signaling frequency, is de-
tected and used to inhibit, the operation of the signaling receiver.
First, single-frequency (SF) circuits used 1600 or 2000 cycles for sig-
naling frequencies, while the latest, circuits use 2400 or 2600 cycles. Since
these frequencies are in the voice band they can be passed over the line
facility with the same ease as voice currents.
The SF signaling system is designed to pass the necessary signals for
telephone trunks over voice frequency transmission line facilities without
impairing the normal use of these facilities for speech. This system
eepts and delivers DC signals from the switching trunk equipment. The
DC signals are transformed to ac forms on the line side, and vice versa.
The same frequency is empIoyed in both directions on four-wire line
facilities, since these have separate transmission paths between terminals.
On two-wire facilities, different frequencies are used in the two directions.
One signal frequency is applied or removed at each end of a line facility
to operate or release a relay at. the far end. In this way, two alternate
signal conditions are provided in both directions of transmission. Nor-
mally, speech and signal frequency are not, on the line facility at. the
same time.
The SF signaling circuit is inserted in series with separate transmitting
and receiving branches, that is, the four-wire transmission points at the
terminals of line facilities. The office side of the transmitting branch may
be opened momentarily for critical signaling conditions, but the receiving
branch is provided with continuous, one-way transmission. These fea-
tures protect the signaling circuits from noise and tones originating on
the ogiee sides of each terminal.
Relatively high signal power of short., duration is used for effective
operation in the presence of greater than normal line noise. The guard-
channel principle is employed to avoid false operation by signal fre-
quencies present in speech or music to which the receiver is exposed be- Fig. 15 -- The E2B SF signaling uni~.
cause of continuous association with the line. The guard channel uses
frequencies outside the signal frequency band to oppose the operating the space and using one-third the power of its electron tube predecessors,
effect of the signal frequency. In addition, this system inserts narrow- the transistorized model employs miniaturized components, printed
band elimination networks centered on the signal frequency in the voice wired cards and appropriate solid state circuitry and techniques. Wire-
path to limit the effect of signal prover when this is present on the line. spring relays are used where economics dictated their choice. The wed-
These networks are switched out at, all other times. ding of new and old concepts is proving to be a most happy
Fig. 17 indicates in block diagram form the more important features
In-Band SF Signaling ( Intertol!, Applications) of the SF signaling unit. On the otfiee side, six leads interconnect the
signaling unit and associated trunk relay circuit, the E and M leads for
Fig. 15 is a photograph of the latest transistorized SF signaling unit signaling and the send and receive voice circuits of the signaling unit.
(for intertoll trunks) in the Bell System. For comparison purposes, and the associated four-wire branches of the line facility, generally
Fig. 16 shows the earlier electron tube model. Occupying one-third of carrier telephone system.
1420 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1421

The signal detector circuit includes an amplifier-limiter, a signal-to-

guard network, appropriate half-wave rectifiers, a PC amplifier and a
pulse-correcting circuit, the output of which operates a relay to repeat
signals to the E lead of the trunk relay equipment.
The receiver sensitivity is -29 dbm for four-wire line facilities and
-32 dbm for two-wire line facilities, the additional 3 db being for loss
introduced by band elimination filters which are required when two
different frequencies are used.
The signal-guard network provides the necessary frequency discrimi-
nation to separate signal and other than signal (guard) voltages. By
combining the voltage outputs of the signal and guard detectors in
opposing polarity, protection against false operation from speech and
noise is secured. The efficiency of the guard feature is shifted between
the dialing and talking conditions to secure optimum over-all operation.

HIGH -LEVEL

I RELAY, HL. I

Fig. 16- 2600-cycle SF unit (electron tubes).

M S,GNAL TRANSMISSION
The keyer relay M operates and releases from signals on the M lead LEyEL

