902 IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-99,No.

3 May/June 1980

A GENERAL FORMULATION OF IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE OF CABLES

A. AMETANI
Doshisha University
Kyoto, Japan
ABSTRACT 2. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE
Interest in the analysis of wave propagation char- The impedance and admittance of a cable system
acteristics and transients associated with cable sys- are defined in the two matrix equations.
tems has rapidly increased. In order to answer the
need of the analyst,impedances and admittances of var- d (V)/dx = - [Z] * (I) (1)
ious cables have to be known. This paper describes a
general formulation of impedances and admittances of d(I)/dx = - [Y] *V) (2)
single-core coaxial and pipe-type cables. The formu-
lation presented here can handle a coaxial cable con- where (V) and (I) are vectors of the voltages and cur-
sisting of a core, sheath and armor, a pipe-type cable rents at a distance x along the cable. [Z] and [Y] are
of which the pipe thickness is finite and an overhead square matrices of the impedance and admittance.
cable, which has not been discussed in the literature In general, the impedance and admittance matrices
heretofore. of a cable can be expressed in the following forms.
Using the formulation presented in this paper, it
now becomes possible to analyze wave propagation char- IZ] = [Zi] + lZp] + [Zc] + Izo] (3)
acteristics and transients on any type of cable system.
1. INTRODUCTION
The growing use of cable systems and the increas-
ing levels of capacity makes the analysis of wave prop-
agation characteristics and transients on cable sys-
[Y] = s . [p1

[P] = [Pi] + IPp] + [Pc] + [Po]

where [P] is a potential coefficient matrix, and s=jw.
} (4)

In the above equations, the matrices with subscri-

tems an important task. The cases of underground sin- pt"i"concern an SC cable and the matrices with subscri-
gle-core coaxial cables (SC cables) consisting of a pts"p"and "c" are related to a pipe enclosure. The ma-
core and sheath, and pipe-type cables (PT cables) of trices with subscript"o"concern cable outer media,i.e.
which the pipe thickness is assumed to be infinite have air space and earth. When a cable has no pipe enclo-
been well studied!-5 However, SC cables consisting of sure, there exists no matrix with subscripts"p"and "c".
a core, sheath and armor, PT cables of which the pipe In the formulation presented here, the following
thickness is finite, and overhead cables have never assumptions are made.
been studied. (1) The displacement currents and dielectric losses
SC cables with a core, sheath and armor are quite are negligible.
often seen in the submarine cable case, and, in fact, (2) Each conducting medium of a cable has constant
this author has been asked about the possibility of cal- permeability.
culating transients on such cables.6 So far, pipe en- (3) The pipe thickness is greater than the penetration
closures were assumed to act as complete shields, thus depth of the pipe wall for the PT cable case.
avoiding consideration of earth return currents. As The details will beexplained in the following sections.
far as wave propagation characteristics and transients
on inner conductors of the pipe enclosure are concern- 2.1 Single-Core Coaxial Cable (SC cable)
ed, the assumption of the infinite thickness of the
pipe is quite acceptable. But once the wave propa- 2.1.1 Impedance
gation and transients on the pipe are to be included, When an SC cable consists of a core, sheath and
all the previous studies are not applicable. Thus, we armor as shown in Fig.l (a), the impedance is given in
need a way of handling voltage and current on the pipe. the following form based on the result of Appendix 1.
An analysis of overhead cables seemed to be over-
due, although there is some need for it. This author
has been asked to calculate transients in a gas insu- IZ] = [Zi] + IZo] (5)
lated substation, where a bus and circuit breaker are where
enclosed in a pipe, and the pipe is overhead7 This can
be considered to be an overhead cable.
Because of the situation explained above, a for- [Zi] = SC cable internal impedance matrix
mulation of impedances and admittances, which is able = [Zil] [IO ]-^-[ O ]
to deal with an SC cable consisting of a core, sheath
and armor, a PT cable having a finite thickness of the,
pipe, and an overhead cable, has been developed in the [0° [Zi2]@**[ ° ] (6)
present paper. The formulation is carried out in a
generalized manner so as to be able to handle all the [ °] ° ]...[Zin]
above cases. li0 ipdne arxoftecbl ue
[ZO] impedance matrix of the cable outer
medium (earth return impedance)
= [lo
i11 liZo 12] -[Zo ln]
F 79 615-6 A paper recawended and approved by the
IEEE Insulated Conductors Cacimittee of the IEEE Power [Zo12] [Z022]. [Zo2n]
i (7)
Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE PES
Summer Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, [Zo in] [Zo2n].- [Zonn]
July 15-20, 1979.Manuscript submitted January 26, 1979; li

made available for printing May 1, 1979. All the off-diagonal submatrices of [Zi] are zero.

