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W h e re t h e re i s n o v i s i on th e p e o pl e peri s h .

PR E F A C E

T H E i m p o rt an c e Of the rOl e p l ay e d by I m a g i n a t i o n i n
t he h i g h e r b ra n ch es o f m e n t a l a c t i v i t y h a s be e n l o n g

ad m i t te d b t h e l e a r ne d Si r B e nj a m i n B ro d i e s p e a k i n g
y .
,

a t t h e B r i ti s h A s soc i a t i o n i n 1 8 5 9 a l l u d e d t o t h e I m
,

ag i n a t i o n a s

t h a t w o n d e r fu l fa c u l t y — t h e so u rc e o f
p o e t i c ge n i u s —th e i n s t r u m e n t O f d i s co ve ry i n Sci e n c e
w i t h o u t w h i c h N e w to n w o u l d n e v e r h a v e i n v e n t e d
fl u x i o n s n o r D a v y d e co m p o s e d t h e e a r t h s a n d a l k a l i e s
, ,

n o r w o u l d C ol u m b u s h a v e fo u n d a n o t h e r co n t i n e n t

.

Po p u l a r o p i n i o n d oe s n o t i n c l i n e t o r e g a r d i m a g i n a
t i o n a s a v e ry i m p or ta n t fa c u l t y fo r a l l Th e i m ag i n a t i v e
.

p e r s o n i s u s u a l l y re g a r d e d a s a v i s io n a ry Po e ts p a i n t e r s
.
, ,


ro m a n c e r s ch i l d r e n t h e s e a re s u pp os e d t o r e p r e s e n t
,

t h e i m ag i n a t i v e s. Pe o p l e e n j o y t h e i r w o r k s m o r e o r
l e s s a n d i n d u l ge t h e m i n th e i r fa n c i e s a s ch i l d r e n Bu t .

t h e y a re a p t t o r e ga r d i m a g i n a t i o n a s a k i n d O f we a k
ne ss i n p ra c t i c a l m e n .

A n d y e t n ot h i n g j u s ti fi e s u s i n p r e sc ri b i n g i m a g i n a t i o n
t o a fe w occu p a t i o n s a n d p e r s o n s . I t i s t h e cr e a t i v e
po we r O f t h e m i n d w h i c h g i v e s l i fe t o a l l w o r k Th e .

d i sc o v e ri e s O f s ci e n c e a n d t h e c re a t i o n s Of a rt r e p r e s e n t
, ,

c rt i
e a n f o r m s o f i t s a c ti i t y
v — for m s w h i c h a t t r a c t a n d
c o m p e l a t t e n ti o n Bu t i t i s a s r e as o n a b l e t o s ay t h a t
.

t h e r e i s l i gh t o n l y o n t h e s u m m i t s O f h i l l s as t o s ay t h a t
t h e r e i s cr e a t i v e p o we r o n l y i n t h e m i n d s O f a rt i s t s a n d
s c i e n t i s ts
. Th e r e i s l i g h t i n d u n g e o n s a n d c a v e s i n ,
x . Pr efa ce

wo r k s h o p s a nd The b r a i n O f e ve ry m a n a nd
fie lds .

c hi l d i s a k i n d o f wo rl d i n w h i c h v a ri o u s d e g ree s o f
c re a t i ve e n e rg y a re r e p re s e n t e d D a y d rea m i ng r e ve ri e .
-
, ,

h a l l u ci n a t i o n s e tc a re a bo rt i ve fo r m s o f i m ag i n a
. .
,

t io n . A l l o u r v ag u e h o pe s o u r sh a d o w y sc h e me s .

re p r e s e n t a s i t w e re t he t w i l i gh t Of cr ea ti v e e n e rgy .

I n n o m i n d s ave t h a t Of th e l o we s t t y p e O f i d io t i s s uc h
,

o b sc u re a c ti v i ty l o n g a b s e n t B u t w i t h ev e ry co n sc io u s
.

e ffo r t a n d d e si re th e m i n d ri s e s i n to a fu l l e r l ig h t
,
In
t h e d a y s o f c r a fts m an sh i p a nd h a n d l a bo u r pe o p l e ros e a t
o n c e i n to t h e u ppe r s u n s h i ne i n w or ki n g T o d ay t h e ,
.


h a n d s o f t he fa c t o ry e n g a g e d i n m e c h a n i ca l l a b o u r

,


l i v e i n a st a t e O f s u pp r e s sio n t h e l a m p o f t h e so u l
“ ”

l i t e r a l l y p u t o u t A n d y e t n e ve r be fo re i n t he h i s to ry

.

Of t h e ra ce d i d t h e c re t i ve fa c u l t y a l wa y s s u p re m e l y
a

a c t i v e i n t h e fi e l d o f i n d u s t ri a l a n d p r a c ti c a l l i fe — fi n d

fu l l e r e m bo d i m e n t t h a n i t d oe s t o d a y i n t h e w or k a d ay - -

w orl d . Th e worl d Of p ri m a l n e e d s a nd d e s i re s a n d
l a bo u r wa s a l wa y s t h e g re a t wo rl d o f I m ag i na t io n .

Su c h i t r e m a i n s a n d w i l l e ve r r e m a i n W e m ay fee l .

c e rt a i n t h a t i f we co u l d m e a s u re t h e a m o u n t O f i m a g i na
t i o n w h i ch i s n o w co n s e c ra t e d y e a rl y t o t h e i m p ro ve
m e n t o f m e c h a n i c a l a n d i n d u s t ri a l a pp l i a n c e s we s h o u l d ,

fi n d i t t o b e m uch g r e a t e r t h a n i s t he a m o u n t t h a t i s
,

co n se c ra t e d d u ri n g t h e s a m e pe rio d to a l l t he fi ne a rts .

M o re o ve r t h e dem a n d fo r a rt i z a n s po sse s si ng t h i s
q u a l i fi ca ti o n o f i m a gi n a t io n i s i n c rea s i n g a n d be co m i n g ,

ac u te . SO a c u t e t h a t n o t o n l y p u b l i c r e p re se n t a t i ve s
a c k n o w l e d g e i t b u t t h e l e a r ne d m e n Of t h e n a t io n fee l
,

i t t h e i r d u t y t o s pe a k o f i t A t t h e l a s t m e e t i ng o f
.

t he B ri t i sh A ssoci a t io n re fe re n c e was a g a i n m ad e
,

t o t h e I m ag i n a ti o n — n o t as t h e g i ft o f t h e sc i e n t i s t

a l o n e —b u t as t he fa c u l ty w h o s e po we r a n d e x e r
ci se v i v i fi e s a n d pe rv a d e s a l l t h e fi e l d s O f h u m a n
l a b ou r a n d pa rt icu l a rl y t h e i n d u s t ri a l w o rl d
, Pro .

fe s so r D e wa r i n a n i n t e re st i n g s pe e c h d e c l a r ed t h a t
,

t h e fa i l u r e O f e l e m e n t a ry e d u c a t io n u p to t h e p r e s e n t ,

w a s a fa i l u re to d e ve l o p a n d t r a i n t h e i m ag i n a t i o n O f t h e
Pr eface xi .

c h i l d re n o f t h e m a ss e s Th e l e a rn i n g O f fa c ts a n d o f
.

fo r m a l a rt s t h e t r a i n i n g o f th e v e r b a l m e m o ry t h e
, ,

d i sci p l i n e o f t he c l a s s ro o m a nd sc h o ol m ay be go od
t h i n gs i n t h e i r wa y B u t w h e n t he y o u th O f t he cou n t ry
.

h a ve l e ft t h e sch ool ro o m w h e n t h e y a re o u t i n t h e o p e n
-
,

O f i n d u st ri a l l i fe co m pe t i n g w i t h e d u c a t e d wo r k m e n O f
,

ot h e r l a n d s m e ch a n ic a l t ra i n i n g a n d fo rm a l a t t a i n m en ts
,

w i l l n o t c a r ry th e m fa r ! a n d to b u s i n e ss m e n t h i s i s a l re a d y
a p p a re n t . I t i s t h e y w h o co m p l a i n m o s t b i t t e rl y O f t he
re s u l ts O f m e ch a n i c a l s y s t e m s O n e v e ry h an d th e re i s
.

a no t e O f u n re s t a nd d i sq u i e t A u t h o ri t i e s a re e x .

e rc i se d o n t h e q u e st i o n O f t e c h n i c a l e d u c a t io n a n d t h e ,

a d v i s i bi l i ty O f o pe n i n g sc h oo l s Of r e s e a rc h A ne w .


or d e r o f w o r k m e n n o t t he m e r e s k i l l e d w o r k m a n
bu t o ne wh o m ay p o ss e ss s k i l l b u t s h o u l d a l so p osse ss
e n t e r p ri s e , i n si g h t i n i t i a t i v e i n a wo r d i m ag i n a ti on i s
, , ,

i n de m a nd . R o u t i n e m e t h o d s u n re a so n i n g fi d e l i t y t o
,

m e re u s e a n d wo n t a re n o l o nge r r e g a r d e d a s m a r k s O f
,

s u pe ri o ri t y e ve n i n t h e p ros a i c wa l k s o f l i fe .

B u t i f I m a g i n a t io n p l a y s s u c h a n i m p o rt a n t p a rt i n
e v e ry s p h ere Of l i fe i t c a n h a r d l y be wi se t o i g n o r e i t i n
,

t h e e l e m e n t a ry sch oo l T h ou g h v e ry fe w st u d i e s h a ve y e t
.

be e n m a d e o n I m a g i n a t io n i n ch i l d re n st i l l i t i s v e ry ,

g e n e r a l l y a d m i t t e d t h a t t h i s fa c u l t y i s co n s p i c u o u sl y
p re s e n t i n t he y o u n g I t i s co n s p i c u o u s — p ro ba bl y o n l y
.

be ca u s e i t i s p re coc iou s I t t a k e s t h e l ea d O f R ea so n
.
,

a nd s o s u g ge s ts i n i t s fi rs t d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t d i vo rc e

fr o m rea l i ty w h i ch m a n y p e rs i s t i n re g a r d i ng a s t h e
,

e ss e n t i a l n a t u r e O f I m ag i n a t i o n Th e c h i l d s I m a g i n a

.

t io n i s a l l i e d t o t h a t Of t h e p ri m i t i ve m a n a n d e v e n i n ,

a l e ss d e g r e e t o t h a t o f t h e m ad m a n H e b e co m e s
.

re a d i l y t h e d u pe O f h i s o w n s u g ge s t i o n s A n d y e t i t i s .

t h r o u g h t h e I m agi n a t io n t h a t t h e R e a so n be gi n s t o
d e cl a r e i ts e l f a nd fi n a l l y t o a ppe a r a s a k i n d o f ri v a l
,

fa c u l t y d i s p u t i n g t h e so ve re i g n t y O f t h e fi rs t co m e r
. .

Th e c h i l d b e g i n s b y se e i n g fa n t a st ic re se m b l a n c e w h i c h ,

i s t h e fi rs t s te p to wa rd s t h e pe rc e p t io n o f r e a l r e se m

bl a n ce s th a t i s t o s a y t o r e a s o n i n g b y a n a l o g y M o re .
x ii .

o ve r ,
a ry O ft e n fo r th e y o u ng ch i l d a k i nd o f
ta l e is ve

a n s we r t o a p re ss i ng q u e s t io n Th e l e g e n d s a n d m y t h s .

o f p ri m i t i ve r a ce s a re n o t a m e re a e s t h et i c c re a t io n o f

t h e I m ag i n a i n t o — t h e y a re a l so a n e ffo rt to e x p l a i n t h e
o r i gi n o f t h i n g s T h e i r m a k e rs w e re n o t c a p a b l e O f s e e i ng
.


o bj e ct i v e a n a l og i e s b u t t h e y sa w s u bj e c t i ve a n a l og i e s .

T h ey h a d a l og i c o f i m a g e s i f n o t O f i d ea s M an k i n d , .

c an n o t w a i t t h ro u g h l o n g a ge s fo r fu l l a n d cl e a r a n s w e r s
to u r g e n t q u e s t i o n s A n d w h e re h e c a n no t fi n d he
.

c re a t e s I n s u c h c r e a t io n t h e g e r m o f re a so n a ppe a rs
. .


B e t wee n c ne a t i ve i m a gi n a t io n a nd r a t i o na l re se a rc h
t h e r e is a co m m u i t y O f
n n a t r
u e — e a ch p re s u ppo se s t h e -

fa c u l t y fo r s e i z i n g re s e m b l a n c e s T h u s I m a g i n a ti on i s

. .

a t o n c e t h e s u b s t i t u t e a nd t h e fo re ru n n e r O f R e a so n -
.

Th e c h i l d m i n d d e v e l o p s th e n m a i n l y t h ro u g h t h e
-

fr e e a ct i v i t y O f I m a g i n a t io n TO s u pp re s s o r i g n o r e t h i s
.

fa c u l t y a t t h a t p e ri o d m e a n s th e s u p p re ss i o n O f a l l
t he fa c ul t i e s — l ate n t as we l l a s d e v e l o pe d F re e d o m

.

O f i ve n t i o
n n a n d c re o n i i ts fr e e s t fo r m i n p l a y
a t i n ,

t a l e s e t c m u s t be s e c u re d a t t h e s a c r i fi c e i f n e ce ss a ry
, .
,

o f a l l fo r m a l a rts a n d t r a i n i n A d t i t i s t t b e
g n y e n o o
.

fo rgo t t e n t h a t t h e c h i l d s m i n d a s co m p a r e d w i t h t h a t O f

t h e a d u l t i s t he s l a v e O f i ts o w n a ffi r m a t io n s a n d t h a t
, ,

t h i s s l a v e ry i s a k i n d Of m ad ne ss Th e i m a g i na t io n O f t h e .

s a v a g e i s a t e m po ra ry m a d ne ss T h a t O f t h e c h i l d

.

t h ou g h m o re s u bj e c t t o corre c t i o n i s i n e ss e n t i al r e s pe c ts
a l l ie d to i t I f l e ft to r a m bl e u n co n tr o l l e d i t l ea d s i n t o
.

t h e l a n d Of m i s ts a n d sh a d o w s I t i s t h e a i m Of e d u ca t io n
.

n o t t o d e st ro y b u t t o d i re ct A nd t o t h i s e n d a l l th e
— —
.

a rts b u t e s p e c i l l y t h e p l st i c r s a ppe ar t o be t h e
a a a t
i de al m eans H e rb a rt h as p l a c e d D r a w i ng b e t w ee n t h e
.

sci e n c e s a nd h u m a n i t i e s as t h e co nn e ct i n g s u bj e c t A n d .

e v e ry t h i n g p oi n t s t o i t as t he g r e a t s u bj e c t t h ro u g h
t h e s t u d y o f w h i c h t h e pe rc e p t io n i s t r a i n e d an d t h e ,

m i n d i m a ge s re n d e re d c l e a r a n d w o r k a b l e I n s h o rt .
,

D ra w i n g t a u g h t w i t h t h e v i e w o f p re p a ri n g t h e m i n d
,

fo r t h e re c e p t io n o f i d ea s i s n o t si m p l y a s u bj e c t o f
g e n e r a l e d u ca t i o n I t i s a m ea ns o f ge n e r a l e d u c a ti o n
. .
x iii .

N o t wi t h a v i e w to m u l t i p l y i n g th e nu mbe r o f p a i n t e rs
a nd s k e tc h e rs
—b u t wi t h a n e n ti re l y ne w ai m a n d p u r

po s e m u s t we n o w co n s i d e r i t
The sa m e m ay be s a i d o f m u s i c an d o t h e r a rts F o r
'

t h e g r e a t m a s s o f ch i l d r en t h e y a re n o t g o a l s i n t h e m
s e l ve s , t h e y ar e m e an s t o a n e nd .A n d t h e y a re
i n d i s p e n s a b l e m e a n s d u ri n g t h e t i m e w h e n h u m a n
be i ng s are c o n fi ne d t o t h e wo rl d O f se n sa t i o n a n d
i m a g e ry . I n s t i n c t d r a ws t he c h i l d to wa r d s a rt .

V a ri o u s a s h u m a n b e i n g s a re , nea rl y a ll p l ay i n c h i l d
h oo d n e a rl y a l l e x p r e ss t h e m s e l v e s to o i n r u d e d r a w i ng s ,

,

o r m o d e l s , ne a rl y
- a l l l o v rh y t h
e m t h a t i s to s ay a ll
c h oo se t h e fre e fo rm s o f a r t s a s m e a n s o f g ro w t h a n d

e x p re s si o n . A n d t hi s pe ri o d o f l i fe a n d i ts a c t i v i t i e s i s
not to be co n si d e re d u n i m p o rt a n t , be c a u s e v e ry s oo n
p l a y th i ngs a re ca s t a si d e , a n d D ra wi n g a n d D ra m a l o se
t h e i r ch a r m Th e e d u ca t i o n r e c e i v e d i n t h e e a rl y pe ri o d
.
,

i f so u n d a nd l i be ra l m u s t be fru i t fu l i n t he n e x t T r ue
.
,

t h e I m ag i n a t i o n m ay an d p ro b a b l y w il l d e v i a t e .I t wi l l
be g i n a ft e r a t i m e to fi n d i ts m a t e ri a l s n o l o n ge r
pe rh a p s i n fo rm s c o l o u rs , w o r d s m o ve m e n t s b u t i n
, , ,

t he wo rl d o f n a t u ra l fo rc e s O f m e c h an i cs o f c o m m e rc e O f
, , ,

s c i e n ce a n d h u m an r e l a ti o n sh i p
,
. O n l y a s m a l l p ro po r
t i o n w i l l c o n ti n u e t o o ccu p y t h e m se l ve s d u ri n g t h e w h ol e
o f l i fe wi t h t h e fo r m s O f c r ea t i v e a c ti v i t y fa vo u r e d d u ri ng
c h i l d h o o d a nd y o u t h . B u t t h i s d oe s n o t m i n i m i z e t he
i m po rt a n c e o f t h e e a rl y t r a i n i n g .

I t i s n o t st r a nge th a t t he i m p o rt anc e O f t he rOl e


p l a y e d by I m agi n a t i o n i n c h i l d h o o d sh o u l d h av e be e n
l o ng i gn ore d b y m o s t O f t h e a d m i n is t ra t o rs o f p u b l i c
e l e m e n ta ry e d u c a t i o n .T h e re i s n o o t h e r fa c u l t y w h i c h
re q u i r e s s o m u c h r o o m I ts free e x e rci se by e a c h a n d
.

e ve ry c h i l d m u s t g i ve a g r e a t d ea l o f t r o u b l e Th e

.

y o u ng c h i l d i s t ro u b l e s o m e u n l e ss h e be a n i d i o t At .

n o pe ri o d i s t h e a r d o u r fo r p h y si c al i n ve s t ig a t io n a n d
a c t i v i t y s o k e e n as be t we e n t h e ag e o f t wo a n d fo u r This.

i s v e ry we l l fro m a n e d u c a t i o na l p o i n t o f v i e w . Ph y sic a l
i n ve s ti ga t i o n , a cc o r d i ng t o Si r B e nj a m i n B r od i e , m o re
t h an an y t h i n g e l se t e a ch e s t he va l u e a n d u se O f t h e I m
a g i na t i o n
. N e v e r th e l e ss t h e i n ve s t i g a to r o f th r ee o r e ve n
o f s e v e n y e a rs Ol d i s t rou b l e s o m e i n a cl a ss . W h e n he
b eg i n s t o d raw o n e ve ry s u rfa c e h e i s s t i l l m o re d i ffi c u l t
to d eal w i t h . I n d ee d as cl a s s e s we re fo r m ed t ea ch e rs a nd
, ,

a d m i n i s t r a to rs fou nd h i m i m po ss i b l e . The p r o b l e m O f
t e a ch i n g l a rg e c l a ss e s Of ch i l d r e n o f a ny age fro m t h re e
t o fi ft e e n i s q u i c k l y sol v e d o n l y i f o n e c a n!l e a v e t h e i n
d i vi d u a l I m a g i n a t i o n o u t o f a cco u n t a l to ge t h e r Th e .

t e m p t a t i o n t o a cc e p t a fa l s e i d ea l h as be e n g r e a t . If
m a n y h a v e y i e l d e d to i t a l m os t u n co n sci o u s l y fe w c an
o
w n e d r — a n d pe rh a p s fe we r s ti l l c a n b l a m e .

N e v e rt h e l e ss t h e t i m e i s ri pe n o w fo r a s t u d y O f
e d u c a t io n t h ro u g h t h e I m a g i n a ti o n an d o f t h e r ol e
,

p l a y e d b y t h e c rea t i ve fa cu l t y i n m e n t a l l i fe d u ri n g t h e
fi rst fo u rt ee n o r fi ft ee n y e a rs Th e p re se n t boo k re p re
.

s e n t s a v e ry te n t a t i ve e ffo rt t o a pp l y so m e O f t h e t ea c h
i n gs O f m o d e r n ps y ch o l o g y i n a re s t ri ct e d fi e l d t o t he
, ,

c u rricu l u m o f t h e o r d i n ar y e l e m en t a r y s ch oo l s a s a t
p re s e n t co n s t i t u te d.

R e fe r e n c e i s O ft e n m ad e i n th e co u r s e O f t h e fo l l o w i ng
pa ge s to ch i l d re n O f t h e po o re s t cl a ss N e e d l e s s t o s ay
.

i t i s n o t t h i s cl a ss a l o ne t h a t i s u n d er co n si d e ra ti o n .

j u st a s t h e d e fe c t i v e a n d fe e b l e m i n d e d h a ve fu r n i sh e d
-

t e l l i ng i l l u st ra t i o n s O f t h e m o re O b sc u re t e a c h i n gs o f t he
n e u r ol o g i s t s o t h e ch i l d re n o f p o ve rt y i l l u s t ra te t h ro u g h
,

t h e i r m i s fort u ne s a nd w ea kn e s s t he e v i l o r g oo d i n .

va ri ou s m e t h o d s .

M a y i t be c o m e t h e a i m o f t he na t i o n t o m a k e s u c h
s o r ro wfu l i l l u s t ra t i o n i m p o ss i b l e
.
C O N TE N TS

CH AP PA GE

NCHAN G IN G PRO BLE M —D E VELO PM EN T A N D


.

I . TH E U

D I S CI PLINE O F CREAT I VE ENER GY


O RI G I N O F I M AG INAT I O N
I MAG INAT I O N AN D M OVE M EN T — T HE EYE— T HE EAR
M EM O RY AN D E M OT I O N
T HE HI G HER H U N G ER S C O LOU R—S O U N D
-

T HE CHILD A S ART I S T
T HE CHILD AS A R TI ZAN
I MAG INAT I O N IN T HE CO MM ERCIAL S CH OO L
I M AG INAT I O N IN T HE S CIENCE R OO M
I M AG INAT I O N AN D MO RA L T RAININ G
CO NCL U S I O N
C H A PTER I

n u: U NC H AN G IN G PRO BLEM
IN o ne of h is books o n Ed uc a tio n Cou n t Tolstoi dw e lls a t
,

som e l e n gth on t he fa ct th at a l l gov er nm e nts a n d n e a rly a l l ,

g re t ins t itutio ns ch urch


, e s soci e ti
, e s e tc co
,
n ce rn th e mse l v e s
.
,

w ith qu e s t ions a ffe cting th e tra i n i ng a nd i nstruction o f th e


you n g G ov e rn m e nts —e ccl e si a sti ca l a nd s e c ul a r —a re e a ge r
.

a n d a n xious to in fl u e nc e t h e ch ildr e n Th e y a s it w e re fl ing


.
, ,

th e m se l v e s u po n th e l itt l e o nes crying Thu s a nd th us sh a lt


, ,

t hou do a nd l ea rn — b e fo re i t is too l a t e Th e chi ld i s n o


soon er out O f h is moth e r s a rm s th a n t h e solici t ud e O f t h e

Pow e rs th a t Be a tta in s i ts m a x i m u m G iv e m e t he ch ild til l


.

h e i s se v e n

cri e d th e pri ests O f form e r ce nturi e s a nd you
,

,

c a n do a s yo u pl eas e w i t h h i m

( com p a r a tiv e ly
) a ft e rw a rds .

A nd i n Engl a nd t o d a y Sch ool At te nd a nc e O ffic e rs a re i n


.

s tr ucte d to a dvise pa re nts to se nd th e i r childre n O f th re e a n d


four to school whil e th e fi ve y e a r O ld i s ex pect e d to a t te n d
,

r e gul a rly as a m a tt e r O f course


, Wh e n we look a b ro a d
.

a t n e ighbou r na tions we fi nd th a t t hough t h e F re nch a nd

Ger m a ns d o n o t poss e ss such a sys t e m O f i n fa nt s choo ls as


our wn ye t th e se a nd oth e r contin e nta l n a tions v i e wi t h us
o
,
'

a n d ea c h oth e r in d r i lling i nstructi n g tra in ing a nd i nfl u e ncing


, , ,

th e you ng th a t t h e y m ul t i ply schools a n d spe nd a n e v e r i n


, ,

cre asin g a mou nt of thou gh t a nd trea sur e i n bu ild ing up


2 771 6 (Ja r /ra ng i ng Pr od/e m

n a ti on a l syst e m s o f e duca t io n Thus a t hom e a nd a broa d


.

G ov e r nm e nt Ch urch e s S e cts a nd Pow e rs th a t Be a re d e te r


, , , ,

m i n e d to l a y h a nds o n th e you n g a n d ch a nge t h e m fo r b e tt e r .

or wo rs e l
B ut wh a t is th e n a tu re O f t h e ch a ng e wh ich a l l sta te sm e n ,

politici a n s a nd se ct a ri a n s d e sire to e ffe ct ? I s it a v e ry


d ee p or v e ry vit a l o ne ? At th e fi rst bl ush it m ay a ppe a r
s o ~— e sp e ci a ll y to one wh o fre qu e nts public m e e tings
“ ”
or re a ds spe e ch e s by p rom i n e nt e d uc a tiona l ist s in th e
‘ ”
n e wspa p e rs M uch i s m a d e O f the re ligious q u e stion a nd
.
,

som e thing o f fo re ign co m pe tition a nd t h e n a tio na l pl a ce o f ,

th e wo rk e rs in t h e world m a rk e t ! bu t gra d u a lly a s we list e n


a n d re a d popu l a r spe e ch e s a nd a rticl e s t h e truth i s h o m e hom e

to us t h a t th e word e d uca t ion h a s a wid e ly d i ffe re nt m e a n ing


fo r di ffe re n t writ e rs a n d S pe a k e rs “
It h a s b e com e popul a r
.

without o n th is a ccoun t b e coming more th a n a n e m pty symbol


,

to m a ny a n d t h e v e ry fa ci lity with which we u s e i t do e s n o t


,

t e nd to m a k e us e x a m i n e v e ry clos e ly o r ex h a u s t iv e ly i ts tru e
m ea ning N ow th e re a re c e rt a i n words th a t ma y v e ry w e ll
.

h a v e a work a d a y m e a n ing a nd b e use d q uit e s a fe ly a s work


- -

a d a y symbols
- W e a l l u s e th e word w a te r signi fyi ng i n so
.
“ ”
,

doi ng a t ra nspa re nt col ou rl e ss odourl e ss liqu id good to dri n k


, , , ,

a nd wh ich a t a c e rt a i n low t e mp e r a tur e b e com e s i c e at a ,

c e rta i n high te m pera ture v a pour Th a t i s e nough fo r ordin a ry


.

pu rpos e s i n t h e wa y o f co n t e nt Th e ch e mist a nd physicist


.

m e a n a g re a t d e a l mo re th a n t his w h e n t h e y t h in k O f w a t e r

—bu t t h e ir knowl e dg e is su ppl e m e n ta ry a m e re e nl a rge m en t ,

a n d d e v e lopm e nt o f t h e popu l a r i nt e r pr e t a tio n B u t t h e popul a r


.

con t e n t o f t he word e d uca t ion is n o t fi x e d F a r from be in g .

th e n ucl e us o f a com pl e te co nt e nt i t si gn i fi e s t o thousa nds


i nstruc t ion i n t h e t hre e R s o r i t m a y b e a n a m e signifying

,

so m e v a gu e sch e m e o f d ri lling a nd disci pl i ne wh e re by t h e ,

ch i ldre n o f t he risin g ge n e ra t io n a rc t o b e b e n e fi t e d som e


'

h ow . O l s e n o f D e n m a rk fo u nd th a t o f t h e p ublic school
, ,
T/ze U ”wa ggi ng Pr oblem 3
chi ldr e n 1 0 0 pe r c e nt o f th e boys a nd 1 0 0 pe r ce nt O f th e
. .

“ ”
gi rls h a d a good wo rkin g co n te n t fo r th e wor d b a ll o n ly ,

t hi rty p e r c e nt O f t h e boys h a d a good wo rking con te nt for


.


th e word

de w . Th e re a re prob a bly fe w grown u p pe rsons -


who h a v e n o t a good working cont e n t fo r th e words mo ne y ,

” ” “ ” ”
tra d e
,

bre ad ,
w a te r i nte re st
,
wh il e th e wo rk i n g
,


co n te nt of e v e n the a v e ra ge politici a n fo r th e word ed uca

tio n i s n ot th a t h e ld b y F roc he l H e rb a rt Spe nce r o r e v en
'

, , ,

th a t o f th e ordi na ry p e rson who h a s t hought se riously on t h e


subj e ct .

B e fore going o n to inqui re wh a t t h e con t e nt o f t he word


e d u ca tio n

m e a n s to the psychologist a nd grea t t e a ch e r ,

l e t u s l ook for a mom e nt a t t h e a rm y o f ch i l d re n who ha v e to


be “
e d uc a t e d
.

U n ifo rm i t y t he I d e a l O f t he I ndol e nt h as
, ,

pre va il e d i n the pas t a nd ye t i n spit e of t he e vi l i n


,

fi u en c es Of a syst e m th a t fa voure d a n i ndol e n t sa m e n e ss of


tre a tm e nt noth ing is more re m a rka bl e th a n t h e va ri e ty O f
,

ty pe e n viron m e nt a nd e x pe ri e nc e wh ich B ritish ch i ldre n


, ,

r e pre se nt.

H ere is th e li t t l e London urch i n who ha s gra du at e d on th e


stree ts whose w its a re sh arpe n e d by m an i fold soci a l e x
,

e ri e nces H e re t h e ch ild o f th e ru ra l midl a nds fa m ili a r only


p .
,

w i t h t h e fi e lds an d a fe w soci a l u sa ges a nd ki nds O f l a bour H e re .

i s t he s o n O f t h e m ill h a nd o f th e n ort h e rn coun t i e s whose pa re nt s


-
,

a n d e ld e r broth e rs a l l wo rk a t t h e fa c t o ry a n d whos e o wn li fe
,

a nd fu ture is bound e d by a v ista of t a ll chi mn e ys a nd dri vi ng

wh ee ls H er e is t he sl um ch ild w ith h i s ho a rd of sorrowf u l


.

a nd e v i l i m pre s si ons And h e re t he son o f t he fi sh e r O f t he


.

We s t e rn I sl e s w i t h h is w e a lth of gold e n lore lock e d i n a


, ,

str a ng e ton gu e h i s e y e s ke e n to d isc e rn th e ch a n ge s of t h e se a


, ,

h is ea rs fu l l of i t s voic e s Wh a t w e a lth a nd wh a t pov e rty


.

th e se re pre sen t ! I t is n o w w e ll e s t a bl ish e d th a t th e m i nd o f a


school chi ld i s n o t a t a bul a r a s a —t h a t h e b rin g s som e m e n t a
,

pos se ssio ns to school with h i m a nd t h a t this (s o fa r as school


,
Ti res U rzraa ng zng
'

4 Pr oble m .

i s co nce rn e d ) origi na l e n d owm e nt is th e st a rting poin t o f a ll


,

subse q u e nt p rog re ss a nd a chi e v e m e nt H o w di v e rse i s .

th e or igin a l ca pi t a l o f t h e s e e mbryo ci t iz e ns ! Amo ng th e


city ch ildre n m any h a v e n e v e r se e n a g ra i n fi e l d a n oa k a
,
-
, ,

l a rk Th e y know nothi ng of such com mon a nd n ec e ssa ry


.

l a bour s a s rea pi ng sowi n g or sh ee p sh ea ri n g O f t h e country


, , , .

ch i l dre n so m e h a v e n e v e r se e n a ra il w a y tra i n A nd Of th e
, .

you n g isl a n d e rs m a n y h a v e n e v e r s ee n a ti m e pi e ce o r a tre e


,
-
, .

Ye t ori gi na l c a pit a l th e y a l l posse ss A nd th is origi na l a c


cum ul a tio n (wh a t e v e r i ts n a t ure ) is th e be gi nning O f a l l—{ Ire
.

i ta l i n i r on
tap .

Th e more c e ntra l a nd
d e spotic t h e gov e rn m e nt th e l e ss d oe s
it ta k e a ccount ge n e ra lly s pea ki ng o f t h e se di ffe re nce s o f
, ,

origi na l ca pi t a l i n i ndi vid u a ls a n d g rou ps or co mm un iti e s


w ith in th e sa m e na t ion N ot only h a v e gov ern m e nts
.

u s ua lly d e cli n e d to co nsid e r t h e v a l u e of m e nt a l c a pita l which

i s a l i e n o r unfa mili a r th e y h a v e i gn ore d p e cu l i a rly p a in


,

ful as pe c ts of m e nt a l po v erty wh e n th e s e p re se nt e d th em se lv es
a s stu mbli n g blo c ks i n t h e ir wa y
-
G iv e u p a l l those foolish
.

s t ori e s a nd c u stoms cri ed th e a l i e n wh o h a d no G a e lic to



, ,

th e H igh l a nd e rs ! th e y a re r e mn a n t s of su pe rstition a nd
b a rb a rism or worse a nd t h e folk lo re a n d cus t oms t h a t w e re
-

t h e m en t a l foo d a nd e xpre ssion of a v igorous ra ce b e g a n to b e


told a nd pra cti se d a l mos t sh a m e fa c e dly a nd i n se cre t Th us
, .

was ori gi na l w ea l t h ignore d The ca te ch ism and th e thr ee



.

R s m ust b e l ea rn e d sa id th e s t a t e sm a n a nd cl e ric a nd so we
’ ”
, ,

g a th e re d toge th e r h a lf fed n e g l e c t e d ch ildren i nto gre a t cl a sse s


-
,

a nd m ad e th e m form po t h ooks a n d pra y i n a fou l a tmosph e re


-
,

a nd o n e m p t y stom a chs Th us wa s ori gin a l pov e rty fo rgott e n


. .

Such forg e t fu ln e ss is a d e ni a l of a l l th e te a chings of


t h e gre a t psychologists a nd t e a ch e rs who h a v e spe n t th e i r
e ne rgi e s a n d li v e s i n discov e ring a n d m a kin g cl e a r to u s t h e

grea t fa c ts o n which t he whol e fa bric O f pe d a go gic a l sci e nc e


no w se cure ly r e sts .
T/ze U n cl mrzg i ug Pr oble m 5
Bri e fly those e sse nti a l fa cts a re a s fol lows —The
n e w born -


ch ild is (to quot e Vi rchow ) a spi na l cre a ture pu re a nd

si mpl e . H i s a ctiviti e s consi st i n re fl e x mov e m e nts sim p le ,

tra n sform a tio n s o f e xcita tion Th is spi na l be ing c ri e s mov es


.
,

h is l imbs his fi ng e rs a l l his m uscl e s


, ,
The c e a s e l e ss a n d .

in n um e ra bl e mov e m e n t s wh ich he ma k e s during h is w a king


hou rs a re doubtl e ss a s e ri e s of a iml e ss e x pe ri m e nts At a bout .

th e a ge of th re e months or th e r e a bou t it is e a sy t o distingu ish


from a mong th e m c e rta in mov e m en ts t h a t a re acquired a n d
th a t h a ve a n a i m .

Th e re is a long a ppre ntice sh i p for sounds a s w e ll as for


mov e m e nt F or months a ch ild e x pe ri m e n ts wi th h is voc a l
.

m u scl e s try i n g ne w sou nds a nd re pea ting th e m fo r hours w ith


,

e x tra ordin a ry e n er gy a nd per s e ve ra n c e A s he grows old er h e .

v a ri e s h is se lf ed uca ti v e e fforts an d e xt e nds his int e re sts F rom


-
.

th e fift h to th e si xth month ch i ldre n b e gi n a s T a i n e obse r ve s , ,

to be a rd e n t physicists a nd con t i n u e to ca rry on th e ir i n


ves ti ga ti o n s i n t his fi e ld w ith un a b a t ed z ea l for a bou t two

y e a rs Ev er y ca t dog a n d oth e r a n i m a l be co m e s th e obj e ct


.
, ,

o f th e i r a t t e n t ion and e x p e ri m e n ts a nd n urs e s du ri n g this


,

e poch h a v e a tryi ng ti m e For th e littl e o ne w an ts to touch


.

a nd h a ndl e e v e ry t h ing he see s Physica l i nv e sti ga tio n more


.

t h an a nyt hi ng e lse we a re told h e lps to te a ch us the a ctu a l


, ,

va l u e a nd righ t of t h e I m a gin a t io n so this pe riod i s o ne of ,

ra pid pre pa ra tio n The ch i ld pursu e s his i nv e st iga tion a l l


.

d a y lo ng wi t hout int e rru ption I n this w a y out o f t h e di m


.
,

worl d o f obscu re ge n e ra l i m pre ssions g rou ps o f pe rc e ption s ,

e m er g e wh ich wi ll b e co m e b y a nd bye t h e st a rti ng poi nt o f


- -

ne w e fforts an d a chi e v e m e n ts .


Th e conte n t s of th e soul sa ys La ng e

,
a sse rt th e m se lv e s ,

in t h e a c t of pe rc e ption Th e a cqui re d pe rce ptions


.

re p re s e nt t h e pow e r of re fe rring ne w t hings t o t h e o l d .

A l l th a t is w i t hi n i s ta x e d to fi nd a poin t of con ta ct o f un ion , .

Th us a l i tt le gi rl i n a Bo a rd school looking fo r the fi r s t t im e a t a


T/ze U n clza ng zng Pr od/e m
'

fe rn ca ll e d i t a po t o f gr e e n fe a th e rs a n d a youn ge r ch ild o n

,

see i n g a Chri stm a s t re e fo r t h e fir st ti m e look e d i n a m a z em en t,

a t t h e pr es e n ts a n d or nam en ts i n th e b ra n ch e s a nd c a l l e d th e m
“ ”
bi rds I I n o n e o f h is books D a ud e t t e lls u s o f a li ttl e wood
sa v ag e r e a red i n a ch a rcoa l bu rne r s ca bin wh o m a d e coll e ctio ns
'

o f m isc e ll a n e o us —
booty birds mol e s b e e troot pota toe s
, , , , .

A ll th e s e th i ngs w e r e re pre s e nt e d i n h is m i n d by th e v a g u e
t e rm d e nra i e
“ ”
. H is l i t tl e h ea d full of the rustlin g sw a rmin g

n a ture a rou nd h i m l ik e t h e whorl of t h e sh e ll fi ll e d by th e



ro a r of t he se a h is h e a rt ful l of t h e e mo tio n wh ich e v e ry n e w
,

form o f bo otv could e nge nd e r he did n o t l in ge r to m a k e fi n e


,

d isti nctions Ye t i n such wid e ge n e ra li za tio n th e re is th e ge rm


of a bstra cti o n I n th e cre a tion o f n a m e s—a nd som e ch i l d re n
.

w i l l go fa r tow a rds crea ti ng a l a n gu a g e wh ich th e y u se for a


ti m e a n d th e n ou t g row a nd c a st a sid e—th e r e is e v id e n ce of a
,

t e nd e ncy pre s e nt a lr ea dy to wh ich we own a ll t h e h igh e r


pow e rs of th e m ind .