and alternately removes or applies 2600 cycles to the transmit line of GOIL
R~ RETARDATION
CUTOFF
RELAY, CO
the facility. The M relay operates the high-level relay HL to remove a
12-db pad in order to permit a high level initial signal to secure an CIRCUIT OR TO 4-- WIRE
TO 4-- WIRE TRANSMITTER
improved "signal-to-noise" operating environment. The HL relay is slow TERMINATING
BRANCHES
OF LINE
2 - WIRE
to release and hence dial pulses, which operate the ~I relay, are trans- 2-WIRE TRUNK LINE NETWORK FACILITIES
RELAY CIRCUIT
mitted at an augmented level. In addition a cutoff relay, co, operates
to short-circuit any noise which may be present from the office side of
the circuit. A bridged retardation coil with center-point grotmded is also
\+7DB
provided to drain off longitudinal currents that may arise in the office TRANSMISSION
LEVEL
equipment and possibly interfere ~4th signaling. The M lead will accept LEA°
and the SF unit will transmit dial pulses at speeds from 8 to 12 pulses i ~=u~ ,~- ~oL~ I_.~._~._~_~._~._~>...~ R E M ,VE
per second with per cent breaks ranging from 46 to 76 per cent. RELAY, RRECEIVING
The receiving portions of the SF unit include a voice amplifier, ap-
propriate band elimination networks, and a signal detection circuit. The
voice amplifier’s primary function is to block any noise or speech present DC
AMPL~F~Ea ~ AMPLIFIER
in the office equipment from interfering ~vith the operation of the signal I PULSE I I F~aa ~?~07~1 ~LOW-~ASS
detector and also to make up for the insertion loss of the SF unit in the ~EcT~
receive speech path. Fig. 17 -- Basic elements of SF signaling circuit.
1422 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL~ NOVEMBER 1960
To understand the signaling unit operation, assume that a trunk
equipped ~vith 2600-cycle SF units is in the idle condition. A 2600-cycle
tone (-20 dbm referred to the zero transmission level point, 0 db TL)
is present in both directions of transmission.
A seizure signal origflaating at one terminal results in a change in
state on the originating M lead from ground to battery. As a result, the
keyer relay M operates and removes 2600-cycle tone from the sending
line. The loss of tone is detected at the distant SF signaling unit and the
resulting action changes the E lead from an open to a ground condition.
The grounded E lead results ha a request for connection of an incoming
register or sender. Since there may be a slight delay in securing a regis-
ter, the trunk circuit changes the M lead state at the terminating office
from ground to battery, resulth~g in the removal of 2600-cycle tone from
the line facility, from the terminating to the originating office. This
results in a signal on the originating office E lead to delay the transmis-
sion of the address information.
~’Vhen an incoming register is connected, the terminating trunk circuit
restores ground to the M lead of the SF unit, and 2600-cycle tone is
reapplied to the line. At the originating terminal the reapplied tone is
detected and the resulting E lead signal indicates that pulsing of the
address information can begin.
If dial pulsing is used for addressing, the m’ keyer relay is operated
and released in accordance with the dial pulses being transmitted. This
results in pulses of 2600-cycle tone, one for each dial pulse, at an aug-
merited level. Interdigital intervals of 0.6 second are inserted between
dial pulse trains when transmission is from an outgoing sender.
At the end of pulsing, 2600-cycle tone is removed from the line in
the forward direction but tone is still being received from the distant
terminal. When the called customer answers, the action of lifting his
receiver results in a signal from the terminal trunk circuit to the SF
unit, and tone is removed in the backward direction. For the talking
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1423
5.3.3 Out-of-Band SF Signaling (Intertoll and Ezchange Applications)
Certain carrier systems include built-in signaling equipment (Types
N, O, and ON) using a separate frequency slot outside of but adjacent
to the voice band. In the Bell System a frequency of 3700 cycles is used
for such signaling systems. Fig. 18 outlines the basic features.
During the trunk-idle condition the 3700-cycle frequency is present
in both directions of transmission and trunk control and status signals
are transmitted by interrupting the tone in similar fashion to that al-
ready described for in-band SF systems. Since the signaling path is
outside of the voice band .no provision is required for protection against
voice operation. In addition, compandors are not affected by the tone,
and signaling, if required, cmi take place during the talking condition.
The out-of-band system in use at the present time provides only for
E and M connections to associated trunk circuits. Circuits have been
~~ \ ITRANSMITTING
II "’ TUnabLE
PULSE
I ~A~UUR J
~I
CURRENT AND

interval there are then no tones present in either direction and no band- ,
restricting components present. *~PL,-
FIER
~ NET~O~*
On calls for which no charges are made, such as business office,
repair or service calls, the tone in the backward direction is not removed,
but a band-elimination filter prevents the tone from reaching the calling ~
customer. The transmission path has, of course, been slightly degraded
by the introduction of the filter but this is not considered serious on this
type of call. On transmission systems equipped with compandors the S,AS
presence of the backward-going tone may reduce the compandor cross-
talk and noise advantage. Fig. 18 -- N-1 carrier signaling system (out-of-band).
1424 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1425

designed for converting E and M lead signals to loop signals when

2600 % ~i~1 /
required. ii TON E

5.3.4 In-Band SF Signaling; Revertive Pulsing (Exchange Applications) 2600

SIGNAL SIGNAL
For application in the exchange plant a new series of transistorized THRU H RE~. AY, ~.~

signaling units makes it possible to adapt loop signaling trunks to short. I RELAY’C2 I I CIA~ CIB I
-16 DE]
haul carrier systems. The SF units provide loop-signaling-reverse-bat- TRANSMISSION
LEVEL
tery supervision toward central office switching equipment and in-band
AC signaling toward the line. These units also include the four-wire
terminating sets required for. converting between the four-wire line
facility and the two-wire loop. The terminating sets are suitable from a
transmission standpoint for exchange, tandem and toll-connecting
/
OFFICE
CIRCUIT

R VOICE
4-WIRE
TERMINATING
CIRCU,T
T VOICE

TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
4
TO
LINE
FACILITY

trunks.
Since revertivc pulsing, as indicated earlier, is a three-state signaling
system, a brief description of its adaptation toAc signaling will be of
~
vdc 2000 I "
SIGNAL ] ~
ELIMINATION ~’~ TR/
NETWORKl
~FOF
+7 D8
interest. Such trunks are one-way circuits and hence the functions of SIGN
SIGNAL I I TRANSMISSION
LEVEL
the revertive signaling units at the two terminals differ. An over-all REVERTIVE ~--~ _.. --~
PULSING I
trunk layout is shown in block diagram form in Fig. 19. Figs. 20 and 21
detail the major functions included in the signaling units at the origi-
I
nating and terminating ends of the trunk.
The originating terminal includes two receiving circuits: one a 2600- ~’-
........
cycle receiver, to detect trunk status signals, the other a 2000-cycle I CONT OL~ RECEyI_N_G ~~RS~ SIGNAL- GUARD
~ AMPLIFIER
LIMITER
LOW-PASS

2-WIRE SF 4-WIRE SF 2-WIRE 2600 r~ SIGNAL ~[

SWITCHING SIGNALING LINE SiGNALiNG SWITCHING
OFFICE FACILITY OFFICE
(ORIGINATING) (TERMINATING)
Fig. 20 -- Basic elements of SF signaling unit -- originating terminal revertive
pulsing.