0018-9510/80/0500-0902$00.75 © 1980 IEEE

 903

When the SC cable consists of a core and sheath,

the matrix of eq.(8) is reduced to a 2 x 2 matrix.

r,
[Z1j] = Fzccj Zcsl (11)
(pi, 1 1, cl) core LZcsj Zss5J
- F -11sheW4P 2, 2 2) where
sulator 3 (Ej3) armor(p3, V3, C3)
(a) SC cable cross-section Zccj = ZCS + ZS3 - 2Z2m
k-th cable Zssj = Zs3
Zcsj = ZS3- Z2m (12)
and
ZS3= Z20 + Z23

If an SC cable consists only of a core, the sub-

matrix is redued to one element.
[Zij] = Zccj = Zil + Z12 (13)
Fig. 1 An SC cable system The component impedances per unit length in the
A diagonal submatrix expresses the self-impedance ma- above equations are given in the following equaions
trix of an SC cable. When the SC cable consists of a for an SC cable shown in Fig.l(a).1'9'10
core, sheath and armor, the self-impedance matrix is
given by: (1) z11: internal impedance of core outer surface
[Zjj]= Zccj Zcsj Zcaj Z I = (sviopj/2T) (1/x2D1) -{Io(x2) * K1 (x1)
Zcsj Zssj Zsaj (8)
+ Ko(x2)YIl(X1)}
(2) Z12 : core outer insulator impedance
Zcaj Zsaj Zaaj Z12 = (s-popij/2r)+ln(r3/r2)
where
(3) Z2;: internal impedance of sheath inner surface
Zccj = core self-impedance
Z2i = (sPoVi2/2Jr).(l/x3D2)*{Io(X3)KI(X4)
= zcs + Zsa + Za4 - 2Z2m - 2Z3M + Ko(x3)I1l(X4)}
Zssj = sheath self-impedance (4) Z2m: sheath mutual impedance
= Zsa + Za4 - 2Z3m Z2m = P2/2irr3r4D2

Zaaj = armor self-impedance = za4 (5) Z20 : internal impedance of sheath outer surface
Zcsj = mutual impedance between the core and Z20 = (SioI2/27r) (l/x4D2).(Io(x4)-Kl(x3)
sheath + Ko(x4)-II(x3)}
=Zsa + Za4- Z2m - 2Z3m (6) Z23 : sheath outer insulator impedance
Zcaj = mutual impedance between the core and Z23 = (sipOpii2/2ir)*ln(r5/r4)
armor
= Za4- Z3M (7) Z3i : inteinal impedance of armor inner surface
Zsaj = mutual impedance between the sheath and z3i = (sloUV3/2ir)* (l/xsD3)*{ Io(xs)*Ki(x6 )
armor
+ Ko(xs)*Il(x6)}
= Zcaj (8) Z3m : armor mutual impedance
where Z3m = P3/2irrsr6D3

I
Zcs = Zii + Z12 + Z2j (9) Z30 : internal impedance of armor outer surface

+ Z23 + (10) Z30 = (SPoP3/2T) (l/x6D3) -{Io(xr)Kl(x5)

Zsa = Z20 z3i + Ko(X6)-I (X5)I
Za4 = Z30 + Z34
(10) Z34 : armor outer insulator impedance
904

Z34 = (S)o1Pj3/2Tr)*ln(r7/r6) [PO] = potential coefficient matrix of the

system in air
where = [Po11] [Po12].
--- [Poin]

Di = Il(x2).K1(xi) - Il(x1)-K1(x2) [PO2] [P022] [Po2n] (20)