La t e r we sh a ll h a v e occa sion to se e th a t t h is urge nt d e sire ,

or i mpu lse to fi nd e xpre ssion is a bse n t o r a t l ea st v e ry l a n guid, ,

in som e ch ildre n Th ere is som e t h ing wo rse th a n w a nt of


.

gra m m a r a nd th a t is t h e l a ck of e ne rgy th e ov e rfl owi n g


, ,

en e rgy w hich d uri ng a shor t p e riod m a k es it n e c e ssa ry for


, ,

som e ch ildre n to suppl e m e n t th e l a n gu a g e w h ich is too


re stricte d for th e m M e a n t i m e le t us look fo r a mom e nt a t
.

t h e sa m e p roc e ss o f n a m ing a s i t is ca r ri e d o n by old e r pe opl e .

I f we e xa m in e wh a t is goi ng o n i n us wh e n we a bs t ract o n e
ge n e ra l id ea from a s u m o f se ns at ions an d pe rc e p t ions we fi n d
only a t e nd e n cy wh ich provok e s e x pre ss i on Th e e xp re ssion s
,
.

m a y v a ry wi t h th e t e m p e r am e n t a nd d e v e lopm e nt Th e a rt ist .

ac t s wh a t h e fe e ls — Th e du m b gi ve u s s t ra ng e il lustra t ions of
pri mi t ive e xpre ssion Bu t usu ally th e t e nd e ncy to e xp re ssion
.

is m e t by sy m bols o r wo rds Ev e ry n am e is a d e ssica t e d a n d


.

a bbr e vi a t e d re l ic o f a pri m i t iv e d ra m a

Prop e rly spe aki ng

.

W e h a v e n o g e n e ra l id ea s W e ha ve t e nd e nci e s to n a m e a nd
.
T/ w U ser/ra ng i ng Pr oble m 7

na mes . A n a m e wh ich we u nd e rs ta nd is a na m e l i n k e d to
a l l th e individ u a l thi ngs wh ich we c an i m agi n e o r p e rc e i ve of ,

a c e rta i n cl ass an d li n k e d on ly t o t h i ngs o f t h a t cl a ss


, I t cor .

r e spo n ds t h e n to t h e co m mon an d dis t inc ti v e qua l i t y which


con sti t u t e s th e c l a ss a n d s e p arat e s i t from al l o t h ers a nd i t ,

corr e sponds o n ly to th is qu ali t y I n t his way the wo rd is i ts


.

m e n t a l r e pre se nt a ti v e I t is the su bs t i t u t e o f an e xpe ri e nc e


.

which we c a nn ot h av e I t ta k e s th e pl ac e of t his e xp e r i e n c e
. .

I t is i ts e qu ival e nt .

W e ca n no t p e rc e iv e and m a i n tai n isol ate d i n our m inds


ge n e ra l qu al i t i es N e v e rth e l e ss in o rd e r to ge t beyond m e re
.
,

e xp er i e nc e a n d se i z e th e ord e r: a nd i n te rn a l s t ructu re of t h e

world we m u st conce i ve ge n e ra l qu a l i t i e s W e go back o r


, .
,

ra th er tak e a round a bout p ath W e a ssoc ia te wi t h e v e ry a b


.

s t rac t a n d ge ne ral qu a li t y o n e p a rticul ar a n d compl e x li tt l e


e v e n t a sou n d a figu re e asily i m agi ne d a n d r e produc ed
, ,
We .

m a k e t h e a sso ci at ion so e xa ct a n d com pl e t e t h a t h e n ce forw ard


th e qu a li ty c an no t be pre s e n t or a b se n t i n t hings wi t hou t th e ,

n a m e b e i n gpre s e n t o r a bs e n t al so a nd vice v e rsa I n t his


, .

way t he ge n e ral ch a rac t e r o f t hings com e s wi t h in ran ge o f o u r


e x pe ri e nc e ! fo r t h e n a m e s wh ich e x p re ss th e m a re t h e m s e l v e s

li tt l e e xp e ri e nc e s of si gh t e y e s a n d h e a ring o r voca l m uscl e s


o r o f i n te r n a l i m age s —
, ,

t h a t is to say t h ey a re re su rre c t ions


,

mo re or l e ss cl e ar o f th e s e e xpe ri e nc e s A gre a t di ffi cul t y is .

th us don e away wi t h I n a be ing whos e l ife is on ly a div e rsifi e d


.

a n d con t i n u o us e xpe ri e nc e o n e c a n only fi nd i m p re ssions

si mpl e an d co m pl e x no t hing more W i t h si mpl e a nd c o m


, .

pl e x i mpre ssions na t u re h as si mu l a t e d i m pre ssio ns which a re


n e it h e r t h e o ne no r th e o t h e r and which be ing n e i t h e r th e o ne
, ,

no r th e o t h e r a ppe ar e d o f n e c e ssi t y to be be yond t h e ra nge of


,

o u r mi n d as i t i s con s t i t u t e d

.

H e re we h a ve th e h is t ory o f l a n g u age I t t ak e s i ts ris e i n


.

t h e o rga nis m . A ft e r h a v i n g e xpe ri e nc e t h ro u gh t h e s e nse s o f


v ar ious t h i ngs a t e nd e ncy is fi n a l ly e xpe ri e nc e d which c o r
,
8 Tbe U ”( ba ng i ng Pr oblem
re s po n ds to wha t t h e s e t hi ngs hold i n common t o som e ,

ge ne ra l or a bstrac t qu al i ty and th is t e n d e ncy l eads t o th e


,

cre a t io n o f a si g n o r su bs t i tut e H e nc e forwa rd th e i nt e llige nc e


.

i s fre e from t h e sl av e ry of d e pe nd e nc e o n m e re se nsatio n .


I f we ca n no t t ra nsc e nd e xp e ri e nc e sa i d Tynd a ll

,

we ,

can a t l ea st ca rry i t a long wa y from its origi n



W e ge t a.

consid e ra bl e way from i ts origin e v e n i n th e e l e m e n ta ry schools ,

fo r th e re we fi n d ch a rt s m aps as w e l l as pictu re s Arith m e tic is


, , .

taugh t on ly fo r a l i tt l e whi l e by m ean s o f o bj e cts F igure s ta k e


.

th e pl ac e of obj e cts ! an d by an d bye l e t t e rs t a k e t h e pla c e o f


- -

figu re s i n short substi t u t es fo r e x pe ri en c e s are fou nd wh ich


, ,

e n a bl e us t o d e al wi t h t h e m i n qui t e a n e w wa y W h e n you

.

wish to l ea rn Ge ogra phy s a id a R ussi a n l ady to h er l i t tl e so n



,

t h e se rvan t wi l l t ak e you wh e re yo u wish to go


“ ”
Progre ss

.

con sis t s i n t h is th a t i n ti m e th e pu pi l is a bl e to d o wi th ou t
t h e se rv nt
a — to do wi t hou t th e jou rney e ve n .

To be sur e th e jou r ne y back to e xpe ri e nc e i s tak e n o ft e n and


ope nly M o re e spe ci ally by th e you ng The chi ld re v ea ls
. .

n ai v e ly th e origi n o f a l l h is though t s as for e xa mpl e did


,
’ ‘ ’
C ec il e th e ch ild h e roi ne of Baud e t s book j ack who ,

d ri ving hom e o n e e ve ning through t h e woodl a nds look e d ,

dow n on he r nativ e vi ll age an d e xcl ai m e d soft ly “


Th at is ,

N azare th . A n y lon e ly sc e n e b a t h e d i n su nse t li ght r e ca l l e d


t o h e r the pious s t ori e s s he h ad h eard But the pious s t ori es

.

th e ms e lv e s w e re m ad e i nt e l l igi bl e only by ex p er i e n c e N a zare t h .

was h e r o wn v i ll age touch e d wi t h mys t e ry .

Progre ss t h e n is a journ eyi ng b eyo nd brut e s e nsat ion a s



,

t h e F re nch cal l it I f go od i ns t ruct ion h as follow ed d e e p a n d


.

rich e xp e ri e n c e th e n e w do e s n ot a w a k e n to o m uch a s t on ish



m e n t or t oo l i tt l e i nt e res t i t i s n e i t h er wond ere d at bl a nkly ,

n o r l e ft u nconsid e re d . B u t pe rh aps th e g re a t es t ch a nge


e ffe c t e d by d e ve lopm e n t a n d e d uc a tion i s t h a t w i t n e ss e d i n t h e

r ea l m o f fe e l ing . A t fi rs t e v e n th e out e rmos t li m i t o f th e


ch ild s m o ra l consciousn e ss is bound e d by s e nsu o us fe e li ng

.
Tfi e U n a/ra ng i ng Pr oble m 9

H e s ee s no t on ly i n t hi ngs bu t a lso i n pe rso ns o nly th e ir u se s


o r a ttractiv e n e ss — m a inly th e i r us e s to h ims e l f Th e wat e r ”
.
,

” “
sai d o n e you ng ch ild “
,is a thi ng for m e to swi m i n A .

d ay c ri e d a no t h e r

,

, i s a th i ng for m e t o p la y in A nd if .

q u e s ti on e d ve ry cl os e ly a bou t th e i r fe e l i ngs to th e p er so ns
,

d ea re st and n ea re s t to h i m a ch i l d could m a k e no o t h e r a nswe r


,

th a n this “
.I lov e th e m be ca us e th e y are good to m e ”
Bu t .

la t e r s ta nding n o longe r i n compl e te d e pen d e nc e on o t h e rs h e


,

fi nds oth er mo t iv e s t h an th a t of se lf i n t e re st for a tta ch ing


~

h i ms e l f e ven to stra nge rs H e j udge s th e ac t ions a nd ch arac t e r


.

of m e n h e h as ne v e r se e n an d t h at do no t t ouch e v e n i n d ire ct ly
, ,

h i s p e rso na l li fe S e lf is w ithdra w n som e wh a t from the a re n a


.
,

o r a t l ea s t it figure s no longe r s o co n s t a ntly in t h e for e grou nd .

On c e h e be h e ld ord e r slowly risi ng o u t of the ch aos of i m pre s


sio n s th at b e si e ge d h i m from wi t hout and n o w ou t o f th e
,

ch aos of th e i n n e r world a ne w o rd e r is disclos ed .

B rie fl y th is is t h e n atura l cou rs e of h u m an ed uc atio n co n


d i ti on ed by t h e n a tur e and l aw of th e h um a n mi nd .

Now x pe ri e nce is the b a sis of a l l it is pl a i n th a t we


as e
'

ca n not i gnore th e child s o wn w ea lth or pov e rty of im pre ssi ons


w h e n h e a rri v e s i n school I f h e poss e ss e s so m e th ing of
.

va l u e th a t som e th i ng m ust not b e i gno re d o r c a st a sid e


,
If .

h is e x pe ri e nce is a l l sordid the sou rc e of thi s i m purity m us t


be c l e a n se d To proce e d i n h as te to te a ch without con sid e ri ng
.
,

th e be i ng who is to r e c e i v e th e t e a ch i n g is to los e ti m e an d
,

pai ns .


Nor m u st we sa y Be ca use th is ch i ld is poor h e m ust
,

le a rn c e rta i n thi ngs th a t will h e l p h i m i n e a rni ng a li ving a t a


v e ry e a rl y a ge Thi s i s t h e p ra ctic a l cou rse to t a k e wi t h
.

hi m ust if chi l d s mi nd d v lop d i n d i ff re n t


j
'

. a s a
p oo r e e e a e

orde r from th a t of oth e r ch i ldre n ! At a v e ry ea rly st a g e


e mbryo of t h e most v a rious ord er s a re i ndisti nguish a bl e .
to 7726 U m é a ngi ug Pr oble m

Th e y v a ry g re a tl y a t a l a te r sta g e 5 0 in childh ood . th e h um a n


m i nd progr e ss e s a lon g th e sa m e pa th .

A t fi rst th e ch ild a cc e pts a l l th a t is o ffe re d food sti m uli , , ,

c e rta i n o rd e rs of e x p e ri e nc e .

P rogre ss re pre s e n ts a growi ng i nd e pe nd e nc e (which n e v e r


b e co m e s compl e t e ) o f b ru te s e nsa tion ”
M obi l e i m ag e s tak e .

t h e pl ac e o f e xp e ri e n c e Th e s e b e co m e c l ear e r w i t h e d uc a
.

O
t ion W i t h e duca tion to o t h e y b ec om e more m anage abl e
.
, ,

a nd subj e c t t o th e wi l l Th e y m a y be s h ift e d se l e c t ed
.
, ,

su pp re ss ed Th e n h igh e r o rd e rs o f su b sti t uti o n com e in t o


.

e xis t e nc e a n d m a y be poss e ss e d s o compl e t e ly t h a t t h e i m age


,

i t se l f is i n the way .

Ed uc at ion t h e n an d e v e n h u m an p rogress i ts e l f i s l a rg e ly
, ,

i f no t m a i n ly a d e v e lopm e nt an d di scipl in e of t h e I m agi n at ion .

Th is facu l t y wh o s e e x e rcise is s o oft e n r egard e d as a ki n d o f


,

w e a k n e ss a yi e ldin g t o t e m p t a t ion i s th e m os t re li abl e of al l as


, ,

an i ndica tor of th e whol e s u m a n d progre ss of m e nt a l a c t ivi t i e s .

I t s n a ture i ts d iscipl i n e i t s pow e r r e pre s e nts t h e grow t h th e


, , , ,

di sci pl i ne th e pow e r o f th e wh o l e m i nd Thus we c a n l e arn


,
.

l i t tl e o f a nyon e by as k ing H ow m uch do e s h e re m e mb e r ? ”

B u t i f we k ne w wh a t h e h as i n i t i at e d an d i n wh at d e g re e a n d ,

m a n n e r h e c a n cr ea te a n d d iscov e r an d a d a p t th e n a l l , ,

is t old .

I t is t his l as t t e st wh ich th e ch i ld re n an d you t h of to d ay


a re fa i ling to pa s s sa tisfa c t o rily Th e y l e arn to re ad t o .
,

wri t e to ci ph e r t o se w but not to i n i t i a t e to ad a p t t o use


, , , , ,

t h e i r re sou rc e s fre e ly W h a t c an be th e ca use o f t his fa lli ng


.

o lT P fo r a fa ll ing o ff i t is
-
N o o ne ca n gl anc e a t t h e
.

his tory a nd l i t e ratu re o f En gl a n d a nd doubt t h at a t c e rta i n


s t age s i f n o t a t e v e ry s ta ge th e c re at iv e i m agi na t ion o f
, ,

t h e p e opl e wa s v e ry far b e yond th e a v e ra ge o f t h e m os t

fa voure d n a t ions H e r g re a t e s t m e n w e re u niqu e i n t h e ir


.
Tfi e U m éa ngi ng Pr oble m t t

s ove re ign po sse ssi on of th is fac u l t y O f Sh ak e spe a re i t i s sa i d


.
,

H e had a compl e t e i m agi na ti on H is whol e ge ni us i s i n th a t


.

word ”
— . B u nya n s h e l l was more rea l is t ic t h a n D a nt e s And
’ ’
.

t he i ndus t ri a l h is t ory o f Bri ta i n c e rt a i n ly r e v ea ls n o l a ck o f

cre at i v e mi nds o f i nv e nti v e fa cul ty


,

I t m igh t s ee m th a t th e v e ry ch arac t e r of the rac e h a d


ch ange d ! And ye t th e re h as b e e n n o fu n dam e n t a l ch ange
a nd i n a ll h u m a n p rob a b i li t y no s e rious loss T m e t he mor e
.
,

ordi n ary a nd m e dioc re type s to d ay m ay s ee m to ga i n a su dd e n


promi n e nc e wh il e o t h e rs of more o ri gi na l i ty a nd i ni t i a t iv e
, ,

h a v e gon e u nd e r a cloud Th e m os t vigorous na ture s h ave


.

to consid e r th e d e m a nd o f the hour t h e ti d e o f pu blic opi n ion


, .

F o r y ea rs it h as s ee m e d as i f E ng l an d sa i d to h e r a rt i za n s ,

Now we h av e m ach in e ry be as lik e m ach i n e s you rse lve s a s


,

po ssi bl e ”
. B u t t h a t hou r h as pass e d Thos e w ords wi l l be .

h ea rd no mo re W e re al ize t h a t t he art i zan s of Engl an d must stil l


.

be mo re t h a n m a c h i n e ry O n ly t he o l d spi ri t l i nge rs i n th e
.


school wh ich is a lw ays w e l l be h ind t h e soci a l and i ndus t ri al
m ov e m e n t M a ny a chi ld s t i l l p ass e s th rough h i s sch ool
.

l ife usi ng o nly a m i n im u m o f h is powe rs and e xpre ssi ng o nly


, ,

a fra ction of h is pe rson a li ty Nor is th e ca s e o f t he t each e r


.

a lwa ys v e ry di ffe re n t H e o r s h e a lso h a s to con form t o o m uch


. .

U n til ve ry re c e nt d ays t ea ch ers h ad (no t to c rea te !) bu t t o


d ra f t sys te ms a n d m e th ods a s w e ll as t ex t books an d
, ,
-
,

r e po rts al mos t wi t hout c ri t ic i s m ! I t i s t h e re fore v e ry


proba bl e t h a t if m a ny to d ay a ppea r to h av e li tt l e i magi n a
-

ti o n or ad a pt ivity as com par e d wi t h t h e i r fa t h e rs t h is is n o t ,

be c ause o f a ny d e p re c ia t ion a n d sudd e n ba n k rup t cy i n t h e


rac e b u t b e ca us e o f a t e m porary suspe nsion of t h e i r mos t
,

cha ract e ris t ic po w e rs i nd uc e d by rou t i n e m e t h o ds of e duca t ion


and t hou g h t .

W e a re w a rn e d how e v e r t h a t i t i s t i m e t o a void m e ch a n ic a l
m et h ods i n schools Ot h e rwise t h e gre a t re sul t s o f e d uc a
.

t ion w i l l be sacri fi c e d Already t h e fin ge r o f th e wi se is


.
1 2 Ti l e U rtcfi a ng i ng Pr oble m
poi nt ed to the p l ace wh e re m od e rn pop ul a r e l e m e n t a ry e duc a
ti on s ee ms t o b re ak down .

I t breaks down i n the cul t iv atio n o f th e facul t y wh i ch ch ild



h oo d is ofte n sa id to poss e ss i n e xc e ss I m agi n a tion .

M i nd i m a ge s or m e m ori e s a re th e re p re se nt a tio n i n us o f
,

a bse n t th ings or b e go ne e xpe ri en ce s— t h e e choe s of se nsa


y
-
,

tio ns of colour odour form m usc ul a r i m pre ssion e tc i n t he


, , , , .
,

org a n ism Th e se m a y v a ry grea tly in e ne rgy a nd pre cisi on i n


.

di fferen t pe rso ns S uch a s th e y a re t h e y form th e ra w


.

m a te ri a l o f the cre a ti v e fa culty — the ori gin a l m a t e ri a l (i f we


m a y be pe rm itte d to spe a k of origi ns i n con n ectio n w ith such
a high d e v e lopm e n t of physic a l e ne rgy a s is i mpli ed i n m i nd

i m a ge s ) of a l l id e a s a nd conce pti o ns .

Th e y a re t he m a t e ri a l B ut how a re th e y u se d ? By wh a t
.

a re t h e y us e d ? Pri m a rily by fee li ng e mo tio n d e si re I t is


'
.
, ,

e motio n which puts into mov e m e nt th e re sou rce s of th e


h u m a n mi nd Und e r th e word I m agin a tio n we incl ud e th e n
.

I
m a n y fa ctors W e pre su pp o se t he e xi st e nc e of se ns a tions of
.
-
,

e motio n of im a g es a nd th e i r a ssoci a tions th e po ssibility of


, ,

ce rta i n m e nta l ope ra ti ons I n short I m a gi n a tion i s not a n .


,

e l e m e n ta ry form a tio n I t is not e v e n a se cond a ry on e I t i s


. .

ca ll ed by Ri bo t a t e rti a ry form a tion


“ ”
Ye t this t e lls u s littl e . .

Wh a t is I m a gin a ti on ? H ow is it d ist in guish e d from oth e r


fa culti e s ? I t s sa li en t ch ar a cte ristic is th a t it is mo tor i n its o rigi n

an d fu nct ion I m a gin a tion sa ys Ribot i s i n t he I n te ll e ctu a l

.
, ,

ord e r wh a t W ill is i n o rd e r of M ov em e n t Th e re i s id en tity


, .

of d e v e lopm e nt i n th e two c a se s Th e e sta blish m e nt o f wi ll .

pow e r is sl o w progre ssi v e tra v e rse d by m a n y sli ps a nd fa l ls


, ,
.

Th e i ndi vidu a l first b e com e s m a s t e r o f h i s m u scl e s a n d e xte nds ,

t h rough t h e m his e mp i re o ver oth er things The re fl e x e s .


,

t h e i n stinc t iv e m ov e m e n t s a re t h e m a t e ri a l o f high e r mo ve
,

m e nt . The Will ha s no pa tri mony of spe ci a l mov e m e n ts


Ti l e U nclza ngi fl g Pr oblem 1 3
prope r to i tse l f It m u st a ss oci a te a nd co o rd i na te si nce i t
.
-
,

dissoci a te s i n o rd e r to form ne w as soci a tions I t re ig ns by .

right o f co nq ue st n o t by right of birth I n th e sa m e wa y


, .
,

c re a t i v e i m a gi na tion doe s not spri ng in to e xis t e nc e full ar m e d -


.

I t s m a te ri a ls a re th e i mages w hich are h e re th e equi v a l e nts of


musc ul a r mo ve m e nts : it goe s th rough a pe riod of t ri a ls a n d
e ssa ys : it is a l w a ys i n t h e be gi nn i ng a n i mi t a tion : it a ttai n s
, ,

only gra du a lly i t s com pl ex forms B ut th e re a re still d ee pe r.

a n a logi e s . Th e I m a gi n a tio n i s subj e cti v e pe rso na l a n , ,

th ro poce n tri c : its mov e m e n t is from w i th i n outw a rd tow a rds

a n obj e cti v a tion K now l e dge (th a t is to sa y i nte lligen ce


.

i n t h e re stricted se nse ) h as a n i n ve rse ch a ra cte r it is o bj e cti v e , ,

i m person a l r e c e i v e s from wi thout F or th e crea ti v e im a gi n a


,
.

tion th e i n ne r world is t h e re gul a tor F o r th e i n t e l li ge n c e


.

th e out e r world is the re gul a t or Th e world o f m y i m a gin a


.

tion is my world as opposed to t h e world o f int e llige nce wh ich


i s th a t o f m y fe llows . And wh a t h a s b e e n sa i d of
th e I m a gi n a tion m a y b e r e p e a te d word fo r word i n re ga rd

to th e Will .

Futh e rm ore I m a gi na t ion a nd W ill h a v e a t e l e ologica l ch a r


a cte r a re a c t i v e i n v i e w of a n e nd to b e a t ta i ned
,
O n e w ills .

so m e th ing wi t h a n e nd i n v i e w— i t m a y be a fri volous or a gre a t


en d . O ne i n v e n ts a l w a ys with a n obj e ct i n v i e w wh e t h e r i t ,

be N a po l e on who i m a gi n e s a pl a n of c a m pa ign o r a ki t ch e n
m a id who t h i nks of a ne w dish Fin a lly th e re is a n a na logy
.
,

bet we e n a borti v e im a gi na tion a nd a borti v e will U nd e r .

norm a l co ndi t ion t h e w i ll is e xpre ss e d i n a n a c t But i n th e .

ca se of t h e und ec id e d the v a cill a ti ng th e a c t is n o t ae com


, ,

l i s h e d T h e re sol u t ion ca nnot a fli rm itse lf i n p ra ctic e T h e


p . .

crea ti v e i m a gi na tio n a lso i n i t s com pl e t e form t e nds tow a rds


, ,

ex e t rioris a t ion — i t a ffi rms i ts e lf in a wo rk which e xi st s not on ly


for th e crea tor but fo r e v erybody
,
B ut i n t h e ca s e of t h e
.

m e re d rea m e r th e i m a gin a t io n re m a i ns a n i nte rn a l t h ing onl y


,

-
i t is no t e m bod i ed i n e xt e rna l a ctio n R e v e ri es co rre spon d
.
14 7 368 U n a/ra ngi ng Pr oble m
more o r l ss s to i rre sol ution E m u /ref s a re t he i m po t e n t

m e m b e rs of t he c re a ti v e wo rld .

The I m a gi na tion is tra i ne d a nd d e v e lope d t hrough e x e rcise


as is t h e Wi ll t hrough th e m uscl e s I t is n o t m os t pow e rfu l
.

wh ere i t se e ms to ru n riot I ts i n te n sity a nd st r e n gt h a re


.

gre a t e st p e rh a ps w h e re i t subj e c t s i tse lf t o ru l e s e v e n d i s ,

a pp e a rs ,
li k e a ri ve r flowing und e rgro und for a wh il e b ut
e m e rging a g a in i n t o t h e light Th e wi ld dre a ms a nd fa n tas i e s
.

o f e a rly ch ildhood d o n ot pro cl a i m t he e xi st e nce of gre a t


i m a gin a ti v e pow e rs a n y more th a n d o t he re stl ess ne ss of a
lit t l e ch ild procl a i m h i m th e posse ssor o f i m m e nse m u scul a r
stre ngth . N e v e rth e l e ss i n th e e a rli e r sta ge s t h ere mu st be
free dom si m ply b e c a use th ere is littl e pow e r o f subse rvi e nc e
, ,

directio n a nd ob e di e nce .The e a rly hymns of th e S a xo n


ba rba ri a ns w e re a concre t e o f e xcl a m a tio ns Th e y though t .

o f G od ,
a s of O di n ,
i n a st ri ng of short pa ssion a t e i m a g e s :

Th e y do not spe a k wri t e s T a i ne o f th e m

,

th e y sing or , ,

ra t h e r cry o u t e a ch l ittl e v e rse of th e i r poe ts b re a ks for t h li k e


,


a growl . Th e re is no a rt no na tu ra l t a l e n t fo r d e scribing i n
,

o rd e r t h e di ffe re nt p a rt s of a n e v e n t or a n obj e ct Th e ba r .

b a ri a n s a re in short lik e v e ry young ch i ldre n By uncou t h .

mov e m e nts a n d c ri e s th e y a dv a nce d Th e y s t rov e t o e x pre ss .

a l l i n a cry — a n d t h e forc e of th e i nt e rn a l i m pr e ssion d id n ot ,

qu ickly unfold itse lf Ye t i t b eg a n to u nfold i t se lf a t l a st


.

a nd wa s e xpr e ss e d i n rud e po e m s Prog re ss d e pe nds o n t hi s


.

yi e lding to th e in i ti a l a nd i ndi vidu a l i m puls e wh e th e r t h e


l e a rn e r b e a chi ld a t pl a y a b a rb a ri a n m a k ing rud e e x pe ri
,

m e n t s o r a sci e ntis t e n ga ge d i n o rigin a l r e sea rch


, .

Th e i m porta nc e o f fre e pl a y a s a fa c tor i n e d uca t ion li e s


a lso i n th is — th a t it is e x pe rim e n t a l Pl e a sure i n m o t ion is
.

n o t e n ough th e qu ick e n ing s e ns e o f pow e r m us t b e th e r e a lso


, .

Wh e n this is fe l t ch i ld re n oft e n b e com e a mbitiou s bold s t e rn , ,

w i t h t h e m s e l v e s Long a go t h e g a m e o f K e ttl e s was popul a r


.

a mong t h e g irls a nd h e ys o f th e H igh l a nd s of Sco t l a nd It .


T/i e U m lza ng i ng Pr od/em ‘
.
1 5

wa s usu a lly pl a y e d with gre a t ri gou r Ev e rythi n g is a fa u l t .


,

sa id the chi ld re n b e gi nn ing th e g a m e t o push t he ston e



,

t wice to touch the lin e to h old the a r m s spre a d to hop t wice


, ,

— e v e rythin g i s a fa ul t This rigou r i s n o t co n fi n e d t o mov e


.

m e nt pl a ys . The pl a yful e x e rci se o f th e re col l e cti v e fa cul ty


is as G roos obs e rve s co m mon i n ch i ldr e n
, ,

Th e y pe rfor m .

m e nta l fea ts u na chi e v a bl e by a d ul ts such as l e a rn i ng by h e a rt ,

books of n u rse ry rh ym e s long poe ms i nt e rm i n a bl e st ori e s


, , .

Th e y wi ll o ft e n burd e n t h e ir m i nds wi th list s o f u ncon n e ct e d


a n d m e a n ingl e ss wo rds Ott o Poe h l e r a t fou r k n e w th e b i rth
.
, ,

a nd d ea t h o f ev e ry G e rm a n K a is e r from Ch ar l e s th e G re a t

a s w e ll a s o f m a ny po e t s a n d ph ilosoph e rs Th e re wa s n o .

t ra c e of v a nity no d e sire to show O H i n a l l th is W e m ust


, .

e xpla i n t h e s e a ccom pl ish m e n t s a n d t h e ri gou r o f k e t t l e pl a y e rs -

a s th e r e sult of t he d e sir e to e x p e ri m e nt pl a yfull y with o ne s


o wn pow e rs .

I t i s i n th is wa y (t hrough e x er cis e ) th a t t h e m e nt a l a s w e l l
a s th e physic a l pow e rs d e v e lop Children a nd i nd ee d a l l.
,

h ea lth y a du lts e njoy e x e rcis e wh e th e r i t b e rom pin g or th e


, ,

m a k i ng o f t he m ulti plica t ion t a bl e gol fi n g or t h e sol vin g o f a ,

probl e m i n m a th e m a tics “
Wi th i n th e l i m its of th e gym
.

n as i u m

,
wri te s M rs B ool e e ve ry posi t ion is pe rm itte d a nd

.
,

e ncoura ge d which would b e c o nsid e r e d i nd e co rous a n d d i s

ord e rly i n cl a ss ”
So i t s l u m/d be m en ta l /v
. Ev e ry m e nt a l .

fa c ul ty which a h u m a n b e i ng i s to e x e rcis e a t a l l should b e ,

us ed a l t e rn a t e ly i n work — th a t is to sa y i n subse rv i e nce


, ,

,

to n e c e ssi t i e s o r rul e s i m pose d from w ithou t a nd i n re cre a ,

tion -
th a t is by e vol ving i t s o wn l a ws from with i n I f t his is .

not do ne t h e m e nt a l fa cu lty fl a gs : a n d work wh ich s hould ’


,

be tru ly m e n ta l is don e (ill o r w e ll ) a s a m e re t r i ck o f b ra i n


,

a n d n e r v e s wi t h ou t a n y fu ll o r tru e m e n ta l a c t ion
, I f yo u .

wa n te d a b o y to b e com e a m e re l y s t u pid m e ch a nic a l ba n k ,

cle rk su re o f n e v e r m a king a m is t a k e a nd a lso sure r m! to


, ,

u nd e rst a n d e nough o f wh a t h e is a bou t to fi nd o u t wh e n his


16 T/ze (f u r/ra ng i ng Pr oble m
su pe riors a re ch ea ting th e publ ic a nd th e sh a re hold e rs you

shou ld m a k e hi m d o h is su ms a lw a ys o ne wa y a n d / b r bi d Mm
to ex per i me n t on a ny day q/ l ire yea r I f o n t he co ntra ry you .
, ,

w i sh ed h i m to be com e a m e re b usy body cl e v e r a t d et e cting -


,

e rrors i n oth e r peo pl e s sum s but i n ca pa bl e of k ee pi n g a ccou nts
,

prope rly l e t h i m a l w a ys do h is su ms by rou nd a bou t a n d


,

na t ura l m e thods B ut if y o u w a nt a c a pa bl e a ri t h m eti ca n


.
,

a bl e both to do th e b usi ne ss h e i s pa id fo r a n d a lso to u nd er ,


.

sta n d wh a t is going on a round h im a nd fi nd o u t for him se lf ,

how to do thi ngs wh ich h e was n e v e r shown i n si st on rigid ,

m e thod duri n g hours of work a nd m m u m ge very f r ee a nd




[a rul er : ex p en mm { a fi r m occas i o n a l l y .

Fre e e xpe rim e nt by ch ildre n i s t rou ble so m e t o paren ts


more tr ou b l e som e to t e ach e rs bu t abhorre n t t o o fli cia l ad
,

m i n i s trato rs . Th e child who pl ays i n fan ta stic w ays with h is


own pow e r choose s h i s o wn su bj e cts i n drawing ! improvise s
,

i n d e fia nc e of al l rul e s of ti m e m e l ody cou n t e r poi n t a n d


, ,
-

fi nge ri ng ru ns ce rt a inly th e risk of be com ing v e ry t rou bl e som e .

A n d ye t wi t hou t fre e e xpe ri m e nt th e re is li tt l e t o be do n e .

— —
Th e g re a t ge n ius such as M oz rt p e rsis t e d i n t aki ng h i s
a

l e sso ns m e re ly as a gu id e an d som e t im e s as a kind of i n


te rru p ot i n Pr e cocious
. a rt i za ns — such as Ponc e l e t — e x pe ri

m e n te d free ly i n th e i r pl ay hou rs as i nd e e d Engl a nd s fu t u re


'
,

art i za n s m ust be doing t o d ay i f t h e M a nu a l t ra i n i ng c e n t re s

a n d T e ch nic a l coll e ge s a re e v e r to be of gre a t va l u e W h at .

is l e a rne d a t school co m e s i n a s m at e ri al Dou b t l ess i t was .

a d e e p consciousn e ss of t h e possi bili t i e s of pl ay t h a t l ed F ro e


.

be l t o e m ph a size it t o e ngag e th e sympa t h i es of t each e rs i n i t


, ,

t o ta k e pa rt i n ga m e s h i mse l f and wis t fu lly t ry t o d ire c t th e


,

you ng m in d i n i ts m os t i m po rt an t mom e n t s An d ye t it is .

dou b tfu l wh e t h e r a ny e x t ra n e ous h e lp c an h e l p o ne i n cruci a l


mo m e nt s —wh e t h e r we had no t be tt e r re cogn ise at o n c e th at
no t assista nc e bu t fre e dom i s wa n t e d i n pl ay t i m e A young -
.

child k no ws ve ry w e l l wh at m o v e m e nts re st h im wh en he has


Tee U n cfi a ng i ng Pr oble m 1 7

be e n tryi ng to si t s t i l l at t abl e for a tim e o r hold h is ch a l k ,

fi rm ly J ust in th e sa m e way h e wil l l e arn wh a t m ov e m e n ts


.

a nd occu pa tio n s r e s t h i m i n th e i n t e rv a ls o f m a nu a l t ra in i ng ,

or g eom e tr y .

Th e o nly wa y to a ssist h im a pp e ars to be to m ak e the


ge om e try o r ma n u a l l e sson a s t ho rough as li tt l e o f a m e re ,

ga m e or pl ay a s po ssi b l e Thi s do e s no t m e an how e ve r t h a t


.
,

th e I m agi nat i o n is to h a v e no p la c e i n cl a ss I t m e a ns j ust th e


.

oppos i t e The re is no re a l t e s t o r t ri a l in vol v e d i n an y t rain


.

i ng wh e re t h e cr e a t iv e facul t y is a llow e d to r e m a i n do rm a n t
,
.

I n dr winga i n ,a a n ,a h
ri th m tic i n l gu ge s t e m o m e n t o f i n tegra t
e ,
~

i ng e fi o rt wh ich m e a ns gr ow t h i s t h e mom e n t wh e n the chi ld


i s oblige d to fal l b ack on h is o wn r e sourc e s t o discov e r his o wn ,

m e th od t o wri t e h i s own origin a l com po si t io n t o dra w from


, ,

hi s o wn m e m o ry .

U n fortu n at e ly we show t e nd e nci e s n ow to i nte rfe re much i n


th e p la y ”
w
,
i t hou t m a ki ng su ffici e n t d e m a nds i n th e

wo r k ”
.

The co nse q u e nce is th at th e I m agin ation is crippl e d a t bo th


e nds o f th e sys t e m Th e re is m uch surve ill ance i n th e pl ayi ng
.


gro un d th e re is a grea t d e a l of su rv e i ll a n c e too i n th e cl ass
room . I n n e i t h e r pl a ce is an y ve ry s e rious e ffo rt m a d e t o
d e v e lop v e ry compl e t e ly th e h igh e s t powe r of t he hu m an
m in d So me o f th e ca use s o f thi s ne gl e c t are d e e p roo t e d a n d
.
-

ca n no t be discuss e d h e re Ot h e rs a re o b vious e nough . In .

ou r l a rg e c l a ss roo m s a n d s m a l l pl aying g rou nds thou sa nds o f


-

ch ild re n a re m ass e d I n ord e r to k e e p o rd e r th e re m us t be


.

r ul e s a n d surv e il la nc e Th e si t u ation i s i n so m e re sp ec t s a
.

n e w o ne ,i t i s c e r t a i nly fra u gh t wi t h n e w risks Un ifo rm ity .

has b e com e an id e a l I n a cc e p t ing i t we a re simply followi ng


.

t h e l in e o f th e l e a st r e sis t a nc e .

Ye t such l angu id acqui e sc e nc e (fo r i t i s no t hi ng more ) is


bou n d i n th e long ru n to h a v e s e rious re sul t s Th e mo t iv e .

. pow r e o f th e m o ra l l ife is W i l l T h e m o t i v e po we r o f t he
.

i n t e ll e c t u a l wo rld is I m ag i n ati o n l n vi rt u e o f h is po we r to
.

2
8 U n clza ngz ng

1 Pr oble m
i m agi n e or c t through m en tal i m age s m an se es th e pa st
re - re a e , ,

fo re ca s t s th e fu tu re a n d ha s m a d e wh a t e v e r a dva n ce h as b e e n
,

e v e r m ad e i n to t he fi e lds of th e U n know n W e ca n n o t gi v e
.

I m agi n a tio n to an oth e r but we m ay a rre st i ts d e ve lopm e nt !


,

and wh e re i t i s ig nor e d or su pp ress e d al l i nt e l l e ctu a l life must


,

qu ickly d e cli n e and p e rish Now as o f ol d wh e re v e r fo r o n e


.
, ,

reason or a noth e r th e re i s no vision th e p e opl e p e ri sh .

Th is b ook re pr es e n ts a n e ffort how ev e r in ad e qu ate fi rst


, ,

to d e fi n e th e n a t ur e of crea ti v e e ne rgy se condl y — to i ndica t e


,

th e v arious forms i n wh ich i t fi nds its m an ife st a tio n s at t h e ea rl i e r


p e ri od s of l ife (su bj e ct of cou rs e to th e d i ffe re nce s of vocatio n
, ,

a n d n a t ure an d t h e p re c oci ty an d p e rsist e nc e o f gen i us i n


,

d ea l i ng wi t h sp eci fic ord rs of i m ge s ) a d th ird ly to d e t e r


e a n
,

mi ne i ts pl ace an d fu n cti o n i n pri m a ry e d uc a ti on .