receiver, to detect the revertive pulses. At, the terminating end of the
trunk only a 2600-cycle receiver is required to detect trunk control
signals but two transmitters are provided. The revertive pulses are
~
"TO
T_._ INCOMING transmitted by keying a 2000-cycle oscillator, while the trunk status
FRAME~ ~ 22~ I ~ I~ " ~ml ~IF
OR SF signals key a 2600-cycle oscillator.
RL.~SELECTOR
OR
CIRCUIT TI] T CIRCUIT -i TRUNK
CIRCUIT
The bandwidth of the 2000-cycle channel for the revertive pulses is
quite wide in order to accomodate the high-speed signals. As indicated
earlier, pulsing speeds up to 32 pulses per second are used. Because of
the wider bandwidth, care must be exercised to prevent extraneous
ITRANS~SSION
~ L~ELS
bb- ~b
~ ~ circuit transients from appearing as legitimate pulses. Another require-
ITE: NG I ’ ment for revertive pulsing circuits is the need for ~ast round-trip trans-
mission times. Since the revertive pulses are generated at, the terminat-
Fig. 19 -- Circuit layout using SF signaling unit for revertive pulsing.
ing end of the trunk and are detected and counted at, the originating
1426 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1.427

2600 "U The pulses are sent over the regular talking channels and, since they
:’600 ’%,
TONE
SUPPLY
~ DIODE
KEYER
are in the voice range, are transmitted as readily as speech. There are
fifteen pairs of frequencies possible from the group of six; ten of them
for the digits 0 to 9, inclusive, and one each for signals indicating the
beginning mad end of pulsing. The remaining three possible pairs are
CLOSE-THRU
available for special requirements.
The multifrequeney system is arranged so that,, if more than two
i 2ooo~ i frequencies are detected by the receiving equipment, a reorder signal is
! SUPPLY ret, umed.
The multifrequency pulsing system consists of:
l TRANSM,SSION
--
2000
SIGNAL
(a) signaling current supply units and distribution arrangements with
i suitable protection and alarm features;
TO T vo,cE (b) signal transmitters, either manual multifrequeney keysets or dial
~’1 system multifrequency out.pulsing senders;
TO
4-WIRE
II -
~T TERMINA~N(
4 -Wl .R.~E.
--
TRANSMITTER
-- --- LINE (c) signal receiver connected to the incoming sender or register.
RECEIVER ’
CIRCU[’[ FACILITY One arrangement of the system components for pulsing on a trunk
~ I1 -rl ~ VOICE { INPUT between manual and dial system offices is shown in Fig. 22. A local
manual or dial system or toll switchboard equipped with muMfrequeney
I I VOICE 2600 ~1 +TDB key pulsing is shown connected by a direct trunk arranged for multi-
TRANSMISSION
~V~ frequency pulsing to a crossbar office equipped with incoming multi-
frequency pulsing senders.
The first, signal transmitted by the operator is a gate opening signal
call a KP signal. Receipt, of the KP signal at the distant end prepares
I ~ RECEIVING I ~ ~ .... ~RECTIFIERS[ GU, ~D I
the multifrequeney receiver to accept the digits thai; are to follow. The
operator begins sending the address digits by pressing one button for
each digit,. Following the last digit, she presses the ST button to indicate
Fig. 21 -- Basic elements of SF signaling unit -- terminating terminal revertive the end of pulsing. In addition to informing the distant sender that no
pulsing. more pulsing signals are coming, the operation of the ST key disconnects
terminal, a signal to stop the panel office elevator at the terminating TABLE IV FREQUENCIES AND DIGIT CODES FOR h~F PULSING
end must be transmitted as soon as the counting circuit at the originat-
Digit Code Frequencies
ing end is satisfied.
1 0 ÷1 700 ÷ 900
5.3.5 Multifrequency Pulsing (MF) 2 0 + 2 700 -5 1100
3 1 + 2 900 ÷ 1100
Multifrequency pulsh~g accomplishes the address function with AC 4 0 + 4 700 + 1300
signals, in both the toll and exchange plant. This system transmits 5 1 + 4 900 + 1300
6 2 + 4 1100 + t300
digits by combinations of two, and only two, of five frequencies. Addi- 7 0 + 7 700 + 1500
tional signals are provided by combinations using a sixth frequency. 8 1 + 7 900 ÷ 1500
9 2 + 7 1100 -t- 1500
Table IV shows the multifrequeney codes. The six frequencies are spaced 0 4 + 7 1300 ÷ 1500
200 cycles apart, from 700 to 1700 cycles inclusive. Each combination of KP 2 + i0 1100 ÷ 1700
ST 7 + I0 1500 ÷ 1700
two frequencies represents a pulse, and each pulse represents a digit.
 RECEIVING CHANNEL CIRCUITS
1428 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960 INCOMING
TRUNK \
DETEC- THYRA-
SWITCHBOARD CROSSBAR DIAL OFFICE FILTERS TORS TRONS RELAYS
LOCAL ~ DSA ~ OR TOLL LOCAL ~ TANDEM ~ OR TOLL INPUT CIRCUIT
I I \
/ \ / CROSSBAR
F~ SWITCHES LINE OR
LINE OR F] F~ F] ~’
TRUNK LI-I CORD I _11 I /~t’,/LT--~--U--"~----~CO~’,~G~’RUNK

I
[ VOLLME ~ INCOM-

L,M,T,NG I~-~
~ I ~ i SENDER

s I ~& I AND INCOMING/ /

I" I M~ PULSING ~---q MARKER
MF I ~ X ~1 ~ ~ SENDER OR ! /
BIAS
SUPPLY -- ~~I POTENTI-
~ ~ OMETER I

UNLOCKINGL~

~ SIGNAL
I ANDMF /~ .... ~ L /1~1 t I I ........ I VARIABLE /
~Jl~ PRESENT CIRCUIT
I PULSING ~ ~ ~ I~ I I SENDER ~
I MONITORING ] (0 ) [" ’)I[~PJ[ ~ TEST SET I-z/ BIAS
l SET ] .~ ~ ~ J~ L ]
MF KEYSET F~XED II I PRESENT ~ POTENTI-~’~ PRE,
B~AS
CIRCUIT
Fig. 22 -- Plan of MF pulsing system.