D2 = Il(x4).KI(x3) - Il(x3) Kl(x4)
D3 = I1(X6)*K1(xs5) - I1(x5)*K1(x6)
[Poin] F PI2n] [Ponn]
Xk = aks, 82 = r2/4110"/Pl All the off-diagonal submatrices of [Pi] are zer.
8 3 r3_0_12/P2, 4 = r4/II0o2/P2 A diagonal submatrix expresses the potential coeffi-
cient matrix of an SC cable. When the SC cabe consists
85 = r54i01i3/P33 , s = r64iOvi3/P3 of a core, sheath and armor as shown in Fig.l (a), the
diagonal submatrix is given in the following form.
See Appendix 2.
A submatrix of the earth return impedance [ZO] in
eq.(7) is given in the following form. [Pij] Pcj+Psj+Paj Psj+Paj Paj
[Zoj k] = Zojk Zojk Zojk Psj+Paj Psj+Paj Paf (21)
Zojk Zoik Zojk (14) Paj Paj Paj
Zojk Zojk Zojk where

I
When the SC cable consists of a core and sheath, Pcj = (1/27Troc1i)*ln(r3/r2)
the above matrix is reduced to:
Psj = (1/27wco0j2)*ln(r5/r4) (22)
[Zojk] [Zojk Zojk (15) Paj = (1/27rToCj 3)*ln(r7/r6)
Zojk Zojk
When the cable consists of a core and sheath, the
If the SC cable consists only of a core, the above matrix is reduced to:
matrix includes only one element.
[Pij] = [Pcj + Psj Psjl (23)
[Zojk] = Zojk (16) l Psj PsiJ
Zoik in eqs.(14) to (16) is the earth return im- If the cable consists only of a core, then [Pij]
pedance between the j-th and k-th cables. When a cable includes only one element.
system is overhead, the impedance is given by Carson!'
When a cable system is underground,the impedance given [Pii] = Pcj (24)
by Pollaczek"2 is used. If a cable is above a strati-
fied earth, the earth return impedance developed by
Nakagawa, et.al.13 can be used. The submatrices of [Po] are given in the follow-
ing form.
2.1.2 Potential coefficient
The admittance matrix of a cable system is eval-
uated from the potential coefficient matrix as given
[Pojk] = Poik Pojk Pojk
in eq.(4). In the SC cable case, [P ] and [Pc] are Pojk Poik PoJk (25)
zero, and when the cable system is ungerground, [PO]
is also zero. Thus, based on the result of Appendix 2, Poj k Poj k Poj k
(1) Overhead cable where Pojk is the space potential coefficient and is
given for the case of Fig.l (b) by:
[P] = [Pi] + [Po] (17)
Pojj = (1/2TrrO)*ln(2hj/r7j) (26)
(2) Underground cable I
Pojk = (l/2Irco)*ln(D2/Dj)
[P] = [Pi] (18)
2.2 Pipe-Type Cable (PT Cable)
where
2.2.1 Impedance
[Pi] = cable internal potential coefficient The impedance matrix of a PT cable shown in Fig.2,
matrix where an inner conductor is assumed to be an SC cable,
is given in the same manner as the SC cable case.8'9
= [Pil] o
(1) Pipe thickness assumed to be infinite
[Pi2] [ (19)
[Z] = [Zi] + [Zp] (27)
[Pin]i (2) Pipe thickness being finite
 905

[Z] = [Zi] + [Zp] + [Zc] + [Zo] (28) In eqs.(29) and(30), the last column and row cor-
respond to the pipe conductor. Thus, these should be
where omitted when the pipe thickness being assumed infinite.
A diagonal submatrix of [Zi], i.e.eq.(29), is given in
[ZiI = SC cable internal impedance matrix eq.(8). A submatrix of [Zp], eq.(30), is given in the
fol 1 owi ng form.
[Zil] [I 0 1] [ 0 ] 0
(29) [Zpjk] r Zpjk Zpjk Zpjk (33)
[ ° ] [ZM2].' [ 0 1 0
Zpjk Zpjk Zpjk
[0] t[] I [Zin] 0 Zpjk Zpjk ZpjkJ
O
0 0.0--e 0 When an inner conductor consists of a core and
sheath, eq.(33) is reduced to 2x2 matrix, and when the
[Zp] = pipe internal impedance matrix inner conductor consists only of a core, eq.(33) is
further reduced to a column matrix in the same manner
[Zp11] [Zpl 2].] [Zpln] 0 as explained in the case of [Zi]. ( See eqs.(8), (11)
and (13). ) This is the same for all other impedance
[Zp12] [Zp22].* [Zp2n] 0 (30) and admittance matrices explained in this section.
Z k in eq.(33) is the impedance between the j-th
and k- inner conductors with respect to the pipe in-
a