C H A PTE R I I

OR X GI N o r I M A G I N A TI O N

EVE R Y m e nt a l i m age or re p re se nta tio n con tain s ce rta in motor


e l e me n t s . Th e t hought o f a p ea ch or of a ny oth e r pl easant
,

fru it m a k e s th e mouth w ate r Th e re m e m b ran c e of a catchi ng


.

a i r i mp e ls us to sing . Th e re coll e ction of a b ea u ti ful sc e ne ,

m a k e s us ga z e fi x e d ly i n to th e d istan ce Such mov e m e n ts are


.

m e re re pe ti tion s Th e y a re orga n ic Y et i n t h e m we h ave


. .

a n i n cipi e nt form of i m agi na tion . Wh at h i n de rs the i m age s


from becomi ng cre ativ e i n t he fu ll e st se ns e t h a t is to say
no t m e r e ly re prod uc t iv e bu t p rod uc t i v e ? Nothi ng h i nd e rs this
e xce p t l ack of pe rsist e nc e a n d e n e rgy o n t h e p a r t of t h e i m age .

Wh e n we are il l a n d e nfe e b l e d a nd our pow e r of re sis t a nc e


,

l o we re d an i m age m ay e a si ly b e co m e c re a tiv e i n a h igh d egre e


, .

By thi n king of a pa i n we m ay b e gi n t o fe e l it ! List e ni ng for



ro b be rs we m ay h e a r th e m t h a t is we m ay h av e i ll usio ns ,
.

b ec om e t h e vi c t ims of ou r own a cti v e mi n d i m age s But the .

crea t iv e po w e r of m ind i m age s doe s no t rea ch i t s h igh e st d e


ve IOp m e n t i n m e r e i ll usion . Th e school of Ch arcot h as e s t a b
l i s h e d th e fact th a t p rofou nd ch a nge s m ay ta k e pl ac e i n th e
organi s m as th e re su lt of a m i nd picture or i m age Th e once
, .

“ ” —
mi ra culous s t o ri e s o f S t i gm a t a th e m ar k of na ils i n th e
fl e sh a n d t h
,
wou nds in t h e bodi e s o f
sa i n t s a re no a u t h e n t i ca t e d
. I nd e e d th e cre a t ive pow e r
20 O r igi n q/ I zzzagi rm l zbn

of th e S ai n ts is a ll i e d i n o ne re spec t to th a t of e v e ry gre at
— —
gen i us m o ral and oth e rw ise i n asmuch as th e y fu rn ish a n
i ll ustra t ion of t h e pow e r of m e n tal im ages th e motor e l e m en ts ,

of wh ich ha ve be com e crea ti v e .

To l ea ve th e w o rld of th e mi ra cu lous an d re t u rn to th e
peach , th e recoll e c tion of wh ich m a k es th e mouth wate r I H e re

we h av e re pro duc t ion pure a nd si mpl e th at is m e mory plus ,

a r e fl e x mov e m e nt Th i s is an i n fe rior form o f i m agi nat ion


.

an d i s fou nd as R o m a ne s h a s p oi n t e d o u t
, v e ry low i n th e ,

sca l e of a ni m al l ife H e ca l ls i t pro vok e d o r di r ed b aug er/ed


.

” pr e l i m /i on .

H igh e r i n th e sc a l e of mi n d acti vity i s spo nta neou s repro


-

d ucti on which i s s t i ll su gges te d of c o urse bu t i nvolve s a fre e r


, ,

m ove m e nt Th e eati ng of a pea ch m a y awak e n for e xa m pl e


.
, ,

som e t hought o f th e orch ard wh e re i t gre w of t he man who ,

pl ant e d it N e ve rt h e l ess th is as we l l as the form e r case o f


.

m e mory a n d mov e m e n t re pre se nts o nly re prod ucti ve n ot pro ,


.

d uc ti ve i m agi nation .

H i gh e r th an e i t h e r is th e facu lty o f a ssoci ati ng m e n ta l


pic t ur es without dire ct sugge stion from wi t hou t but by a n
, ,

i nw ard ac t ivi t y This t a k e s pl ace i n sl ee p wh e n we d rea m


.
,

for t h e n t h e i n n e r wo rld is not co rre c t e d o r modi fi e d by t h e


ou t e r world as i n wa ki ng hours B ut re v e ri e to o an d sol i t ary
.

m usi ng fa l ls u nd e r t his ca t e go ry — fli tt ng m ind pic t ure s u n


i —
s ta bl e a ssoci a t ions o f i m a ge s g rou p e d l a ngu idly a nd wi t hout


,

i n t e rv e n t ion o r d e s i gn c as t l e s i n t he ai r i mpossibl e rom anc e s


,

e v e n (t hough th e s e show mo re e n e rgy o n t h e p ar t o f th e

dre am e r) m a y fa l l i nt o t he sa m e grou p A gre a t pa rt of th e.

l ife of m a ny pe rsons o l d a nd young is s pe n t i n d ay d ream i ng


, ,
-
.

Th e t e nd e ncy t o discou rage re v e ri e i n you ng p e rso ns h as in ,

th e Opi ni o n of som e e d uc a t ion a lis t s go n e too far , J ust a s we .

m a y m e ddl e to o much wi t h a chi ld s pl ay we m ay m e ddl e fa r


'

t o o m uch wi t h a g i rl s o r a boy s d a y d re a m i ng S tan l e y H al l


’ '
-
.

a ctu a lly a ffi rms th at a t a c e r t a i n age



idl e ne ss shoul d be
Or i gi n o f Im agi n a t i on 2 I

cul tiva t e d a nd re v e ri e should he p rovid e d fo r i n e very way .

W i t hou t going qui t e so far as t h is we m ay adm i t th e n e e d fo r


re s pe cting e ve ry nat u ra l a n d h e a lthy m e n tal stat e Th e sta t e
.

of re ve ri e s e e ms to l ie lik e a r iv e r b e tw ee n th e bri gh t w orl d o f


stre nuous m e n t a l li fe an d th e d a rk world of th e u nc o nscious ,

a nd subconsciou s . O n th at stre am m any s ee ds a re b orn e from


th e da rk shor e to t h e brigh t o n e . W e must no t try to dry i t
up to ca use th e w a v e s to c eas e flo wi ng
, .

Fi na lly th e fourt h a nd h i g h e s t fo r m o f i m agi n a tion is t h a t


,

i n which th e t h i n k e r m a rsh al s h i s m i n d i m age s with i n t e n tio n .

o r d e sig n i n ord e r t o form n e w combi n a t ions .Th is is c o n


st ructiv e i m agi na tio n prop e r I t s t riu mphs a re s ee n i n e v e ry
.

i nv e n ti on of i ndustry e v e ry cre a t i o n i n a rt e v e ry d iscov e ry


, ,

i n sci e nc e .

Childhood i s oft e n sa id to be t h e age o f i m agi n a t ion This i s .

tr u e o nly i n a v e ry l im ite d s e ns e The distingu ish i ng m a rk of


.

a hi gh ord e r o f cons t r ucti v e i m agi n a t ion i s pow e r o f con t rol

an d s e l e c t ion a ccom pa ni e d b y po w e r of c re a t io n B u t th is
.

i m pli e s a d e v e lopm e nt o f re aso n an d o f will to wh ich the


most i n te llige n t chi ld ca n n o t a t ta i n The i mportan c e of th e
.

i nt e l l e c tu a l an d mora l fa c t o rs i n t h e h igh e r o rd e rs o f c rea ti ve


work wil l appe ar l at e r The fu nction of th e h igh e r fa cu l t i e s
.

i s l a rge ly i nhi bi t ory.

M e mory is n e c e ssa ry for crea tion Ye t m e mo ry m ay be com e


.

t yran nic al I t is n e c es s ar y to know h ow t o fo rge t oth e rwise


.
,

t h e d oor is close d to a l l i ni t i a ti ve and fre e dom . I f to re c a l l an y


i ncid e n t we h av e to r ec a l l e ve ry e v e n t t h at i n t e rve ne d be t w e e n
,

t h e ti m e of its t aki ng pl ac e an d n o w re m e mb ra nc e woul d be i m

po ssi bl e A ce tra i n M e m b e r of P a rlia m e nt h ad such a v e ry re t e n


.

t iv e m e mory t h at h e could re p eat correc tly a lo ng ac t o r docum e n t


a ft e r h avi ng o nc e re a d it
. This how e v e r was no t a gre a t a d va ntag e .

I t was a grea t inconv e n i e nc e F or wh e n e v er h e wa nt e d to re m e m


.

be r an y p ar t icul a r poin t h e had to b e gi n a t the b egin n ing a nd rea d ,

on ti l l h e ca m e t o th e poi n t h e wish e d to re ca ll .Ch ildre n are


22 O r igi n f
o Im ag i n a t i on

m ore su bj e ct to th e t y ran ny o f m e mory t h a n old e r p e rsons .

A chi ld of n i ne o f good i nt e llig e nc e l e arn e d to re peat th e


,

qu e stio ns a n d an sw e rs o f th e Sho rte r C e te c h i s m quite corre c t ly ,

y e t sto p pe d a lw a ys a t th e wro n g pl a c e s h avi ng l ittl e o r no id e a

of th e s e nse The whol e pe rfo rm a nce was barre n i n so fa r as


.

th e reaso n o r i m agi natio n w e re conc e rn e d School gi rls l e ar n to


.
-

play pi e ce s of m usic from be gi n n i ng to e nd by h ea rt but fear ,

i nt e rru p t i on a s th e y c a n not be gi n sa fe ly a nywh e re sa v e at t he


b e gi n n ing R ea son b re a ks up m e mori e s I ts o fli ce i s i a
. .

bibitory too as r ega rds th e I m a gi n a tion I n ch ildhood this .

i nh ibito ry pow e r is b ut li t tl e e x e rcis e d A s th e m i nd d e v e lops


.

it co m e s more a nd m ore i nto prom i ne n ce A nd ye t m e mory .

a nd i m a gin a tio n a re n o t w e a k e n e d h u t str e ng t h e n e d i n t h e

pr oc e ss wh ich bri n gs R ea son more a nd more into e vid e nc e .

Wh a t is m a rv e llous i n sci e nti fic g e n i us is a s H offd i ng h as


poi n te d ou t pre cise ly t h is m e n ta l fre edom wh ich i s a bl e to
,

d et a ch a nd a bstr a ct fro m e x pe ri e nc e R e a son doe s i nd ee d th e n


,
.

re s e mbl e thos e cl im a tic i nfl u en ce s th a t bre a k down th e solid


rock a nd h a rd soi l a nd p re pa re it fo r th e a cti vi t y of the
cre a ti v e princi pl e .

B ut if t h e crea t iv e pow e r i s i n i ts h igh e r fo rms at l e as t


, ,

d e pe nd e nt on th e i nt e l l e c t u al s ti l l mo re obviously i s i t
,

d epe nd e nt o n th e e m otion a l l i fe The e mo t ion s a re t h e gre at


.

wi nds of t h e m e n ta l a nd mora l wo rld Th ey pe n e trat e e v e ry.

wh e re an d t h ey are always po te nti ally at l e ast crea ti v e Lov e .

i s o f cou rs e th e mos t p roli fic I t h as a va s t p roge ny I n


.

l i t e ra tu re it i s t h e moth e r o f ly ri cs po e ms ro m a nc e s e tc e tc
, , ,
.
, .

Th a t jo y is productiv e e ve n t he mos t prac t ica l e m ploy e rs of


l a bou r a tt e st Th e y fi n d i t p ays v e ry oft e n t o giv e th e ir m en
.

m o re hol id ays be tt e r s e cu ri t y a n d b e tt e r wage s


,
Fe ar t h e mos t .
,

d e pre ssi ve e m o t ion i s the moth er o f ph a n t oms d e mons , ,

ho bgobli ns, a n d of p ri m i t iv e re l igio n Ang e r is d e struc t iv e


.

a ppa re n t ly bu t fe rt il e
,
B yron w ro t e h i s En glish B a rds and
.
,

Scotch re vi e w e rs i n a passion or rath e r aft e r a fit of rage



, ,
.
Or igi n f
o Im agi n a t i on 23

Th rough stro ng e motion he wa s e n a bl e d t o pass qu ick ly from


t h e t e n ta tiv e ne ss of child ho od to th e vigo ur o f m an hood .

V ictor H ugo offe r s a stri ki ng e x ampl e of t h e fru i t fu ln e ss of



gri e f an d a lso o f i ndign a t i o n “
I ns t ea d o f al lowi ng hi ms e l f
.

to b e t o rtu re d by th e fo rc e s (fo r n e rvous e n e rgy i s forc e p ar


ex c e l l e nce ) tha t inv a d e d h i m i ns t e ad of k e e pi ng th e m or
, ,

e njoyi ng th e m (t h e re is a luxu ry a n d ev e n a t e mpt a t i o n to


,

pla y wi th gri e f) h e r ea li z e d th e m a l l i n work T wic e did .

fa te c ru e l ly s t rik e him H e los t a d e arly love d son Lat e r


. .

h e be ca m e an e xil e Th e s e t wo e v e nts did n ot draw m an y


.

tea rs from hi m But th e y we re re sponsibl e fo r t he cre atio n of


.

two prod igious wo rks vi z the Con temp l a ti om ov e r wh ich m any


, .
,

ge n e ra tions o f te nd e r souls will w e e p a nd the fi e rce Cfi a ti ,

mcn fs t h e re a di ng of w h ich m ad e so m any h earts burn to


a v e nge h im

. W rit e rs i n p a rt icu la r s e e m t o illust rate re
, ,

m arka bl y t h e p roduc t iv e nes s e v e n o f t h e m os t d e pre ssing


e motions .

Chi ld re n a re v e ry susce ptibl e to e mo t ion And t h is ta k e n i n .

c onj un ction wi t h th e fac t t ha t m e mory is re t e n t iv e i n t h e

ea rly y e ars se e m s to su pply th e condi ti o n s of a c e rt ai n ord e r

of cre ativ e ac t i vi t y I n som e re sp e cts i nd e e d chi ld r e n a ppe ar


.

t o be no t i n fe rio r b u t su pe rior i n cre ati ve e ne rgy to grown up


,
-

pe rsons J us t as a l i tt l e ch i ld w i l l pe rform a hu ndre d mov e


.

m e n ts i n a sho rt t i m e an d wi l l ru n about al l d ay long in a way


,

i m poss ibl e to a n a d ul t so h e wi ll crea t e il lusions for him se l f


, ,

an d i n v e n t fan t astic t al e s to e xpl a i n e v e ry t h i ng wi t h su rpri sing

pe rsis t e nc e an d e n e rgy B u t al l t his doe s n o t p rov e t h a t th e


.

ch ild h as great e r m uscu la r po w er or creat iv e e n e rgy th an th e


adul t I t o n ly prov e s th at h e use s his muscul ar pow e r a nd

.

i m agi nati o n i n w ys t h t do not


a a t ax o r t y him
r t h a t is t o ,
sa y i nvolu n t a ri ly and
, wi t hou t drain ing a ny d e e p sourc e
o f e n e rgy . H e m ov e s as a ch ild i m agi n e s l ik e a chi ld
,
.

This e xce ssi v e ac t ivi t y is n ece ssa ry J ust as m ov e m e n t s


.

re p re se n t a t a c e rt a i n e poch th e wi l l so th e i m agi n at io n ,
24 O r ig i n f
o Im ag i n a t i on

r e pres e nts a t a c e rt a i n e poch th e re ason I m agin a t ion is .


,

a s G o e t h e sa id t he for e ru n n e r o f re ason
, I n th e begi n n ing
-
.

i m agi n at ion a nd m e mory a re o n e (t he form e r be i ng l o ck e d u p


as i t w e r e i n th e l att e r) : a t a l a t e r s t age r ea so n a nd i m agi n a tion

a re s t il l o n e O nly by fre e e xp e rim e n t a t io n o f th e a l rea dy


.

s e lf~d e c l are d facu lty c an a l l t h a t is s t il l l at e n t be fi n a lly


l i b e r at e d .

Th us i n th e e n d th e t yra n ny o f m e mo ry is brok e n t h e ,

undiscipl in e d i m agi n at io n cu r be d no t by th e i n te rfe re nce o f an ,

arbit rar y wil l fro m wi t hou t bu t m a i n l y t h rou gh t h e e m a ncip a ti o n


,

o f a fa cul t y w h ich was l a t e n t i n bo t h from th e be gin ni ng .

I n a c m a r to n IN A N I M A LS AN D I N F AN CY
The t wo su bj e c t s are no t so close ly a lli e d a s m ay at fi rst
a pp e a r W ond erful is th e a ni m a l world t h a t i s close to u s
.

t h e ca tt l e t ha t roa m a bout o u r fi e lds th e dom e s tic a nim a ls ,

t h at sh are o u r l i fe B e t w ee n t h e se and ourse l ve s t he missing


.

l inks m ay be conc e i ve d a n d th e e volu t ion i m agi n e d I t is


, .

wh e n we a re fac e to fac e wi t h t he ins e c t wo rld t h a t t h e t racks


s e e m t o be lost F o r i t s e e ms as i f t hos e sm al l c rea tu re s
.

be es a nts w asps spid e rs e tc h ad n e v e r pursu e d t he track


, , , ,
.
,

o f whi ch h u m a n e volu t io n was th e go a l a nd t h a t wh a t we

c al l e m o t ion re ason m e m ory i m agi n a t ion h a v e found i n


, , , ,

t h e m no t p ar al l e ls bu t sub s ti t ut e s
, Sit bs ti tu te s th a t ba fll e u s

.

—not lik e th e words of a s t ra n ge l angu age but li ke th e l angu age ,

of a no t h e r sph e re F o r e x a m pl e we a re fa m ili ar wi t h a facul t y


.
,

cal l e d M e mo ry a nd re cogni z e i t i n th e ho rse t he d og th e ca t


, , , ,

e tc. a s e ss e n t i a l ly t he s a m e as i n o u rs e lv e s
, Bu t wh a t is th e .

m e mory of an a n t ? Lord Av e bu ry onc e d ivid e d a ne st fu l l


of l a rv ae M any m o n t hs l at e r h e t ook t h e a n t s t h at h ad b e e n
.

re a re d i n o n e n e s t a n d put t h e m i n t o th e o t h e r Th e old .

a nts h ad c e rt a i nly n e v e r s e e n t hos e s t ra nge rs b e fore ye t th e y

re cogn i z e d th e m a n d wi t hout a ny com mu n ic at ion


,
W h a t is .

such m e m ory as t h is
‘ ?
W e d o no t know

I t i s as Lo rd .
Or i gi n f
o Im ag i n a t i on 25

A ve bu ry st a te s a wholly u ni nt e lligi bl e facul ty t o which we


ca n giv e wh a t n a m e we pl ea s e
"
O r t ak e th e facul t y o f
.

R eason . H ub e r t e lls us t h at h e o nce saw th e sh a ft o f an


an t dw e lli ng fa l l I nstan t ly a ll t h e a n t s be ga n n o t m e re ly t o
.
,

re st o re th e sh aft but to s t re ngt h e n th e whol e fram e work of


,
-

t h e d w e lli ng . H u b e r a n d Fo re l h a v e d e scri b e d t he ar m i es o f
an ts h a v e shown th a t th e y a re agricultu r is ts
, th at t h ey k e e p
,

ca t tl e a nd sl a v e s t h a t t h e y n u rs e a nd e d uc a t e the you ng a n d ye t
, ,

i t h as b ee n prov e d also t hrough ca re ful e xpe ri m e n t s th at i n t ro


d u ce d to c e rt a i n n e w ci rcu mst a nc e s t h e y m ak e n o t th e sm a ll e st
d e d uctio n from obvious fac t s Th e y will w al k si x t y ti m e s
.

rou nd a n obj e c t which t h e y cou ld cross i n a mom e nt by

the e x e rcis e of th e v e ry sm al l e s t i nge nu ity I f th e y h av e


.

rea son t h e n i t is a facu l t y wh ich s e e ms t o be n e i t h e r a n e x


t e nsio n n o r a n e mb ryo of ou rs ! B u t i t is w h e n we com e to
e xa mi ne t h e i r soci a l i n s t i nc t s t h a t a l l o u r ca nons a re us e l e ss .

M ae t e rl inck was qu it e ri gh t wh e n h e s aid th a t m an can n e ve r


u nd e rs t an d t he s oc i a l a nd mo ra l a tt i t ud e of a n i ns e c t A be e .

wil l n e v e r tu rn h e r h e a d wh il e h e r sis t e r is be in g cru e lly


m uti l t
a e d a t h e r sid e — y e t s h e a nd h e r myri ad com pa n io n s wi ll

sa c rific e t h e i r liv e s fo r t he ra c e W e begi n by lovi n g our


.

pa re n ts our bre th re n a n d n e igh bou rs—an d l a t e r i n t h e case


, ,

of som e , t hough not of al l e volv e wid e r soci a l symp at h i e s


, .


Th e bee a nd th e a n t b e gi n wi t h t h e ra c e a nd n e v e r arriv e a t
t h e i ndividu a l W h e re th e paths o f p rogre ss d i ve rge so
.

u tt erly we fi nd ours e lv e s a t a loss Th e l ife o f i ns e c t s is a


.

mys t e ry t o us S wa m m e rd a m th e in v e n t or of th e m icroscope
.
, ,

ca tchi ng a fi rst glimps e of it was ov e rwh e lm e d Thos e m a il e d


, .
,

u n re sting m e rc i l e ss s e l f i m m ol a t ing co m m u n it i e s o f th e dust


, ,
-

cou ld n o t be re la te d to a ny t hing h e had l e ar n e d o r e xpe ri e nc e d .

W e h av e b e com e fa mil i ar wi t h i t bu t i t re m a i ns in e xplica bl e ,

an d s o th e m os t n u m e rous com m un i t i e s o f li fe h a v e t o be l e ft

ou t of acco unt wh e n we b egin to tra ce th e progr e ss o f h u m a n


e vol uti o n .
26 O r i gi n
of Im a i
g an t i on

Passing ov e r va riou s ord e rs of m a m m ali a th at a ppe a r to ‘

stan d close to ou rs e lv e s o n t h e l add e r o f li fe p ass ing ov e r such ,

a rchi t e c ts as th e b e av e r and o t h e rs from whom we h ave ta k e n -

som e l e sson s th e re is an ord e r of crea ture tha t suggests


,

i t s e l f as be i ng highly e ndow e d wi th som e o f th e re qu isi t e s


of c rea tiv e pow e r I re fe r to bi r ds M a ny b ir ds h av e a k e e n
. .

se nse of vision of h e ari ng an d of ge n e ra l touch I n som e


, , .

m e mory i s h i ghly d e v e lope d A sw a llow wi ll re tu rn year aft e r


.

yea r to th e sa m e hous e h avi ng m ad e a prodi gious jou rn e y .

And th e e m o t ion a l l i fe o f m a ny bi rds is so k ee n th a t th e y m ay



,

d i e of fea r o r gri e f fo r t h e loss o f a m a t e wh il e a v e ry lit t l e ,

b i rd wil l h u rl its e lf li te ral ly i nto th e m o uth of th e big d e v o u re r


o f h er o fls ri n t
'

p g H e
. re h e n ,
w e a pp ,ea r to h a v e al l t h e r e

q u i s i te s for c rea tiv e pow e r


( K .e e n s
-
e n s e s m e m o ry a n d c
, a pa

ci ty for e motion ) u n l e ss we h a ppe n to ta k e into accoun t the


,

po we r of a bstraction o r di sassoci a t ion .

I t i s pre cis e ly t h is pow e r o f a bstractio n how e v e r which de o

t e rmi ne s th e m e asur e of fre edom i n d e al ing with i m age s an d


.

id e as W ithou t l a ngu age i t c an h a rdly be gre atly d e v e lop ed .

Bi rds a nd o t h e r an i m als a re n o t qu i t e d e s t i t ut e of som e thi ng


which we m ay ca l l l an gu age Y e t t h e l a ngu ag e of e v e n bi rds
.

do e s n o t fu l fi l th e re qu ire m e n ts or m ak e possi bl e the d e ve lop


,

m e n t of th e pow er o f abstrac t ion Pl ac e d fa c e to face with .

th e a lt e r na tiv e of e i t h e r m odifyi ng th e form of t h e i r n e sts o r ,

doi n g wi t hout a ne st a ltoge th e r som e bi rds will modi fy t h e ,


origi n a l pl a n i n t rod uc e sm a l l i nnov atio ns S uch ca p acity as .

th is do e s not of cou rs e t ak e th e m b eyond th e th re shol d of



a bstract re a sonin g .

N e ve rth e l e ss t h e com pa rati v e abs e n ce o f a faculty n ec e ssary


for th e high es t ord e r o f cre a t iv e I m agi n at ion ne e d not blind u s
Th e co nd i t i n o f b i rd s a nd o t h e r a n i ma l s gu i d ed by i ns ti nct sa i d

' "
o ,

rese m b l e s i n m a n y re s p e c ts tha t o f t h e so m n a m b u li s ts The y



C n vi e r , .

i m agi ne— se e i n ad vance the p l a n o f t he w o rk Bu t th e se ri e s o f i m age s .

whi c h d s th e m i s co ns tant C ircu m s ta nce s b ri ng ch an es b u t th e i r


°

e .
,

m i n d oe s no t f ll o w th es e c h a n ge s
o r brea k with t h e C i rc l e o f i d e as
,
o

t h a t a bsor bs t h e m .
O r ig i n o f I m agi na t i on 2 7

to th e be a u t y an d v a ri e t y o f th e m a ni fe sta tions which a nsw e r


to th e e bb a nd fl ow of a n im al e moti o n a nd life Th e se .

con sist of course m ai nly of mo ve m e n ts La mbs skip .

a bout in th e fi e lds foa ls th row u p th e i r h e e ls and ga llop


, .

Ki t t e ns clim b on th e moth e r ch as e one a no t h e r or spi n rou n d


, ,

a ft e r th e ir t a ils Th e dolphins scour through th e s ea following


.

t h e st e a m e rs tu rn som e rsa ul t s a nd p e rform ca pe rs i n t h e


, ,

wa te r So do e v e n wh al e s at ce rtai n pe ri ods As fo r bi rds


. .

t h e re is pra c t ica l ly n o e nd to th e v ari e ty of th e i r mov e


m e n ts . Som e fl o at ski m d e scri be cu rv e s an d i ndu lge i n
, ,

e v e ry k ind of fan cy fl igh t Th e i r son gs a t pai r ing ti m e h a v e a


.
-

n e w ra ng e an d v ari e ty Ot h e r an i m al s at pai ri ng t im e bec o m e


.
,

noisy (li k e th e frog ) i n d ul ging not only i n so los bu t i n d e a fe n


i ng co n ce rts B ut so ng an d m o v e m e n t do n o t e xh a ust th e
.

re sou rce s of th e an i m a l world at i ts floo d t id e Th e Syri an -


.

n u th atch adorn s i ts ne st wi t h th e bright wings of ins ec t s Th e .

B a y a b i rd of Afric a mo d e ls i ts n e st fa ntastic ally o m a m e n t i ng ,

i t wi t h l u mps o f cl ay o n ea ch of wh ich th e cock bi rd ar ra nge s -

th e wi n g s of t h e fi re fl y l Th e h a m m e r h ea d of Afri ca ad o rn s
-

th e grou n d a bout h i s n e st wi t h pi e c e s of gl a ss bi t s of b rok e n ,

ea rt h e n w a re brigh t st on e s fea t h e rs e tc
, ,
An d t h e bow e r bi rd
, .

bu ilds a l arge pl ay hous e i n th e sh a p e of a t u n n e l th re e fee t


- -


long i n so m e c as e s l in e d with grass e s whose h eads a l most
touch a bov e an d a dorn e d wi t h sh e lls o f fi ve or pe rh a ps more
, ,

sp ec i e s an d with b e rri e s bl u e re d an d b l ack a s w e l l as l ea v e s


, , , , ,

a nd you ng shoo t s . Thus i t a ppe a rs t h at at ce rta i n mom e n ts


i n th e ir l i ves t h e se li tt l e cre a tu re s a re floa t e d upward a l m o st
t o t h e t hr e shold of obj e c t iv e a rt .

n si —
I va o n Th e b ra i n of a v e ry yo u n g ch ild i s rich in w at e r
'

Th e a ssoci a t iv e fi b re s are no t ye t d e v e lope d an d th e s y ste m ,

of re fl e x mo ve m e n ts is no t ye t compl e t e d .

N e v e rt h e l e ss t h e se are pre cocious


, Th e y pre c e d e th e
.

d e v e lopm e n t of an y m e nta l li fe Eve n th e d i so rd e rs of i n fa ncy


.

po in t t o th e p re d om i na nce of th e motor sys t e m An i ns ane .


28 O r ig i n f
o Im ag i n a t i on

ba by doe s n o t b e h a v e lik e a n i nsa n e m a n H e h as n o .

h a lluci n at ions The m ad ba by s tri k e s bite s k icks and


.
, , ,

e xpresse s hi ms e l f in mov e m e n t Con vulsions a re ca l l e d a .

ma dn e ss a nd cho re a a d e l i ri u m o f th e muscl e s

, .

I n ea rly ch ildhood t oo th e I m a gin a t i on e xpre sse s i t s e l f l arge ly


, ,

i n move m e nt i n cl i mbi ng ru n ni ng hopping spri ngi ng ski p


, , , , ,

pi ng e tc Not con t e n t wi t h th es e l a rge r e xe rcise s lit t l e childre n


, .

i nve n t o r i m i ta te s m a ll e r m ov e m e n t s —m a king a chu rch a ,

b ridge e tc e tc o f t h e ir finge rs practisi ng th e di ffi cul t th ird


,
.
, .
, ,

fi ng e r mov e m e n ts e tc T a ki ng al l t h is i n t o accou n t t h e re i s
, .
,

c e rtai n ly good grou nd fo r a ssum ing t h a t I m agi na t io n i s o f


m o/or or i gi n a n d th at its mo st e l e m e nt a ry e xpre ssio n i s i n
,

m e re mo ve m e n t of th e orga n s an d l im bs .

A n d i f th is be so the qu e stio n o f m oveme n t assu m e s a grea t


i m po rt anc e in pri m ary e d uca t ion H i t h e rt o we h a v e t hough t .

of physica l t ra i n in g a s som e t h i ng wh ich conce rns t h e ch i ld a s a


fu ture ci tiz e n soldi e r Som e h a ve t hought of i t i n conn e ction
-
.

wi t h h e al t h I t is no w b e li e v e d by m a ny thi nk e rs th a t th e
.

whol e qu e s t ion of mi nd d e v e lopm e nt is conc e rn e d i n the v a rious


ki nds o f mov e m e n t s n at u ra l to o r i mpose d u po n chil d re n , , .

Th e grea t fa ct th at t h e v a rious c e n t re s o f th e b ra i n d e v e lop i n


a c e rt a i n s e qu e n c e — th a t t h e d e v e lopm e n t o f mot o r con trol i s

su bj e c t to c e rta i n l a ws a nd d ep e nds n ot o n th e ta st e an d
,

fan cy o f th e teach e r — an d t h a t i t sta nds i n close r e l at io n ship


t o t h e m e n ta l e vol u tio n th a t follo ws i s n o w b egi nni ng to b e s e ,

k nowl e dge d Th us we n o longe r com pe l li t tl e ch ildre n al l ov e r


.

t h e l an d to e x e cu t e i n tric at e s m al l m ov e m e nts for wh ich t h e y are

m a ni fe s t ly u npr e pa re d W e ack nowl e dge th at i n fa nt s shoul d


.

d raw a nd wri t e n o t i n s m al l rul e d copy books bu t on l arge -

su rfac e s An d on ly now i s it possi b l e t o w atch th e gradu a l


.

proc e ss of acq uire d motor control A t firs t th e ch ild d raws .

h is l i n e almost with th e whol e body (j ust as h e b ega n to w al k


w i t h fou r li m bs i n st e ad of two ) H e b e n d s fo rwa rd th e fa c e is .
,

agi t a t e d t he t ongu e is oft e n protrud e d


, Th e n as tim e goe s .
of Im a
g i n a t i on 29

on th e i m m e ns e a rea of mov e m e n t on c e b rou gh t i nto re qu isi


tion i n th e d ra win g o f a l i ne o r ci rcl e i s re st r ic te d mo re a nd
m o re . Th e ch i ld wri t e s a l arge ha nd wi th o ut m uch mov e m e n t
,

of th e body d ra w s a l arge fi gu re Lat e r h e wi ll re duc e th e s e


.

without e ffo r t . So m e d ay h e m ay e v e n choose his own m ov e


m e nts i n wr itin g to th e joy of th e grap h i o l ogi s ts wh o m ust be
,

p uzzl e d t o d a y to fi nd an y o ri gin a l c h ara c te r l e ft i n th e t rain e d


-

s chool boa rd cl e rks an d sch o l a rs


-
.

Th e d ri l l h a ll o r ass e m blin g ro om i s not th e on l y p l ac e wh e re


- -

t h e m o to r t ra ini n g s h o u ld b e p ro s e cu te d
. At e v e ry h o u r an d
,

i n e v e ry l e s s on m ov e m e n t is a grea t fa c to r i n d e te rm in in g th e
,

ow t h o rre s t of m e n ta l a c t i vi t y
g r r a .
C H AP T ER I I I

rn a c rn x rto n
'

A N D M OVE M E N T

E v s av visi b l e m ov e m en t c o rre spo n ds to a n u ns e e n o n e I t is.

t h e re sul t of a c t io n i n a ne rve c e n tre o f th e b ra i n .


To arr e s t a visibl e mov e m e n t (as wh e n a n i n fa n t s li mbs are ’

swath e d tightly or wh e n an o ld e r chi ld i s compe ll e d to h ol d


,

h i s h a nds cl asp e d b e h i n d h i m ) is i n re al i t y t o a rre st t/ze cou r se


of a mo ve m e nt .

Th e h e a l t hy i nfa nt wh e n a w a k e mov e s al l his l imbs an d


e spe cia lly th e e x tr e mi t i e s an d thi s ge ner al a i ml es s fe e bl e or d e r
, ,

of m ove m e n t i s n e ce ssa ry t o b rai n d e v e lopm e n t La t e r i t be


.

com e s l e ss ge ne ral Th e fo rce is conce n t ra t ed as i t w e re i nto


.

o ne l i m b a n d i t s mov e m e n ts as wh e n th e ba by kicks o r lift s

o n e l i m b t o i t s mou t h .L at e r s t i ll we s e e a s soci a ted m oveme nts


as wh e n h e t a k e s som e th ing from o n e h a nd wi t h th e oth e r an d ,

also a r r es t of spo n t a n e ous mov e m e n t a s wh e n h e st a r e s a t a


,

bright obj e ct or fixe s his e y e s for a mom e nt o n a st range r All .

t h is h appe ns usu a lly b e fo re th e e n d of t h e fift h mon t h or e v e n

e a rli e r
.

Th e ch ild i s of school age i n Engl an d at four or i t m ay be fi ve


y ears old At th a t age the co nt rol o f m o v e m e n ts thro ugh t he
.

se n se s is usu a lly w e l l e sta bl ish e d Th e ch ild n o t only t ri e s to


.

posse ss hims e lf o f th e th ings tha t a ttrac t h i m h e b e com e s ,


Im agi n a t i on a nd Movem en t 3 1

a b so r be d by th e s e w e ll d o moth e rs know thi s by e x


,
and so

p e ri e n c e th a t th e y oft e n b e com e a l a rm e d an d s us p i cl ou s i f a

chil d re m a i ns goo d a nd q u i e t fo r h o u rs i n a n e igh bo u ri ng


room Th e fou r y ears old e r n ot o nly ru n s c h a tte rs plays but
.
, , ,

is ca pa bl e of c om para tiv e ly l o ng s pe lls of att en tio n i n pre se nc e


of for b idd en and a ttra c t i ve o b je cts .

Ye t wh a t we m a y ca l l t h e p e riod of
,

sponta n eo us m o v e

m ent i s n o t ov e r a t fou r or fi v e At th a t a ge a h e a lthy .

ch il d not on ly fee ls but shows th a t h e feel s h is l i fe i n e ve ry


,

l i m b S po ntane ous mo ve m en t slightly u nd e r con trol is th e


.
, ,

ch ara ct e ristic of h ea lthy bra i n a cti on a t this a ge The con trol .

i s sm a ll e st ov e r th e sm a ll e r a n d fin e r n e rve s a n d m u scl e s The .

a i m of m uch if not a ll t h e tra i n i n g i n th e infan t school to d a


y
-
,

is to i ncre a s e co ntrol Th e re is a noth e r sid e of th e qu es ti o n


.

th a t is n o t e mph as i z e d a nd th a t i s —th e n ecce ssi ty for th e


,

f ree d o m wh ich i s t h e fi rst conditio n of e x p e r i m e nts .

Th e young ch ild l i k e t he a n i m a l e x pe rim e n ts m a i n ly


, ,

through the m usc u l ar syste m .

H e i s li a bl e to i nt e rru ption and i n te rfe re n c e a t hom e —m uch


mo re is h e cu rb e d a n d ca bi n e d a t school To cl imb o n ch a irs .

a nd ta bl e s gi v e s a littl e ch ild t h e joy th a t a bigg er b o y h as i n

cl i mb i ng tree s Th e re ar e no ch a irs i n th e c la ss room no


.
-
,

t re e s i n t he pl a y ground Th e big cl a ss room doe s no t l en d .


-

itse l f t o e x pe ri m en t Wh e n out o f doors the d e si re to throw


.

ta k e s posse ssio n of a l l or n e a rly a ll A nd G roos a nd oth e rs


, .
, ,

would l ik e to gi v e a fr e e fi e ld to th e sm a ll e x pe ri m e ntors .


W e should r ejoic e ”
h e sa ys “
with the chi l d re n wh e n a
, , ,

sto n e goe s a lon g wa y or houn ds i nto t he w ate r w i t h th e


spl a sh B ut st o n e throwin g is not a llow e d to o u r school
.
-

ch il dren e v en to th e littl e o ne s on a ccou n t of t h e d an g e r


, ,

to th e wi n dows .

On th e w hol e we m ust a dmit th a t th e school syst e m is


,

l ar ge ly su ppr e ssiv e Th is fa ct m e e ts us a g a i n a nd a ga in but


,
.
,

i t is m o st o b v ious pe rh a ps wh e n we a re t hi nki ng of young e r


, ,
3 2 Im agi na t i on a nd Movem en t

chi ldre n t h a t i s of
littl e pe opl e who a re b o u nd to e xpre ss
,

th e msel v e s m a i n ly i n mov e m e nt
, , .

As ch il d re n grow ol d e r th e i m a gin a tio n e mbodi e s its e lf i n


n e w form s b ut th e or i gi na l form (for we m a y ca ll it th us )
,

s till holds i ts grou nd A st u d y o f th e pl a ys a nd ga m e s of .

m a n m a k e s thi s v er y ob v ious “
W e ca n distinguish sa ys "
.
,

G roos s i x di ffe re nt grou ps of mov e m e nt pl a ys re sulting si mply


,
“ -

from t he i m pu lse to g a i n con trol o f obj e cts Th e s e s i x a re a s .

follows r M ere h ustl i n g th i ngs a bout 2 D e struc t i v e or


-
. . .

a n a lytic p l a y 3 Constr u ctiv


. e o r sy
. n th e tic pl a y 4 Pla ys of . .

e nd ura n c e 5 Throwi
. n g p l a ys
. 6 C a tc h i n g pl a ys ”
Th e r e
. . .

a fte r foll ow n u m e rou s e xa m pl e s of t h e s e var ious mov e m e nt

pl a ys ex a m pl e s ta k e n fro m di ffe re n t cou ntr i e s a nd a ge s Som e


, .

o f th e m such a s footb a ll i n cre a se th e l e g radi us ! oth e rs such


, , ,

a s golf crick e t t e nn is croq u e t e tc


, , d e v e lop the arm r a di us
, , .
, .