INDICATES PLUG-IN GROUP

the keyset from the cord, reconnects the telephone set raider control of
the talk key and extinguishes the KP and sender lamps. Fig. 23--MF receiver plan.
If the operator inadvertently presses two buttons simultaneously, the
MF receiver at the distant terminal will detect a variation from the
two-out-of-six pattern, and a reorder signal is transmitted by the distant
end. Given this information, the operator releases the connection and
starts the call again. Fig. 23 shows a typical MF receiver plan.
When the receiver is in the pulsing condition the two signal frequencies
applied to the input are amplified or limited depending upon the re-
ceived signal power. The frequencies are selected by two appropriate
channel filters and detected. The rectified voltages in turn fire hot-
cathode gas tubes and in turn operate two cham~el relays. The channel
relays when operated wil! ground two out of five leads to the incoming
sender register circuit. When the received signal is ended, the signal
present circuit of the receiver will indicate the end of the pulse to the
register circuit, permitting the register to advance to the next register
bank awaiting receipt of the next digit. Fig. 24 shows a multifrequency
receiver equipment Unit. Fig. 24--Mul~ifrequeney receiver unit.
1429

1430 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
VI. CONSIDERATIONS INVOLYED IN INTERNATIONAL SIGNALING
The extension of dial service to the United l~ngdom and Europe
introduces some interesting new signaling problems. Arising principally
from the fact that there are some important differences between the
switching philosophy and signaling techniques of the British and Euro-
pean telephone systems as compared to those of the telephone systems
in this country, the signaling problem is further complicated by unique
requirements imposed by new transmission systems. As has been noted
in previous sections, such factors, while influencing the form of signaling
systems during the evolution of telephone facilities in this country, have
been subieet to reasonably close coordination. However, up to recently
there has been no need for coordination between North American sys-
tems and those used in Europe. Since the latter have independently
reached an advanced state of the art, it, is not surprising that rather
complicated signaling problems now arise in attempting to convey
switching information between hemispheres. These problems are re-
viewed below, together with the solutions that are being evolved.
International traffic over radio systems and submarine cables is at
present handled by switchboard operators stationed at the circuit termi-
nals. Transatlantic t.raffie presently employs "ringdown" operation ; that,
is, an operator wistfing to connect a eaIling customer to an international
point signals an operator at the distant terminal by applying a ringing
signal. The originating operator passes the wanted number verbally and
the terminati~ag operator completes the connection to the called cus-
tomer. At the end of the call the originating operator again rings the re-
ceiving terminal and both operators pull down their connections. The
’signal used for ringdown operation from North America to Europe is a
500-cycle tone modulated by a 20-cycle tone; for calls from Europe to
North America a 1000-cycle tone modulated by 20 cycles is used. Thus
it can be seen that the international signaling function with ringdown
operation is relatively simple.
Increased international business and improved transmission facilities
have stimulated an increase in overseas telephone traffic. In order to
utilize existing trunks more efficiently operator dialing is being applied
initially to international circuits. There is the possibility of customer
dialing at a later date. In this first step toward improved operations the
originating operator dials the called customer’s number to set up the
call directly without the assistance of an operat;or in the terminating
country. This type of operation is now in service between the U.S.
mainland and Hawaii and Alaska, with operators dialing over radio
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1431
circuits as well as submarine cables. More recently, it has been applied
to circuits between the mainland and Puerto Rico.
Dialing to European countries raises problems of compatibility be-
tween switching systems, signaling systems and operating techniques.
The basic obiectives of conveying information for trunk control, status
information and addressing are the same for circuits connecting the
United States with other countries as they are for circuits within the
United Statesl but differences in signaling and switching philosophies
create areas where compromises are necessary in the intersystem signal-
ing arrangements. These differences are discussed below.
6.1 New Information Requirements
United Kingdom and European practices require that additional in-
formation be encoded, transmitted and interpreted by the associated
signaling systems, as follows:
6.1.I Terminal and Transit-Seize Signals
These signals are coded connect or seizure signals to indicate whether
the incoming call should terminate in or switch through the country.
In the Bell System such information is decoded by the switching system
from address data.
6.L2 Language Signals
These are digit sigamls (one through nine) indicating the service lan-
guage which must¯ be used when assistance operators are called in on
the connection. This digit precedes the address information and is
stored in the incoming relay or trunk circuit. When a ring-forward signal
is received from the originating terminal, the stored language digit to-
gether with the operator selection signal will determine the operator
to be called in on the connection. Such signals are not required in the
Bell System.
6.1.3 A cl~nowledgment Signals
¯ 1. Terminal and transit "proceed-to-send" signals are used to indicate
that the proper register is attached and ready to receive digits. The
equivalent in the Bell System is the "start-dial" signal, except that only
one signal is required.
2. Digit reception aclcnowledgment signals are used to inform the origi-
nating register that each individual digit has been received and that