[Zpin] [Zp2n] - [Zpnn] 0 ner surface, and is given by3'8:

0 0 .- -0 0
pipe2P_iCn/{n(l[ippKo(xj)/{xiKj(xi)}+
Zpjk = (s o/21T)*
+ pp) + xiKn-1.(xj)/Knix1 )1]
Q*k +

LZc] = connection impedance matrix between pipe w=1 (34)

inner and outer surfaces where

[Zcll] ZC11] '' ZC1] ZC2 Qjj = ln[(rpl/rj).{l-(dj/rpl)2}]

[ZCl] [ZC1]*' [IZCI] ZC2 (31) Qik = ln[rpl/!d% + di - 2djdkcosOjk] -nCn/n
Cn = (djdk/rpi)n, cos(n0jk)
[ZC1] [ZC1]'' [ZC1] ZC2
and
ZC2 ZC2 ' . ZC2 Zc3
[Zo] = earth return impedance matrix
xl= 1 =s
I
rpj/pvO'ip/P~p (36)
A submatrix and the last row and column elements
1Zo] [Zo].. [Zo] Zo of [Zc] in eq.(31) are given in the following form8'14
[Zo] [Zo..[Zo] Zo (32) [Zci]= Zcl Zc1 Zc
Zci Zcl Zcl
[Zo] [Zo- -[Zo] Zo
Zci Zcl Zcl J (37)
Zo Zo .* Zo Zo) ZC1 = ZC3 2zpn -

ZC2 = Zc3 Zpm -

ZC3 = Zpo + Zp3

where
Zpm = Pp/(2-nrpirp2Dp)
Zpo =
(Svolop/27rx2Dp)j{ Io(x2) K1(xl) (38)
+ KO(X2)Il1(Xl)}
zp3 = (slao/21r).ln(rp3/rp2)
and
D = Il(x2) Kl(xl)
Il(x1) Kl(x2)
-

x, is given in eq.(36). (39)

x2 = a2A, a2 = rp2/iaOp/Pp
A diagonal submatrix of [ZO] in eq.(32) is given
by:
Fig. 2 A PT cable
906

[Zo) = ZO Zo Zo In eqs.(44) and(45), the last column and row cor-

responding to the pipe conductor,these should be omit-
Zo Zo Zo (40) ted when the pipe thickness being assumed infinite. A
diagonal submatrix of [Pi] in eq.(44) is given in eq.
Zo Zo Zo (21). Submatrix [Ppjk] of [Pp], eq. (45), is given in
the following form.
where Zo in the above matrix is the self earth return
impedance of the pipe. [Ppjk] = Ppjk Ppjk Ppjk
2.2.2 Potential coefficient Ppjk Ppjk Ppjk (48)
The potential coeffidient matrix of a PT cable
shown in Fig.2 is given in the following form.8'9 Ppjk Ppjk Ppjk
(1) Pipe thickness assumed to be infinite Ppjk in the above equation is the potential co-
efficient between the j-th and k-th inner conductors
[P] = [Pi] + [Pp] (41) with respect to the pipe inner surface, and is given
in the following equation using Q of eq.(35).
(2) Pipe thickness being finite
(a) Underground cable Ppjj =
Qjj/27rcpiso , Ppjk = Qjk/27Tcplo (49)
[P] = [Pi] + EPp] + [Pc] (42) A submatrix and the last column and row elements
of [Pc] in eq.(46) are given by:
(b) Overhead cable
[PC] = PC PC Pc
[P1I = [Pi] + [Pp) + [Pc] + [Po] (43)
Pc Pc Pc
where (50)
[Pi] = SC cable internal potential coefficient Pc Pc PC
matrix PC = (l/21Tcp2co)*ln(rp3/rp2) I