B ut a mong th e m m a y b e i ncl ud e d in n u m e ra bl e ca price s from ,

th e pitch ing of crock e ry o u t of w i ndow (a n a m us e m en t i n


wh ich G o e th e i ndulge d ) to the di ffic ult a nd d e l ica te ca tch i ng
ga m e s of th e G ilb e rt isl a nd e rs .

Th e re s tl e ssn e ss of t h e norm a l chi ld o ffe rs a n illustra tio n


of the cre a ti ve i nstinct a cti v e i n t h e si mpl e st the most e l e m e n ,

t a ry form Th e idio t or i mb e cil e child i s oft e n sluggish


.
, , ,

i mmobil e Ség u i n b e g a n th e e d uc a tio n o f such childre n by


.

mov e m e n t H e e x e rcise d m e ch a n ica lly t h e li mbs mov e d t he , ,


,

a rm u pw a rd a n d down w d spe nt hours i n givin g physic a l


a r

tra i ni ng which wa s i n re a l ity a ki nd o f i mi ta tio n of th e


, , ,

n o rm a l ch ild s spon t a ne o us a ctiv iti e s And n o t wi t hout re sult



.
.

Though sci e ntis t s a re a gre e d th a t t h e chi ldre n who profit l e a st


by e duc a tio n a re th e ch i ld of g e n i us a t o ne e nd of t he sca l e , ,

a n d t he i mb e cil e chi ld a t t h e oth e r ye t a n e xc e p t ion m ust be ,

m a d e a s re g a rds m e re p h vs i ca l tra ini ng i n th e cas e o f th e


i mbe cil e By dilige nt tra i n i ng Ség u i n co ntri v e d a t l a st t o
.
, ,

w a k e n th e s l ttm h e ri ng i n t e llige nc e o f m a ny u n fort un a t e s A s



.

h
t e r e s ul t o f m e r e mo ve m e n t r e gul ar lo n g co n ti nu e d — bl a n k ,
Im ag i n a ti on a na

Move m en t 33

e y es w e re light e d u p with a ra y of i nt e lli ge nce an d th e cre a ti ve


po w er was s t i m u la t e d s o t h a t a t l a st a p upi l wo uld spo nt an e
, , ,

o u sl
y e xch a n g e o ne mov e m e nt fo r a noth e r H a ppi ly t h e .
,

a ve ra g e ch ild do e s no t re qu i re such st re n uous dri l l i n g H e .

a d —
is v e ry crea tiv e n i nv e n t i v e i n mov e m e n t tu rn s som e r
sa ul t s pe rform s fea ts i n th e wa y o f j um pi n g th ro ugh b a rs
, ,

a n d o ve r fe nc e s d a r e s t h e a sc e n t o f a ll forbidd e n b ut i n v i t
,

i n g w a l ls a nd t a x e s th e i nve n ti v e pow e rs o f h i s e ld e rs wh o
, ,

st re w brok e n gl a ss a nd fi x b a rb e d wi re i n v a in E ve n girl s
, .

a re i n v e n t i v e in mov e m e nt —a n d wou ld b e mor e i n v e n ti v e b ut

for re strai nt a n d discoura g e m e nt I n a sl u m school I h a v e .


s ee n a girl cli mb o n a noth e r s b a ck a n d try to b a l a n ce h e rs e lf
on h e r should e rs “
I a m surpris ed sa i d a n i ndign a nt t ea ch er !
.

,

I shou ld n t h a ve b e li e v e d th a t e v e n a b o y would do such a


thin g 3 B ut girls a s w e l l as boys a re i nv en t i v e a t a ce rta i n


, ,

*
a g e in a l l th a t conc e rn s mo ve m e nt .

Moreo v e r f r eedom o f mov e m e nt a ppe a rs to b e d uring ch i ld


,

hood a ne c e ssa ry condition o f m e nt a l d e v e lopm e n t The .

li mits of the dril l h a l l are b e gi nning to be d e fin e d B e n e .

fi c i a l a n d e v e n n e c e ssa ry th e form a l e x e rcis es m a y be a n d ,

e t fo r t h e a v e r a ge ch ild a n d i nd e e d fo r a l l ch i ldr e n a bov e


y , ,

th e sta ge of i mb e ci l ity th e form a l e x e rcis e is to free pl a y wh a t


,

re ci ta t i o n is to cre a t ion Th e form e r ca n n e v e r t a k e t h e pl a c e


.

of th e l a t t e r A fe w y e a rs a go th e School Bo a rd o f a north e rn
.

city re qu e s t e d i ts M e dic a l S u pe r in te nd e n t to d ra w up a re port


on th e chi ldre n a tt e nding a c e rta in school si t u a t e d i n a n ov e r

crowd e d sl um a r ea Th e R e port wa s dra wn up a ccordi ngly


. .

I t fu rni sh e d d et a ils on th e co nditio n of th e childre n so fa r as


it could be d e te rm i n e d by t he obs e rv a tion of t h e mov e m e n ts ,

a ppea ra nc e thro a t e y e s t e e t h e tc
,
M a ny va l u a bl e fa c t s w e r e
, , , .

giv e n but t h e at t e n t ion o f th e Com m it t e e was more es pe ci a lly


,

Th y p b b ly ff
e ro a su e r as m uc hm e n ta lly as phy i lly th
s ca gh ro u no t be i ng
ll w d Sp h i l d i h l w ll
’ ’
a o e mp to ro . e nce r s o r ro r o f th e qu e t a es sc oo was e
34 Im ag i n a t i on a nd Move m e n t
a rre s t e d by a n obs e rv a t io n to th e e ffe ct t h a t a l l the child re n
w e re i n ne e d o f fre e ph ysic a l e x e rcise ! I t was known th a t
m a ny o f t h e ch i ldre n w e re n e wsp a p e r v e ndors a n d spe nt ,

m a ny hou rs o f th e d a y i n r u n n i n g a b ou t th e st ree ts I t wa s .

a lso know n th a t d r i l l wa s a fea t u re o f t h e school a n d t h a t th e ,

pu pi ls h a d a good d e a l of m a rch i n g an d e x e rcise B ut a l l .

th is wa s b e sid e t h e m ar k Th e drill was fo r ce rt a i n pu rpos e s


.
, , ,

wors e th a n u se l e ss “
.F re e m a ssi v e m ov e m en t is w a nte d
,


such a s ru nn ing rou nd t h e p l a yi ng g ro u nd w e re th e w ords o

of th e R e port .

N o o ne ca n t e a ch a ch i ld a l l the mov e m en ts wh ich a re


n e c e ss a ry fo r h e a l t h Th e mos t i m por t a nt a re t hos e wh ich h e
.

fi nds for h i ms e lf Th e s e spont a ne ous mov e m en ts a re n o t


.

m e re ly a form o f e x e rcis e —th e y a re a condi t ion of r e st All .

form a l wo rk o r sp e ci a li z e d m ov e m e n t i m pli e s a c e rt a i n d e gree


of to m! re s t Th e re i s a sto ra ge o f e n e rgy goi ng o n i n q u i e s
.

c e n t p a rts o f t h e body wh e n t he e n e rgy is conc entra t ed a t a



c e rta i n poi nt i n spe ci a l a re a s o f th e bra i n But t h e e ffe c t o f .

this sto ra g e i s n o t d e cl a re d till th e t e nsion is re mov ed e ntire ly ,

ti ll th e chi ld is f r ee O nly th e n a re t h e curre nts o f e n e rgy


.

d i ffuse d. O nly t h e n ca n th e y course l ik e loos e n e d strea ms


through t he whol e syst e m .

Th us fre e e x e rcis e is a t a kin g poss e ssion o f t he e n e rgy l a id


u p i n wo rk a s w e l l a s i n re st .

This is n a tu ra l re cre a tion .

A nd i t is s a d to r e fl e c t th a t t he child re n whos e st o re is s m a ll
a re n o t a llow e d t o e nt e r i nto t h e i r l i t tl e poss e ssions .

I n n u m e ra bl e a re t h e m ov e m e n t s wh ich chi ld re n m a k e wh e n
l e ft i n p e ac e a n d fre e dom I n n u m e ra bl e to o a re the ki n ds o f
.

mov e m e n t which e v e n a du l t s i nv e n t fo r t h e i r o wn pl ea su re .

Th e bo y lov e s t o ru sh down h ill i n h is sl e dge H is e ld e rs lov e .

to d riv e ,
ri d e sk a t e cycl e an d m o t o r a t a fu rious ra t e
, , , , .

Th e y a re e v e n n o w sp e akin g lo ng in g l y o f flyi n g m achi n e s The .

d e l igh t i n such e x e rcis e d e p e nd s l a rge ly o n s e nsory e xpe ri e nce s


Im agi na t i on and Movem en t 35

of a n ov e l k i nd G liding t h rough th e ai r i n a slan t i ng dir ce


.

t ion sa ys a G e rm an wri t e r a ffords a n e w a nd d el i gh t ful s e n



,

,

sa tio n ”
. Th e re ca n be li tt l e dou b t t h at opp or tu n i o f or n ew '

s ensory ex pen enres as w e l l as fre e dom i n mov e m e nt is n e c e ss a ry


'

fo r th e free d e ve l opm e n t o f th e cre at i v e fa cul t y i n chi ldhood .

Th e b a th a f
f o r ds v a ri e d e xp e r i e nce s —A mo ng ot h e rs i t
o ffe rs d e l igh t ful s e nsa tions of t ouch wh ich h a v e d raw n e n

ra pture d pra is e s fro m t he poe ts .

G roos quo t e s M oric ke s b e au tifu l v e rs e s ’

O F l u ss Mein F l u ss i m M o rgee ns trah l


E m p fa n ge n u n , e m p fa nge

D en s e h ns u c h tv o ll e n Le ib e i n tn a l

U nd K i tase B r us t u nd W a nge
E r fti h l t m i r sc h on h er an f d ie B t rus ,

E r kfi h l t m i t U e be ss c ha u crl us t

U nd j au ch ze n d em Ge s a nge .

Es s c h l tl
pft d e r go d n e o n n e n l
sc S hi
e n

In T ro p fe n a n m i r er wi d
Di e W og e wi ege t a us und ein

D i e h i ngeg e bnen G e d e r , li
Di e Arm e ba h i c h

a u sg es pa n n t
Si e k o mm t auf ihh g m c c rz u e ra n nt

Si e fass t u nd l a t m i h wi d
ss c e er .

The ra i n d e l ightful t o uch s e n sa t ions th e strange


o f n e w a nd , ,

fi l t e re d light b e low t h e su rfac e t h e u nd ul a ting mov e m e n t o f ,

t h e w a t e r i t s softn e ss an d ye t st re ngt h as a re sting pl ac e d


,
-

al l mak e th e s e a a nd th e swi mm ing b at h a n e w t h eat re

of ex pe ri e nc e a ne w fi e ld fo r th e h a rve sti ng of m e mori e s


, .

The t ti lac cai bili ty f th i m i l h b f d by D B i


s e ns o e cr na as e en ou n u o s,
R ym
a ond ,d th t b m h l th t h t f th
an o e rs o m l e uc es s an a o e no r a rso n .
W i t h thi i s p i t y
n ca f ac p l t h i orf p d g im
eas u re e re s, o c o u rs e , a co rres on in

m un i ty f m p i
ro S m hil d
a n. f i m i l ty p h w ext d i y
o e c re n o cr na e s o rao r na r
i
n se n s i bili ty i th k i n e s n.

r Th i
e re b d s no i d C pt i W bb
e ,

ft th
sa a a n e ,

s o so as e ocea n.
a nd
'

3 6 [m ag i fl a t zon Mov e me n t
But th e b ath is a lso a th : a t re o f n e w ac t i o n N e w m ove m e n t s .

a re n e c e ssa ry i n t h e w a t e r Th e y a re qu ickl y l e a rn e d by the


.

you ng ba th e r a n d swi m m e r M ov e m e n t s which are t a ugh t form


.

a l ly i n t he d ri ll h al l a re l ea rn e d a n d e x e cut ed i n t h e wa t e r i n t ui
-

ti ve l y or wi t h li tt l e e ffo rt O nc e t h e fi rs t te r ror i s conq u e re d t he


.

t e ach e r s ta sk i s easy I nd e ed h e ha s no t ask Th e ch ild re n



.
, .

go i nto th e w ate r a nd p rac t ise th e n e w mov e m e nts wi t h e ve n


gr e at e r z es t t ha n th e y show i n scaling w alls o r t re e s Th e y .

l earn to i nh al e and (wh a t is m o re d i fli c ul t fo r t own b red ch i l -

dre n) to e xh al e p e rfe ct ly to compl e t e ly fi l l a nd a lso to e mp t y


,

th e l u ngs . Th e y are e age r t o practic e t he sid e s trok es to dive , ,

t o tur n som e rsa ul t s to swi m u n d e r w a t e r ! a n d ove r an d a b o v e


,

a l l th es e mov e m e n t s h o w m a n y g a mbols an d fe a ts t h e y l ea rn

a l m o s t wi t hou t e ffort I f t h e y showe d th e s a m e e age rn ess



.

a bou t o t h e r l e ssons t h a t t h e y show a bout t h e swi m mi ng



sa id ,

o n e h e ad m ast e r wis t ful ly t ea ch ing would be an easy m att e r


-

, ,


for u s .

Doub t l e ss h e was right I t is no t i n th e pow e r h ow e v e r of


.
, ,

e v e n th e mos t consci e n t ious ch ild t o d e t e r m i ne t he d i r e ctio n

i n wh ich a l l his cre a tiv e e n e rgy sh a ll find ex p re ss ion .

Th e gre a t sci e nt is t who sa t fo r d a ys mo t ionl e ss i n h is ch air ,

whi l e h e e l a bo ra t e d hi s sys t e m of t hou gh t h ad I m agin a t i o n a n d


was usi ng i t i n h is own way R ousse a u a nd m a ny oth e rs could
.

t h i nk on ly wh e n t h e y w e re st re t ch e d p ro n e o n t h e i r be ds —an d
e v e n hidd e n u nd e r t h e cov e rl e t s .

Bu t we mu st be con t e n t t o se e t he c re ati v e e n e rgy o f child re n


e xpre ss i t se lf i n si m pl e r forms l a rge ly ind e e d i n t he si mpl e s t
-

fo rm of al l —to wi t mov e m e nt
,

.
,

I f th e y oung h u m a n c rea tu re is H s tle s s howe v e r a s r es t l e ss a s


, ,

t h e you ng a n im a l h e doe s no t e xp e n d a l l h is su rpl us e n e rgi e s i n


,

muscul a r mo ve m e n t O ne of h is most p romi n e n t ch a ract e r


.

i s ti cs as dis ti n gu ish e d from t h e a n i m a l is h is c a pa ci t y fo r a ut o


sugge s t io n Auto sugge s t io n is i t is tru e not qui t e u nk no wn i n
.
-
, ,
d M ove m e n t
'

I m ag zrza t ton an 37

t he bru t e c rea t ion W e h av e a l l se e n a do g pl ay wi t h a pi e c e


.

o f p a p e r a s t hou gh i t w e re a l ivi ng t h ing a n d a ki tt e n m ak e


, ,

b e l i e v e a b al l o r rag was a liv e Bu t we fi n d no para ll e l i n th e


.

a ni m al w o rld t o th e ch ild s impu ls e t o a ni m a t e al l to fi n d



,

som e t h i ng a l i ve — som e t h i ng aki n to hi mse l f i n e v e rythi ng .

The pri mi t iv e m a n howe v e r s e e s l ife i n e ve ry t hi ng a


, ,

cre a t e s myt hs an d l e ge nds to e xpl a i n t h e ph e nom en a of life .

This pe riod o f a n i m ism a ppe a rs to h e a n e c e ssa ry ph ase which


th e mi nd of t h e i nd ivi du a l as w e l l a s t h e ra c e mus t t r av e rs e .

Th e p er iod o f a n i mis m e ndu re s long fo r t h e rac e I t i s cu t


.

short fo r th e ch ild a lw ays und e r t h e i nfl u e nc e as h e i s o f


,

pe rsons who do no t sh a re , an d a re i n h ast e to corre ct h i s


i ll usio n s P e rh aps th e grown u p p e opl e a re i n to o m uch h as t e
.
-
.

Ch i l dr e n l e arn t o re ason n ot by supp re ssion bu t by re cti ficat i o n .

Th e two gr ea t st e ps o f e v e ry m e n t al p roc e ss are a fli rmati o n and


re c t ifica t ion Th e chi ld e mph asiz e s t h e fi rs t i s w eak i n th e


.
,

se con d H e s e e ks fo r an a logi e s a nd r e s e mbl a nc e s a n d i s ofte n


.
,

t he vic t im of his o wn sugge s t ions B u t a ch il d who n e v e r


.

look e d for an alogi e s o r acc e p t e d t h e m re a dily would n o t


l ea rn v ery quickly to r e a son by a n alogy N o r would th e mora l .

na t u r e b e d e v e lop e d by th e re p re ssio n o f t h e i n s ti nct th a t l ea ds

h i m to s ee i n e v e ry t h ing a l i fe a na logo us to h is ow n Su lly t e l ls .

h o w a s a chi ld h e u se d to fe e l v e ry so rry fo r th e s ton e s lyi ng


a t t h e foot o f th e hill be c a us e t h e y n e v e r h a d a ny ch a nge o f
,

a i r or sc e ne H e ca rri e d som e o f th e m to t h e top o f th e hil l


.

at l as t i n ord e r t h a t t h e y m i gh t h a v e a li t t l e pl e asu re
,
A l i tt l e .

gi rl pi t i e d a ros e t re e g rowi ng a lon e a n d t r i e d t o re mov e it t o


-
,

t he ros e ga rd e n wh e re al l i t s re l a t io n s l iv e d
, Ev e n l ett e rs an d
.

sym bols rec all li vi ng for m s to ch ildr e n .

Now c re a t u re s wh o ca n ea sily be li e v e t h a t e v e ry t h ing is


a li ve a re a s compa re d wi t h oth e rs who a re con t e n t to b e l i e v e
,

tha t m os t t h ings a re d e a d i n a v e ry re sponsiv e condi t ion


, .

Th e w hol e wor ld i s pl as t ic —t h e whol e world is i nd e e d h u m an ,

u p to a ce rt ai n poi n t for the li tt l e chi ld I t d oe s no t follo w .



I rzzagva a t zon Il I oz/ em e a t
' '

3 8 a rza

of c o u rs e th a t th e ch ild wil l vi e w t his l ivi ng wo rld sympa


th e t ical ly But as t he fi rst co ndition o f symp athy is th e con
.

s c i o us nes s t h a t oth e r be i ngs o r suppos e d b e ings a re a li v e an d , ,

ca n fee l th e i llusions of t h e ch ild m ust be h e ld t o pl ay a pa rt


*
i n t h e e v o l utio n o f t h e m ora l li fe .

The ch ild i s n o t t h e o n ly pe rson who s ee s life a nd e v e n ,

h u m a n life i n e v e ryth i ng “
O ur Soul sa id Jol y d e sire s t o .
,

,

fi n d its e lf a n e w i n e v e ryth i ng A ll pl e as ure i n art p re .

su ppose s a cl ea r consciou s ne ss of s e lf a nd of t h e e ss e nti a l ,

l a ws o f our o wn a cti viti e s a n d th e n a consta nt incli n a t ion to ,



i m a gin e i n a l l oth e r cre a ture s a l i fe a na logous to ou r o wn .

This de si re to fi nd th e li vi ng i nspire s a l l a rts B u t th e fi ne .

a rts e xi st o n ly i n ord e r th a t t h e se e k e r m a y fi nd t h e e a r th e ,

sou l of a no t h e r Th e sca l e in m usic a dds nothing to th e


.
, ,

h u m a n voice I t onl y re vea ls i ts possibiliti es The Psych


. .

ology o f I nstru m e n t s i s the ti tl e o f a book writte n by o ne


m usici a n B ut th e psychology o f i nstru m e n ts is o nly a p a ge


.


borrow e d from t h e psychology of M a n L in e s n a s w e l l a s .

l e tte rs a re a l a ngu a ge b u t a more i n t i m a t e l a n gu a g e th a n


,

l e tte rs a l a n gu a ge more i n ti m a te ly e xpre ssi v e o f h u m a n


-

fee l in g A l l a rt a s Joly d e cl a re s p re s uppos e s a cl e a r


.

, ,
-

co nscio usn e ss of se lf a n d t h e a ssum ption i n a l l oth e r cre a ture s


o f a li fe a n a logous to o r ow nu — a kinsh i p .

I t i s th e n through a rt t h a t t h e d u mb bl i n d a ni m i sm o f ,

e a rly chi ldhood is tra nsform e d i n t o t h e consciou s lo ve of


b e a uty a nd of h u m a n ity .

Th t ill i p l y p t i

a us ons a a ar n th e de l
ve o
pm e n t o f men tl a we r i s u n
d i b l v i th
en a e e f th
en n e cas e o e m os t d v d thi k
a a n ce ill i n er . he u s on s

f th i m i d P

l f h i f I n th e c ase o f
—th ffi m t i t h t
o p e ex t er e n e r, sa as ca .
p t
a re a ar o s o rc e .

th hil d t h ill i i t h p
e c e us o n s e os u a t e t l e a r a o n. a i s to say , t he
fi t t p wi t h t whi h t h
rs s e ou c e se c o n d t p t i fi ti i i m p i bl
s e ,
re c ca on, s os s e .

t Th th p p
us d i l li
e er en cu ar ne , wh v w e re iterig i f e t i ty
se e , s n i es a us e r ,

t
s re ng h I t t ll.t t wn a rees , o er n i g w ll t a lw y th m Th
s, e c .
, a a s e sa e . e
h iz t l i b d h gh i
or on a , n roa ou s, n lvl
e el w h iz
se a s , ig i fi l w y
o or o ns , s n es a a s

ca l m Th w v i g li i th
. e a n ne s e li f w k
ne o f y th
ea f th
n e ss , o o u ,
o e un

fi i h d
n s t e t
, e c . , e c.
Im agi s a t i oa a na

Il I ove m e wt
/
39

To art childhood holds out i ts h a n ds ea ge rly I t i s tr u e .

th a t t he lov e of b e a u ty the conce ption of b ea uty i n th e hi ghe r


,

s e ns e do e s not b e long to ch i ldhood I t i s tr u e t h a t th e ch i ld .

d oe s not ye t r e ga rd a rt a s a m e a n s o f e x pre ssion for th e


h igh e st fe e l i n gs N e v e rt h e l e ss th e ch i ld h ung e r fo r a rt is
. .

re a l a n d obviou s H e dra ws or r a th e r wri t e s pictur e s—h e


.
,

lo ve s ta l e s of wond er a nd a d v e n t ur e ,
H e re a ch e s forth .

e a g e rly a ft e r som e thin g wh ich a l a s l i s oft e n d e n i e d e x a m pl e s


, ,

o f mov e m e n t a n d mod e ls wh ich h e c a n i m i ta t e


, H e co n st ructs .

house s boa ts a rr a n ge s to y soldi e rs i n r a nks pl a ys th e pa rt of


, ,
-
,

soldi e r shopm a n pi ra t e k i n g co a ch m a n an d pre a ch e r Th is


, , , , , .

pe riod of ea ge rn e ss h as i ts pa ra ll e l i n th e h istory o f t h e S a x on
ra ce I n th e tw e l ft h ce n tu ry sa ys T a in e t h e m e n ta l e n e rgy
.
, ,

o f th e pe opl e was a dm ira bl e N o su ffe ri ng re pulse d th e m


. .

Th e re i s a st ory o f a young bo y wh o though b ea te n by h is ,

m a st e r wa s w holly b e n t on re m a i n i ng with h i m th a t h e m igh t


l e ar n Ye t a l l thi s youth fu l z e a l a n d e n e rgy wa s qu e nch e d by
.

t h e d ry a bst ra c tio n s o f th e schools Ev e n Ch a uc e r was .

w e i g h e d down by fe t t e rs o f d e a d l e a rn ing by m e mori e s not , ,

of li vi ng e x pe ri e nc e bu t o f tre a tise s o n d e finiti on s a nd syl


,

l og i s m s tra nsl a tions copi e s c r udi ti e s a n d a bsu rdi ti e s of th e


, , , ,

sch ools Wh e re h e h a s e xp e ri e n ce h e in v e nts


. F or a n .

i n st a n t w ith a sudd e n l e a p h e e nte rs u po n th e obs e rv a tio n


, , ,

a nd th e g e n ui n e study o f m a n B u t n o o n e follows h im . .


Th e re is n o fruit i n th e lit e ra ture o f t h a t a ge on ly use l e ss
b ra nch e s An d wh y ? Be ca use a h e a vy i nstru m e n t to wi t
.

Schol a stic Phi losoph y —cut t h e roots o f th e life tre e und e r


.
-

gr ou nd .

M or e t h a n onc e i n i t s h istory h a s t h e S a x on ge n ius


re coile d from t he m e t hod s o f h e r pri m a ry a nd pri m itiv e
i ns t ruct ors Du r ing th e p a s t t h i rt y o r forty y ea rs m a ny a n
.
,

e a g e r ch i ld a n d stud e n t h a s doub t l e ss fe l t t h e w e igh t o f a

h ea vy i n stru m e nt th a t crush e d t h e i m pul se to i n v e n t ion a nd


,

di sco u nt e d e xpe ri e nce Schol a s t icism rou t in e a nd m e re l i p


.
, ,
40 I m ag i nat i on a nd Move m en t
l e arn in g h as don e for th e i ndivid u a l wh a t Schol a st ic Ph ilosophy
di d for t h e ra c e H o w should th e young i m a gi n a ti o n fr ee
.

itse l f ? W ho w e r e i t s d e l iv e re rs in by gon e d a ys wh e n t h e ,

p e opl e w e re sti ll s a v a ge s or h a lf sa v a g e s w a rriors o f th e ,

H e p t a rch y o r knights o f t h e m iddl e a ge s ? Wh e n th e y h a d


stra n g e e moti on s t e nd e r at ti m e s wh ich t h e y e x pre sse d e a ch
, ,

a ccordi n g to h is g i ft som e by short cri e s oth e rs by con


,

t i nu o u s b a bbl e — e x a ctl y l i k e ch ildre n Th e irs wa s a st a te


.

re s e mbling m a d n e ss a sta t e i n which a ffi rm a tion b cc om e s


,

h a l luci na tion A ffi rm a tion th e first ste p i n m e n ta l a ctiv it y


.

i s e v e rythi ng fo r t h e pri mi t i v e pe rson as for th e ch i ld The .

s e con d (re c t i fic a tio n ) i s noth i ng B ut th e tyra nny of th e mi n d


.

i m a ges wh ich crowd u pon o n e a noth e r a nd a lmost ov e rwh e l m


m u st b e brok e n Th a t is th e first ste p i n e l e m e n ta ry e d uca tion
. .

The a rtist t a k e s it H e c a n p a us e i n th e mom e nt a lmost of


.

c o nce ption a nd bri ng ord e r out of th e ch a os Ch a ucer s


, .

p oe m wa s a p a i ntin g —hi s t a l e s w e re portra its I n dra wi ng .

a nd pr e se n ti n g th e m h e w e nt fa r b e yond a l l his cont e m pora ri e s .

H e i s n o t o ve rw h e l m ed by t h e a ffi rm a tions or sugg e stio n s o f


h i s own fa n cy H e . I n h i m for th e fi rst t i m e a pp e a rs
a sup e riority o f i nt e l l e ct which a t t h e ins t a nt o f co nc e ption
,

sudd en ly h a lts ri se s a bo ve itse lf pa sse s j udgm e nt a nd s a ys


, , ,

to its e l f Thi s phr a s e t e lls th e sa m e t h i ng a s th e l a st


,

r e mov e i t —th e se t wo id e a s a re disjoi nt e d re consid e r i t , .

H e ca n e xtra ct from e v e ry obj e ct l a ndsc a pe si t u a t ion , , ,

ch a ra ct e r th e spe ci a l a nd sign i fi ca n t m a rks s o a s to grou p


, ,

an d a rr a n g e th e m to com pos e o n a rti fici a l work which s u r


,

pa sse s th e n a tura l work i n its puri t y a n d com pl e t e n e ss ”


.

W h a t a re l i e f fo r the h e a dlong r e a d e r or l e a rne r is i m pl i e d


i n th is cl e a ring o f a p a th th is win n ing o f succ e ssi v e victori e s
,

ov e r th e t yr a nny o f m i nd i m a ge s !

This is a rt but th is i s a l s o p ri m iti v e e d u c a t ion a t ra i ni ng
,

fo r thin king —th e b e gi nn i ng a lre a dy o f cl e a r con se cuti v e


though t
Im ag i n a t i on a nd M ow m m

t 4 1

H e r e too is th e a ntido t e fo r t h e ov e r a cti vi ty o f t he i n ne r


world wh ich brings forth drea dfu l sh a p e s mo nstrous form s , ,

as o f u ne a sy sl e e pe rs Th e obj e cti v e a rt s a re th e a rt s i n
.
,

wh ich t he im a gi n a tion proj e cts it s e lf I n th e m we d e a l n ot.

w i t h th e r es id u e s o f s e ntim e n t but o f se n s a tio n I m a ge s .

occu py a po siti o n b e tween t he co ncre te a nd th e a bstract .

Th e pl a stic i m a g e d e sc e nds to t he point of o r i gi n I t d e a ls .

wi t h th e co n cre te th e e xte rn a l The g e n e ra l ch a ra cte r of th e


,
.

pl a st ic i m a gi n a t ion i s ea sily d e t e r m i n a bl e I ts m at e ri a l
.

co n si st s o f v isu a l motor a n d ta ctu a l i m a g e s Th e se a re th e


, , .

r a w m a t er i a l o f pa i nti n g d ra wing mod e l li ng a rch it e cture a n d


, , , ,

of al l th e m inor d e cora ti v e a rts A no t h e r form o f th e sa m e


.

ord e r of i m a gi na ti o n e m ploys words to e vok e i mpre ssion s of


vi sion con t a ct a n d mov e m e n t—a s i n t h e wo rd portra i ts o f
,

C ha u cer t h e t a l e s o f th e rom a nc e r a n d a bov e a l l o f th e re a list


, , .

B ut th e most com p l e te form of th e pl a stic i m a gi na tion i s to


b e fou nd i n me ch a n ic a l i n v e n t ion wh e r e t h e work e r is d e a l ing
c on ti n u a l ly wi t h re pr e s e n ta tio n s of th e qu a li t i e s a nd re l a tio ns
of e x te rn a l th i ngs a n d d e pe n d e n t fo r succ e ss on th e fi d e lity
,

of the i m a ge to re a l ity I n t h is form it is dra wi ng n e a r to


.

th e i m a gi na tio n o f t h e sci e n t ist wh o di scoun ts pe rs o na l i m

pre ssi on and fi nds the pe rson a l e q u a tio n m e re ly a n i nc o n


,

v en i ence a n d a t rou bl e I n pl a stic a rt t e mp e ra m e nt i s


.

s t il l m uch .N e v e rth e l e ss e v e n th e m a t e ri a l o f t h e ch i ld wh o
d ea l s w i t h cl a y colou r e t c co nsists o f i m a ge s which a re a
, ,
.
,

r ev i v a l of p e rce ptio n Th e obj e ctiv e a rt s how e v e r we v i e w


. .


th e m l e a d ou twa r d tow a rds t h e a tt a i n m e n t of i m a g e s i m
,

p gr e na te d wi t
h r e a li t y .

The su bj ec tiv e i m agi natio n fi n ds i t s m a t e ri a l i n i m age s th a t


o we comp a ra t i v e ly li tt l e t o obj e c t i v e re a l i t y M o re ov e r i t u s e s
.

i ts m a t e ri al s fre e ly —i ts wo rkin g is ill ust ra t e d i n re v e r i e in ,

m y t hs h a l l uci n a t ions i n s y mbo l ism (o r a su bj e c t iv e u s e o f


, ,

words e tc ) a nd i n a c e rta i n way of d e al ing wi t h n u mbe r (th e


,

ser i es of n u m be r is i n d e fi n it e in e i th e r di re c tion an d th e re fo re ,
4 2 Im ag i a a t i ozz an d Move m e n t
op ens t h e way t o ce rta i n forms of u n t ram m e l l e d sp e cu l atio n ) .

I n al l t h ese forms of su bj e c t i ve i m ag i n a t ion th e cre at iv e po w er

a ppe a rs t o be u n t ra m m e ll e d i n i ts mov e m e n t B u t th e grea t .

su bj ec t iv e art is music Th e m usici a n l iv e s i n a n i n ne r world


.

bu t n o t i n a wo rld o f m e re ch aos o r un r e gu l a t e d mov e m en t .

H e e vol v e s a sys t e m o f coh e re n t t on e im age s wh e r e -

e v e ry e l e m e nt h a s its pl ac e a nd v a lu e H e a tt a i ns t o a k n ow .

l e dg e o f t h e re l ationshi p o f i n te rv a ls a ccord s r hy t h ms e tc , , , ,
.
,

a nd t h e s e cons t i t u t e for hi m a n e xpre ssiv e an d accu rat e


l a ngu age i n comp a rison wi t h wh ich sp e ec h i t s e l f i s obscu re
,

a nd u ni nt e ll i g i bl e Su bj e c t i v e a rt t h e n is t h e r e gu l a tor as
.
,

obj e c t iv e a rt is t h e cor re c t i v e o f th e i n ne r world Th e G re ek s .

a pp re ci a t e d t h e v a l u e an d fu n c t ion of e i t h er ord e r of a rt .

Th e y re co gn is e d i n m usic on e of th e most i mportan t i nst ru


m e n t s o f soci a l a n d e th ica l cul ture Th e e x t raord in ary .

d e v e l op m e n t of t h is a rt i n m od e rn d a ys s e e ms t o h av e
ca rri e d it b e yon d the pa l e o f th e e l e m e nta ry t ea ch e r an d ,

y e t its o fli c e an d fu nction is u nch a ng e d *


I t is sti ll t h e gr ea t .

a rt of t h e i nt e rior or su bj ectiv e i m a gi n ation a n d a s such ,

m ust be rega rd e d a s o f po t e n ti a lly gre at u s e i n e duca ti o n .

Chil dre n b et ray t h ei r s ubj ection to th e i n ne r i ma gi n a t ion i n


th e ir ca paci t y fo r i ll usio n i n a n i mism B u t t h e d e v e lopm e n t , .

of music (th e art o f the i nn e r wo rld ) i s th e mo s t precocious of


al l . Th e a v e rage ch i ld h a s u ndoub t e dly a gre a t su s ce p t i ,

bi l i ty to voic e s an d i n fl e c t io n s an d a g re a t pow e r of i n t e r
, ,

re ti ng t h e s e v n whi l e h e i s s t ill i n h i s crad l e O n t h


p e e , e .

oth e r h and chi ld re n st riv e to e xpre ss t h e m s e l v e s


,

As t h e A rt of M us i c d e ve l o pes i ts m o ra func l ti on is o bscu re d . Gre e k


M us i c y M h ffy h d m h g t
, sa s a a ti l i m p t
, ath a uc rea e r na o na o r ance an o u rs .
be ca u se it w f d d l
as d l pd
ar ru Th m
e r an l ff t f e ss e ve o e e o ra e ec s o

m i
us c ywh f l t til it b m d l p d d m p li t d
a re e ve r e re e un e co es e ve o e an co ca e .

Th th p i t f p f tiu rs u d th m f t h i al d i ffi l ti o v e rc o ec n c cu es
en e o
g
e r ec on an e in o

b m ec o d i th m s l
e en s Th i g i g f h l d
n e i im p i d
e ves .
"
e s n n o c i re n s un a s s o ne ,

b t u g l t
s t ra n hi
e g l i i i
o uc i
g g m p
n li t d. i b l
ve n thi g n s n n co ca e o r u n s u ta e n s

ch i f l ld i h v
o rs o c u m i~v o c l q lity t h t i
cs a y i f ti
e an e d o t o na ua a s ve r n ec o us a n

p l
ec ui t th m
ar o e .
I m ag i zza t i oa

a nd At one m en t 43

i n v e n t ing pl a ys o r acti ng ch ara c te rs cov e ri ng th e i r books a n d


, ,

e v e n t h e w a lls wi th dra wi ngs e tc , .

I n short t he c rea t iv e e ne rgy o f ch ild h ood se e ks to e xpre ss


i t s e l f i n fo r m s wh ich re pre s e n t the i nn e r an d t h e ou t er world ,

a n d i n t his dou bl e e ffo rt th e a ni mism of ea rly ch ild h ood is

tran s form e d Sa ni t y an d h ea l t h d e p e nd o n t he re gul a r al te m a


.

tion of t h e se t wo m ov e m e n t s —t he regul at i ng i n n e r mo ve m e nt
a n d th e co rre c t iv e ou t e r m ov e m e n t Art is t s a ppe a r t o los e
.

th is al t e rn a t io n a t t i m e s — as fo r e x am pl e Ch arlo tt e B ron t e , ,

who w rot e c e rt a in ch a p t e rs o f J a n e Ey re wi t h compl e t e



,

a b a ndo n m e n t to th e i m puls e s o f th e i n n e r wo r ld — a nd t h e n

re ti r e d t o a be d o f sickn e ss fo r som e d ays I n c as e s of i h .

sa nity t h e re is no r e t u rn — t h a t i s t o sa y n o a lte rn ation ,


.

Th e m a d m a n liv e s p e r m a n e n t ly in th e i n n e r wo rld o f i ll usion


wh ich h e h as c re a t e d and wh ich for h i m is in v e s t e d wi t h
,

obj e c t iv e re a li ty Ev e n i n th e a v e rage m an a n d i n th e ram:


.
,

a el t rn a ti on is n o t a lw a ys r e gul a r — i nd e e d i t m ay be doub t e d
wh e t h er it is e ve r e ve n a n d bal a nc e d W e c an no t lo o k b ack o n
.

t h e h isto ry o f o u r o wn ra c e wi t hou t pe rc e iving t h a t m e n w e r e

once u nde r t he in fl u e nce of t h e i r subj e c t i ve l ife to a gre at e r


de gree t h a n now W i t ch e s w e re bu rn e d h a vin g confe sse d t h e i r
.
,

gu i l t be fore m artyrdo m .Epid e m ics of su p e rs t i t io n w e r e


com mo n and e v e ry pl ea sa n t ph an t asy wa s ope n to be e m
b rac e d as t ru t h This i n n e r t u m u l t was follow e d by a sudd e n
.

d e v e lopm e n t of A r t To d ay t h e whol e m ov e m e n t o f t h e
.

i m agi n a tio n is ou t w a rd —e v e n th e i m pu l s e giv e n by e d uc a


t ion to young chi ldr e n is ( i f n o t a l w ays v e ry con scious ,

or su re i n m e t hod ) towa rds th e o bj e c t i fica tio n t h e ,

m a t e ria l iza t ion e ve n of th e c re a t i v e pow e r A voic e is rai s e d .

n o w a nd a ga i n in pr o t e s t S t a n l e y H a ll a s we h a v e a lrea dy
.
,

r e m arke d d e cl a re s th a t a t a c e rta i n age re v e ri e should be


,

pro vi d e d fo r .
"
This is bu t a voice i n t h e wild e rn e ss h o w e v e r .