1432 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
transmission of the next digit can start. Digit acknowledgment signals
are not used in the Bell System.
3. Number-received signal is a signal to indicate reception of the com-
plete address. This signal is not required in the Bell System.
4. Release-guard signal is transmitted to the originating terminal to
indicate that the clear-forward (disconnect) signal has been fully effec-
tive at the incoming end. It serves to protect the circuit from reseizure
before the circuit has been completely disconnected. In the Bell System
this protection is provided by timing arrangements at each terminal
and no special signal is required.
6.1.4 Operator Selection Signals
Assistance operators handling European international telephone calls
are designated as "Code 11" or "Code 12" operators. These operators
are called in by transmission of distinctive signals and they perform the
following services. A "Code 11" operator is an assistance operator who
performs the usual functions of an incoming operator in manual service.
A "Code 12" operator is a delayed-ticketing or suspended-call operator.
When a particular "Code 12" operator is desired a call number is added
and follows the "Code 12" signal.
6.i.5 Typical Call
To illustrate the use of these signals assume a call miginated at London
for Rome via Paris and Frankfurt,. The initial seizure signal will be
transmitted from the outgoing register in London to the incoming circuit
in Paris as a "transit seize" signal. This signal will cause a "transit"
register to be attached at Paris. When the register is ready to receive
information a "transit-proceed-to-send" signal is returned to London.
London will then transmit the country code digits representing the
country of destination. The reception of this information at Paris will
cause the register to return an acl~owledgment of the digits to London
and select a circuit to Frankfurt. A "transit-seize" signal is now trans-
mitted by the Paris register to the Frankfurt terminal, and the speech
path is closed through and the Paris register is dismissed.
The Frankfurt register, when connected, will return a "transit-pro-
ceed-to-send" signal to London, and London again transmits the country
code digits. The Frankfurt register acknowledges reception of the coun-
try code, selects a route to Rome, transmits a "terminal-seize" signal to
Rome, closes through the speech path and releases.
At Rome a terminal register is connected and a "t.erminat-proceed-to-
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1433
send" signal returned to London. The outgoing register in London now
transmits a language digit and the national number of the called custo-
mer, followed by an "end-of-pulsing" signal. Each digit transmitted from
London to Rome is acknowledged by transmission of a signal from Rome
to London and, when the complete address has been received, the Rome
register returns a "mtmber-received" signal to the London operator.
The outgoing register in London is dismissed and the speech path closed
through after the "end-of-pulsing" signal is transmitted.
At the end of the call the connections are released at each switching
center by disconnect and release guard signals transmitted in turn from
Rome to Frankfurt, Frankfurt to Paris, and finally Paris to London.
The type of signaling described above is often referred to as "end-to-
end" signaling. In contrast to this method the Bell System employs
"point-to-point" signaling. In the latter M1 of the information concern-
ing a call is transmitted from the originating point to the succeeding
switching center, following which the sender at. the originating point is
dismissed to handle other calls. Signals are not transmitted between
intertoll switching centers to acknowledge reception of the address in-
formation. Where calls require switching through several centers the
address information includes an area code directing the call to the proper
destination and when the final trunk is selected the area code information
is dropped and only the customer’s local address transmitted.
Point-to-point signaling results in reduced holding time for originating
office senders, permits the use of different signaling and pulsing systems
on each of the trm]ks comprising the complete connection (hence in-
creased flexibility), and provides a transmission advantage since the
signals are regenerated at each switching point. Hence, signaling arrange-
ments for each trunk need only operate in the environment of that trunk
and not that established for the entire connectiom Finally, from an
equipment viewpoint it is not necessary to provide two types of incom-
ing registers for the handling of either transit or terminal traffic.
6.~ One-Way Versus Two-Way Operation of Trun]cs
As discussed in Section 4.5, Bell System long-haul intertoll trunks are
generally operated on a two-way basis with exchange trm~ks being oper-
ated one way. In the United Kingdom and Europe one-way operation
of trunks is the usual ease. Two-way systems require symmetrical signal-
ing. terminals. The additional costs for symmetrical two-way operation
as compared with unsymmetrical one-way operation are sraall for con-
tinuous-type signaling plans, but can be relatively expensive for spurt.-
1434 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL J’OURNAL~ NOVEMBER 1960 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1435

type signaling arrangements, since additional logic and memory func-

tions are required.
Two-way operation is essential for international trunks between North
America and the United I~ngdom and Europe because of the high costs
of the transmission facilities and the desire to secure maximum trunk
efficiency. Time zone differences increase the importance of being able
to initiate calls in either direction at will.
6.3 Differences in Dials
Variations in the lettering and numbering of dials creates additional
problems in h~ternational signaling. Fig. 25 indicates several of the ar-
rangements used in the United I~ngdom and Europe and also the United
States dial. Dial differences are not serious with operator dialing, since
bulletin information can be issued to operators handling calls to inter-
nationM points reflecting the necessary conversions. However, with
customer dialing the problem is serious, since directory listings would
need to be quite h~volved to cover the variations. A possible solution
would be to adopt dials with all-numeral numbering, with the same
numbers in respective holes for all countries.
Fig. 25 also points out differences in dials now using numerMs only.
For example the Swedish dial has the numeral 0 in the position where
the numeral 1 is usually found on other dials. On the Swedish dials the
digits run from 0 to 9 and on dials of other countries the digits run from
1 to 0. In this latter ease the dial difference can be cared for by meehani-
ca! translation if it proves to be necessary.

~.~ Numbering Plans

Although the numbering plans of the various countries differ, it, is
not expected that this will influence the design of signaling systems.
However, they will affect the associated switching systems, since the
nmnber of digits that customers must dial will affect the digit capacity
of registers or senders handling the ~all.

6.5 Charging for International Calls

¯ Allocation of charges on international calls is not primarily a signaling
problem, but may at sometime require additional information signals.