[Pill [ 0 I]e [ O ] 0 l (44) A submatrix and the last row and column elements
of the space potential coefficient matrix[PO] is given
[ 0 1 [Pi?2] ' ' ' [ ] 0 in the following form.
[PO] = Po Po Po
[0 1 1 0 ] [Pin] 0
PO PO PO (51)
0 O 0 0
Po Po PO
[Pp] = pipe internal potential coefficient
matrix PO = (l/27rEo).ln(2h/rp3)
oe 11~~~~~~
[Ppill [Ppl 2] ** *[Ppln] 0 3. DISCUSSION
[PpI2] [Pp22]. .[Pp2n] 0
(45) The formulation of impedances and admittances of
various cables given in the previous section includes
some approximations. It may be important to discuss
[Ppmn] [Pp2n] ... [Ppnn] 0
these approximations so as to make the limit of appli-
0 0' 0 0 cability clear when the formulation is used.
First of all, the major assumptions made for the
[Pc] = potential coefficient matrix between formulation of impedances and admittances (on page 1 of
pipe inner and outer surfaces the paper) should be discussed. The first assumption
is constant permeability. Quite offten, a pipe and
armor are ferromagnetic. It, however, seems to be
[PC] [PC]---[PC] PC rather unusual to have high currents to cause satura-
(46) tion of the pipe or armor. Thus, in most cases, the
[Pc] saturation of the pipe or armor can be neglected. When
one needs to take the saturation into account, methods
proposed in references (3) and (4) can be used. In regard
[PC] [Pc]---[Pc] to the second assumption, displacement currents are
negligible as far as low frequencies (less than about
PC PC.....Pc Pc lMHz) are concerned. In the analysis of transients and
[PO] = potential coefficient matrix of the pipe wave propagation on a cable system, 1the frequency of
interest is, in most cases, less than MHz. The die-
in air
lectric losses are small in comparison with the losses
in conducting media of cables and earth. Thus, the
= [PO] [Po] ..[Po] Po0 assumption is valid. The third assumption will be
discussed later.
[Po] [Po]- -[Po] PO (47)
No approximation is made for the impedances and
admittances of an SC cable as far as Carson's and
[Po] [Po]- -.[Po] PO Pollaczek's earth impedances and Scheikunoff's cylin-
drical conductor impedance are concerned. One should
PO Po0....Po PO pay attention to the fact that Carsont and Pollaczek's
 907

formulas of the earth return impedance are not appli-
cable at frequencies higher than about lMHz because
the effect of displacement currents is not included in
the formulas'.3 Thus, the formulation of the impedances
of both SC and PT cables is correct only upto about
lMHz.
One can easily find that the formulation of the
impedances and admittances of an SC cable given in this
paper is identical to that given in reference (1) for
the case of a coaxial cable consisting of a core and
sheath.
Two assumptoins are included in the PT cable case.
The first one is that the eccentric cable positions
within the pipe do not affect the internal impedances
and admittances of the inner conductors (SC cable) and
the impedances and admittances between the inner and
outer surfaces of the pipe. Thus, the inner conductor
impedance and admittance of a PT cable become the same
as those of an SC cable. The same assumption has been
made in references (3) and (4). If one needs to take
into account the effect of the eccentricity on the in-
ner conductor impedance, the formula of the outer sur-
face impedance of the inner conductor given in refer-
ence (5) can be used.
The second assumption concerns the case of finite
pipe thickness. It is assumed that the pipe thickness
will be greater than the penetration depth in the pipe
wall. If the pipe thickness is smaller than the pene-
tration depth, the formulas of the pipe internal im-
pedance given in eqs.(34) and (35) and potential co-
efficient given in eq.(49) can not be used. In that
1 0-3
E
C:
10-4
._
o-!5
0.01 0.1 1 10
frequency, kHz
Fig. 3 Effects of pipe thickness
on pipe inner surface impedance
1
-2
E 1
1-0
case, accurate formulas of the impedance and potential
coefficient can be derived based on the work done by
Tegopoulos and Kriezis.15 Since these formulas are too
complicated for practical usage, the assumption of
infinite pipe wall thickness may be used, but only to
calculate the impedance and potential coefficients of
the pipe. Note that earth return currents are not neg-
lected and that complete shielding is not assumed.
This assumption introduces negligible error for actual
PT cables and for frequencies above 1OHz. Fig.3 shows
a comparison of the pipe impedances for the cases of
the pipe thickness being finite and infinite. It is
clear that the impedance for the finite pipe thickness
case approaches that for the infinite thickness case,
at the frequency of lkHz. When the pipe thickness is
4mm, which is nearly equivalent to the penetration
depth at 10 Hz, its impedance is almost identical to
that for the infinite thickness case in the frequency
range shown in the figure. The pipe thickness is, in
most cases, greater than the penetration depth. Thus,
the assumption is valid.
Calculated results of admittances of a single-
phase SC cable are shown in Fig.4. From the results,
it is clear that the admittance ofan underground cable
are much greater than those of an overhead cable. The
impedance shows not a significant difference between
underground and overhead cables. Thus, it should be
expected that the attenuation of the undeground cable
is much higher than that of the overhead cable, and the
propagation velocity is lower in the underground case.
Similar results are obtained for the PT cable case.
The internal impedances of SC cables are shown in
Fig.5. Significant differences are observed for the
cases of SC cables consisting only of a core, of core
and sheath, and of core, sheath and armor.
io-2
E
1o-,
r-
- -Fl
a
10-4
0)
S-
10o
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
frequency, KHz
10-2