Th e w i n d s o f e v e n l i tt l e on e s a re k e p t busy wi t h obj e c t iv e
e l e m e n ts — e l e m e n t s co n c e rn e d t ha t is to s ay n o t wi t h s e n t i
, ,
44 I m ag i ne / i on an d fli ov e m m t

me n t . bu t wi t h s e n sat ion Th e obj e c t l e sson h a s be com e


.
-

i mpo rt n t a Th e e ye th e ou t ward looki ng o rga n is t a x e d


.
,
.

F i na l ly i n l a bora t ori e s and wo rk shops the whol e m ind i s


,
-

occu pi e d wi t h obj e cti v e re ali t i e s I f a l t e r n at ion was brok en i n


.

favou r o f the in n e r wo rld i n bye go ne d ays i t is o b vious t h a t t he


~
,

proc e ss i s n o w r e v e rs e d Fo rm e rly m e n w e re con ti n u al ly ap


.

p roac h i n
g a condi t ion wh ich r e s e mbl e d m a d n e ss N o w — t h e y .

a re i n d a n ge r o f d rying u p t h e v e rv w e ll sp ri n gs of t h e i n t e l -

l e ctu a l li fe of proj e c t i ng al l a n d re cogn izing no poi nt or pl ace


, ,

fo r r e turn .

N e v e rt h e l e ss th e norm a l ch i ld s ti ll s t ri v e s t o e xpre ss t hrough


a rt s t h a t a re l arg e ly compli m e n t ary t h e dou bl e mov e m e nt of

th e mi n d Th e i n n e r world has sti ll pow e r o ve r h i m The


. .

ou te r world calls h i m con t i nu a lly H e h a s se ns e pe rc e p t io n.


-

h e accu mul a t e s m e m o ri e s —h e e xp e ri e nce s e mo t ion —a n d with


t h e se re quisit e s o f c re ativ e e n e rgy h e b egi ns t o wo rk t h at ,

i s to s ay wi t h t h e s e h e is ca p a bl e o f e duc a t i o n
, .

But be fo re going a n y fart h e r it is ne c e ssa ry t o s ay a


fe w wo rds a bou t w h a t we m ay ca ll th e raw m a t e ri a l of cre a tiv e
e n e rgy . W i thou t more or l e ss k e e n s e ns e p e rc e pt ion m e mory -
, ,

an d e motion t h e re can be n o i m agi n ation


, As a pre l i mi n a ry .

we m ust d e vote a l it t l e att e n t io n t o e y e s e ars m e mory and , , ,

e m o tio n .

TH E e yedo e s not s ee I t is only th e org a n of vision I n


. .

i ts re ti na a re conta in e d th e rods a nd con e s wh ich a re th e


e ss e n t i a l sight e l e m e nts The l ight e nt e ri ng t h e e y e b a ll
.

th rough th e pu pils i m pi ng e s o n th e con e s a nd is t ra ns m i t t e d ,

t o t h e optic n e rv e a n d t h e nc e on to t h e l a rg e a r e a o f t h e

b ra in which is known a s th e visu a l c e ntre I t is th e re th a t .

vi sio n t a k e s pl a c e .

Th e e y e th e n i s a n i n str u m e n t a n instrum e nt wh ich is ,


Im ag i n at i on a nd Mov em en t 45

e e e —
p rf ct d gr d u lly i t a a be e n sa id th a t i t i s fa r from
ha s

pe rfec t a t t he b e s t a nd wh ich i t s poss e sso r l e a rns to u se bu t
slowly I t is i nd ee d p a r ex cel /m ac t he inst ru m e n t of a d a pta
.
, ,

tion a nd i ts prope r u se is a m a tte r of tra i n i n g Th e tra i ni ng


, .

doe s not n e ce ssa rily ta k e pl a c e i n schools Sch ools a re n o t .

id e a l pl c s for y tra i n i ng Th e more im po rta nt ki nds o f


a e e e ~ .

e ye tra i ni n g a re c a rr i e d on in t h e fi e lds
-
Th e e ye re q u ire s .

n o t o n ly ligh t b ut vista .

H o w i m porta nt t his n a t u ra l e ye tra ining is we m a y g a th e r -


,

from t h e co n di tion o f th o se who from e ye dise a se a re oblige d , ,

to re m a i n a long t i m e i n t he d a rk To ta k e a si ngl e i n .

sta nce Profe ss or H a rv e y i nj u re d his e y e s t h rough wo rk wi t h


.

t h e m icr oscope H e h a d t o spe nd n in e mo n th s i n a d a rk


.

room an d th en s e v e n te e n mo n ths i n a pa rti a lly d a rk en e d


,

pl a ce wh ich wa s m a d e a li t tl e brigh t e r e v e ry d a y tow a rds


,

t h e e n d s o a s to a void t o o r a pid t ra nsition into o rd in a ry


da ylight B ut wh e n a t l a st th e e y e s w e re cu re d a nd Profe ssor
.
,

H a rv e y ca m e b a ck to l iv e i n t he light h e found t h a t h e h a d
f g
o r otte n fro m l o see H e could no. long e r m e a sur e dist a nc e s .

O bj e cts t h a t w e re fa r o ff a ppe a re d to h i m close a nd vi ce s er ra ,


i .

A nd h e could n o t dis t inguish colour s I n short h e h a d to .


,

l ea rn to s ee a l l o ve r a g a in .

N a t ura l e ye tra in in g b e gi ns a l most from t he firs t da y F o r


- .

from th e fi rst a ch ild m a k es i ns t inc t i v e e ye mov e m e n ts -

ope ns t he e y e s a nd close s th e m — a n d th e s e a u tom a tic m o ve

m e nts a re i nd ispe nsa b l e fo r the d e v e lopm e n t o f t he v isu a l


se n se Bli nd a t fi rst he b e gi ns to disting u ish ligh t from
.
,

da rkn ess to fol low brigh t movi ng obj e cts to j udge dis ta nc e s
, , .

M a n y infa n ts a t schoo l t urn t h e h e a d i n ord e r to follow mov e


m e n ts wi thou t movin g the e y e s a t a l l The ch ild s sight a t .

th i s pe riod o f life —t h a t i s to s a y duri n g e a rly childhood —i s


h ype rm e tropic o r a da p t e d fo r se e in g d i sta nt obj e c t s I t i s wh a t
,
.

we ca ll lo n g sigh t I n this t h e young ch ild s e ye re s e mbl e s ’


.

t h a t o f th e sa v ag e .

46 l m ag zn a /zbn and Move m e n t


I n hy pe rm e tm p i a (lo ng sigh t ) ra ys a re brou g h t to a focu s
n o t o n t h e r e tin a , but b e h ind i t This con di t ion i s n a tu ra l i n
.

ch ildhood sinc e th e e ye which wa s qui t e fla t in i he e mbryo


, , ,

r e re a a —
i s s till shor t f om b fo b ckw rds is sti ll i n fact a lit t l e , ,

fl a tte ned But th is n a rrow e ye suit a bl e fo r s e e ing d i st a n t


.
,

obj ect s i s n o t a d a pt ed to m od e rn re qui re m e nt s I n bye


, .

gon e d a ys books w e re ra re a n d pe opl e l e a rn e d a nd co m ,

m u n i c a te d l a rge ly by word of mouth o r th rough public sp e ec h


a n d a nn ounc e m e nt To d a y a l l th a t is ch a nge d W e l i v e u nde r
.
-
.

a r a i n o f pe ri od ic a ls a n d l e a rn m a i nl y through th e e x e rcis e
,

o f t h e visu a l s e ns e Chi ldre n sh a re t h e s e a lt e re d co nditio n s


.

with us Th e y to o h a v e p e riod ica ls a n d a l it er a ture co u se


.
, , , .

cra t e d to th e m a nd i n schools m uch e ye wo rk is re q uir e d of


,

t h e m And as a co ns e qu e nc e of a l l th is N a ture a ppea rs to


. , ,

quot e a n e m i n e n t ocu lis t to b e e volv i ng a ne w ty pe of h u m a n


,

e ye to suit a l t e re d co n di t ions .

To be sure th e re a re pl a c e s i n Bri ta i n wh e re t h e ne w type


o f e ye i s li ttl e k now n o r wh e r e it is u nn e c e ssa ry to e n ga g e
,

spe ci a l ists fo r th e s a fe ty o f th e v isu a l orga n o f t he a v e rag e


ch i ld I n th e w e s t e rn isl a nds fo r e x a mpl e you m a y w a l k
.
, ,

with s tr i plin gs wh ose k e e n fa r gl a nc i ng e y e s look i n t o th e bl u e


s

v is t a o f s e a a nd sky d e t e c t in g t h e fa r o fl s a il a nd w a tch i ng
'

-
,

*
t h e m ov e m e nts o f gr ou ps o f p e rso ns to yo u i nvisibl e ! R ea re d
i n t h e ou t pos t s o f ci v ili za tio n o n b a re isl a nds wh ich from
-
,

e v e ry h ill a n d ridge com m a nd t h e bl u e sh i n ing ho rizons o f

t h e se a th e se young isl a nd e rs h a v e sti l l th e pri miti v e e ye o f


l e ss s t udiou s ge ne ra t io ns w i t h whom the q u e stio n o f ov e r
crowding wa s n e v e r v e ry mu ch to t h e fron t Th e se how e ve r , ,

form b ut a sm a ll m ino ri ty o f o u r school g oi n g ch ildre n .

Th a t wh ich we m a y be a llow e d t o c a l l th e mod e rn e ye ,

i s a n e ye a d a pt e d fo r clos e r a n ge ra t h e r t h a n fo r dis tan c e It .

Pr ba b ly thi s k ee n pe rce pt i o n i s no t en ti r ely d u e to th e s u pe ri o ri ty o f t he


o

e ye The y o u ng i s l nd e rs i n t e rpre t i gn a n d m ve m e n t t h a t t he s tra nge r


a s s o s

d e n t l oo k f r a d t h u s rt e: wh at a ppea rs t be i n vi s i b l e t t h e tra n ge r
.

o s o o n o o s ,
,

b u t i s i n rea l i ty u n n ti c e d o .
Im agi na t i on a nd Move m e n t 47


h a s b e e n e vol v e d a s e v e ry oth e r org a n h a s —
be e n e volv d b y
e

e x e rcise by th e pa rt ic u l a r s t i m ulu s su ppli e d by e n v iron m e nt


,
.

I f we look a t a dista nt obj e ct a n d th e n a t a book a t a bout ,

t e n i n ch e s dista nc e we i ns t i nc t i v e ly a cco m mod a t e o u r vision


,

t o s e e t h e ty pe wh ich m ea n s th a t we e x e rcis e t h e a l za cy
’ ’

m u scl e . This e x e rci se o f th e cili a ry m u scl e for th e vision of a


close obj e ct s h e l f / w the ey e which be co m e s long e r from b e fo re
,

ba ckw a rds I f i t i s ca rr i ed on long we g e t th e m od e rn e ye


.
,

t h e long m yopic e ye a d a pt e d for t h e visio n of th i ngs a t cl o s e


,

r a n ge .

I n be tw e e n th e se two e x tre m e s —th e hype rm e tropic (lo ng


sighted ) e ye n t e yopic (short sighte d ) we ge t wh a t we
a d h m — -

m a y ca ll t h e n orm a l o r id e a l e ye N e a rly a ll chi ld re n ar e .

a ppro a ch i n g t h is d uri ng t h e whol e o f t h e i r schoo l life B ut .

th e y do no t a ll re a ch i t M a n y miss it and progre ss


.
,

t h rough th e turn sti l e of d e fe ct a s o n e doctor puts i t from



, ,

hy pe rm e t ropi a into h igh m yopi a ! Unfortun a t e ly n e a rly a l l ,

e y e s i n h ighly civi lis e d comm u niti e s irre spe cti v e o f t h e ir ,

l e n gth a re i n som e d e gree d e fe cti v e Th e foc us wh e th e r it


, .
,

be i n fl o ra! of t h e re ti na a s i n t h e m od e rn e ye o r b e h ind
, ,

t h e re t i n a as i n th e fl a tt e n e d shor t e ye is u n e q u a l for th e
, ,

v ar io u s pa rts s o th a,t t h e r e is no h a r mony i n vi sion — t h e sight


is ir re gu l ar Th us by d e fe ct a n d misfort un e a chi ld m a y
.

d e v e lop myopi a wi t hout re a ch i n g n or m a l vision in th e p ro


c e ss Th e re a re short cu ts e n o ugh to e v e ry ca l a mity
. .

H e re is a t a bl e dra wn u p by Erism a n of S t Pe te rsburg


, , .
,

w ho wa s t h e fi rst to point ou t t h a t a la rg e p ropor t ion o f


hy pe rm e tropic (lo n g s ight ed ) school ch ild re n b e co m e m yopic
( short -
sight ed
)
(Znas s ns .

I . II . III . V. VI . VI I .

68 56 5 0 4 ! 35 34 3 2

19 28 26 27 26 24 25
48 Im ag i n at i on and Movem e n t
Yo u i n looki n g a t t h is t a bl e th a t t he sight o f th e
see , ,

chi ld re n i m prov e s a s y o u ris e from cl a ss to cl a ss I t looks .


,

a t fi rst as i f school li fe i m p rov e d t h e visio n


,
-
A s a m a tt e r o f .

fa ct th e e ye d e v e lops b e c a u se t he ch ild i s a t th e p e riod o f


growth a nd d e v e lopm e nt M ost ch ildr e n a re bor n hyp e rm e .

tropic bu t a s th e y grow old e r t h e y a ppro a ch n e a re r a nd


,

n ea r e r to n or m a l visio n As a lre a dy sta t e d a co n sid e ra bl e


.

n umb e r how e v e r pa ss th e li n e a nd b e com e sligh tly m yopic


, , ,

a nd from th e s e t h e m yopic cl a ss o f t h e future is r e crui te d .

Th e in v e st ig a tion s o f m ore re c e n t e xp e rts giv e p ra ctica lly


t h e s a m e re sul ts a s those found i n E ri s rnan s ta bl e On ce ’
.

e v e ry y e a r i n Bradfo rd schools wh e n t h e ligh t is fa irly ,

consta n t during th e d a y th e vi sion o f th e chi ldre n i s t es te d by


,

t h e copy i n g o f l e tt e rs of a st a nd a rd ty pe Th es e bl ock ty pe s .

a re a rra n ge d t o b e sui t a bl e fo r a n y d ist a nc e from t e n to tw e n ty

fee t The t e st c a rd is h u n g i n a fa ir light a nd t he n e a re st


.
,

hori zon t a l di s t a n c e i n fee t from th e c a rd to e a ch ro w o f d e s ks


i s m e a sure d by th e te a ch e rs P a pe r sh e e ts a re distribut ed to .

t h e ch ildr e n w h o a re th e n told t o fil l in on t h e sh ee t a l l t h e
,

l e t t e rs o n the c a rd a nd wh e re t h e y c a nnot d istinguish a l e tte r


,

t o m a k e a c ross B e fore b e ginn in g how e v e r e a ch chi ld


.
, ,

writ e s a t th e to p of h is p a pe r h is n a m e i n full a n d a lso h is ,

st a nd a rd school a nd t h e d ist a nc e a s told h i m by h is


a e
g , , ( ,

te a ch e r) o f h is d e sk from t h e t e st c a rd Th u s wh e n t h e -
.
,

p a pe rs a re coll e ct ed the m ed ica l su pe r i n t e nd e n t obt a i ns a


,

re cord of n a m e a ge se x s t a nd a rd sch ool e tc a s w e ll a s


, , , , , .
,

e vid e nc e of th e a cuity (sh a rp n e ss ) of vision .

A c e L A ST Bra r n u av '
.

Pe rce n tage wi th S i x S v . e en . E i g ht N i ne
. . Te n . E l e ve n . Tw l e ve . Thi t
r ee n
v i su l iy
.

a ac u t

d e fec ti v e.

This ta bl e shows l ik e Er i s m a n s th e i m p rov e m e n t wh ich i s


,

in re a l i t y only n a tu ra l d e v e lopm e nt A t the a ge of te n or .


d M ov e m e n t
'

[m agz fza l zon


'

an 49

l v en the m ajority of c h i ldre n a tta i n to n orm a l vi sio n B ut


e e .

a l a rg e n umb e r d e ve lop sligh t m yopi a wh ich i n t he c a s e o f ,

st ud e nts a t l ea s t t e nds to d e v e lop ra pidly M r Pri e stl e y


, , . .


Smith s e x a min a tion shows th a t 2 0 pe r c e n t of th e Birm i ng .

h a m t e a ch e rs a re myopic a nd th is r e sult a gre e s v e ry w e l l w i th


,

t h a t obt a i n e d by Dr K e rr form e rly of Br a dford wh o fou n d


.
, ,

th a t myopi a i ncr e a s e d st e a di ly b e tw e e n th e a g e s of fift e e n an d


ni n e tee n so th a t th e p e rc e n t a g e o f m yopi a a mo n g pu pi l
,

t e a ch e rs a t n in e tee n i n Bra dford wa s 2 1 p e r c e n t .

W e a re n o t h ere co n c e rn e d with th e vision of youn g pe opl e


of nin te e n e xc e pt in s o fa r a s it is t he re s u lt o f h a bits i nduc e d
i n ch i ldh o od W e a re h e re d e a li ng with ch ildre n
. A nd w e l l .

m a y we a s k ours e lv e s Wh a t i s t h e c a u s e—not of th e i r d e
,

fe c ti ve v isio n fo r th e ir d e fe cts a re n a tura l —but o f th e ir d e


,

t e ri o ra t i n g v ision P Doe s it l i e i n t h e schools ? N ot e ntire ly .

Th e e ffe cts o f school life o n v isio n a re p rob a bly e x a gg e ra t ed


—ser ious a s those e ffe cts a re F o r we h a v e e vid e nce to show .

th a t t hough co u nt ry chi ld re n a tt e nd schools w hich a re i nfe rior


, ,

to tow n schools in th e m a tt e rs o f lighti n g s e a ting a e com ,

m od a ti o n e tc ye t country childr e n su ffe r l e ss from e ye d e fe cts


,
.
,

t h a n town ch i ldre n o f t he sa m e a ge T hi s po i n t s to t he t ru e
*
.
,

o r r a th e r th e g rea t c a us e o f d e te riora ti ng vision I t i s first of a ll .

ba n ish m e n t from th e w id e hori zon o f th e ope n co u n t ry o r se a ,

th e l a ck o f e ye sp a c e I t is a l a rm ing to find h o w qu ickly a nd


-
.

fa tal ly th e n a r row ho rizon t e ll s on th e vision Coh n who .


,

h a s m a d e such e xt e n si v e i nv e stig a tion s a ssure s u s th a t { be ,

n a r r ower fi re s tr ee t Me l a rg er
f the n u m be r o m yoper y ou w i l l

fi n d Mer ci /r Dr S e
.
gge l l fo u nd a mo
. n g sold i e rs r e cru it e d
from th e cou ntr y o n l y 2 p e r ce n t m yopic (short sight ed ) .
-
.


Pe ac e s '
ra o v
. W I TH D e r e c r xv e V i s to s i n To w n AN D Su s u n na s
Sc u oo rs , RA D F B ORD .

II . III . IV . V . VI .

Pe rce nt age wi th T w 36 16

!
o n 3 0 24 21 .

De fec t i v Vi i e C t y
s on o un r . 26 23 r6 15 I S
4
5 0 Im ag i nat i on a nd Movem e n t
Amon g sold i ers re cru it ed from t h e tow n s h e found fr om 4 pe r
ce nt m yopic u p to 9 p e r c en t i n th e m ore er ow ded a rea s of
. .

big c i ti es *
.

A l l th is is ve ry se rious p a rticul a rly wh e n we r e m e m be r ,

th a t myopi a i s tran sm itt ed by h e re dity a nd a lso th a t t he ,

m yopic e ye i s e xpose d t o m a n y d a nge rs a nd e v i ls from w h ich


th e n orm a l e ye is e x e m pt .

Educa t io na l a utho riti e s c an not r e mov e a l l th e ca u se s c a nnot ,

r em o ve e v e n th e ma i n c a u se s of e ye d e t er iora tion F or th e .

m a i n ca us e s a re n a rrow stree ts b a d a i r t h e w a n t of go od , ,

food (no orga n i s more d e p e nd en t o n th e ge n er a l h ea lth t h a n


t h e e ye ) ov e rcrowd e d a nd u nwhol e som e s l e e pi n g ro o m s
,
o
.

N e ve rth e l e ss th e re a re m a ny th ings wh ich e d uca tio na l


,

a uthori t i e s can do a n d a few of th e s e we m a now n u m r t


y, e e a e .

To b e gi n w ith tow n schools should be built i f po ssibl e i n t h e


, , ,

m idst of a l a rge ope n spa c e o r i f th a t is i mpossibl e i n a wid e , , ,

stree t wh e re som e v i st a o f sky a t l ea st i s v isibl e The wi ndows


, .

shou l d be l a rge I n t he id e a l school th e window a re a shou ld


.

e qu a l o ne fourth of th e floor sp a c e Th a t is m uch b ut it is .


,

n o t too m uch a n d no i nch of th is window sp a c e shou ld b e


.

w a ste d M uch wi n dow spa ce i s w a st e d o r i ne ffe cti v e to da y


.
-
,

be c a use i n m a king a ddi t io n s to buildi ngs w a lls are pl a c ed


, ,

ov e r a gai n st w indows Th e r e a re oth e r w a ys to o o f w a sti ng


.
, ,

w i ndow spa c e I n G e rm a n y Coh n fou nd th a t fro m 3 0 to 5 0


.
,

c t f t h wi dow a re a i n sch ools wa s lost t h rough


p e r e n o e . n

a rchi t e ctu ra l e mb e l lishm e n ts The m ana g e r bu i lt b e a uti fu l .

Goth ic wi ndows E ng li sh cl e rks of works a re to o pra ctic a l to


.
- -

fa ll i nto this e rro r .

It is w thy or of men ti
x m pt f m
on too , th t g i l
a r s (th o ugh m o re e e ro
di h b y d ti v v i i Thi '

seas e s o f th y t ) fl
e e m f em f an o m
s
y su er o re ro e ec e s on . s a

b p t ly b
e ar f th l k f td g m
e ca us e o d th l g vi i
e ac x i o ou oo r a es an e on s on e e rc se

i m li d i thi
e B t th
n i d bt th t wi g i i f t h l d
s. u e re s no ou a se n n n an sc oo s a n

ea r y t d d i till p i b l f m i hi f T
s an ar s s s h re sd wi i t
o ns e or sc e . ru e , t e co e no ns s s

on l g ti t h l g ti h h w
ar e s c es, m t t ill h m d
ar e s t tc l es
g o e ve r us s e a e a a c o s e ra n e.

It i t th
s no iz f t h tit h b t t h l
e s e o f th e s g whi h
c i wes , u e c o se nes s o e ra n e c s no

th v il f t
e e a c o r.
Im agi na t i on an d Movem en t 5 1

Skyligh t s fu rn ish a d m ira bl e di ffu se d li gh t b ut u p to the ,

pre s e n t th e Board of Edu ca tio n h a s proh ibi t e d th e m Th e .

obj e ction to th e m is of course th a t i n su m m e r t h e y m a k e a


, ,

roo m u n comforta bly hot bu t th is ca n b e m e t pa rtly by si m pl e


, ,

a rr a n g e m e n t s of b l i nds e tc An occ a sio na l inco n v e n i e nc e of


, .

th is k i nd is not to be w e igh e d a ga i n st th e e v i l o f k ee ping


ch ildre n in s e m i d a rk room s w h e re th e vi ta lity is low e red
-
,

th rou gh l a ck of the pow e rfu l sti m u l us of su n ligh t I n form e r .


d a ys w h e n su n b a t h s d g t e w r
-
a n l i h c ur s e e n o t n —
k ow n a nd
wh e n h ea lth wa s b e li e v e d to re sid e i n m e dici ne ch e st s di m ,

a nd e v e n d ingy school r oom s w e re p e rm issibl e W e h a v e .


th e s e di n gy rooms sti l l a h e rit a ge o f t h e p a st B ut a ll th e .

schools of th e p a st w e r e in so fa r a s we a re concer n e d ex per i ,

m e n ta l Th e re is no n e e d to copy th e i r d e fe cts
. .

Light from th e front sho uld b e a void e d a s th e re is n o more ,

e x h a us ti ng e ye ord e a l th a n th e fa ci n g o f th i s conti n u a l d a zz l e
-
.

Ligh t from t h e b a ck o r from th e righ t prod uc e s a nnoyi n g


sha dows Th e d e sks a n d s e a t s should b e so a rra ng e d th a t
.

t h e light com e s from t h e l eft o f t h e pu pils a t work Th e w a l l .

su rfa c e s fu rn i ture a nd cu rt a i n s should b e a l l o f ligh t colour


, , ,

wi t hou t gl a z e so a s t o di ffus e light a bo u t th e room Th e


, .

“ ”
t e rra cott a which i s pre fe rre d by m a n y as a w a rm colou r
-
, ,

a b s orbs to o m uch li gh t a n d shoul d b e d e pose d i n fa vour of


,

soft light g ra ys e tc a nd t h e pl a c e o f t he d a rk fi tti ngs m i gh t


, ,
.

be ta k e n by ligh t colou re d woods e v e n in towns wh e r e sm uts


-
,

a bound . F o r a ft e r a ll e v e ryth i n g b e tra ys e v e n if i t do e s n o t


,

show th e di rt t h a t re s t s o n i t Di rty ligh t wood i s p refera bl e


,
.

i n a school to di rty d a rk wood I nd e e d th e r e i s not h ing more


.
,

d e pre ssing th a n th e d i rt u pon d i ngi n e ss o f so m e room s wh e r e


ch i ldr e n h a v e to p as s t h e ir d a ys .

P a ss i ng n o w to th e q u e s t io n o f se a t ing a ccom mod a t io n we ,

ha v e t o re m a rk t h a t t h e id e a l sys te m o f s e a ts i s singl e ch a irs .

Ev e ry child i n a cl a ss shou ld be t r e a t e d a s a n i nd i vid u a l a nd


h a ve h is own sea t a se a t more ov e r w h ich fi t s h i m an d is no t
, ,
5 2 Im ag i n a t i on an d Move m e n t
i nte nd e d for a p e rson o f twic e h is y e a rs Som e ti m e s yo u m a y .

see a cl a ss of ch ildren wi th th e ir fe e t d a n gli ng m a ny i n ch e s

from th e fl oor Wh e n t h e y l e a n forw a rd to th e d e s ks i n


.

ord er to wr it e th e y h a v e to ra ise t h e e lbow ge t t h e b a la nc e


, ,

of th e body o u t o f g e a r a n d b ring t h e work clos e r to o ne e ye


,

a s com p a r e d with th e oth e r Th e e vi l e ffe cts o f th is pra ctic e


.

w e re e vi d e n t to t e a ch e rs e v e n i n the d a rk d a ys o f pa ym e n t
b y re sults "
A nd more th a n o n e h e a d m a ste r b rought ou t a
.

sch e m e of ve rtica l or a lmost ve rtic a l h a nd w ri t ing Th es e


, , .

e fforts w e r e pr a is e worth y a n d t h e n e e d fo r re form of o n e


,

ki nd o r a noth e r urge n t e nough E ul e nb urg s a ys t h a t 90 pe r .

ce n t of th e ca s e s o f spin e cu r v a ture s n ot i nd uce d by loca l


.
,

di se a se a re d e ve lope d duri n g school l ife Mor e i m porta n t


, .
,

how e v e r th a n a n y syst e m o f v e rt ica l h a ndwri t i n g is t he


,

i n tr od ucti on of s e a t s a n d d e sks wh ich m a k e right pos t ure


i n e v ita bl e .

The d e sk o r s e a t should fit t he ch ild who u s e s it I t i s .

b e c a use his d e sk doe s n o t fi t h i m t h a t h e ra ise s his e lbows ,

push e s u p o ne should e r looks sid e w a ys a t h is work a nd ge ts


,

i nto e xtra o rdin a ry a t t itud e s The t e a ch e rs obs e rvi ng t h e.

a tt itud e l a i d t h e bl a m e o n t h e slopi ng h a n d writi n g


,
B ut t h e .

sloping h a ndwriti ng i ts e lf wa s a n e ffe ct ra th e r t h a n a c a u se .

Ve rti ca l h an dwriting a t a b a d ly construc t e d d e sk is j ust a s


i nj urious a n e x e rcis e a s sloping writi ng a t th e s a m e d e sk .

Wh a t i s w a n t e d is a d e sk w h e re t h e pu pi l m a y w rit e w ithou t
r a isi ng th e e lbow Th e d e sk should b e bro a d e nou g h to hold
.

t h e book o r sl a t e n o t bro a d e nou g h to a llow of t h e ch i ld s



,

t ilti ng i t on o ne sid e The slope shou ld b e a bout


. Th e
e dg e of th e s e a t a n d d e sk should ov e rl a p a bout a n inch The .

h e igh t o f t he s e a t should o f course b e such th a t t he ch i ld s


, ,

fe e t should re st o n t he floor O n such a se a t a nd a t such a .


,

d e sk v e rtic a l wri t ing a nd u prigh t pos t ur e would follow a s a


,

m a tt e r of cou rs e .

I n Bra dford t h e chi ldre n a re di vi d ed i n t o t hr e e h e ight


,
Im agi n a ti on and M ovem en t 53

g rou ps a nd c e rta in a ctu a l di m e nsio ns i n se a ts a nd d e sks are


,

re com m e n d e d fo r th e se a n d a nsw e r v e ry w e ll Th e y migh t


, .

not a n sw e r so w e ll i n oth e r d istricts for ch ildren of lik e a ge ,

v a ry a gre a t d ea l i n v a riou s pa rts of th e cou ntry .

In F AN i s . Sr a n ns a ns

S t d d S t d d S t nda d
an ar an ar a r

B bia es . I n fa nts . I 81 I I
. . III . IV . V. VI .

I nch es . I nc h e s . I nch es . I nch es . I nc h es .

H ei ght hil dof c ren 3 8 4 2 45 50 55


H e i ght
f d k dg o es e e

bv a to e s ea s

H ight f
e t f m
o sea ro

floo r 12 5 14

S iz
e o f sea ts l l x g l l x 9
S iz
e of b k ac res st 8x55 . 8x 5§

A nd re ca pi t u l a te
no w to .

Al l fi n e work such a s i s i n vol v e d i n e mbossi n g n eed l e ,

thre a di ng pricking e tc shou ld be b a n ish e d from t he infan t


, ,
.
,

school R ul ed pa p e r a n d sl a t e s copy a nd dra w ing boo ks


.
,
-

rul e d i n fi n e squ a re s shou ld b e a bolish e d I f n ee dl e s (howe ve r .

l a rge ) ca n go a lo ng w ith th e m so m uch th e be tt e r A s fo r .

r ea di ng th e te a ch i ng o f th is subj e ct m ay be m a d e a m e a ns of
,

trai n i ng t h e vision B u t t h is ca n not b e don e if books are i n


.

u se ,
fo r ch ildre n c an not hold a book a t th e right dista n c e !
i n vol u nt a rily th e y wi l l brin g i t n e a r th e e y e s a n d e v e n re st it ,

o n th e ch e s t wh e n th e y a re w e a ry R ea ding should be l e a rned .


,


t h e re for e wi th th e a i d of fr a m e s a n d boa rds s e t a t a dis ta nce
,

a n d t h e o n ly writing pe r m itt e d sho u ld be do ne a t a rm s l e ngth


s om e ti m e s ou t b e for e t he cl a ss Ea rly ch ildh oo d i s a ti m e .

of opport un i ti e s of opportun iti e s t h a t do n o t r e c ur—a v ita l


,

a n d mom e n t o us pe riod i n h u m a n e duc a tio n B ut i t is n ot .

t h e per i od of fi n e mov e m e nts of a ccur a cy l e tt e rs a n d books , , ,


.

The qu es t ion of th e l igh t ing of schools an d th e form an d ,

si ze of de sks shou l d h a ve an i m p or tant pl ace i n schoo l hygi e n e ,


54 Im agi n a t i on a nd Move m e n t
an d th e qu e stion of vi sta o r roo m fo r e ye e xe rcis e a lso A nd
, .

y e t t h e p e rc e nt ag e of d e fe ct o f vision a pp e a rs to v a r y mor e wi t h
t h e so ci a l co nd i t ions of th e ch ild re n t h a n wi t h a n y sch ool

cond i t io ns . Schoo l l ife wh e re i t m ak e s d e m ands on th e


,

e ye t h rough fi ne work th rows a s t ra i n o n t h e n e rvous syste m


, .

B ut hom e co ndi ti on s are a ft e r a l l m ain ly r e sponsi bl e for e ye


disea s e a nd la rge ly fo r e ye d e fe ct s This l as t fa c t is m ad e
, .

ve ry cl e ar i n a t a bl e con ta i n e d i n D r K e rr s l ast R e port o f


'
.

th e Lo n don Sch ools . Th e g e n e ra l figure s from a n um be r


of schools i n di ffe re n t n e i gh bou rhoods re pre s e n t ing va riou s ,

hom e cond i t ions a re gi ve n Th e H igh e r G rad e schoo ls re p re


, .
,

s e nti ng the b est hom e condi t ions i n th e i r loca li t i e s h a v e th e ,

sm al l e st pe rc e n ta ge of d e fe c t iv e vision Th e crowd e d ne igh.

bo u rho o d s wi t h n o wid e t ho rough fa re s an d p e opl e d by a po o r


, ,

cl ass of p e op l e h a ve th e hi gh e s t Th e i nd ividu a l i n e v e ry on e
.
,

of h i s m e mb e rs (a n d pa rticul arly i n th e h i gh e r organs ) fee ls t h e ,

stre ss and strai n o f e xist e nc e O n th e integri ty of t h e se


.

h i gh e r o rga ns h is fut u re l a rge ly d e p e n ds O n t he eye we .

d e pe nd l arge ly fo r th e corre c t ion o f the i nn e r li fe B ut this .

na t u ra l discipli n e i s pre v e n t e d i n t h e c a s e of at l e ast te n pe r

cen t o f t h e ch i ld p opu l a t io n to a m o re or l e ss se rious e xt en t


.
,

l arge ly t hrough pove rt y a nd t h e i n fl u e nc e s of a n u nfa vou ra bl e


, ,

e n vi ron m e n t . Di sea s e is a l wa ys r e ady to a tta ck th e body as ,

ma dn e ss i s always a t th e doo r o f th e m i nd A nd th e hi gh er .

th e orga n t h e more nu m e rous t h e fa vou rabl e co n di t i on s th a t



m us t be u n i t e d t o e nsu re i ts vic t ory t h a t is t o say i ts h ea lth , .

The s t r e ng t h a n d sa ni ty of hu m an b e ings h as be e n com pa re d


to th e prize of free do m ga i ne d by the sl av e who had to
trav e rse th e are n a ca rryi ng aloft a n egg a n d m arch ing be t w e e n
,

glu tt e d l io ns The p rize was g ran t e d i f he a r ri ve d sa fe ly B ut


. .

h o w m any ch anc e s w e re agai nst h im ! W e must adm it th at


m an a rri ve s howe v e r a t reason an d i n t e llige nc e a n d h ea l t h
, , , ,

i n an a m az i ng n u m be r o f cas e s Victo ry o r compara t i v e


.
,

victory is ach i e ve d by s o m any th at we a re a p t to o ve r look t h e


,
-
Im agi n a t i on a nd Ji m/ s m a rt 55

e n e mi e s a nd d e stro y e rs a l t oge t h e r W h e n we gl a nce a t the p oo r .

o f o u r big ci t i e s we a re re mi nd e d of t h e m I t appea rs t h a t .

Me begi n n i ng o f th e jou rn ey is th e mos t cr i t ic al pa rt of i t Go .

a mong t h e ch ild re n o f pov e rty an d you wil l se e m an y th a t ,

promis e d w e ll — who h a d a fa ir h e ritage to begi n wi th An d .

y e t i t is los t B .a d fe e ding w rong fe e di ng du ri ng t h e first n in e


,

mon t hs r u i n s thousa nds M any i n fa n t s are don e to d e ath by


.

w rong foods ! o t h e rs survi v e bu t be com e a bu rd e n to t h e m ,

s e l v e s a n d t o o t h e rs La t e r t h e q u e stion o f food s e tt l e s m a ny
.


oth e r qu e s t i o ns d e cid e s no t only wh e t h e r t h e re will be sou n d
t ee t h a nd bon e s bu t wh e t h e r m e mory i m agi n atio n an d wi ll
, , , ,

ca n e v e r be cul t iv a t e d Pov e rt y igno ra nce a nxi e t y fa t igu e


.
, , ,

a l l t h e se l ik e l ions t h re at e n t h e adv a n cing st e ps of t h o usa n ds


, ,

of li t tl e on e s M a ny fall F o r m a ny more th e whol e m arch is


. .

a s t ruggl e an d t h e vic t o r a rri v e s a t m a nho od m a ul e d an d ,

we ak e ne d re scu in g bu t h a lf o f th e pri z e
,
.

Tn !! E A R

W E h a ve now consid e r a noth e r


to —
s e ns o g n on e wh ic h
e- r a

h as b e e n pe rh aps more n e l e c t e d th a n t h e e ye a n d i n which


, ,
g
,

dise as e an d we a k n e ss oft e n progre ss ra pidly wi thou t a ttracting


m uch a tt e n t ion Ev e n th e m os t c are l e ss pare n t s ta k e so m e
.

a ccou nt o f t h e e ye — g o o u t o f t h e ir w a y t o d e cl a re for exam pl e , ,

t h at t h e y don t b e li e v e i n sp e c t acl e s o r pe rh aps a n nou n c e


“ ’
,

( i f th e c as e is a b a d o n e
) t h a t t h e y are

cl e a n a gi n o pe r a ti o ns ” ’
.

B ut t h e d e a f ch ild s i n fi rm i ti e s i s too ofte n r egard e d as a


pure ly m e n ta l an d mo ra l o n e an d th e p are nt w i l l oft e n s e e k ,

to count e ra c t i t by re mons t ra nc e a n d shou t ing Th e visu al .

su ffe re r is th e mo re b e re ft : t h e a u ra l the more u nh a ppy .