~.~ Signaling Techniques

In recent years the desire of European countries and the United King-
dora to interconnect with each other has highlighted the necessity for
 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1437

coordinating signaling systems h~ some fashion or agreeing to use one

common system. The CCITT,* an international body of telephone ad-
ministration representatives, has recommended two signaling proposals
referred to as the single-frequency (IVF) and two-frequency (2VF)
plans. Both systems use "spurt" signals as contrasted with "continu-
ous" signals used in the Bell System.
In both of the "spurt" signaling systems there are signals present on
the line facilities only during the intervals when it is required to trans-
mit trunk control, status or address information. In the idle or busy
conditions no tones are present whereas in continuous signaling systems,
such as the Bell System SF signaling system, a low-level tone is present
continuously during the idle condition. Usually no tone is present in the
busy condition.
With spurt systems, signals such as col~nect, disconnect, on-hook,
off-hook, etc. are transmitted by spurt signals comprish~g different com-
binations of frequencies and time intervals. Acknowledgment signals
used to assure the two terminals of the successful transmission of the
different bits of supervisory and pulsing information are also transmitted
as spurts.
In addition to information and signal encoding differences in trunk
control and status signals, European systems differ with respect to
methods of transmitting address information. The CCITT standards
were therefore proposed based on arythmic and binary-coded signals.
The arythmic code, associated with the 1VF system, is quite similar to
that used in telegraph systems. It comprises a start element, four signal
elements and a stop element. The four signal elements provide 16 differ-
ent combinations. (Telegraph codes usually employ five signal elements
between the start and stop elements.) The binary code, associated with
the 2VF system, comprises four elements separated each from the next
by a silent interval, each element consisting of the transmission of one
or the other of the two signaling frequencies. Here again, 16 different
signal combinations are available. Fig. 26 shows both the arythmic and
binary codes.
It is obvious that the above intersystem trunk control, status and
addressing methods are markedly different compared to those used in
Lhe Bell System. In view of this, the interconnecting of switching sys-
tems on opposite sides of the Atlantic is a problem. Possible solutions
offer the choice of either adopting the standard of one side or the other
with suitable conversion arrangements on one side to accommodate the
adopted standard to its foster parent or, alternatively, formulating a
* Comit~ Consultatif International T~16graphique et T~16phonique.
1438 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOYEMBER 1960
compromise arrangement having desirable features of both Bell and
European standards, with conversion arrangements at each end. As
noted below, the latter alternative has been selected, with the decision
havfl]g been influenced by the transmission requirements to be discussed.
6.7 Transmission
To provide for economically expanding the lmmber of available trunks
between the United States and the United Kingdom and Europe, two
plans are being implemented. First:, the bandwidths of the available
channels are being slightly reduced by spacing the channels at 3-ke
intervals in place of the original 4-ke spacing, thus increasing the total
number of channels to 48. Second, a new transmission facility, the Time
Assignment Speech Interpolation (TASI) system is being employed.
As many as 36 of the 3-ke channels may be associated with lhe TASI
system.
A TASI system assigns a speech channel to a talker only when a
channel is required, and when a channel is not required it is prepared to
switch that channel to another talker requiring a channel. This makes it
possible to use 36 channels to serve 72 talkers, since it has been found
that a speech channel is in use less than 50 per cent of the time that a
call is in progress. Thus, with reduced channel frequency spacing and
use of TASI, a total of 84 trunks is made available from the original 36
channels. Actually, the number of trunks available ~vill be somewhat
less than the maximum due to the need for channels to provide services
that cannot be handled on TASLderived circuits.
The basic philosophy of TASI precludes the use of any signaling sys-
tern which uses continuous tones, since such tones would prevent proper
interpolation of channels. It is therefore necessary to devise a signaling
system compatible not only with the systems used in the terminal coun-
tries served by the cables, but also with TASI-derived trunk operation.
This problem has been the subject of intensive study, and discussions
have been held jointly between Bell System and the overseas telephone
administrations concerned. A plan of operation has been tentatively
agreed upon as described below.
6.s Solution
Basically the plan proposes that all international trunks be operated
on a two-way basis and that the frequencies comprising the trunk con-
trol and status signals be 2400 and 2600 cycles, either separately or
combined, to provide the necessary signal distinctions. For the trans-
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1439
mission of the address information and to reach special information
operators it has been agreed to use a slightly modified form of the Bell
System’s multifrequeney key pulsing (MFt,:P) system in both directions.
Figs. 26 and 27 compare the trunk control, status and address signals
proposed for TASI-derived trunks between North American and Euro-
pean terminals with those normally used in the toll plant, of the Bell
System and those recommended by the CCITT for use on international
trunks in the United Kingdom and Europe. It should be noted that
certain CCITT signals are not used, but reliability has not been sacri-
ficed since the principles of continuous-type signaling have been fol-
lowed wherever possible (such as connect and disconnect signals) with-
out seriously affecting the efficiency of TASI. The time intervals chosen
for the various signals reflect the requirement that, the availability of a
TASI channel must be practically assured in every ease. For the connect,
start-dial, forward-disconnect and disconnect-acknowledgment signals,
the nature of the signal and terminal recognition arrangements provide
for signal lengths as required to assure the TASI channel. The signal on
the TASI channel itself is the nfinimum time possible, consistent with
reliable operation. The other signals are timed pulses, with part of each
signal assigned to the securing of the TASI channel, if necessary, and
the remainder of the signal for the use of the terminal equipment.
The North American terminals are to be equipped with signaling con-
verters connected between the trunk circuit and the TASI ehannelizing
equipment. The Bell System terminals will include two standard SF
signaling units together with certain logic and memory relay circuitry.
This equipment will convert the usual "continuous" types of signals
between trunk and signaling circuits to signals compatible with the
concepts of TASI operation and the signaling equipment at the Euro-
pean terminals.
In addition to the changes in signaling philosophy, switching equip-
meat for international calls will include the following important features
which also affect the signaling system:
1. Seizure of the TASI channel will be delayed until the outgoing
register contains all the necessary address information. This is desirable
in order to reduce the activity on the TASI channel.
¯ 2. The incoming register groups will be liberally engineered to assure
availability of a register in a minimum time. This is again desirable to
reduce the duration of the seizure or connect signal and hence reduce
TASI activity.
3. When the TASI channel is available and the start-dial signal has
been received from the distant terminal the address information will be
 SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1441