j7j'1 /;
0

C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/-
/
10 6 10-3
/// Em l04
*v 10-;
c
1C5 ;01 i0.1
4

10-4
f0

a,10-4
In

l o- B f" -A 10-5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 frequency, KHz
frequency, KHz
underground cable Fig. 5 Internal impedances Zcc of SC cables
--- overhead cable (a) Core and its outer insulator
Fig. 4 Susceptances (imag.Y22) of SC cables (b) Core, sheath and its outer insulator
(c) Core, sheath, armor and its outer insulator
908

4. CONCLUSION of pipe thickness", IEE Japan,Proceedings of Annual

Meeting, Paper No.840 (1978)
A general formulation of the impedances and ad-
mittances of single-core coaxial cables and pipe-type 15) J. A. Tegopoulos and E. E. Kriezis: "Eddy current
cables is given. The formulation presented in this distribution in cylindrical shells of infinite
paper can handle a coaxial cable consisting of a core, length due to axial currents, Part II-- Shells of
sheath and/or armor, a pipe-type cable of which the finite thickness'IEEE Trans. on Power App. & Syst.,
pipe thickness is either infinite or finite, and an PAS-90, pp.1287-1294 (1971)
overhead cable. Numerical results based on this for-
mulation are readily available using BPA's computer APPENDICES
program EMTP with subroutine CABLE CONSTANTS.
Appendix 1 Impedance of an SC cable consisting of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS a core, sheath and armor
In the case of an SC cable with core, sheath and
The author would like to thank Prof. K. Tominaga armor, an equivalent circuit for impedances is given
for his encouragement, and Prof. R. Schinzinger of in Fig.A-l.
University of Californua for his helpful discussion
and critical reading of the manuscript. The author x
also wishes to express his appreciation for financial
support by Bonneville Power Administration.
REFERENCES Vc L
V12
1) L. M. Wedepohl and D. J. Wilcox:"Transient analysis Vs Is
of underground power-transmission systems",Proc.IEE
vol.120, pp.253-260 (1973)
V23
2) L. M. Wedepohl and D. J. Wilcox: " Estimations of Ia
transient sheath overvoltages in power cable trans- Va
mission systems,' ibid., vol.120, pp.877-882 (1973)
3) G. W. Brown and R. G. Rocamora: "Surge propagation V34
in three-phase pipe-type cables, Part I-Unsaturated le. -
pipe", IEEE Trans. on Power App. & Syst., PAS-95,
pp.89-95 (1976)
Fig. A-1 An equivalent circuit for impedances
4) R. C. Dugan, et. al.: " Surge propagation in three of an SC cable
phase pipe-type cables, Part II - Duplication of
field tests including the effects of neutral wires
and pipe saturation", ibid.,PAS-96,pp.826-833(1977)
Define currents flowing into the core, sheath,
5) R. Schinzinger and A. Ametani: " Surge propagation armor and outer medium (earth) by Ic, Is, Ia and le at
characteristics of pipe enclosed underground cable<,' x. Also inner and outer surface currents of the sheath
ibid., PAS-97, pp.1680-1687 (1978) and the armor are I2, I3, I4 and Is as shown in Fig.A-
1. Voltages between the core, sheath, armor and outer
6) B. Dixon: Private correspondence (1977.9) medium are V12, V23 and V34 at x, and are V12+AV12,
V23+AV23, and V34+AV34 at x = x + Ax.
7) B. P. A.: Private correspondence (1977.8) Then, the following relation for currents are
obtained.
8) A. Ametani: "Generalized program for line and cable
constants", Bonneville Power Administration, 12 = -Ic, I3 = -I4 , Is = -Ie (A-l)
Purchase Order No.70249, Report No.2 (1977.10)
Is = I2 + I3 -(Ic + I4)
I
=
9) A. Ametani: "Extension of generalized program for (A-2)
line and cable constants in EMTP", Bonneville Power Ia= I4 + Is = I4 - Ie
Administration, Contract No.EW-78-C-80-1500, Report
No.1 (1978.7) From the above equations,
10) S. A. Schelkunoff: " The electromagnetic theory of I4 = -(Ic + Is) (A-3)
coaxial transmission line and cylindrical shields",
Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol.13, pp.532-579 (1934) Ie= -(Ic + Is+ Ia)
11) J. R. Carson: " Wave propagation in overhead wires For voltage V12 between the core and the sheath,
with ground return", ibid., vol.5, pp.539-554(1926)
V12 = Z11AxIc - z12AxI2 - z2iAxI2 - Z2mAXI3
12) F. Pollaczek: "Uber das Feld einer unendlich langen + V12 + AV12
wechsel stromdurchflossenen Einfachleitung",E.N.T.,
Band 3 (Heft 9), pp.339-360 (1926) .: -AV12/Ax = (Zll + Z12 + Z2i)Ic + Z2mI4
13) M. Nakagawa, et,al.: " Further studies on wave Define Zcs by:
propagation in overhead lines with ground return ",
Proc.IEE, vol.120, pp.1521-1528 (1973) Zcs = Z11 + Z12 + Z2j (A-4) = eq.(10)
14) A. Ametani and T. Ono: " Wave propagation charac- Using the above equation,
teristics on a pipe-type cable, III - Consideration
 909