I n m an y ani m a ls th e out e r e a r i s la rge a nd acts as an e ar ,

t ru m pe t ga t h er in g t he sou nd wa v e s I t is m o b i le t oo a s
,
.
, ,

you ma y s e e from o b se rving th e e ars of ho rs e s a n d dogs B u t .

t h e hu m a n e x t e rn a l ea r i s sm a ll Th e m uscl e s onc e co nc e rn e d
.
M ovem e u t
’ ’

5 6 I m agva a t zon a nd

in its move m en ts h ave fa ll e n i nto disus e And th e out e r e a r .

i ts e l f is quit e u n i mport an t from t he utilit ari a n poi nt o f vi e w


, ,

for its tot al loss would not a ffe ct th e h ea ri ng I t has i ts u se s .

still to be su re Th e re is p e rh a ps n o o t h e r o rga n n o t e xc e pt
.
,

i ng th e e ye which gi ve s cl e are r i ndic a tion s of th e ch a ract e r o f


,

h idd e n s tructu re s N e v e rth e l e ss e v e n th e s m a ll re gu l arly


.
,

form e d hu m an e ar of th e h igh e st typ e of hum an cre at u r e i s


si mply an o rna m e n t Lik e a sh e ll wh ich th e t id es of li fe h a v e
.
,

mod e ll e d and l e ft i t is a thing of wond e r an d joy for t he a rti st


,

a n d lov e r of b e a uty an d i t is no thi ng mo re .

So m e c re a t u re s h a v e wond e rful e ars wi t hout th e o rn a m e n t .

I f you b low gen tly sa id a corre spond e n t t o R uski n



,

on ,

th e fea th e rs o f t h e sid e o f a bird s h e ad a l i tt l e b e low an d


be h ind th e e ye th e p a rt e d fe at h e rs wi l l sh ow th e li st e ni ng
,

pl a c e a l i t tl e hol e wi th con vol utions o f d e li ca t e ski n tu rn ing


,

i nwa rds N 0 o n e who looks at t he l i t tl e hol e co ul d fai l to se e


.


t h at i t is a n ea r high ly organ is e d a n e ar fo r m usic ”
We ll .
,

b e h i n d t h e sm al l h u m an o rna m e n t th e re i s a n e v e n mo re

highly o rgan ise d e a r—a m a rv e l lous s e ri e s of fi n e s t ru ctu re s


a n d a i r ga l l e ri e s of v e s t ibul e s a n d l a byri n t hs so i nvolv e d s o
, , ,

e xpos e d a nd s o i n t e rd e p e n d e n t t h a t we m a y s a fe ly s ay t h e re
,

is n o oth e r orga n which ru ns s o m a ny risks a s t h e c a r .

I n th e l ast ch a pte r we sa w th a t th e eye is a n orga n of l ight


a nd spa c e t h a t wh e re vis t a o f s ky a n d wid e hori zon i s d e n i e d
, ,

i t be com e s a s e m i a t rophi e d t hi ng B ut if th e e ye is t he orga n


-
.

o f S p ac e th e e ar is p a r e xc e ll e nc e th e o rga n o f a i r W h e re ’

, , , .

e v e r livi ng c re a tu re s are p e n n e d i n a clo s e a t m osph e re th e r e

th e ea r su ffe rs an d th e h e ari ng fa ils


, W h e re ve r t h ey are fre e
.

i n a pu re a tmosph e re a n d fu rnish e d wit h good br e at hi ng


a ppa r atus th e r e we fi nd sound and song an d al l t h e j oys of
,

b a r i ng . Th e bird disposing o f ai r as h e wills b rea t hi ng i t


, ,

th rough ai r passage s b e low th e sk i n (wh ich a re as su ppl e m e n ta ry


l ungs t o h i m ) e m p t yi ng h i m se lf of i t as h e di v e s i n to th e
,

w ate r swe l lin g to th e b re e z e as h e m ou n t s the a i r cu rre n ts


, ,
'

an d
'

[fl mgz n a t zon Movem e n t 57

fl owing wi th i n we ll as a rou nd h i m has b e e n such a p e rfe ct


as ,

sym bo l of joy a nd fre e dom to u s th a t we h av e gi ve n t h e a nge ls


wi ngs a nd a ssu m e d t h e ir ch i e f occu p a t ion t o b e si ngi ng
,
'

P e rso ns who h av e e njoy e d t he e d uc atio n th a t ca n be h ad on ly



from N atu re are bou n d to con n ect s w e e t sou nds wi t h a pu re
a t mosph e re : whisp e r of wi nd i n t h e fe r n s fl owi ng of w a t e r a nd ,

— ’
w arbli ng of bi rds al l N a tu re s symphon i e s a re pl ay e d out
u nd e r th e fre e blu e s ky , .

B ut no t o nly are the joys of h ea ring a ssoci a t ed with pu rity o f


atmosph e re .

The q ua lity a nd ra nge o f h ea ring d e pe nds l a rge ly o n th e


q u a l ity a nd a mou n t o f a i r a n y gi v e n cr e a tur e ca n bre a th e a nd ,

a l so o n h i s po w e r ov e r t h e a i r—h is pow e r to co n trol a n d to ,

ex pe l it . But thi s v er y pow e r to con t rol a nd e xpe l d e pe nds


v e ry l a rg e ly o n t h e int e gri ty of th e org a n of h e a ri ng —th e
fre ed o m o f al l v e nts a nd ope n i n gs .

To ta k e a n e x a m pl e J ust a t t he poi nt wh e re t h ro a t a nd
.

n os e m e e t is t h e tru m p e t m ou t h of t h e e ust a chi a n t ub e t h e


-
,

d ra in a ge ca n a l a nd v e nti l a tor of th e middl e ear N o w a n y .

sw e lli n g o r e nl ar ge m e n t i n t h a t re gion w i ll m ea n pre ssure


a g a i n st a n d closure of t h e tru m p e t mou t h A nd t h e n th e
-
.

su ffere r will be d ea f n o t t h rough th e e a r but th rough th e


, ,

th ro a t .

Or now l e t us su ppose th a t t he na sa l pa ssa ge s a re stoppe d


u p or i nfl a m e d Th e n yo u w ill a ga in h a v e i nte rru p t ion a nd
.

fa i lu re such as you might e x pe ct i f som e o f the v e nts of a ny


,

wi nd in strum e n ts w e re block e d u p .

The ca r we se e is n o t a n isol a te d org a n


,
It is a v e ry .

de pen d e nt orga n d e p e nd e nt o n a l l th e oth e rs—bu t mor e


-

e s pe ci a lly d ep en d e nt o n those th a t h a v e a nyth i n g im m e di a t e ly

t o do wi t h t h e a i r An y sw e lli ng i n fl a mm a tion o r disea se i n


.
, ,

t he brea th i ng orga n s wi ll sto p u p th e e a r op e n ings sil e nc e a l l -


,

t he m usi c A nd wh a t i s e v e n more s e rious th e e a r do e s n o t


.
,

r ecov e r s o quickly a nd e ntire ly as do m a ny oth e r orga n s I n .


5 8 1 17mg i n cl / [on an d z ll /
ove m e n t

i ts d e l ic a t e l a byri nths a n d ve sti bul e s th e tr a ce s of di se a s e l ing er


li k e a tra i l i n the wood Typhoid sc a rl a tin a d i p h th er i a m u m p s
.
, , , ,

tub erculosis m ea sl e s—th e s e a s m a ny m o t h e rs k now to th e i r


, ,

cost wil l not a llow Me ea r s to e sc a pe Ev e n th e si m pl e cold


, .

i n th e h e a d d e pa rts n o t w i t hou t l e a v i ng i ts tra c e M a n y



.

p e opl e a re d ea f fo r months a s t he re sult of a cold A nd we .

a l l se e m to re a lis e th is i n a sub co n scious ki nd of wa I


- “
y .

was gl a d to e sc a pe w i t h m y e a rs ”
sa id a girl i n t h e tra m
,

y e st e rda y I f s h e wa s a ll udi ng to a n il ln e ss s h e h a d i nd e e d
.
,

good ca us e to cong ra tul a t e h e rs e lf o n e s ca pi ng with he r ea rs

,

fo r v e ry fe w e v e r do th a t One t/ ur d of a l l a d u l ts a r e deaf to a
'

con s i der a bl e deg r ee i n o n e or both e a rs Th e re is a disa bi lity o f.

o ne e a r i n 1 0 pe r c e n t o f young childre n
. A nd a l a rge pro .
.

portion o town chi ldr e n a re coll r bon e bre a th e rs m a ny a s


f a — -
,

we sh a l l s e e pre s e n t l y b e ing mouth b re a th e rs


, .

G l a nc e round a ny l a rge cl a ss a n d you wil l prob a bly s ee o n e


o r t wo ch i ldr e n w ith t h e mou th op e n W hy do th e y k e e p the
.

m o uth op e n ? I n o rd e r to br e a th e Bu t th e mouth i s n o t .

th e n a tura l o rg a n fo r bre a t h ing n o r is i t fu rn ish e d wi t h th e


,

n e c e ss a ry a ppli a n c e s . F o r e x a m pl e th e nos e i s l i ne d w ith ,

fi ne h a irs wh ich pre v e n t th e p as s a ge o f m a n y d e a dly ge rm s


in to th e t hr oa t B u t t h e m o n th h a s no cil i a I t l e t s th e
. .

ge rm s pa ss through uni m p e d e d Ye s b ut th e mouth br e a t h e r s


.
,
-

nos e is stoppe d u p Wh a t is th e chi ld to d o if o n e n e c e ssa ry


.

v en t is clos e d ? H e m ust o f course Ope n a no t h e r I t i s o f


, , .

n o us e to sa y t o such a ch ild k e e p you r mou t h close d



H e .

m ust b re a th e a s h e c a n To b e su re h e is li a bl e to c a tch
.

m a ny dise a se s — m uch m o re l i a bl e to c a tch a n y i n fe c t iou s


illn e ss t h a n h is bro t h e r who b re a th e s i n th e norm a l wa y
,
.

Th e n t h e b re a th ing i ts e l f is b a dly don e H e c a n not bre a th e .

i n free ly h e is st ill more pow er l e ss to bre a th e out a g a i n A nd


a s fo r h i s e a rs—
.
,

w e ll we k now th a t one v e nt wi ll n o t t a k e
,

th e pl a c e o f a no t h e r wh e re t h e y a re conc e rn ed Sound .

is a m a tte r of v e n ts i n t h e ri ght pl a c e ! t h a t is to sa y of ,
Im agi n a t i on a nd Move m e n t 59

form . The mouth brea th e r is d e a f sti ll h e m ust bre a th e


-
,
as

he ca n .

H is d ea f a lso trou bl e som e (a s a rul e ) a n d stu pid Th e


e , .

d ulln e ss is i nd uc e d no t n a t u ra l Bu t it is r e a l Th e d e a fe st
, . .

ch ild re n i n a school a re th e st u pid est With th e i r pi nch e d .

nos e s ope n mou t h s dull e y e s a nd distress ed fore h ea ds th e


, , , ,

mouth brea th er s look stu pid a nd the t e a ch e r h a s troubl e w ith


-
,

th e m .N o r n e e d we wo nd e r Th e fe w e r o u r i m pre ssi on s.
,

t h e na rrow e r th e r a ng e of o u r l ife a n d t h e s m a l l e r m e a ns ,

h a ve we for i nte rpre ti n g a right th e i m pre ssions we d o rec e i v e .

H ow e ve r a pa rt fro m a l l this t h e mouth b re a th e r is i n n o


, ,
-

co ndition fo r m e nt a l work The pow e r o f though t a s w e ll a s .


,

t h e po w e r of fl i ght d e p e nds on a i r a nd br e a thi ng


, F o r by .

d e e p bre a thi ng th e bra i n i n suppl i e d wi t h oxyg e n a t e d blood .

B ut th is ch ild s bra i n is i m pov e rish e d H e si nks wh e n l e ft



.
,

t o hi mse lf i nto st u por You m a y s e e h i m a sl e e p som e t i m e s


, .
, ,

d
w i th his h e a d o n h is a r m a n his a m o n the d esk a so rrow
r ,


ful en ough e x a mpl e of mod e rn ch i ld c ulture -
.

I t would b e pl e a sa n t to th i n k t h a t i n ou r isl a nd hom e w ith ,

its w i nd sw e pt moors its co a sts ga y wi t h d a ncing flocks


- “
,

of se a bi rds o n t h e fo a m
-

th i s distre sse d l i tt l e mou t h bre a th e r
,
'

wa s a r a rity B ut his n a m e i s Le gion Som e ti m e s he m a n a ge s


. .

to k e e p h is m outh fa irly w e l l sh u t a n d you don t discov e r ,


h i m e ve n t hough you a re look ing fo r h i m


,
H e re a re two .

ta bl e s showing t h e perc e n ta g e o f mouth b re a th e rs i n t wo -

Bra dford schools Th e e x a m i n a tion wa s m a d e o n fi ne su nn y


.

d a ys in J un e wh e n th e n umb er of t e m pora ry colds wa s a t i t s


,

l o w e st
60 Im ag i n a ti on amt Move m e a t

O b vi o us M out h B th
-
rea e rs.

B th
o On e
N os t ril s N os tr il
B l oc k e d . Bl k d
oc e .

So much fo r th e victi m s discov e re d a t t he fir st glan c e as i t ,

w ere Th e re w e re o t h e rs who a ppe a re d norm al b u t m o re


.
,

c are fu l e x a m i natio n show e d t h a t th e y w e re suffe ri ng from


o bs t ru ctions .

A p pa re n tly N o rm a l C hil d re n .

Age B th o O ne H a b it ua l
l tas N u m ber N t il os r s N os t ril M o u th
Bi th d y
r a . Sle ec te d . Bl k d oc e . Bl k d
oc e . B rea t h e rs .

From th es e ta ble s
t h at mou t h b rea thing i s n ot a
we s ee -

rare t hing but v e ry common I t is s o co m mon t h a t we h av e


, .

reason t o fea r t h a t fe w e sca p e e n t i re ly



F ew with th e ir .

e a rs
, wi t h quick k e e n s e nse o f h ea ri ng As for th e mou t h
"
,
.

brea th e r t h e fi rs t t h ing to be don e for h i m is to re m ov e t h e


,

growt h s t h at i mp e d e th e a i r passage A si mpl e t re atm e nt .

wi ll d o t h is And i t i s ve ry in t e re sting to s e e h ow with th e ir


.
,
Im agi n a t i on a nd [Move m en t 61

disa pp eara nc e the ch ild g e ts a ne w l eas e of l ife an d d e v el ops


.

ra pidly Lik e a bi rd wi t h a b rok en wi ng he was pe rh a ps fo r


.

y ea rs And n o w lik e th e s a m e bi rd wi t h th e pi n ion h e a l e d


.
, ,

h e be gi ns a ne w li fe i n the op e n is n o lon ge r b e h ind th e ,

o t h e rs Th e t ea ch e r oft e n s ays Form e rly h e wa s s tu pid now


.

, ,

h e i s op e n ing ou t wo n de rfully W i t h o u t th e t rea t m e n t h e wi l l


.
"

p ass th rough h is school d ays a s a w e akli ng a nd p ro b a bly ,

b e com e v e ry d eaf i n l a t e r l i fe .

Th e l arge r qu e stion is of cours e h o w to p re v e nt such , ,


pa i n ful a n d hu m i li a ti ng ai l m e nts And t he a nswe r i s Li v e .

i n good a i r B re a t h e i t w e l l a n d e xh al e i t we ll a lso fo r i n
.
, ,

th i s as i n oth e r th in gs m uch d e pe n ds upon e x e rcis e And as


, , .

p eopl e b reat h e d e e ply wh e n t h e y a re movi ng fre e ly —wh e n


th ey a re j u m pi ng ru nn ing fe nci ng swi m m ing cl i mbing pl a y
, , , , ,


i ng we shoul d s e e t h at ch ild re n romp i n th e ope n a i r i f ,

po ss i bl e pl ay polo i n t h e w at e r e tc I f n e c essa ry b reat hing


, , .
,

dri l l shou ld be gi v e n i n th e sch ools O nly th e a i r m us t be pure . .

O th e rwise th e be tt e r t he chi ld re n b reath e i t th e worse fo r t h e m .

For o f cours i t is folly to ope n a doo r wid e only i n o rd e r


,
e
,

to a d mi t an e n e my Th e col l ar bon e b rea t hing o r b re a t h i ng


.
-
,

wi t h th e top of t h e ch e s t so com m o n with town chi ld re n was , ,

i n th e firs t in s ta nce p re v e n t iv e N a t u re clos e d th e doo r on .

th e e ne m y bad ai r -
B u t t h e doo rs of th e e ar s c a n n ot be
.

clos e d wi t h i m pun i t y F o r t h ey are t h e doo rs o f life and t h e


.
,

en t r a nc e of pow e r is t hrough t h e m Wh a t w e a kn e ss — and .

al so wh a t viol e nc e a n d —
d iscord att e n ds t h e i r pa rt i a l closi ng !
O ur schools full o f youn g gi rls a n d ch ildre n shou ld be rea l
, ,

n e st s of music Th e y a re n o t n e s t s o f music Sid e by sid e


. .

wi t h d ea fn e ss t h e re a re shou t ing a n d discord a n t voic e s Bu t .

th e h a b i t of rea l re s t ra i n t i s no t fo r m e d Susce p t ibil i ty is t h e re .

— fo r chil dre n wil l a pp re ci a t e k e e n ly a n y n e w voic e an d t u rn ,

quickly to l is t e n to i t s i nfl e c t ions e v e n wh e n t h e y h a v e qu i t e
ceas ed to b fas t idious a bou t th e voic e s o f t h e pe opl e a rou nd
e

th e m Th e y l is t e n wi t h pl ea sure to swe e t sin ging —p e rh a ps to


.
62 Im agi n a ti on and Movem en t
th e ir o wn swe e t si ngi ng B ut t h e y do not con ne ct t h ei r own
.

v oca l p ow e rs and a u ra l susc epti bi li ti e s wi th th e d i scord an t


spe ech of th e hom e or th e pl aying grou n d to the d isparage -

m e nt o f t h e l atte r Th e y sl ip app ar e n tly i nto t he b e l i e f


.
, ,

t h a t fi ne spe e ch lik e fi ne clo t h es is fo r a fe w p e opl e and


, , ,

t h a t th e swe e t n e ss o f th e ir o wn voic e s i n si ngi ng i s j us t a pa rt


of t h e mys t e ry t h a t e nw ra ps a l l th e proc e ss e s o f school wo rk .

I t i s di fficu lt t o pro vid e a good a ura l e n vi ro nm e n t i n sch ool .

Th e fi rs t condi tio n of al l i s a b a ck gr ou n d o f sil e nc e —a nd i n


-

t he schools of no r t h e rn ci t i e s th e ru m bl e of t rafli c t h e r i ng of ,

h oofs a nd wh ee ls on s ton e co b b le s m ad e any a tt e mpt at e ar ,

t ra i n ing on a l a rge scal e al mos t i mpossibl e O n t h e o t h e r


, , .

ha nd th e fin e r sti m ul i a r e lacking The t each e r is t e m pte d t o


.

shou t —th a t i s to sa y th e ch ild re n ar e no t t e m pt e d t o l i sten


, .

An d t h e sw e e t e st n atu ra l sou nds such a s th e r ush in g o f w a t e r


, ,

t h e whisp e r o f l ea v e s t h e k e e n sw ee t w a r b l ing o f bi rds c an


, ,

h ardly b e bro u gh t i nt o t h e school roo m W e m ay b ring pic t u re s .

o f m e a do w hills a n d s e a an d h a ng th e m o n th e w a lls bu t t he
, ,

voice s of N atu re ca nn o t be re pro duce d s o easily Th e whol e


'

-
.

qu e stion bristl es wi t h di ffi cul ti e s a n d a utho ri t i e s show s o m e


,

t e nd e ncy to ru n a w ay from i t .

Ye t we a re re ca l l e d by t h e knowl e dg e th a t th e h um a n voic e
sta nds a s t h e e x pre ssion o f t he inn e r life a nd a ppe a ls dire ct ly ,

to t h e e mo ti ons A ll th a t co n ce rns i t th e n ha s a spe ci a l


.

b e a ri ng on qu e s t ions of mora l i t y a nd conduct Th e G re e ks .


w e re pe rfe c t ly a w a re o f th is fa ct a nd r e cogni ze d i t W e a re .

a w a r e of it but puzzl e d h o w t o a c t o n our k nowl e dg e


,
We .

fe e l th a t th e b e a u t iful singing voice o f th e north e rn e r is th e


na tu ra l voic e Th a t th e h a rsh rud e s pe a k i ng voice is t he
.
,

a rt i fici a l a nd th e fa ls e voic e
,
Th a t th e form e r n o t t he l a tt e r
.
, ,

cont a i ns th e proph e cy o f t he ra ce t h a t i t co n ta ins a sugg e stion


,

o f v a r i e d a n d lov e ly h u m a n pow e rs a n d fe e lings w h ich a re

to d a y di vo rc e d from t he e v e ry d a y li fe
-
.

W e c a n ch an g e th e a ura l e n v ir o n m e nt without ch a n gi ng
Im ag i na t i on and Move m e n t 63

th e loc a li ty — si nc e t h e rich e st e l em e nt i n it a ft e r a ll i s th e
h u m an e l e m e n t Thi s h u m a n el e m e n t c a rri e s the dire ct
.

m ora l i n fl u e nc e and through spee ch more th a n son g The


,
.

a u r a l en v i ro n m e n t o f e v e n th e most u n h a ppy ch i ld i s a l w a ys

ch a n gi n g wi t h in c e rt a i n l imits fo r it i s i nfl u e nc e d by e v e ry
,

wa v e of fe e l ing th a t st i rs t he pe o pl e a rou nd h im The bea uti .

fu l fl e xi bl e voice o fle rs th e st im ul us of conti nu a l fi ne ch a ng e
'

th e ch a rm o f fi n e v a ri e ty The i n fe rior voic e i s in fe rior


.

m a i nly b e ca u s e i t is du ll And i t is d ull m a inly b e c a use i t e x


.

pre ss e s only a fe w st a t e s o r fe e li ngs O bviously t he tra i nin g .

o f th e e a r i s a subj ect wh ich ca rr i e s u s fa r I t is im possibl e .

to se p a ra t e it from th e ge n e r l e duc tion


a a — t o consid e r it a s a
t h i ng a p a r t — a s i mpossibl e a s it would b e to t a k e a s e pa ra t e
pa rt of t h e e a r wh ich is a s e ri e s of ori fice s l a byri nt h s a n d
, ,

co m pl ex struc t u re s a nd a tt e m pt to d e a l w ith i t as a n i nd e
,

p e nd e nt orga n Ea r tra i n ing is d e pe nd e n t o n voice tra in in g


.
,

an d bo t h a re d e p e nd e n t o n th e e motion a l l ife o n n utritio n ,

( a spe ci a list i n fo r m e d t h e w r it e r t h a t qu it e a pa rt fro m t h e


,

qu es tio n o f e n e rgy or w a nt o f e n e rgy h e could j udg e o f t h e ,

qu a li ty of t he food o n which chi l d re n l i v ed by l ist e ning to ,

th e i r s i n gi n g ) o n soci a l conditio ns i n short o n the whol e li fe


, ,

a nd tr a i n i n g o f th e school a n d th e ho m e .

But n o w fo r a fe w words on t h e ra ng e o f h e a ri ng i n ch ildre n .

Th e t es tin g o f h e a ring i n schools pre s e n t s g rea t di fficul t i e s .

The tim e and troubl e re quire d pre v e nt a ge n e ra l e x a mi n a tio n ,

as i n t h e c a s e o f vision N e v e rth e l e ss i t is p rob a bl e th at


.
,

d e a fn e ss i nt e rfe re s to som e e x t e nt w i t h t he e d uc a tion a l p rogre ss


of I 5 p er c e nt o f th e child re n i n schools :
.

Ch i ldre n how e v e r h a v e c e rt a i n p ri vi l eg e s in th e m a tte r o f


, ,

he a ri n g. Th e y h a v e th e pow e r o f h e a ri n g h igh n ot e s to w hich


a d u l t s h a v e b e com e d e a f T e s t e d by a wh is t l e wh ich th e
.
,

sch ool doctor k e e ps i n his roo m t h e y show a susc e pt ibility to


,

s ou nds to o shri l l to be a udibl e to old e r pe opl e D a l t on .


64 Im ag i n a ti on aaa

M ov e m enf

m e n t ions a Dorse tshire prov e rb wh ich sa ys th a t no l a bou re r ,

ov e r forty ca n h e a r a b a t sq u e a k .

B e yond th e li m it a t wh ich sh rill sounds a re a udibl e to


chi l dre n the e ffe ct o f vibra tions m a y be obse rve d o n s en siti v e
,

fl a m e s An d such obse rv a tions a re provi ng us e ful i n th e


.

ed uca tio n o f t h e d e a f Pupi ls i nca pa bl e of h ea ri ng ord in ar y


.

sou nds w a tch th e e ffe ct o f th e ir own spe e ch on th e fl a m e sc a l e


,
-

b e fo re wh ich th e y pra cti se a nd i n th is wa y l e a rn to re gu la t e


,

t he a mount a nd forc e of t h e b re a th th a t is to sa y th e y , ,

l e a rn t o mod ul a t e th e voice —a di ffi cult ta sk fo r th e m as


e v e ryon e k n ows wh o h a s h a d t o d o with the i nstruction
,

o f th e d e a f .

B u t to re turn to the chi ld of the e l e m e nt a ry school Though .

posse ssi n g a c e rt a i n a dv a nta g e wi t h re g a rd to shril l sou n ds ,

i t is cl ea r th a t th e sh a rpe st chi ld is d e a f a s com pa re d with th e


a v e r a g e a d ult Th e pow e r o f h ea ring sh ri l l sou nds h a s noth in g
to do—a s D a lto n poi nts out — w ith sh a rp n e ss o f h e a ri n g a n y
.

more th a n a wid e ra nge o f th e ke y boa rd of a pi a no h as to d o -

w i t h the ti m bre o f th e i nd ivid u a l stri ngs .

T e sting w i t h a w a tch Dr K e r r go t th e followi ng re s u l t s


, .

N u m ber o f ch i ld re n t o w
wh om at c h be co m es
au d i bl e at a i
d s tanc e o f

F o r t h e ri g h t e a r F or th e l e ft ea r

l es s l es s
to to
t ha n 5 t o re t o to o v er
th a n 5 to to
i n. s o rm s o i n. tn . so in
5 in 5 in
.
. .

N ote -
Ad l u ts h e ar wa tc h a t 36 i n c he s .

This t a bl e s e t s b e fo re us t he u n for t u na te fa t e of th e l e ft
I m ag i na t i on a nd M ovem ea t 65

si d e . It bri ngs hom e to u s a lso th e fa ct th a t tbe l ea r n i ng to


b a r as w e ll as th e l e a rn i ng to s e e is q uit e a lo ng proce ss
E a rs a nd e y e s a re orga n s —no more Th e y m a y be p e rfect
.
, ,

a n d ye t h ea r i n g a n d visi on m a y be sm a ll A mo ng idiots d e
.

fects o f th e ea r a re ra re an d yet idiots a re o fte n d e a f Th e y a re


, .

de a f no t throu gh the ear but th rough the bra in You n g ch i ldre n


.

a re d ea f as compa re d wi th old er pe rso n s be ca us e th e y h a ve


,

n ot l ea rn e d a s ye t to d istingu ish an d i n t e rpre t s e n sa tio n s s o

w e ll a s ad ults F or th e s a m e r e a son doubtl es s the s e nsiti vi ty


.

of w o m e n a ppea rs to be i n fe ri or to th a t of m e n On e of .

th e a ims of e d uca ti on is to d e v e lop pow e r of sen se dis


cr im i na tio n This po w e r d e pe nds p a rtly of course o n the
.
, ,

i n te grity of th e org a ns but l arg e ly o n th e org a n i za ti on an d


,

g row t h of t h e b r ain
.
C HA PTE R IV

M E M O R Y AN D s n or to n

M e n o ra h — kn e w wh a t k ind of t h ings a ma n or a ch ild


I f we
r emember s we sh a l l know som e th ing a bout t h e kin d o f i m agin a

t io n h e poss e sse s A pai nt e r a spor tsm an a m e rch a n t a l it tl e


.
, , ,

child do n o t se e a h o rs e i n t he s am e way or re m e m be r th e ,

sa m e t hi ngs a bou t h i m Th e qu al iti es wh ich i nt e re st on e are


.

quit e n egl e ct e d by an o t h e r .

Th e gr e a t p ai n t e r ha s we sa y grea t i m agi n ation M e mo ry


, ,
.

i s th e basis o f t his i m agi n ation Th e re a re m a ny spe ci fic .

ord e rs of m e m o ry Ev e ry s e ns e e v e ry ord e r of p e rce p t io n


.
-
, ,

e v e ry e motion h as its o wn Th e pa inte r s is l arg e ly a vi su a l .


m e mory *
H ow m uch h e fo rge t s h o w m uch h e ign o re s i n
.
,

ord e r t o re m e mb e r t o aw ak e n a t will a c e r t ai n o rd e r of m i n d
,

i m age G h i rl ando could pa i n t th e po rt ra i t of an y pe rson


.

whom h e h ad s e e n p as s i ng i n t h e s tre e t H ol b e i n o n comi ng .


,

to Lo ndon fo rgo t t h e n a m e o f a pa t ron bu t r e m e mb e re d h is


, ,

The i li m i t ti
o rga n c f th ti t a t l on s o f th y g ti
e t ar s , or a ea s t o e ou n r
ar s ,

m y b
a v
e o m by e rco i d f h
e a c e rta n o r Of l t y it i b m er o t e ac er . a e e a rs s e co

i g
n mm
co t on g g o en d a f t e h f o ne
g ft d hil
ord erw h o e ac er or i e c re n , o a re
l i g t d w t f h i t i t i p w b t f th | m w l t g h
e a rn n o ra no or s ar s c o e r, u or o er e rs a o et e r,

,

F or e x mpal A t l
e t d b y wh d a en e w h w ll i o t t li wi t h
,
o ra s o rs e s e , s Se n o ve

an e x p t j dg f h
er u fl h
e o Th l tto rs e l d hi y t hi y g
s
es e a er en s s e es o s ou n

p p
u il ,p i t hi
o n ts o u
g f wht h t hn t
s i l
or k d whi
ic h h l d m
e ar s t ne v e r oo s an c e se o

sees , a nd th h l p him
us e i w s t d bl , pp
as ly f m
t i d i m g
e re . o a ou e su o n a es
to w k wi th M t h
or ,
f th
s . ti t d h es e o f th xp t d j k y
e ar s an t ese o e e er an oc e .
Mem ory a nd Em ot i on

fa c e so w e l l t h a t h e pa i n t e d a port ra i t o f h i m Wh il e H o rac e .

V e rn e t pa i n t e d por t ra i t s from m e mory a fte r a si ngl e si t ting .

Moza rt s t on e m e m o ry was so gre a t th a t he could pl ay a whol e



-

ope ra a ft e r h avi ng l is t e n e d to it o n ly onc e Such sp ec i a l iz a tion .

i nvol v e s s ac ri fice Ev e ry faculty o r ord e r of m e mory wh ich


.

e n ch a i ns o r susp e nds t h e a c t ion o f t h e re st i s a d e spo t Moza rt .

could not c u t u p his o wn food an d o f Tu rn e r i t was s a id t ha t


,

“ ”
h e had hol e s i n h is brai n .


Equi l ibriu m o f th e fa cu l t i e s i s i n h u m a n i n te llige nce wh at
,

e quil i bri u m o f forc e s is i n th e p hysi ca l world



Ye t a l l t h e .

m e mori e s are no t e qu al i n a n y p e rson —e v e n i n th e w e l l ~


ba la nc e d . T a i n e obs e rve d t h at in h i s o wn c as e colou r
m e mory was ra t h e r b e tt e r t h an m e m o ry o f fo rm b u t t h at h is ,

m e mo ry fo r fe e lings o r s e n t im e n ts once e xpe ri e nce d was k e e n e r ,

t h an e i t h e r “
I f I look ba ck h e wri t e s I ca n s e e wi t h o u t
.

,

,

di fficul ty aft e r se v er a l y e ars fi ve or six frag m e n ts of th e ou t


, ,

l i n e of a sc e n e bu t n o t th e p re cise a n d compl e t e outli ne I


, .

c a n re c a l l mor e e asi ly t h a n t h e outli n e t h e wh it e ne ss o f a ,

s andy pat h at Fou n ta i ne bl ea u th e h u nd re jl li tt l e Sp O tS and


,

s t rip e s m ad e by t he sp rigs of wood s t re w e d o n i t i ts wi n di ng


, ,

c u rve s t he fai n t ly ros e coloure d t in ts o f t he h ea t h e r by th e


,

sid e of th e pa t h bu t I c an n ot tra ce th e windi ng o f th e


pat h A bov e b e low al l is vagu e I n my ca se al l t h a t is re
.
, , .
,

p rod uc e d u n i nj u re d a n d whol e is th e p re cis e sh ad e o f e motio n


I ex pe ri e nc e d "
Th a nks to t h is fi ne m e m ory o f s e n t i m e nt s
.
,

Ta in e an d o t h e rs of si mil ar o rga nis at ion c an re n e w pa ins and


, ,

pl eas u res Ot h e r m e n a ccus t om e d t o pay l e ss at t e ntion to


.
,

se n t i m en t s a nd more to s e nsa tions m igh t be a bl e to bring th e ,

colours be fore th e consciousn e ss wi t h a cl e arn ess t h a t woul d


a l m os t e qu a l th a t o f th e origin a l e xp e r i e n c e
O

Th e m e mo ri e s o f a ny indi vidu a l t h e n a re un equ al : n e v e r , ,

t h e l e s s t h e y h av e al l som e t h ing i n com mon m a — Th at t h e y


, , .

r epre se n t th e co n s e rv at io n o f c e rt a i n s t a t e s o f t he o rga n ism an d ,

th e ir re prod uc t i o n Ev e ry i m pression l e a v e s a ce rt ai n i n e fface


.

68 Me m ory and E m oh on

a bl e tra ce t h a t i s to say mol e cul es d i sa rra nged an d fo rc e d to


,

vi brat e i n a di ffe re nt way c an n o t re t urn e xa c t ly t o t h e i r p rim itiv e


s tat e I f I bru sh th e su rfac e of w a t e r a t re s t wi t h a fea th e r t h e
.
, , ,

l i qu id wi l l n ot ta k e aga i n th e fo rm wh ich i t h ad b e fore ! i t m ay


agai n p re se nt a smoo t h s ur fac e bu t mol e cul e s wil l h av e ch an ge d
,

pl ac es a nd an e ye of su ffi ci e nt pow e r would s e e tra c e s of th e


,

passag e of a fea th e r O rganic mol ec ul e s acqu i re a grea te r or


.

l e ss d egre e of a ptitud e fo r su bmi t t i ng to disa rra nge m e n t No .

dou b t i f th is sa m e e x t e rior forc e di d no t aga i n act u po n the


,

sa m e mol e cul e s th e y would t e nd to re tu r n t o t h e i r n a tural


,

form ! bu t it is far o t h e rwise i f th e a c t ion is s e ve ral ti m es


re p eat e d I n this ca se t h ey los e li ttl e by l i t tl e th e pow e r of
.
, ,

r etu rn i ng to th e i r ori gin a l form a n d be com e m ore a nd mor e


,

close ly id e nti fi e d with t h a t wh ich is fo rc e d u pon th e m u n t il ,

this b eco m es n atura l i n its t u rn but t h e y stil l r e spo nd t o t he


.

l ea st i n flu e nc e tha t wi l l s e t th e m i n vi bra t io n
I t appe a rs at the fi rst b l ush as i f the n e rvous syst e m was for
a lo ng ti m e a passi v e i n stru m e nt A nd ye t t his is no t th e
.

cas e — I n fan cy is a pe riod of consta n t e xpe ri m e n t Acts wh ich .

see m e asy to u s w e re acquire d wi t h di fficu l t y Th u s wh e n “


.
,

l ight fi rs t stri k e s t he e y e s o f a n e w b orn ch ild a n i ncoh eren t ,

fl uctu a ti on of mov e m e nt s i s o bse rv e d At th e e xpi ratio n of a .

fe w w e e ks th e movem e nts a re co o rd i n a te d t h e e ye s ha v e th e
-
,

po we r of accommoda ti on a n d be i ng fi xe d u po n a l u mi nou s
, ,

poin t are a b l e to follow i t wi th p re cision


,

Th us we se e th a t .

organ ic m e mory i mpl i e s not on ly a modifica ti on of ner vou s


el eme n ts bu t toef or m a ti o n a mo n
,
g th e s e e l e m e n t s of d e te rmi n a t e
associ a ti ons for each pa rticul a r ac t

De te rmi nate assoc i a tio n s
.

are form e d grad ua lly by re pe t ition an d e v e n aft e r th ey ,

are form e d t h e y h a v e to be m ai n t ai n e d by e xe rc ise Let .

u s ta k e fo r e xa mpl e t h e c as e of th e l ea r ne d profe ssor


, , ,

who be cam e bl i nd and forgot lzow fo see


, A c e rta i n .

organ ic m e mory wh ich u n d e r norm a l condi t ions would h ave


, ,

be e n so stabl e as to be ign ore d , was p art ly l ost an d had to ,


M om ory a nd

E m ol zozz
'
69

be re co ve red A g rea t m an y ne rvo u s e l e m e nts di ffe ring from


.
,

e ach oth e r gr e a t ly i n s t ru c t u re a n d fu nc t io n s i n for m and ar ,

ra nge m en t h ad to re cov e r c e rt a in a ffi n i t i e s or powe r of work


, ,

i ng i n c e rt a i n d e fi n i t e re l at ion s be fo re th e p rofe ssor c o u ld


,

l e arn ag ai n o n e of t he l es s on s of i n fan cy H e h ad t o re turn


.

an d u n d e rgo p ar t of t h e t ra i n ing of i n fan cy M e m ory d e .

pe nds no t m e re ly i n a p a rt icul a r modifica t ion i m p re sse d o n th e


n e rvous e l e m e n ts : i t d e p e nds also on th e e stablish m e n t o f
a c e rta i n l i ving re l a t io n ship b e twee n e l e m e n ts I f we tu rn .

now from t h e consid e ratio n of th e orga n ic t o th e con sci o us


m e mory th e mov e m e n t of li fe a ppe a rs to be al mos t b e wil d e r
,

ing Wh at cons t i t ut e s th e h igh e s t t h e most com pl e x a nd u n


.
,

sta b l e form of m e mory ? Bri e fly conscious m e m o ry i mpl i e s fi rs t


, ,

of cou rse all t h a t h as b e e n al rea dy in dica t e d vi a


, The m od i fi
,
.
-

ca tio n o f ce r t ai n ce l ls by re pe ate d i m pre ssion th e e sta bl ish m e n t


,

of ce rta i n dy na mic associ at ions b u t fu rth e r th e associ a tio n of ,

s ta te s of co n sciousn e ss e volv ed t hrough t h es e a nd fi na l ly th e ,

con n e xion of a ll this by a ch a i n o f a ss oci a tio ns to t he pre se n t .

Th e la st of t h e se co n di ti ons m a y a lon e be a bs e nt wh il e al l th e ,

r e st is we l l e s ta blish e d For e xampl e th e po e t Wych e rl ey had


.
, , ,

a n a d mi ra b l e m e mory u p to a c e r t a i n poi nt I f a n ythi ng was


.

rea d to h i m a t n igh t h e a wok e t h e n e x t morn i n g with a mi n d


,

o ver fl owi ng wi t h the t hough t s a nd e xpre ssions h ea rd th e n igh t


be fore ! O nly h e had forgo tt e n e ntire ly t h a t th e t hou gh t s w e re i

n o t h i s own Th e m odi fica t ion i mp re ss e d u pon th e c e re bral


.

c e lls was p e rsiste n t : th e dy na mica l associ a ti ons of th e n e rvous


e l e m e n ts w e re st a bl e : th e s t a t e of consc iousn e ss con ne c t e d

wi th ea ch was e volve d : th e s t a t e s of co nsci ous ne ss we re reas


soc i a te d a n d cons t i t u t e d a se ri e s f i r m t h e m e n t a l ope ra ti on
.

was sudd e n ly a rr e st e d The s e ri e s aro u s e d no s e co n da ry st ate


.

t h e y re m a i ne d isol a te d wi t h no t h ing to con n e ct t h e m wi t h th e


p re s e nt Th e y re m a i ne d in th e co nd iti on of illusions
. .