transmitted without interruption and with signal intervals, both on and

off time, of such duration as to guarantee the continuity of the channel.
4. Transmit and terminal-seize distinctions will be made by encoding
the KP signal preceding the address signals.
5. A language signal consisting of an MF digit will, on terminal calls,
be transmitted bet~veen the KP signal and the address to make it possi-
ble, when necessary, to call in an assistance operator. On transit calls
the language digit will follow the two digits designating the international
country code.
6. The terminating trunk circuit will be arranged to permit the calling-
in of an assistance operator on a dial established connection when a
ring-forward signal is received.

VII. FUTURE TRENDS

From the foregoing survey of the events and effects leading to the
present state of the signaling art, it will be apparent that the signaling
background has been deeply interrelated with the evolution of the tele-
phone plant as a whole. Looking toward the future, one might logically
conclude that signaling systems will continue to be closely allied with
progress in the switching and transmission fields. Advances in the elec-
tronic component field and in related arts will undoubtedly contribute
substantially to the technology of signaling, but future system trends
will be tempered by the economic strains which inevitably occur in
fitting tomorrow’s plans to today’s plant.
The foreseeable .future, as indicated by trends already established,
will bring more and more fully customer-controlled traffic -- within the
exchange plant as well as within the DDD network -- and less operator-
directed traffic. While this probably will not cause changes in signaling
design requirements per se, other than to diminish the need for signals
required only by operators, it will place more and more dependence on
the reliability of signaling systems. Thus, one might expect a continued
acceleration in the use of self-checking multifrequeney signaling where
a choice of engineering alternatives exists between this and other forms
of signaling. By the same token, one might expect a lessening in the
use of interoffice dial pulsing, either through gradual obsolescence of
step-by-step central offices or through some form of senderization. There
will probably be a decline in the use of PCI signaling as local manual
switchboards disappear and as local office DDD sender modifications
supersede, with MF signaling, the use of PCI signals to tandem offices.
Further, as panel switching offices are replaced by more modern switch-
ing systems, there will be a corresponding reduction in the use of re-