-AV12/AX = ZCSIC + Z2mI4 (A-5) Zsa = za4- Z3m

For voltage V2.3 Appendix 2 Potential coefficient
Aneq`uival ent circuit for the admittance of under
-AV23/AX (z20 + Z23 +
= Z3i)T4 + Z2mIC Z3mIe - ground SC cable with a core, sheath and armor is shown
in Fig.A-2. From the figure,
,Define zsa by:
IC= YcsAX(Vc - Vs) + Ic + AIC
zsa = Z20 + Z23 + Z3i (A-6) = eq.(10)
s= ycsAx(Vs - Vc) + YsaAX(Vs - Va) + Is + AIs
Then,
Ia = YsaAx(Va - Vs) + Ya4AxVa + Ia + Ala (A-18
-AV23/Ax = zsaI4 + Z2mIc z3mIe (A-7)
For voltage V314, Rewriting the above equations,
-AV34/AX = (za4 + Zo)Ie - ZSmI4 (A-8) -AIC/AX = ycsVc -YcsVs
where -AIs/AX = -YcsVc + (Ycs + Ysa)Vs - YsaVa
Za4 = Z30 + Z34 (A-9) = e!q. (10) -AIa/Ax = -ysaVs + (Ysa + Ya4 )Va (A-19)
Take the earth voltage of zero potential as Put x -+ 0 in the above equations,
reference,
dxI = - Ycs 0
Va = 34 dxi r c