The loca li za tion i n t i m e a ppe a rs to be a l a t e a nd v e ry ,

r ad u a l ly a cqui r e d po w e r of m e mory O nly a ft e r a n a p


g .
d E m ol zo

70 Me m ory an

rec i a b l e i nt e rv a lsom et i m e s fi x thi ngs i n ti m e


we
p ca n .

I n ord e r to do i t a t a l l we re quire a ce rta i n pow e r o f d e a li n g


w ith m i nd i m a ge s o f forge tti ng a s w e ll a s re m e mb e ring o f
, ,

sa cr i fici ng as w e ll a s ga ining o f h a ving b u t no t holdi ng ,

th a t is to sa y
-
t h e fi xi ng o f th ings i n ti m e
, in volv e s
grea t m ent a l a ctivi ty Ev e n t h e pl a st ic a rtis t s m e mory
.

,

w hich is a visio n n o t i n ti m e but i n Sp a c e i m pli e s


prodigi ous mov e m e n t wi th loss—a mov e m e n t i nd ucing v e ry
, ,


ofte n sudd e n fa t igu e I f I wish to s e e t h e M oo rs a g a i n
.
,

w ro te G i lb e rt B a lle t the pa i nte r “


I wi ll only h a v e to close ,

m y e y e s a nd th e n—fe ll a hs gra n i t e col umns wh ite m a rbl e , ,

e l e ph an t s pl a in s of gold an d di a mond cit e s !


, 0 wh a t m a d
ne ss ! Wh a t d e light I wi ll b e drun k e n w ith m a rv el s ,

u ntil com pl e te ly und e r the pow e r o f h a l luci na tio n I a t l a s t ,

fa ll ba ck i n t o t h e world o f m ed iocr ity ”


O I h a v e a st ra nge .

m e mory wrote From e n t in



,

I n e v e r ta k e note s Som e ti m e s
, .

i n tra v e lling I grow w e a ry I sh ut m y e y e s I s a y to myse lf


. . .

Yo u are losi ng a l l th a t B ut no Two o r th ree y e a rs a ft e r


.

.

w a rds I ca n se e i t cl e a rly ”
The v ision i n spa c e doe s no t .

invol v e th e sa m e ord e r o r ch a i n o f a cti viti e s a s t h e vision


i n ti m e It is l a rge ly a n h a l luci n a tio n
. B ut e v e ry high e r .

form of m e mor y i n volv e s p r od i gi o u s ar /rvi ly a nd m ovement


'

I m pre ssion s a re no t re giste re d i n i n e rt m a tt e r b ut i n li v ing


m a tte r Th e y a re no t print e d o n th e c e lls l i k e a se a l o n
.

wa x Th e c e lls i n con t in uou s v ibra tio n c a tch t h e n e w


m e ssa g e a n d fi x i t in p rpe tu a l ch a n ge a nd r e sponsee
.

The conse rv a tio n o f i m p re ssions d e pe nds th e n o n ch a ng e .

Sta bility o f i m pre ssi o n s d e pe nds on co nst n t ch ng a a e — th a t i s


t o sa y o n n u t ri t i v e ch a ng e s
,
I n so m e ch ildre n t h e ra pid re gis
.

tra tion a nd re s t or a t ion doe s n o t t a k e pl a c e W e sa y o f th e m .


,

not Th e y h a v e a b a d m em ory (t h a t goe s w i t hou t sa yi ng ) ,

bu t The n ut rition is poor


“ ”
I n o l d a g e a lso n ut ri t ion is
.
, ,

oft e n poor a n d i nc a p a ci t y fo r ra pid ch a ng e i n t h e br a i n ce lls


,

is a ccomp a n i e d by a corre spond in g s lown e ss a nd fa i ntn e ss of


j l l azi zozry a nd Em ot i on 7 1


m e mory more e sp e ci a lly re c e nt e v e nts a nd th ings Th e
fo r .

ce l ls i n m a ny ca se s stil l gu a rdin g tra c e s o f th e tim e wh e n


n u tritio n was ra pid — re pl a ci ng th e se ea rl i e r tra c e s with w ha t
e n e rgy is l e ft i n th e m .I nn u m e ra bl e fa cts show th a t th e re i s
be t w e e n n u tritio n and cons e rv a tion the re l a tio n o f ca use an d
e ffe ct
.

Th e s e fa cts throw a gre a t d e a l of l igh t on m a n y oth e rs .

G o i nto a ny sl u m school a nd a sk such qu e stion s a s th e se .

“ ” “ " “
Wh at is your n a m e ? H o w old a re you ? H ow
m an y broth e rs a nd siste rs h a v e you ? ” “
Wh e n did you r
r i —
fa th e d e a nd your m oth er ?
Th e a nsw e r to such qu e stions fa ll ra pidly —inst a n ta ne ously
from th e li ps of th e w e l l nouri sh e d ch ild U nforge tta bl e to
-
.

h im se em s h is o wn n a m e a n d t h e n a m e s o f h is broth e rs a n d
siste rs A nd ve ry w e l l he re m e mb e rs th a t h e i s fi ve a nd a
.

h al f or si x a nd a h a l f y ea rs o ld B ut th e girl o f d oubl e th a t
.

a ge ofte n looks tr oubl e d a t yo ur qu e st ion Sh e ha s to r e col l e ct


.

w ith an e ffo rt e v e n th e most fa mili a r t h i n gs Sh e k e e ps .

but a sm al l hold o n t h e pa s t —o r r a t h e r i t k ee ps sli pping from


h e r gra sp e v e n t hough s h e m a y d e si re to hold i t
,

Wh e re .


is yo ur m ot he r ? sa id a te a ch e r o ne d a y to a b right e y e d -

girl of tw e l ve Th e gi rl look e d s ta r tl e d fo r a mom e n t th e n


.
,

col le ct ed h e rse lf a nd a nswe re d q uick ly She d rown e d h e rs e lf


l a st y ea r i n t he d a m . It wa s pl a i n th a t t he r e m e mbrance

was a sorrowful on e a n d t h a t th e ch ild to o wa s no t u n


, , ,

con scious o f th e tr a gic e l e m e n t i n h e r o wn forg e tfu l ne ss Sh e .


,

l i ke m a ny o t h e rs p e rh a ps rea l iz e d di mly th a t i n forge tfuln ess


, ,

th e re is a ki nd of s e cond d e a t h t h a t whi l e th e i m a ge l i n g e rs
, ,

th e b el o v e d i s no t a ltog e th e r los t B u t th e v e ry poo r a re


.

l i t era lly no t i n a positio n to ch e rish th e m e m ory of th e d e a d .

T a k e fo r e x a m pl e th e c a s e o f a fa m i ly in th e sl u ms wh o ha d ,

a se ri e s o f t err ibl e m isfort un e s The fa th e r fe l l o ff a l a dd e r


.

a nd w as ki ll e d . A fe w w e e ks l a t e r o n e o f th e d a ught e rs
c a ugh t sm a llpox a nd di e d i n t h e hospi ta l a nd a b ro t h e r wa s
,
7 2 Me m ory a nd Emot i on

i nj ure d i n a stree t a ccid e n t A y ea r l a te r th e re we re ne w


.

e v e nts . Th e mo t h e r m a rri e d a ga i n t h e n s e pa ra te d from h e r


,

h u sb an d a d a ught e r too m arri e d and one of th e s o ns h a d a


, ,

sudd en ri se i n w a g e s It was im possibl e to S pea k to any


.

m e m be r of th is fa m ily a bout t he se ri e s of sorro wful e ve n ts


th a t h a d h a ppene d i n th e pre vious y ea r without s ee ing th a t ,

h e or s h e was pu zzl e d to r e coll e ct th e ir or d er a nd n a tu re ,

e v e ryt h i n g co n ce rn i n g th e m h a d be com e di m a n d co n fuse d .

P e riods of se m i sta rv a tio n ha d i nt e rv e ne d b e tw ee n th e sa d


-

e v e n ts, a nd d u ri ng th e se pe riods th e springs of sorr ow a n d

re m e mbra nce h ad b e e n dri ed up Doubtl ess urg e n t ca re s .

a bout to morrow s su ppli e s h a d m a d e t h e sw ee pi ng a w a y of



-

th e pa st a ll th e more r a pid L i k e pe opl e i n a boa t bre a st in g


.
,

a grea t st orm t h e y d id no t turn b ack to see th e bi llows n o w


, ,

fa r be h i n d th e m .

If we w a n t to ge t an id ea of wh a t th e i nte l l ectu a l m a ch i ne

is , we m ust l a y a sid e l it era ry m e ta phors sa id Ta in e ,
We .

m ust l a y a sid e such words as I m a gi na tion Wi ll I n te llig e nc e , , ,

e v e n M e mory

. Th e se a re b ut a b bre vi ation s sig ns th a t ,

e x pre ss a gre a t su m of th i ngs B e low a l l e ls e a n d co ndition


.
,

i n g it th e phy siologist s e e s m yri a ds of ce lls ca pa bl e of


, ,

sp on ta ne ous d e v e lopm e nt m od ifi a b l e through i mpres s i on


, ,

n utritio n , a ssoci a ti o n a nd a n ta gon i sm


, The psychologist .

s ee s o nly the i mm ed i a t e re su lt of the a ct i v ity of the di ve rse


’ ’

c e lls to w it m en ta l i m ages of va r i ou s or der s p n m rti ve or


, ,

modifi ed t/m
'

consecu ti ve, i
gf ted w i th cer ta i n ten dand er, in r

devel op me nt by Me aid or ”re a n tagoni s m of other i mages .

Both fi nd in th e c e l l a nd its var yi ng condition the m a t e ri a l


“ ”
for a l l t h e h igh er str ucture s of m i nd a nd the fa cu lti e s .

H ow pl a stic it is how susce p t ibl e ho w ch a rge d with pote nti al


, ,

e nergi e s we m a y d e v in e from t h e e v e n ts of our inn e r l ife .

Som e ti m e s m e mori e s th a t h a v e l a i n dorm a n t for y e a rs a nd ,

w e re a ppa re ntl y va n ish ed fo r e v e r will re v iv e sudd e nly und e r


,

t h e i n flu e n ce of e moti o n During i ll ne sses i n wh ich th e


.
Mem ory a nd Em ot i on 73

ci rcul a tion und e rgo e s gr ea t ch a nge s t h e m ind wi ll s udd en ly


,

tur n ov e r as i t w e re the lost m e m o ri e s of chi l d h ood a nd


i n fa ncy A se rv a nt gi rl who h a d h ea rd H e br e w phra se s in
.

c hi ld h o od and forgotte n th e m a ppa re ntly for e ve r displ a y e d


.
,

h e r l ea rn i n g i n a n a tt a ck of fe v e r to t h e a ston i sh m e nt of a l l
,
.

A n oth e r girl who com pl e te ly lost the s en se of h e a ri ng i n ea rly


ch ildh ood re coll e ct e d a fte r m a n y y e ar s the rh yth m of a
, ,

so ng s h e ha d h ea rd i n i nfa ncy Th e s e su d d e n re vi v a ls prov e


.

t h e pe rsist e nc e of long subm er g e d i m a g e s Ev e ry se nsa ti on


.
,

fee bl e or strong e v e ry e x pe ri e n ce gre a t or sm a ll t e nds to be


, ,

t e born through a n i n t er ior i m a g e wh ich fa d e s a nd


-
e t see ms
y
to be ca pa bl e of e x tra ordi n a ry r e surr e ctions Th us th e .

h u m a n m em ory is lik e a grea t ri ve r th a t rolls a long ca tch in g ,

e v e ry r e fl e ctio n an d ho ld i n g it for e v e r Ev e ryth i ng th a t fa lls


.

o n i t is h e n c e fort h c a p a bl e of re v i v ifi ca ti o n a nd r e birth a l l ,

t h e d e br i s of its g u lf a nd shor e s h a v e po te n ti a l iti e s th a t ,

a w a it o n ly t h e righ t co n ditions to re v e a l th e m se lv es A nd

y e t t h is ri ve r m a
y b e com e a m e re ch a nn e l of sl ugg i sh p oo l s
a n d gr e y w a t e r tr a cks A ch a ng e i n th e ce re bra l subs t a nce
.
,

fa ti gu e h u n g e r m a y pre v e n t th e a w a k e n in g of i m ag e s
, ,
Si r .

H e nr y Hol l a nd r ela te s how o n e d a y he lost or a ppe a r ed to ,


"
l o se al l his pa st a nd its a cq u isitions
,

I d e sc e n d e d h e
.
,

writ e s i n on e d a y two ve ry d e e p m i n es i n th e H a rtz m o u n


,

ta i ns r e m a in i ng som e hours u nd e rgrou nd i n ea ch Whil e i n


, .

th e se co nd mi n e an d e xh a ust e d bo th from fa tigu e a nd i n a ni t ion


I fel t th e utte r i m po ss i b i li ty of t al king longe r w i t h t h e G e rm a n
I n spe ctor who ac com pa n i e d m e Ev e ry G e rm a n word a nd
.

ph ra se d es e rt e d m y r ecoll ecti o n a nd i t was n o t u n ti l I ha d


,

ta k en food an d w in e a nd h a d b e e n som e ti m e a t re st th a t I ,

re g a i ne d th e m a ga i n ”
H e re is a ca s e i n w h ich t h e ri ve r
.

su dd e nly ru n s dry I n th e cas e of m a n y h a l f fa m i s h ed ch i ldre n


.
,

t h e ri v e r is a l w a ys k e p t sh a l low Ba d fe ed i ng i n i n fa ncy
.

drai ns it a t i ts so u rc e I n su ffi ci e nt food a t a l a te r a ge fa tigu e



.
, ,

c on tin u a l re strai n t o ne or a l l of th e se c a us es m a y be
74 M e m ory an d E m ot i on

a cti v e a nd the e ffe cts a re to be se e n i n t h e ge n e r a l fa i l u re


,

of a l l m e nt a l a c ti viti e s—b ut pa rt icul a rly i n t h e po ve rty o r


r a th e r t he p a ra lysis o f th e I m a gi na tio n W e s e e th i s i llus .

t ra te d tr agic a lly i n th e poo r W e s e e i t il l ustra t e d som e ti m e s


.

e v e n a m ong t h e w e ll t o do -
.

The t e s t i m ony o f a l l t hos e who a t t e mpt th e t ra i n ing o f t h e


I m ag i nat io n is un ani m ous as t o t h e g rea t i mmobi l i ty o f e v e n
th e (11 08 1 pro m ising pupils

I f I w a n t my child re n to comp os e
.
,

to do m e mo ry work o n a ny fre e sca l e on a n y p art icul ar d a y ,

sai d o ne t e ach e r “
I m us t t ak e p re c a u t ions O r I m us t as k
, .

t h e pa re n t s to ta k e pre ca u t ions I f th e chi ld re n a re n o t


.

qui t e fi t li tt l e is to be e xp e cte d W e m us t fal l back o n


‘ ’
.

rou t i n e l e s sons t h a t is al l I f a l l this p re c au t ion is n ece ss ary


"
-
.

fo r the fa vou re d ch ild wh a t is possi bl e fo r t he fa m ish ing ?


,

A l as ! t h e rou t in e l e sson is a l l t h at c a n be a t te m pt e d in m any


cl ass r oo m s A nd e v e n t h is li ttl e as i t t a xe s t h e powe rs as
.
, ,

compare d wi t h th e o t h e r s e e ms t o be a bu rd e n to some The


, .

sa m e l e ssons h av e to be re p eat e d th e sa m e e xp l anati on s go ne ,

ov e r aga in a n d aga in e re th e d e s i re d i mpre ssion ca n be


e ffe c t e d — T e ach e rs w e ari e d b y t he e ffort re q u i re d t o d o e ve n
so l i tt l e m a k e no a tt e mpt a t a high e r ord e r of e x e rcis e .

E MO l ‘ ’
lUN E m o t ion is t he fe rm e n t wi t hou t which t h e re is n o
cre a t io n ”
. M a n poss e s s e d o n ly o f i n t e ll ig e nce t h e pow e r of
, ,

re m e m be ring associ a t i n g disti n gu ishi ng a n d re ason ing wou ld


, , ,

p roduc e n ot hi ng At mos t he would be bu t a v e ry fi n e ord e r


.

o f a u t o m a t on .

So fa r a re we fro m b e in g m e re a utom a t o ns i n chi ldh ood t h a t


mos t o f us ca n look ba ck to som e d ay i n e arly ch i ldh oo d wh e n
we r e c e iv e d a ne w i n i t i a t ion i n t o life t h rough e m o t ion Aft e r
, ,

th i rt y y e a rs sa id Ta in e I c an re m e m be r e v e ry d e t a i l o f th e
” “
, ,

t h ea t re wh e re I wa s t a k e n fo r th e fi rs t t i m e Th e pi t s e e m e d .

to m e lik e a mons t rous pi t a l l re d a n d fl a m i n g wi t h m yri ad


, ,

d a rk h e ads s urgi ng a bo ve i t s d e p t hs 3 b e low t o t h e l e ft wa s a , ,


Me m ory an d Em oti on 75
na rr o w pl a t fo rm wh e re t wo m e n a nd a wo m an e n te re d g e sti e n
, ,

l a t e d w e n t ou t a nd re tu rn e d aga in
, I was s e v e n ye ars

.

ol d I u n d e rs t ood no t hing ! bu t t h e c ri mso n v e lv e t pi t wa s s o


crowd e d so gi l t so illu mi nat e d t h a t in a qu a rt e r o f a n hou r I
, , ,

was qu i t e in toxica t e d by t he si gh t o f i t a n d fe l l fas t a sl e e p , .

M os t o f us h a v e so m e such brigh t t i n t e d pic t u re on t h e ho ri zon -

o f m e mory — b righ t e r t h a n r e c e n t m ind i m a e s a nd m or e e n


g ,

du ring be ca u s e o f t he e m o t ion wh ich s ti rre d us o n t he lo ng


pas t d ay wh e n we m a d e t he m o u r o wn I t wa s e mo t ion .

wond e r cu riosi t y as t on ish m e n t e tc w h ich fi xe d our a t te n t ion


, , , .
, ,

i n th e fi rs t pl ace a n d t he e motio n we no w fe e l i n re m e m
,

b e ring th e obj e c t o r e v e n t h e lps t o k e e p i t s colou rs b righ t


an d pe rm a n e n t N o r i s i t h a rd t o t rac e th e c re a t iv e i m pul s e
.

i n such e motion Th e pai n t e r and t h e rom a n ce r fi n d


.

i n such m e mo ri e s t he m a t e ri a l fo r m uch of t h e i r work .

Those no t sp e ci al ly gi ft e d i n th e a r t s re cre a t e t h e whol e -

e p o ch o f chi l d h o od i n th e l i gh t o f t h e m And wh e re doe s .

ch il dhood ge t th e subj e c t m a tt e r of a l l i nve n t ion sa ve i n -

m e m o ri es m ad e cl ea r an d a rre s t ing t h rough e mo t ion ?


W i t hou t e mo t ion t h e n no d e v e lopm e n t of i m agi n ati on is
, ,

poss i bl e M e n t a l an d mora l d e ve lop m e nt d e p e nds no t


.
,

m er e ly o n th e l e a rn i n g o f t he righ t t h in gs a t t h e ri gh t
ti m e bu t a lso o n t he e xp e ri e ncing of t h e righ t e m o t ions H ow
, .

ca n we k now th at t h e s e e mo t ions h a v e b e e n e xp e r i e nc e d ?

O n ly by t h e frui t s o f t h e m p re se n t a nd obvious i n cre a t ive ,

wo rk . Spon t a n e ou s chi ld i nv e nt ions such a s c h i ld wo rds -


,
~
,

d ra win g ga m e s e tc a re re assurin g Th e y a re a ll s o m uch


, , .
, .

e v i d e nc e o f t h e a c t ivi t y o f crea t iv e i m ag i na t ion o f em oti on a l ,

l i fe as w e l l a s m e n t a l li fe
, Jy
o is t h e m o t h e r o
. f m a ny o f
t h e se crea t ions—a ls o wo n d e r an d ad m i ra t ion Th e ge rm of
,
.

h u m a n sy m pat hy as w e l l a s o f i n t e ll e c t u a l ac t ivi t y is hidd e n


,


i n t ha t sp on ta n e ou s c re at iv e n e ss l ik e t h e frui t i n th e flow e r .

U n fo rt u nat e ly t h e re a re a g re a t m a ny c h i ld re n wh o t h ro u gh
, ,

m isfo rt u ne h av e li tt l e i m puls e to c re a t e a ny t h ing Th e y n ee d


,
.
7 6 Me m ory a nd Em ot i on

no ne w voc ab ul a ry Th e y i nv e nt fe w or n o ne w gam e s an d
.
,

h av e not t h e s m a l l e s t d es i re to d ra w anyth ing Wh e n the schoo l .

door op e ns for th e se a gre at m any n e w tools are provid e d *


.

Th e r e are boo ks pict u re s colou rs —a ne w voca bu la ry e ve n


, ,
.

B u t all t h e se t hin gs a re m e re h usks ! for th e na tura l e moti on s


h av e n ot ye t be e n e xp e ri e nc ed tha t wo u ld s t i r th e im agina t io n
a n d giv e m ea n i ng t o th e m W e m ay bri ng pictu re s o f
.

of wood la n d an d m ea do w hills a nd sea i nto t he sch o ol room


,
-
,

bu t wh at do e s the ch ild who h as n e v e r s e e n t h e hi lls or th e


sea c a re for th e s e t h ings ? W e m ay try to d e sc ri be t ree s sky , ,

wa t e rfal ls e tc bu t we ca nn o t giv e a nyth i ng t h at w i l l e v en


, .
,

a pea r to t ak e th e pl ac e of a n origi n a l s e n se i mpre ss ion Wh o -


.

ca n d e scr ib e a sou nd t o o ne who h as n e v e r h e ard th e r u sh ing

of w a t e r th e wh i spe r o f tre e s t h e war b li ng of birds ? N o th i ng


, ,

a v a ils h e r e b u t e xp e ri e n c e .

B ut th e d ee pe s t hum a n e motions are thos e wh ich h av e


th e ir o rigi n i n h u m an re l ationsh i ps Th e li tt l e ch i l d l e a rns .

’ ’
to k n ow h is m o th e r s o r n urs e s fac e w e ll to r e cogn i se h e r ,

quickly a nd i n t his re cogn itio n e moti on pla ys s o great a


, ,

pa rt tha t the fa miliar face b ecom e s a k in d of sta r ti n g po i n t of -

al l th e w i d e n i ng sym pa t hy a nd int e r e st o f l ife Th e l a w o f .

i nt e re s t is ackn o wl e dge d to be of th e first i mpor tan c e i n th e


re vi v al of i m age s Doub t l e ss sa i d R i bot th e l a w of th e
.
” “
, ,

affe c t iv e li fe t h e l aw of i n t e r e st is l e ss p re cise t h a n is t h e i h
,

te l l e ct ual l a w o f co n tigu i t y an d o f r es e mbl a nc e



A n d ye t .

i t is more i n t i m a t e ly conce rn e d wi t h t h e re vi v a l of m e mori es .

y i t h l t h
I n m an o f o u r n fan sc oo s eac e rs p a ga m es l y
th t h e c wi re n hil d .

F roe be , we a re o , al so pl a e ga m es
l t ld yd t c d re n i n the o pe n a i r
wi h hil .

A nd d
M a ps , i f h e con fi ne h is o wn o ffi ce ve r s r c y t i tly h
to t at o f s ugges t o n , i
d id i t t wi h
f th t the t h -
u l a m w t m a y a v e be e n
h
an n o n e r re
e o s
er , e g ro n p p a e y
u se ful t i i
Bu t e v en h s i s no t ce rta n l
Th e va ue o f t h e ga m e t o t h e c hil d
t li h —h t
. .
,

as w ll
e i
as i ts

n te res

es e re t a i t i s h i s o wn c re a t o n i
Pe re te s z ll
.

t
h o w h e s pe n m uc h ti ti h
m e i n c u t ng a c an n e , fi ng l lli it with w
a te r a n d sa il
i ng bo a ts fo r h is
th re e hw r-o l d ne p e , wh o res e n te th e o e d wh l b i
us n es s ,
h l
n e ve rt e e ss , a n d c rii ti ly ti
m pa e n t I sn a m u si ng

, t i
O u r n fa n t s d o
no t , p e h x t
r a ps , e
p e ch l t h e sc oo -g a m e s t o h e a m u s n g e i .Th y
a re an i n ve n

ti o n o f gro wn u
p p p
o
eo l e .
Mem ory a nd Em ot i on 77
W e re m e mbe r a multitud e of
th ings in con n ection with th e fac e
of th e pe rson who fi rs t ca re d fo r a n d t e nd e d us a ny o n e of which ,

would ca ll u p th e oth e rs i n a mo re o r l es s co m pl e te re i nt e gra


t ion . A n d why ? B e ca u se th e e mo t io n o f lo ve a n i mat es
all th e s e a n d bi nds th e m i n a uni ty t h a t could n o t o t h e rw i se
,

be real i se d .

If ea rly l ife gi v e s litt l e opportu n ity fo r th e e x pe ri en ce of


pre se rv ing a n d stim ul a ti n g e m ot i ons a re m a rka bl e m e nt a l ,

a pa thy i s t h e r e sult U nh a ppy th e h ea rt sa id To u rge ni e ff


.

, ,

th a t h as n o t lov ed i n youth ”
.

Th e h ea d m ist re ss of a l a rge school i n Bra dford found h e r


gi rls st ra nge ly l a ckin g in obse rv a tion Th e school h ad good .

re ports a l w a ys ea rne d full gra nt a n d the gi rls sa n g re a d an d


, , , ,

e v e n wo r k e d s u m s uit e sa ti sfa ctori ly Th e y m a d e e x c e ll e nt


q .

g a rm e nts a nd th e d isci pli ne wa s e xce ll en t N e v e rth el e ss the


, .

tea ch e r— a l i t tl e pu zzl e d a s m a n y h a v e be e n b efor e h e r a t


, ,

th e e xtr a o rd in a ry m e n ta l a p a t h y th a t m ay p e rsist i n chi ld re n


w ho l ea r n t h e i r thr ee R s v e ry cre dita bly —m a d e som e n e w

t e sts .

Th e girls wer e qu estione d only a bo u t things th e y ha d se e n


o ft e n Th e school door is pa i nt ed red a nd s u rround e d by a
.

coa t of a rm s O f th irty e ight girls o n ly three h ad notice d


.
-

th a t th ere was a n yth i ng ov e r th e door Som e sa id th e door


wa s p a i nt e d y e llow o t h e rs s a id i t was bl a ck
, Al l h a d se e n .

r ows pa ssing da ily u p t h e s tre e t to t h e sl a ugh te r house -


.


u s ion e d as to t h e sh a pe of a cow s foot so m e s a id it wa s
Q e t ,


long oth e rs th a t i t wa s fla t
,

O nly two out of th ir t y e ight
.
-

n oticed t h a t it wa s clov e n Ch ildre n do no t oft e n obs e rv e th e


.

sky I t se e ms to b e a l most the l a st thi ng e v e n gro wn u p pe opl e


.
-

look a t c a re fully u n l e ss th e y are a fra id of a w e tti n g So it is


, .

no t sur p risi n g th e cl a ss h a s lit t l e n otio n of t he sh a pe of clouds ,

o r e v e n of t h e co lour of t h e sky on fa ir a n d stormy d a ys It .


wa s sta rtl ing to h ea r fro m o n e girl how e v e r th a t t h e r a in bow
, ,

is m os t ly whit e a nd bro wn Stree t boys a re qu ick i n fi nding
.

78 Mem ory an d E m ol zon

th e i r wa y a boutppe a rs t h a t th is fa cu lty is no t d e
. Bu t it a

v e l o p e d i n a l l c i t v child re n in cong e s t ed a re a s S e v e ra l gi rl s .

o f tw e l v e a n d t hi rt e e n o f a v e ra g e a bili t y wh o h a d n o t follow e d
, ,

t h e v a rious c a lli n gs o f t he s t re e t kn e w v e ry li t t l e o f th e ,

bui ldings withi n a fe w m i n ut e s w a l k o f th e ir o wn hom e s ’


.

Th e y could not t e ll wh e r e th e Town H a l l is o r t h e Post ,

O ffice or th e Pa rish Ch urch t hou gh th es e i m port a nt buildi ngs


, ,

a re w ith i n a sho rt dis ta nc e a ctu a lly o f t h e sid e str e e ts i n wh ich

th e y l iv e .

Fo rty fi ve ch i ldre n from St a nd a rd I V w e re e x a mi ne d


-
. . .

Th e se h a v e a l l se e n ducks v e ry oft e n but only t w e nty e igh t ,


-

h a v e n ot ed th a t t he fee t a re w e bbe d Q u e st io ne d as to t h e .

colou r of th e spa rrows th a t h o p a bou t th e y a rd t wo sa id th a t ,

“ ”
th e y a re y e llow A gre a t m a ny look e d pu zzl e d a n d could
.

gi v e no a nsw e r Of th e thi rty fi ve ch ild re n i n St a nd a rd l l



.
-
.

wh o w e re qu e st ion ed fou r sa id t h e spa rrow h a s fou r l e gs


, ,

o ne sa id i t h a s si x O n e sa id t h e co m mon hous e fly h a s four


wi ngs—b e i ng obviously con fus e d ra t h e r th a n e n ligh te ne d by
.

t h e obj e c t l e sso n s from d e a d i ns e cts in school


- M a n y i nd ee d .
, ,

forgo t th e n a m e s o f th e Spe ci m e n s i n v a rious box e s o r con ,

fu se d th e m so th a t nin e o u t o f th irt y fi v e sa id t h e be e was


,
-

m uch b i gg e r th a n th e v e ry l a rg e butt e rfli e s wh ich w e re th e ,

only spe ci m e ns i n school Si x d e cl a re d t h a t th e spa rrow i s


y e llow fi v e s a id th a t it is re d O ne sa id th e sp a r row is wh it e
,
.
,

a n d a noth e r t h a t i t h as si x l e gs (a no t h e r c a s e o f i n trudi ng

i ns e c t s ) Le sson s i n K i nd e rg a rt e n though re c e nt for th e se


.
,

schol a rs w e re n o t a ppl i e d Si xt e e n s a id th a t t h e i r pl a y
,

gro u nd wh ich is oblong wa s a squ a re Som e childr e n


, , .

a ffi rm e d t h a t a m a n s a rms a re fa s t e ne d to hi s n e ck Q u s

e .

t i o n e d a s to t h e posi t ion o f th e e y e s o f a ho rs e ni n e girls o u t of ,

fort y fi v e p rofe sse d igno ra nc e The m ajori ty look e d pu zzl ed . .

I t m a y o f co urs e b e a rgu e d t h a t ch ild re n p rofe ss i gnora nc e


, ,

a n d e xpr e ss t h e m s e l v e s i n a ccu ra t e ly a t t i m e s a bou t th i ngs o f

wh ich t h e y a re i n re a li t y qui t e cognis a nt But ge ne ra lly .


,
Mem ory a mt Em ot i on 79

spe a ki n g the dra w i ngs o f th e gi rls co rre spond e d v e ry close ly


,

to t h e i r s t a t e m e n t s B e low is a m e mory dra wi ng o f a c o w


.

by a gi rl o f e l e v e n I t i s ob vi ou s th a t s he h a d no id e a o f
.

position e v e n wi th re ga rd to so co nspicu ou s a fe a tu re a s
,

th e e y e s
.

The t e a ch e r re a lizing th a t th e otio na l life o f h e r pu pils


em

wa s l a nguid qu e s t ion e d t h e m o ne d a y a bou t t h e a ni m a l th e y


,

w ere t o dra w “
W h e re doe s th e co w li v e ? s h e a sk e d wi t h
.

a ni m a ti on B u t th e chi ld re n wh o h a d se e n cows only o n th e ir


.

wa y to th e ki llin g sh e d a nd w e re n o t in t e re s t e d i n t h e i r doi ngs


,

t he c o w l i v e d i n t h e sl a ugh t e r hous e
"
o r h a bits re pli e d th a t

, .

Cl ea rly it is n o t by a n im a tion o n t h e p a rt of a qu e s t ion e r th a t


a n e motion a l b a ckground m a y be p rovide d .

N e i t h e r do m e re obj e c t l e sson s in cl a ss p rov id e i t I n e v er y


.

sch ool e motio na l l ife h a s to b e mo re or l e ss a ssum e d Th e .

cl a ss roo m i s not t h e pl a c e wh e re a l l ca n be don e a n d ,

e x pe ri e nc e d I t is t he pl a c e wh e re wh a t h a s b ee n l i v e d
.

t hroug h ca n be put in ord e r I f t h e e mo t ion a l e x pe ri


.

e nc e is q uit e w a nti ng o r o f a d e p re ssi ng o rd e r t h e t e a chi ng


, ,

a nd e x pl a n a t ions t hough n e v e r s o w e l l don e a ppe a r to b e


, ,
80 Me m ory a nd Em ot i on

si ngul a rly futil e .The writ e r h a s a n u mb e r o f m e mory


dra wi ngs o f obj e cts s e e n i n school by chi ldre n who h a v e
n e v e r be e n in the cou n try —o r h a rdly e v er The dra wings .

r e v ea l a gre a t d e a l a nd pe rh a ps th e fa ct of l ea st i m porta nc e
,

which th e y m a k e pl a i n i s th a t th e ch ildre n ne v e r h a d a n y
-

dra wi n g l e ssons .

I n som e of th e d ra wings th e re i s e v id e n ce of co n fusion


pow e rl e ssn e ss to a rr a nge e v e n th e fe w n a tura l obj e cts wh ich
h a v e fa ll e n w ith i n t he scope of the ch ild s ob ser v a t i on : Not

only do t h e co nt e nts o f th e i n se c t box e s com e forth i n a n


un w a rr a nt e d m a nn e r —The pl a n ts a l s o b e h a ve i n th e sa m e
.

wa y . The curv e s a nd ta n g e n ts of s t e m a nd l ea f be gi n to
a ppe a r i n t h e m e mo ry dr a wings of a n i m a ls a s i n t h e ca se of
,

t h e girl a g e d th i rt ee n who s e nds i n t h e n e xt i ll ustra ti o n


, , .

Th e hor ns be tw ee n th e ea rs a re pl a i n ly a r e m i n isc e n c e of t h e
school pl a nts o r pe rh a ps of th e brush dra wing l e sso n
, , , .

Such a dra wi n g, a nd oth e rs of a li k e na ture (as for


, ex
fl/ e m ory and Em ot i on I

a m pl e th a t of a girl who dra ws th e h e a d o f o ne an im a l o n


,

t h e body of a noth e r ) re m ind us th a t t he cl a ss room h as its


,
-

li mita ti ons I t had its l imi ta tions i n t he d a ys wh e n i t con


.

ta i n e d on l y books sl a te s i nk an d p a pe r
, ,
And i t h a s i ts
, .

l i mi ta tions n o w wh e n i t is furn ish e d with bird forms bu tt er


,
-
,

fl i es pl a nts a nd h e rba ri u ms I n t he mi nd of t he ch i ld o n
, , .
,

w hom n e w forms a re thrus t without pre par a ti o n a nd un d er


a rti fici a l co nditi o n s

t he e l e m e n ts
,

t o u se H erba rt s phrase
,

,

"
sti ll com m ingl e w ith o n e a noth e r ”
Th e re i s n o cl ea r

.


a n ti t h e sis o f si ngl e thi ngs to pre v e nt th is confusi on a n d ,

pa v e th e wa y fo r t ru e a sso c i a tio n B ut a bov e a l l th e d e e p .

e m oti o nal sti m ul us is la cking wh ich wh e re v e r it e xists mo ve s


, ,

li k e a l i v i ng thi ng through e v e n t h e fa u l ti e st cl umsi e st work


, , .

Som e teach e rs re a lizing t he hope l e ssn e ss of l a bouri ng w ith


,

those who ha v e n e ith e r e xp e ri e nce d th e e motions n or a cc u m u ,

l a t ed th e m i nd i m a ge s ne ces sa ry fo r a n y ki nd o f i nt e gra ti ng e ffort


~

e sc a pe from th e c la ss roo m w i t h t h e i r pupil s a n d gi v e th e m


-
,

a holid a y ti m e wi th oppo r t u niti e s Pe sta lozzi was no t long i n


.

fi ndi ng h is wa y i nto t h e woods wi t h h is littl e flock S a l z m a n .

a n d m a n y oth e r Ge rm a n t ea ch e rs took th e roa d w i t h th e i r

scholar s B a r t holom a i o rga n iz e d re g u l a r sch ool jour ne ys i n


.

t h e st re e ts of B e rli n u nd e t e rr e d by t h e l a ught e r a n d j e e rs of
,

t h e crowd a n d t h e bi t te r com pl a ints o f t h e Ph ili sti ne s th a t

th e ch i ldr e n s clo t h e s a n d sho e s w e re b e i n g ruin ed




H e rb a rt .
,

b e ing a pri va te tu t or did n o t t a k e fligh t wi t h a la rg e n umbe r


,

of chi ldr e n to th e a nnoy a n c e o f t h e po pu la c e But h e r e m ark s .

t h a t fo r e v er y boy the b e s t co m pa n ions a re pe a s a n ts sh e ph erds


, , ,

h u n te rs of e v e ry ki nd a nd th e ir sons .

Th e s e poor drawings a re re sidu e s o f confuse d e xpe ri e nc e s .

Th e y li k e t h e po v e r ty o f v o ca bu l a ry t he l ack o f ga m e s th e
, , ,

ge n e ra l w an t o f i n t e re s t ca n be t rac e d t o t he s a m e ca us e
De a rt h o f cl ea r a nd sui t abl e m ind i m age s a nd h e al t hy e m o -

t ions The i nv e n t i o n by gr o wn u p p e rsons o f sui t a bl e pl ays a


.
-
,

s t i mul a t ing m a n n e r o n th e p art o f the t e a ch e r e v e n a ch a n c e ,

6
82 Mem ory a nd E m ot i on

visit to th e cou ntry wi l l not m ak e the loss good Th e tea ch i ng of


.

drawi ng and colou r work o n ratio na l li ne s wi ll e fle c t ve ry l i t tl e


'
-
.

Th e school l es so n as we saw a lr ea dy a l wa ys p re suppos e s -

a grea t sil e n t pre parat ion on th e pa rt of e ve ry ch il d


t he pre para ti o n of th e m i n d — n o t b y t he l e a rn i ng of l e sso n s

bu t by e xpe ri e nce an d e v e n fre e dom i n e xpe ri m e n t o r p l ay


,
.

Th e fo rm a l l e ss on ca n not fee d t h e sourc e s of th e crea t i ve po w ers .