1440

1442 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JouRNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
vertive pulsing and a lessening of the tendency to employ this form of
signaling between crossbar offices. Continued growth in the use of ex-
change carrier and small-gauge repeatered cable facilities will also pro-
mote an increasing use of AC signaling in the exchange plant. Thus, in
the foreseeable future one might, expect the emergence of multifrequeney
signaling as the basic standard for signaling between offices, with other
methods of signaling falling by the wayside.
Beyond the more obvious trends lies the possibility that the future
may bring to fruition some of the signaling systems and ser~dees which
are now only in the experimental or introductory state. Of interest among
these are pushbutton signaling systems wherein the customer’s conven-
tional telephone dial is displaced by ten (or perhaps more) pushbuttons,
each of which is capable of generating a unique signal, similar to the
multifrequeney signaling system. Such systems require that register (or
sender) operation of some form be present in the central office switching
systems to receive and act upon the signals generated by the customer’s
pushbuttons. Since, as mentioned earlier, a sender-type central office
serves as a buffer between the customer and interoffice signaling systems,
customer pushbutton systems probably will not influence directly pres-
ent-day interoffice signaling systems. However, it is possible that an
indirect effect may result, since by inieeting pushbutton register-senders
into non-common-control offices, the potential use of such senders to
transmit other than dial pulses to connected switching systems may be-
come attractive.
The use of AC types of pushbutton operation will undoubtedly stimu-
late intereustomer signaling, wherein pushbutton signals originated at
one station will be used to control devices or switching operations at, a
distant station. Careful integration of these over-all signaling systems
with the interoffice signaling systems will be required, however, to
sure satisfactory transmission and to avoid mutual interference.
Wider use of other systems as yet in the experimental stage may in
the future result in substantial changes in interoffice signaling. For
example, high-speed data links carrying signaling information for large
groups of trunks might become attractive; there also exist new signaling
ossibilities such as digital switching and transmission systems employ-
~n~g pulse code modulation techniques. In the latter system one or two
bits are added to each of the digital "words" used to transmit a quan-
tized speech sample, and these bits convey the signaling information.
Such signaling systems may in the future be competitive with present,-
day systems; they have the capability of transmitting signaling infor-
mation at high speed. In this connection, electronic switching systems,
SIGNALING SYSTEMS 1443
which can efficiently handle high-speed interoffice signaling, may bring
about wide use of high-speed frequency division systems (characterized
by multifrequeney systems) or time division, as characterized by PCM
or similar systems.
Looking toward the more distant future, one discerns the possibility
that switching systems will be able to capitalize on higher and higher
signaling speeds between switching offices, that transmission systems
will be available to handle these speeds economically and that, message
services (such as, for example, data communications over the telephone
pIant) having high calling rates and short holding times will place a high
premium on rapid switching and signaling. It is a matter of conjecture
whether increased signaling speed will be obtained by frequency-division
systems, by serial transmission or by one or the other in combination
with multiplexing techniques. One also anticipates the possibility that
the direct dialing network will be broadened to include new areas, new
eomJtries and perhaps new dimensions- and that this and other new
services will probably require new techniques and the fransmission of
additional signals conveying new information.
Finally, taking the long look toward sheer fantasy (the inevitable goal
of most, predictors of the future) one is struck by the thought that it is
necessary to reach way out to insure that a prediction of future communi-
cation possibilities will indeed be fantastic. Stopping just short, of this,
one wonders if Alexander Graham Bell’s historic telephone summons
to his assistant, Mr. Watson, might one day be repeated into some exotic
communication network, and that "Watson" will be summoned to the
telephone more quickly than his predecessor was able to reach Mr.
Bell’s side. If switching engineers can devise switching facilities to do
this, and if transmission engineers wilI do their part, signaling engineers
will do their best, to see that Mr. Watson is summoned, wherever he is.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Scudder, F. J. and Reynolds, J. H., Crossbar Dial Telephone Switching Sys-
tem, B.S.T.J., 18, 1939, p. 76.
2. Sheppard, H. A., A Signaling System for Inter~oll Dialing, Bell Lab. Rec., 18,
1940, p. 337. -
3. Abraham, L. G., Busch, A. J. and Slfipley, F. F., Crossbar Toll Switching
System, A.I.E.E. Trans., 63, 1944, p. 302.
4. Dah]bom, C. A., Norton, A. W., Jr. and Moody, D. L., Applications of Multi-
frequency Pulsing in Switching, A.I.E.E. Trans., 68, 1949, p. 392.
5. Korn, F. A. and Ferguson, J. G., The No. 5 Crossbar Dial Telephone Switch-
ing System, A.I.E.E. Trans., 69, Pt,. 1, 1950, p. 244.
6. Caruthers, R. S., Kahl, W. E. and Pedersen, L., The N-1 Carrier Telephone
System, B.S.T.J., 30, 1951, pp. 1; 418.
7. Clark, A. B., The Development of Telephony in the United States, A.I.E.E.
Trans., 71, Pt. 1, 1952, p. 348.
1444 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 1960
8. Myers, 0., Common Control Telephone Switching Systems, B.S.T.J., 31,
1952, p. 1086.
9. Yokelson, B. J., New Multifrequency Receiver, Bell Lab. Rec., 39~, 1954, p.
221.
10. Comit~ Consultatif International T414graphique et T414phonique, XVIIth
Plenary Assembly, Geneva, October 4-12, 1954, Vol. V, Signaling and
Switching.
11. Weaver, A. and Newell, N. A., In-Band Single-Frequency Signaling, B.S.T.J.,
33, 1954, p. 1309.
12. Horton, A. W., Jr. and Vaughan, H. E., Transmission of Digital Information
over Telephone Circuits, B.S.T.J., 34, 1955, p. 511.
13. Adam, A. O., Crossbar Tandem as a Long Distance Switching System, B.S.T.J.
35, 1956, p. 91.
14. Joel, A. E., Jr., An Experimental Switching System Using New Electronic
Techniques, B.S.T.J., 37, 1958, p. 1091.
15. Pennoyer, D. H., Automatic Number Identification and Its Application to
No. 1 Crossbar, Panel and Step-by-Step Offices, B.S.T.J., 37, 1958, p. 1295.
16. Bullington, K. and Fraser, J. 1V[., Engineering Aspects of TASI, B.S.T.J.,
~8, 1959, p. 353.
17. Green, E. I., Evolving Technology of Communication, Elect. Engg., 78, 1959,
p. 470.
18. Vaughan, H. E., Research Model for Time-Separation Integrated Communi-
cation, B.S.T.J., 38, July 1959, p. 909.
19. Dahlbom, C. A., Transistorized Signaling System: Engineering Aspects, Bell
Lab. Rec., 37, 1959, p. 254.
20. Schenker, L., Pushbutton Calling with a Two-Group Voice-Frequency Code,
B.S.T.J., 39, 1960, p. 235.
21. Newell, N. A., DX Signaling, Bell Lab. Rec., 38, 1960, p. 216.
The E6 Negative Impedance Repeater
By A. L. BONNER, J. L. GARRISON and W. J. KOPP
(Manuscript received April 14, 1960)
The E6 repeater is a low-cost, transistorized, voice-frequency, two-way
repeater for use in the exchange area plant, including use in trunks between
local offces and between local and toll offces. It permits both types of trunks
to be operated at low net loss, while meeting the impedance requirements
placed on trunT~s between local and toll offces. These features are possible
because of a unique method of repeater design, in which the impedance-
matching function and the gain function are allocated to separate portions
of the repeater and are separately adjustable.
The impedance-matching function is accomplished by means of a line
building-out networl~, which permits any cable pair associated with the
repeater to be built out and made to match the impedance of the toll office.
The gain unit presents the same imagd impedance, which is essentially
independent of gain adjustment. Changes in gain are controlled by two
resistive, adjustable networlcs -- one in the series-connected negative imped-
ance converter, and the other in the shunt-connected converter. In previous
designs of negative impedance repeaters, complex impedance networks were
required for adjustment of both gain and impedance mateh.
The E6 repeater also incorporates novel mechanical .features, with tran-
sistorization resulting in low power drain and ldss heat dissipation in the
telephone central q~fice. Power is derived from the existing 48-volt central
office battery.
TABLE O1~ ~ONTENTS
I. Introduction ...................................................... 1446
1.1 The E23 Negative Impedance Electron Tube Repeater .......... 1446
1.2 The E6 Negative Impedance Transistorized Repeater .......... 1447
II. Systems Applications .............................................. 1447
2.! General Description ............................................ 1447
2.2 Principles of Operation ........................................ 1448
III. Design Objectives ................................................. I451
IV. Theory ........................................................... 1452
4.1 General ........................................................ 1452
4.2 The E23 Repeater .............................................. 1452
4.3 The E6 Repeater ............................................... 1453
4.4 Line Building-0ut Networks ................................... 1468
1445