Is -Ycs (Ycs+Ysa) -Ysa IIVs

VS = -(V23 + V34) = Va -
V23 (A-1 0)
LIal 0 -Ysa (Ysa+Yila4)JIVaJ
VC = V12 + VS
- -[Yi].(V) (A-20)
Substituting eqs.(A-3) and (A-10) into eq.(A(-8).
where
-AVa/x = (za4
Z3m + Zo) (Ic
- + IS)
+ (za4 + Zo)Ia (A-11) Ycs = s2lTsoca/1/n(r3/r2)
Substitute eqs.(A-3), (A-10) and (A-ll) into Ysa = s2isOq22/1n(r5s/r4 ) (A-21)
eq. (A-7).
Ya4 = s21rSo0s3/ln(r7/r6)
-AVs/Ax = (zsa + za4 - Z2m -
2Z3m + Zo)IC ++Zo)Ia
(zsa
Potential coefficients being inversly related to
+ Za4 -
2Z3m + Zo)Is + (za4 -
Z3m
(A-12) admittances,
In the same manner, [Pi]'= Pc+Ps+Pa Ps+Pa Pa
-AVc/Ax = (Zcs + Zsa + Za4 - 2z2m - 2z3M +* Zo)Ic Ps+Pa Ps+Pa Pa (A-22) eq.(21)
+ (zsa + Za4 - z2m - 2z3m + Zo )Is
+ (Za4 Z3m + ZO)Ia - (A-13) Pa Pa Pa
Finally frpm eqs.(A-11), (A-12) and (A-13) writh Pc S/ycs, Ps s/Ysa, Pa = s/ya4
= (A-23)
=
x40, -eq.(22)
When a cable is overhead, considering a space ad-
d(V)/dx = -[Z]*(I) (A-14) mittance being connected in series to Ya4 in Fig.A-2,
the potential coefficient matrix is derived in the
where [Z] is given by: same manner as the underground cable case.
[Z] = [Zi] + [Zo] (A-1 5) = eq. (5) eq.(5) - Ax -+a
~~~X x+AX
and Vc, Ic 4X,, / ,wx oowoxo} ""4 Ic+aIC
[Zi] = Zcc Zcs Zca , [Zo] = Zo Zo Z1 -1 Ycs core
Zcs Zss Zsa Zo Zo Zo Vs, Is- ..+-zzzzzzzz-IzI s
sheath
Zca Zsa Zaa ZO Zo zoJ - Ysa
(A-16) = eqs.(8) anrd (14)
Va, Ia~ a+A I a
where
armor
Zcc = Zcs + Zsa + Za4 -
2(Z2m + Z3m)- TF Va1

Zss = Zsa + Za4 -

2z3m Z Zaa.4 =
(A-17) earth
Zcs = Zsa + Za4 -
Z2m -
2Z3m = eq.(9) Fig. A-2 An equivalent circuit for admittances
of an SC cable
910
Discussion
Adam Semlyen (University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada):
Dr. Ametani's paper on cable impedances and admittances is based on
the assumption that such parameters are available between components
of the cable. The contribution consists in assembling the basic data into
matrices defined in (1) and (2). The complexity of cable layouts tends
to obscure the analysis of basic phenomena and, therefore, a systematic
matrix formulation is useful. Could the author indicate the reference
which provides details for the calculation of the cable parameters
needed for the computation of the impedance and admittance matrices?
,The author's remark that pipe enclosures of finite thickness do not
provide a complete shielding is theoretically correct, but, as shown in
reference [A], the ground return current is actually quite small and,
therefore, the ground path can be neglected.
Among the basic assumptions listed by the author, we find that
displacement currents are negligible. It is probably in conductors and
not in dielectrics where this assumption is considered, since all capaci-
tive effects are related to displacement currents.
Clarifications concerning both problems discussed above would be
welcome.
Reference
[A] A. Semlyen and D. Kiguel, "Phase Parameters of Pipe Type
Cables", Paper No. A 78 001-0, presented at the 1978 IEEE PES
Winter Meeting, New York City.
Manuscript received July 30, 1979.
A. Ametani: The author would like to thank the discussor for his inter-
est in this paper.
In reply to his first comment, the author is not sure what the
discussor meant by his question. If he asked the derivation of the com-
ponent impedances and admittances, references 1 and 10 could be the
answer for a coaxial cable and reference 3 for a pipe-type cable. If the
discussor asked formulas of each component impedance and admittance,
these are given in detail in the present paper. Only the formula of the
earth return impedance is not shown in this paper. This, however, is well
known and can be found in references 11 to 13.
Concerning the second comment, I agree with Prof. Semlyen's
comment that the earth return current is actually quite small, and
therefore, the earth return path can be neglected if one concerns only
the propagation modes within the pipe. But, if it is the case that the
propagation mode between the pipe and the earth, namely the earth
return mode, becomes significant, for instance if one wants to know the
surface voltage of a gas insulated transmission line or bus which is over-
head, we need to include the effect of the earth return path. For such a
case, the earth return impedance is to be included in the pipe-type cable
case, though in most cases it can be neglected.
In reply to the third comment, the displacement currents mention-
ed in the paper is related to the conductor as Prof. Semlyen pointed
correctly. The assumption of neglecting the displacement currents is
concerned with the displacement currents between the cable and the
earth, in other words, it concerns with the earth return impedance. As
far as Carson's or Pollaczek's earth return impedance is adopted, we can
not deal with the displacement currents between a conductor and earth.
Manuscript received October 22, 1979.