Th e so u rc e s of crea ti v e e ne rgy a re t he co u ntry wi t h its l i fe


, ,

i ts h u m a n r el a ti o ns h ips i n l abour i t s occupa ti on s a nd i ts


,

bea uty Tolstoi pu t s i nto a ch ild s m o u t h th e wo rd s Art is


.

,

th e e x pr e ssion of a n i nn e r fo rc e . A nd t h e s e words a re tru e .

The drawings of t he sl u m ch il dre n are s add e n i ng not be ca us e


,

th e y sh o w a l ack of m a nipul a t i ve sk i l l b ut be ca us e t h e y be t ra y
,

a l l t he l a ngu o r a n d w e k e ss o
a n f h
t e i n n e r l i fe — th e d i mn e ss of

t h e o ri gi n a l p e rc e ption of which th e y a re o n ly t h e re sidu e .


C H APT ER V

TH E H I GH E R H U N GE R S

T H ER E i s n o dou bt t h a t we ar e oft e n a sh a m e d of t h e m J ust .

as th e H ighl a n d e r of old sco rn e d t o sh o w th at h e was fa mish


,

ing wh e n h e sa t down a t a rich m a n s ta bl e so m any p e opl e ’


,

o —
t d ay scorn t o show o r are a f a id t show th a t th e y lov e
r o —
brig h t a nd pure colour e v e n wh e n i t is wi t hi n th e i r reach
, .

Th e colou r ca ll e d Lo ndo n s m ok e was v e ry fa shion a bl e fo r


“ ”
a long ti m e Bl ack is sa id t o be a lways safe a nd so are
.
,

v a rious n e ut ra l sh ad e s al l b ea ri ng d e p re ssi ng n a m e s such as


,

F e u il l e mo rte (d ead l e a f) W h e nc e ca m e t h is e x t raord i nary


.

t i mid ity o r sh a m e —th is d e sire to t ak e re fuge i n n e utrality ?


Di d t h e Q u ak e rs i n i t i a t e i t o r t h e Pu ri t an s ? O r di d i t show
,

i t se l f m os t e ffe ctu a lly i n ul t ra re fi ne d ci rcl e s ? Th e Q u a k e rs


-

a re n o t t o bla m e su re ly , T h e y love d g re y wh ich is on th e


.
,

r oa d to w/u l e The Puri t a ns are mo re suspe ct lo vi ng brown


'

.
, ,

w hi ch i s w e l l t owards bl a ck n e ss As for the u l tra re fi ne d


.
-
,

m od e r n colou ris t s th e i rs was th e t e nd e ncy to tha t di rt y ye llow


,
-

i s h gree n wh ich R uski n li k e n e d t o a d e ca yi ng h e a p of ve ge


-
,
-
f

ta bl e s Be t he bl a m e whos e i t m ay it is c e rtai n th a t th e fe ar
.

of colour is now wi d e spr ead a n d t h a t t hose who show d a ri ng


,

i n th e m a tt e r of h u e s i n e v e ryd ay l i fe i n clo t h e s d e cora t i o ns


, , ,

et c.
, run so m e risk o f be ing d e c ri e d a s u ncul t u red be i ngs .

And ye t colour is t h e joy of th e e ye s t h e fl a m e of Li fe s - ’


84 T/ze H zgr /ze r H an
g er s

fi re . The ch i ld lov e s i t Through i t h e l e a r ns so m e t hi ng of.


*

t he out e r w o rld By i t h e e xp re sse s too so m e thing of th e


.
, ,

i n n e r I t constitu t e s a ki nd o f i n t i m a t e l ife l angu age I t i s


. .

t h e r e fo re o n e of t h e fr ee fo r ms i n wh ich t h e i m agi n a t ion e a rly


fi n ds e x e rci se .

Th e colour s e ns e d e v e lops e a rly A t the age of n in e mon t h s


-
.

t he ch ild of B a ldwin show e d pl ea sure i n blu e red a n d g ree n ,

pape rs Co m pa ra t iv e ly slow a s is th e p roce ss of l ea rn ing to


.

s e e Pre y e r P e r e z a n d m a ny oth e r obse r ve rs a l l a gre e th a t long


, ,

b e fore th e e nd o f th e fi rs t y e ar the gra t i fi ca t ion o f th e colou r


s e ns e is a t t e nd e d wi t h real pl e asu re A ba by wil l cl a p i t s .

ha n ds o n se ei ng a b righ t colou re d fl ow er By th e ti m e h e -
.

re ach e s sch ool age t he colou r se nse is w e ll d e v e lop e d


-
If -
.

h i s sight is norm a l h e a l rea dy s e e s a n d r e cogn is es n o t on ly ,

t he s i x spe c t ru m colou rs — re d o ra nge y e l low ! green b l u e , , ,

an d vi ol e t — bu t d a rk e r a nd ligh t e r sh ad e s ( a s h e Cal ls t h e m )

Al ready to o th e m e re d esi re or a pp e t i t e sw e e ps i nto



o f th e se .
, ,

s om e t hi n g l ik e a ca p a ci t y fo r joy Childre n love th e bri gh t .

c ol ou r o f t h e i r o wn ra i m e n t an d e njoy t h e s t i m ul us o ffe re d ,

by i t e ve rywh e re Th e h u e of t he wal ls th e wood s t a i ni n gs


.
, ,

t h e colou r of com m on obj e c t s a re n o t m a t t e rs o f indi ffe r e nc e .

B u t t h e l i vi n g colou r is o f cou rs e t he m ost t h ri ll i ng o f a l l


,

My ,
.

h e ar t l ea ps up w ri t e s W o rdswo rth wh e n I be hold a rai n bow



, ,

An d in thi s th e po e t wa s a child : k e e pi ng

i n t h e s ky l
so m e t h ing i ntac t o f th e t i m e wh e n th e re was a glory o n t h e
grass and a spl e ndou r i n th e flow e r t h a t p asse d a way la t e r ,

for we c an sa fe ly a ffi rm t h a t t he h e a rt o f al m os t e v e ry l it t l e
c hi l d i n t h e in fa n t schools l ea ps u p wh e n h e se e s fo r the fi rs t ,

'
Thi d s th t h i l d y ti ti
o es n o t m e an th t h p l a l e s a re a ar s c, o r a e ace s co o u rs

so as o ly Th g h x p ti l hil d b m t i t l m t
t b l e o ve ou e ce o na c re n e co e ar s s a os as

so on th v
as p ek y t h hil
ca n sd x p t
ea i ,
T h
e s uc c re n a re e ce o ns . e ave e

chil d i t s no i ti t v y fi s e ns l d i i ti
ve o d h m er i ne co o u r s t nc o ns an ar o n es . e
will m k a g l t
e an ut f y ll w d y d wi th h i p p
ar an o wh h m
e o an re s a e rs , en e co es

f t t
i rs h l j t th
o sc oo i t H i ghl d m d
, us as g ly t t
e a nc e nf th an e rs a e an u a r an o e

sam l wi th w
e c o o u rs l oo .
771 0 H ig/zc r H un
g er ! 8g
5.

ti m e t h a t wo nd e rfu l b and o f l iving colours wh ich is fold e d u p


,

i n a b e am o f l i gh t .

We ll the ch ildre n of d a rk a ll e ys a nd crowd e d sid e a re a s


,

a rri v e in school wi t h a colou r se n se th a t h a s n o t ye t m e t i ts

n a t ur a l gra ti fi ca tion Fortu n a te ly i t i s possibl e to go a


.

lon g wa y i n gra tifyi ng it I n th e cl a ss room th e re is spa c e


.
-

th e first e ss e nti a l fo r colour sch e m e s Th en flow e rs ca n .

b e brough t i nto t h e school a nd wi ndow ga rd e n s k e pt

g a y throughou t t h e y ear Th e r e seem s


. t o b e a k ind
of a n n u a l e vol u t io n i n col o ur The pre v a ili n g colour of
.

S pri ng is val /o w A s soon a s the s now i s gon e a nd th e s now


.
,

drops a nd p a l e Ch ristm a s ros e s h a v e fa d e d this colou r of ,

youth spri ngs u p e v e ry wh e re Most of t he sp ri n g flow e rs a re.

y e l low Th e fol i a ge e ve n i s ye llow i n e a rly spri n g a nd


.
,

ch i ld re n a re v e ry fond of thi s colou r a nd d e light a s do old e r


pe opl e i n th e p ri m rose s bu tt e rcups d a ffod ils a nd m a rsh
, , ,

“ ”
m a rigolds tha t com e i n the sw e e t 0 th e ye a r La te r a ppe a r

.

t he fru it blossoms ti ppe d with pin k (a no t h e r colour of youth )


,

a n d sti ll l a t e r t h e J u n e rose s F in a lly in J uly na ture o pe n s


.

h e r p a i nt box wid e a nd shows us wh a t s h e ca n do Som e of .

h e r flow e rs ru n t h rough a kind o f e vol u t ion —a re born pin k


a n d p a ss i n to blu e Som e a re blu e from t e
. h fi rs t — born i n
t he pu r pl e Al l th e s e c a n be spre a d l ik e a fe as t be fore th e
.

e y e s of ci t y chi ld re n B e a u t i ful e x a m pl e s to o of gra du a te d


.

colour c a n be shown in b utt e rfli e s o f v a rious kinds i n sh e lls , ,

etc . a nd t he sp e ctru m colou rs m a y b e th rown on t h e w a lls fo r


,

th e jo y of those youthfu l e y e s th a t h a v e n e ve r s e e n th e b o w

i n t he cloud .

Th e h u n ge r fo r colou r c a n be s a tis fi e d th e n wi thout m u ch ,

d i fli c u l ty i n school Th a t i t i s k e e n we m a y s ee by obs er vi ng
.

t h e loo ks o f t h e colou r sta r v e d ch ildr e n a s th e y pa ss th e s m a l l


-

b u nch o f fl ow e r s o n th e t ea ch e r s d e sk o r t he fe w bu lbs i n th e
'

wi nd ow A t ea ch e r r e l a t e s h o w once s h e w a t ch e d a pro
.

ce ssi on of poor childr e n m a rch pa st a t a bl e wh e re stood a


86 Tbe H rjg/zer H an
g er s

bl u e v a se fill e d wi th d a ffodil s Al l th e ch ildre n t u rne d th e i r


.

e y e s as th e y pa sse d to look a t thi s spot o f colour The cou ntry


.

chi ld wou ld pr oba bly n o t h a v e gl a nc e d a t i t —li vi ng i n a


pl e thora of flow er s B ut th e gu t t e r ch i ldr e n ga z e d a t it
.

h u n gril y .


P e rh a ps th e y ga z ed a t i t k ee nly but th a t is n ot so ce rta i n .

For e v e n colour fa m ish e d ch ildre n do n o t a lw a ys oosefl e colou r


- '


cl e a rly which i s e qui v a l e nt to sa ying th a t e v e n th e y do n o t
,

e njoy i t long Th e y i n th e i r sp a re ly fu rnish e d city school


.

room a re a s s ubj ec t to th e d an ge rs o f m e re h a bit as a re th e i r


country cousi ns .

It i s possi bl e to look a t e v e n a littl e ca re l e ssly so th a t ,

i mpre ssion s m a y n e v e r b e com e cl e a re r o r more d e fin it e ,

a n d i n th is c a s e th e v a gu e lov e for colour m a y b e put a w a y

b y a nd b ye as a ch i ld ish th i n g—a th ing un worth y th e dign ity


- -

o f pe rso n s who h a v e t o pa ss th e ir l i v e s i n t h e dingy stree ts .

Th e m e re look ing a t fl o w e rs on a d e sk th e n o r colou r ,

o n t h e w a l l i s not e nough The m e re look ing at fl ow e rs


.

i n a fi e ld or g a rd e n e v e n i s no t e nough W e woul d be
.

wron g i n su pposi n g th a t we h a v e only to re mov e our


city bre d ch ild to th e country i n o rd e r to s e e h i m d e v e lop
-

a k ee n a nd fi n e i n stinct fo r colou r W e h a ve s e e n how t he


.

cou n tr y ch il d oft e n go e s to sl e e p i n t h e cou n tr y a nd our city ,

bre d child s e t dow n i n t h e g re e n l a n e s a n d l e ft t h e r e m igh t ,

be h a ve i n th e sa m e wa y a ft e r a littl e wh il e F or noth i ng i s
.

mo re str iking a bout childre n th a n the rea din es s with which th e y


a d a pt th e mse lv e s to n e w su rrou ndings Th e y v isit a n e w
.

pl a ce a nd fo r a l ittl e wh il e th e i r life is a s e r i e s o f su rpri se s


, .

Th e y ga z e ej a cul a te wo nd er a t e v e ry t h ing —a nd th e n a l l i s
, ,

com mon pl a ce a g a i n Th e y tu mbl e i nto t he n e w l angu a ge


- .
,

cou n try and li fe l ik e w a t e r i n t o a worn ch a nn e l


, , Th e .

sci e ntist s e xpre ss th is by s a yi n g The n e rvou s syst e m t ends


to a d a pt itse lf to re pea t e d s t i m uli


"
.

I t is w e ll th a t the ne rvous syst e m a dj u st s its e lf r a pidly .


Tli e s r
glwr H a ng e r s 87

O th e rw ise life would b e d i fli c u l t


progre ss slow A t th e a nd .

sa m e ti m e this v e ry a d a pti vity co ns t i tu t e s a d a n ge r Why .


do you cha nge th e pict u re s so o fte n ? th e w rit e r sa id o n e
d a y to a Boa rd school m a ste r Why ? B e ca us e aft e r a
.

l itt l e wh il e the c/u l d r m do no! me tha n was the a n sw e r


'

.
,

Chi ldre n note ch an ge s—c h an g e o n th e w a l ls a s w e ll as o n ,

th e fa c e of th e t e a ch e r Mo noto n y s e n ds th e m to sl ee p as i t
.
,

se nds bigge r pe o pl e to sl e e p Th e S a voy a rd does not see


.

th a t his v a ll e y i s a n e nch a n ti ng pl a c e The tou ri st—th e .

gu e st of a nigh t —se e s th a t it is lov e ly A n d in th e n a ti v e gl e n of .

this sa m e to urist str a n ge rs a re pe rh a ps fi n d i n g b e a uti e s wh ich


,

he h as n e v e r disco ver ed .

E ve n ch a nge does no t a lw a ys a rre st To ch a n g e its e lf we .

m a y be com e ins e nsibl e And o f th is we are re mi nd e d wh e n


.

we com e t o th i n k of colour F o r wh a t e lse is so ch a n ge ful


and v a rious—s o livi ng ?
.

It mov e s a nd d ri fts a rou nd u s con


ti n ua ll y so th a t t he m eas ur e l e ss s pa ce s of th e sky are tran s
,

for m e d hour by hour a n d t h e h i ll s of morn in g a re not as th e


,

h il ls of e v en ing And it mov e s i n th e t in y peta ls of a h a lf bl o w n


.
-

flow e r as w e l l as th rough e v e ry h a n dbrea dth of th e sunse t


,

s ky. But fe w a re co n scious of a l l th is mov e m e nt fe w see th e ,

ti d e of colo u r sw ee p i ng e v e ryw h e re wi th its ch a n gi n g ton e s


an d h u e s .

Som e a re colo u r fa mish ed Most pe opl e are
colour bli nd n o t th rough th e e ye bu t th rough th e m i nd
,
.

Th e fi rst th i ng to be d one is to m a k e th e pu pi ls a t h om e

wi th c olour ”
. A t hom e so th a t t h e y m a y n e v e r be ti m id
wi t h i t ke e ping to bl a ck be ca use it is sa fe ne ve r ov e r bold


, ,

e ith e r a s r
a e m a ny w e l l to do p e rso n s -
b ut a t hom e wi th i t
-
,

a nd rea dy to l ea rn ne w t hings a bout i t a nd to lo ve i ts


h armo n i e s .

W e ca n not ge t N a ture s r e spl e nd e n t sca l e s i nto our pa pe r


b o x es a n y mor e th a n t he p a i nte r ca n ge t th e m i nto h is colour


,

bo x . Sca l e s how e v e r we m ust h a ve th a t is to sa y colours


, , , ,

followin g i n ord e r Just a s th e re i s a ke y not e for e v e ry


.
88 771 3 H zlglze r Hu me ’s

so u nd sca l e th e re is a ke y note fo r e v e ry colou r s ca l e Th e


-
,
-
.

ke y ton e of a colou r sca l e is th e sta nd a rd colou r or h u e-


.

Wh e n we a rra nge one of th e spe ctru m colou rs wi th i ts tints


on o n e sid e an d its sh a d e s o n t h e oth e r i n r e gu l a r ord e r from ,

l i gh t e st tint to d a rk e st sh a d e a colou r sc a l e i s form e d Th u s ,


-
.

we m a y spea k of the ora ng e sc a l e th e red sca l e o r t h e or a n ge , ,

red sc a l e .

Th e re i s a n A m e ric a n fi rm w h ich h a s ta k en th e troubl e to


dra w u p colour sca l e s i n k i nd e rg a rt e n p a pe rs a n d to n a m e , ,

or ra th e r to n u mbe r t he tin t s a n d sh a d e s (M i lton Bra dl e y


*
, ,

Spri ng fi e ld M a s s ch u s e t ts )
,
I n doi ng th is th e y h a ve .

i l l ustra t ed a mo ng o t h e r th ings th e fa ct th a t colour is a l w a ys


, ,

mov ing t h a t pu re colou r is a goa l but n e v e r a re sti n g


,

~
pl a ce T a k e fo r e x a m pl e th e e n d colo ur in th e spe ctru m
.

v iol e t Lea ving i t you a d va nce on b l u e ! first yo u ge t a h u e


.
,

of bl u e th e n t h e colour blu e i ts e lf with viol e t h u e fin a lly


, .

bl u e and so forw a rd i nto a n e w colou r A nd i n d ra wing u p


,
.

th e i r ch a rts o f spe c tr um colour s t h e m a k e rs giv e no t m e re ly ,

sca l e s of co lou rs bu t a lso o f h u e s Th us th e r e i s a sca l e .

of bl u e a sc a l e o f gree n a nd a lso a blu e gree n sca l e


, ,
-
.

The colou r ch a rt is pre t ty a nd ch ildre n l ik e to pl a y with i t ,

fro m th e first j ust a s t h e y l i k e t o stru m no t e s o n th e pi a no


,

from th e first B ut i t i s n o t from t h e colour ch a rt u se ful a n d


.
-
,

n e c es s a ry a s it is th a t th e y w ill re c e i v e th e i r most i n te r e s t in g
,

l e s son s Th e ch a rt is th e re it wi ll be re fe rre d to c on sta n t l y


.
, ,

a n d u se d i n o t h e r w a ys B ut t h e re is a noth e r i nstru m en t
of colour tr a i ni ng which m a y n o w b e i ntrod uc e d a n ,

instru m e n t wh ich a ppe a ls to l ittl e children as w e ll as to


grow n u p sci e nc e stud e n t s a nd wh ich is qu it e a s use fu l a n d
-
,


n e c e ssa ry i n t he b a bi e s room a s i n t he l a bora to ry An d th is .

i n str u m e n t is th e colou r wh e e l -
.


M uch hi Ch pt tk B d l y M ti B k

of t s a er has bee n a en fro m ra e ar n s oo ,

Co l o urs i n th K i d g
e n e r a rte n .
7 71 6 H g
zfi er H a ng e r s 89

Ev e ry schoolboy k nows th a t if h e s e ts t h e e nd o f a stick o n


fi re a n d wh ee ls it r a pid ly h e w i ll s ee wh a t a ppe a rs to b e a
circl e o f l igh t A nd th e re a son o f thi s i s th a t t h e e ye re m e m
be rs a ny i mpre ssion fo r a wh il e—re m e mb e rs th e light in thi s
.

ca se a t a gi v e n poi n t till th e l i ght com e s rou nd a ga i n Thu s


, .

t h e v isio n o f th e bl a zi ng ci rcl e i s form e d It i s o n th is pow e r


.

o f r e t a in ing i mpr e ssio n s th a t t h e tra inin g gi v e n though t h e

wh e e l i s b a se d .

Colours m a y b e prod uc e d a nd a n a l ysed on th e wh ee ls by


m e a ns of d iscs spun a t a h igh ra t e o f spe e d Form e rly .
,

se p a ra te discs w e re u s e d fo r e v e ry colou r but som e y e a rs a go ,

J. C le rk M a xw e ll conc e i v e d t h e h a ppy id e a of cut t i n g sl i t s


i n th e colo u r discs so th a t by joining two slit te d discs of
,

d i ffe re n t colours th e y could be m a d e to show a n y d e sire d p ro


po rti o n o f e a ch O ne of t h e re sults o f th is i s th a t th e kind e r
.

g a rt e n t e a ch e r c a n n o t on l y show h e r ch ild re n the colou rs


th a t go to m ak e u p a n y gi v e n colour but ca n m e a su re th e ,

proportions a ccur a t e ly Su ppose fo r e x a mpl e t h a t t he


.
, ,

ch ild re n h a v e l e a rn e d to know th e s t a nd a rd re d a n d t h e
sta nd a rd ora n g e a n d th a t th e te a ch e r n o w w ish e s t h e m to
,

l ea rn th a t th er e a re a grea t m a ny colou rs between re d a nd


ora n ge She h a s only to combin e t h e re d a nd o ra n ge d iscs i n
.

v a rious proportions i n ord e r to m a k e t h e cl a ss fa mi li a r with


a l l those ne w c o lou rs .

For e x a mpl e suppose you h a v e four si z e s of col our di scs


, ,

r, ,
z 3 a nd 4 S how a re d disc of N o 3 si z e a n d a s k wh a t
,
. .
,

colour i t is ! a lso a n o ra n ge disc o f N o 2 siz e Combi n e th e m


. .

on t h e spi ndl e but showin g on ly a v e ry sm a l l p a r t o f th e


,

orange Th e n gra d u a lly a d d more a nd more o ra nge showi ng


.
,

o r a ng e r eds ti ll t h e a mou n t s of t he two colours a re n e a rly e qu a l


, .

Fin a l ly su bst i t u t e N o 3 siz e o ra nge d isc fo r No 3 re d di sc


. .
,

a n d be gi n to work through t h e r ed ora nge h u e s i n t h e s a m e

ma n ne r O r su ppo s e now yo u w a nt to show the t ints a nd


.

sh ad e s o f a colou r Ev e ry colou r i n na tu re i s m od i fi e d by
.
90 Té s H igée r Ha ng e r s '

light B right su nl ight r e d uce s th e colour forming a ti nt


.
, .

Sh a dow obscu re s it or m a k e s i t a sh a d e O f cou rse you can


, .
,

n e v e r get t h e rea l e ffe ct of su nligh t i n pi gm e n ts or on th e


wh ee ls Ye t ti nts a re prod uc e d on the wh ee l by white discs
.
,

a nd sh a d e s by bl a ck o ne s The t e a ch e r i n sh o wi n g p rogres .
,

si o n of ti nt a d ds more white o r ill u st ra ti ng the m ean i ng of


, ,

a sh a d e giv e s a wi d e a nd wid e r s e ction o f bl a ck e v e ry tim e


, .

Do e s s h e wish t o show gr e ys ? Sh e pu ts bl a ck a n d wh it e
di scs o n th e wh ee l w ith a c e rta i n qu a ntity o f bl u e or re d
, , ,

a ccording a s s h e ch oos e s to show a w a rm gre y a cool gr e y , ,

or a ne utra l gre y Th e brok e n colours th e lov e li e st of a l l a nd


.
,

t h e most g e n e r a l c a n b e m a d e fa m i li a r i n t hi s wa y to y o u n g
,

chi ldre n Th e y s ee t h e m on t h e hill sid e b ut th e i r lo ve a nd


.
-
,

a ppr e ci a tio n s i s wo n v e ry oft e n for this as fo r oth e r thi ngs , ,

on ly wh e n t h e y ca n s ee h ow th e y a re m a d e
“ “
.

Som e of th e mor e obvious a d v a n ta ge s of usi ng th e wh ee l


will occu r to a nyon e who knows som e th ing a bou t th e o rd i na ry
infa n t school Th e l a rge c l ass e S a re a co n ti n u a l probl e m
-
.

H ow to rea ch e v e ry ch i ld a nd to cu lti v a t e th e obse rv a tio n of ,

e a ch is a puzzl e The wh e e l sol v e s th i s pu zz l e i n som e


, .

d e gree for a t l e a st o ne l esson Children ar e a ttra ct e d by th e .

A sm all p t g f hil d e rce n a me o l c l bli d S m


re n ar e o re o r e ss co ou r- n . o e
h th
ca n n e v e r ti
a ve f d th
e se nsa i p bl f i g g
on o re , o e rs a re n ca a e o see n r ee n ,

an d v y f w
a er bl t d i ti g i h vi l t C h b k w i
e a re u na e o s n u s o e . a ses a ve ee n no n n
whi h t w l
c ti th
o co o u r -s e nsa d d t h vi l t h v b
o ns . q it
e re b t an e o e , a e ee n u e a se n .

B t h th d d t h g
o e re b li d p
an e i ree n bl t d i ti g i h b tw
n e rso n s una e o s n s e ee n
th e c h i l th l
e rr es a n f h yt
e e a v es Th d bli d p
o a c w ld
e rr - re e . e re - n e rs o n ou
h y g h l bl i d w ld
.

s ee th e c e rr d l
as reen A d th g
an a so t e e a ve s . n e ree n o
n ou

see t h m b th
e d o It i asf re i m p i bl t gi v l
. s o i i by
co u rs e oss e o e co o u r v s o n

t i i g b t i t w l d b g d thi g f th l bl i d if th i d f t
ra n n , u ou e a oo n or e co o u n n e r e ec
w d i v d wh t h y w littl
e re sco e re en th t th y
e d t lw y t i
e re e , so a e n ee no a a s s r ve

to see as o th d t k p t f
e rs se e , a n whi h th y a efi tt J It i
os s or c e a re u n e . s un

f t t wh
o r u na e h p pl b m d
e n s uc eo he d t b t th
e co e ra rs , o r o u se ec o ra o rs , u e
cas e m y till b w
a s It h e h pp
o rse . m th th t l bli d
as a en o re a n o nce a co o u r- n

p l he t kav et h p t a fen m e ig l
os m with o wf l sea lt e n or s na an a u resu s .

h d g
e li gh t w
an er t d th
as hi p w t d w R d w i
no se e n , an e s en o n. e as th s

tk f g
a en or d th t i
reen , an h t i t th pl e ra nf d th sA li tt l
o n o e ace o ea . e car e

an d b o v ti w l d ab l ve th i fa t mi t e t d i v th e
se r a on ou en e e n e n n s r ss o sco er

c l ur bl i d ch i l d e n
-
o o n r .
Té e H zgé e r H a ng e r s 9 r

m ov e m en t Th e y s e e a t o n ce th a t th e y ca n ta k e colou rs to
.

pi e ce s a nd put th e m t oge t h e r j ust a s th e y ca n ta k e forms to


,

pi ec e s a nd bui ld th e m up And v e ry soon th e y m a y be gi n to


.

introd uc e i n to th e i r p a pe r work t he a i ms w h ich a re e sse nti a lly


,

thos e of a l l grea t a rtis ts F o r th e grea t artist d i ffe rs from t h e


.

l itt l e chi ld no t i n b e longing to a noth e r world a n d a n oth e r ra c e ,

b ut i n h a vi ng ne w po w e r i n th e sa m e world a n d n e w v i sio n ,

o f th e s a m e ord e r .

A t th e th re shold o f th e subj ect how e v e r a di fficu lty pre sen ts


, ,

i tse lf. W e m us t h a v e a n e w colour l a n gu a ge d e fi n ite a n d ,

a ccu ra t e .W e h a v e a colou r l a n gu a ge b ut it i s not a ccura te ,


.

We b e gi n o u r e x iste nce by fee li ng a n in t e re st o n ly i n s e l f


a ll ,

a nd by ta ki n g t h e m au l /z a s o ur c e ntre A nd e v e n wh e n .
,

grown old e r we show a n in t e re st i n t h e doings o f our n e igh


,

bo urs a n d th e a spe ct of things ne a r us we still giv e e v id e nce ,

th a t ou r 01 m : mow/r is our s ta rtin g po int o f int e re st a nd com


pa ri so n Ta k e u p a b ook of sa mpl e p a pe rs a nd obs e rve th e
.
,


na m e s you gi v e to t h e colou rs Th is i s l e mon colour yo u
.
,

sa y !

an d h e re is cre a m colou r a n d blu e a nd cru sh e d , .

stra wb e rry A nd th a t is bi scu it colour


. a nd h e r e a re ,


ora nge ch e rry colour an d chocol a te
, , You m a y no t .

” ”
m en tion sa lm on colour o r oa tm e a l or a p pl e gree n & c

, , .
,

t l most c rt inly m an y of you r colour na m e s w ill be


y e , a e a ,
'

ta ke n from th e orch a rd a n d t h e l a rd e r W e n ote th is te nd e n cy .

e v en i n Ch a u ce r wh o s a id th a t o ne thing was
,
a s wh it e as

M a in e b re a d a n d a noth e r a s gre e n a s a l ee k
,

Th e si mpl e .

wom a n th en a nd the gre a t poe t m a k e colour n a m e s by


, ,

com pa ris on a nd v e ry good a n d fo rcibl e n a m es th e y ar e


,
.

B ut we do n o t s top h e re F a shio na bl e dre ssm a k e rs h a v e


.

gi v e n u s a n e w voca bul a ry a n d m a ny o f t h ei r n a m e s a ppea r


,

to h a v e th e ir origi n i n m e r e c a price Th e y ch a ng e s o ra pidly .


,

too th a t we c a n n ot b e su re v e ry lo ng of t h e ir m ea n i ng
,
.

R és éd a was o nc e gr ee n N ow it is a ki nd of b lu e Ecr u

. .
9 2 7 753 H rjg/zer H g
an er s

m ay m e a n o n e thi ng to o ne pe rson — a noth e r thi ng to oth e r


p e rsons I t would b e j ust a s rea so na bl e to t e a ch a p e rish i ng
.

di a l e ct i n st e a d o f th e E n gl ish l a n g u a ge a s to t ea ch th is new
, ,

colour voc a bul a ry of a n hou r .

M u st we th e n ge t a n e w se t o f d i fii cu l t n a m e s — a n e w
colour voca bul a ry a nd t e a ch it to a l l ch ild re n P No i nd e e d
, , ,

th e re a re but si x st a nd a rd colou rs a nd e ve n littl e ch i ld ren,

k now th e m a nd know th e i r na m e s —
R ed ora ng e y e llow
.

—gre e n — bl u e —viol e t . Th e se wi t h bl a ck a nd whit e m a k e
, ,

" “
u p a l l th e h u e s o n e s e e s “
Som e ti m e s s a ys Rusk in yo u
.
, ,

s ee i n a good picture a colou r which yo u c a n no t n a m e



But .

i t i s c e rt a i n th a t e v e n this cu nni ngly mi x ed colour i s a co m


bi na tion of som e o f th e t ints or sh a d e s o f t h e st a nd a rds Th e .

diffi cu lty li e s no t i n n a m e s bu t i n yu a n/[fl ea To k n ow ho w


m a c/z of o n e colou r a nd a no t h e r will gi v e t h e d e sire d e ffe ct
t h a t is th e q u e sti on A nd t he l ard e r a nd orch a rd colour
.

n a m e s wil l no t a nsw e r i t .

B u t th e wh ee l will a n sw e r i t W ith th e a i d o f a wh it e disc


.

gr a d u a t e d i n t o t o o p a rt s t h e t e a ch e r ca n m ea su r e t h e a mou n t
,

o f t h e di ffe re nt colou rs s h e spins W i t h a li tt l e pra cti se s h e


.

m a y l e ar n h o w v a r ious h u e s a re m a d e u p Sh e wi ll l e a rn to
.

ana lys e e v e n t h e mos t c a priciously n a m e d colou r — to fi x it

o n th e wh e e l — a n d gi v e i t a d e fi ni t e i f t e m po ra ry n a m e .

F o r e x a mpl e t a k e t h e colo ur known a s


,
Ec ru I t i s a b rok e n
ora ng e y e llow th a t is to s a y a y e llow wi th a n o ra n ge h u e
-
, ,

a n d a m i xture o f bl a ck a n d wh i t e o r g r e v in i t The a ctu a l .

qu a n t i t i e s a re —O (ora ng e ) 1 2 Y (y e l low ) 1 5 W (wh i te ) 1 5


.
, .
, .
,

N (n ig e r o r bl a ck ) 5 6
.
,
.

Styx is a brok e n re d R t o W 2 1 ,
.
, .
,

N 69 a n d Em pire a brok e n g re e n bl u e Any t e a ch er


.
,
“ - .

c a n fi nd t hi s out by e x pe ri m e nt s wi t h t h e wh ee l An d o n e .

of th e fi rs t b e n e fi t s s h e wi l l re a p by l e a rn ing a bou t colou r


combi n a tion wi ll h e th a t o f b e ing a b l e to co m m u n ica t e with
h
t e furnish e r — to ord e r wh a t s h e w a n ts i ns t e a d of h a v ing to
,

d escrib e wh at s h e w a nts (It i s tru e th a t i n Engl a nd t e a ch e rs


.
T/ w H zgé e r H an
g er s 93

do not fe e l the urg e nt nee d o f a n a ccura t e colour l a ng ua ge ,

b ut thi s i s only b e ca use no v e ry m e th od ica l tra in i ng i n


colou r h as ye t b e e n a t t e m pt ed ) .



B ut sure ly you cry yo u a re n o t goi ng to puzzl e o u r
,
"
,

lit tl e ch i ldre n wi th colour form u l ae You don t w a n t u s to .


b ur d e n t h e i r m e mori e s with so m a ny figu re s N o th e .


,

c h i ldr e n n e e d n o t l ea rn t h e fi g ure s Ye t t h e y ca n not se e th e


.

wh e e l use d w ithout l ea rn i ng a good d e a l a bout th e proporti on


of colours i n v a rious combin a t ions A t fi rs t a s for i n st a nc e .
, ,

w h en th e y a re l e ar ni ng th e m e a ning o f tin ts a nd sh a d e s it i s ,

not n e c es sa ry to ch a nge th e propo rt ion of t he m a i n colours a t


all. Su ppo s e a t ea ch e r i s showi ng the ti n ts a n d sh a d es of
ora nge red Th e proport io n o f o ra nge to re d m a y b e th e
.

sa m e thro ughout th e l e ssons O nly th e a mou n t of w hite o r


.

bl a ck is ch a ng e d a t e v e ry ste p Accu ra cy c a n com e on ly a s


.

a fin a l r e su l t . I t i s e nough if th e ch ildre n l e a rn to be gi n ,

with th a t th e mo re wh i t e t h e y u s e th e li ght e r th e tint th e


, ,

more bl a ck th e d e e pe r th e sh a d e .

G ra d u a lly t h e e x e rcise s m a y be m a d e a l it t l e more di ffi c u lt .

I nd e e d th e r a ng e a n d v a ri e t y o f th e m is li m it e d only by th e
i n ge n u ity a nd re sourc e o f t h e t e a ch e r Such a n e x e rcise a s .

th e fo l lowing i s i n t rod uc e d a s a re cre a t ion i n som e A m e rica n


schools wh e n t he childre n h a v e m a d e som e prog re ss M a k e .

a combi n a t i o n o f t wo discs holding th e m s o t h a t t h e pupi ls


,

ca nnot s e e th e m T he n w h e n t h e di scs h a v e b e e n a rr a ng e d
.

on t he spi ndl e a nd a good spe e d ha s b e e n se cu re d as k th e ,

cl a ss wh a t colours a re mi x e d to prod uce this e ffe c t Wh e n .

se v e ra l h a v e a nsw e re d a nd t h e in t e re s t o f a ll i s ro us ed stop
, ,

t h e wh e el a nd l e t t h e ch i ld re n s e e th e discs which h a v e b e e n
co mbi ne d to produce t h e colou r By m e re ly obse r vi ng th e .

d i scs th e y wil l ge t so m e no t io n o f th e proport ions o f t h e s e v e ra l


colour s us ed And t h i s is e nough —i nd e e d t h is is th e e n d fo r
.
,

wh ich th e wh e e l is us e d i n t h e i nfa nt a n d firs t s ta nd a rd rooms .

As for na m e s chi l dre n u s e th e r igh t on e s if no oth e rs a re


,
94 H égé e r H a ng e r s

sugge ste d to th e m H a vi ng l ea rn e d for e xa mpl e th a t a


.
, ,

c er t a i n fa b ric is of a n ora nge red colo u r th a t i s red wi th a


- -
,


l e sse r qu a n tity o f ora nge i n i t i t wi ll n o t occu r to th e m
( though i t occurs to so m e grown up p e opl e ) to
-
c al l i t

m a hoga ny coloured -

Th e y acc e pt th e voc a b ul a ry of th e
.

pe opl e aro un d t h e m using t h e good or the i nfe rior word ~c o i n


,

i nd i fi e re ntl y
'

Th i s is why t he more obse rv a n t te a ch er s are


.

d isown ing the su pe rst iti on o f th e n ee d o f b a by t a l k ”


Th e y - .

h a ve di sc ov e re d th a t th e chi ld ca n a s e a sily l e a rn th e sci e nti fic


n a m e of a pa rt of a pl a nt a s som e oth e r word th a t m ea n s

n o t hi ng . A n d wh a t is tr u e of c hil d l a n gua ge i n n a t ure study


o

i s obviously t r u e i n t he colour l e sso n B ut in th e c olour .

l e sso n th e re a l na m e is th e si mpl es t a nd the most fa mi li a r .

I t is n a tura l fo r th e ch ild to ca l l a pri mrose y e l l o w a nd a ,

ros e re d A nd k e e ping t o th e s i m pl e colou r n a m e h e ca n


.
-
,

suppl e m e n t it l a t e r by i ndi ca ting ti nt sh ad e or h u e , , .

B ut a s i m pre ssio n s a re v a gu e a nd w a v e ri ng u ntil th e y a re


a c t e d u pon t h e ch ild wi ll n o t b e a t hom e with colour unl es s
,

h e works with i t And with wh a t colo u rs should h e b e s e t to


.


wo rk fi rst o f a l l ? Wi th th e pure spe ctr u m colours ,
“ ’
e ve ryo n e m ust a nsw e r u nh e sita ti ngly fo r th es e form N a ture s
ch a rt.

A nd in wh a t a rra ng e m e nt ?
Wi th t h a t wh ich g i v e s fro m th e pu re ly se nsory st a nd point -

th e gre a t es t pl e a sure Th e e l e m e n ta ry l a w of a g re e a bl e n e ss
for pa irs o f colours is shown by Scripture i n the fol l o wi n g
di a gra m .

C U R VE OF AG R E EA BL E N ESS F O R PA I R S O I" C O LO U R S .
TIre H g
zke r H
g
an er s 95

If th e colours be a rr an ge d i n a circl e w i t h com pl e men t


a ri es (pa irs o f col o urs tha t i n c e rta i n proporti o n s prod uc e

whit e ) a t th e e nds of di a m e t er s a comb i n a tio n of two ,

colo urs i ncrea se s i n a gre ea bl en e ss as the colours are ch os e n


furth e r a pa rt th e m a x im u m a gre e a bl e n e ss a ppe a ri n g for
,

co m pl e m e n tar y colours Thi s is e xpre ss e d i n th is F i g i n which


. .

t h e cir cu mfe ren c e of t h e circl e is suppos e d to b e roll e d ou t

to a stra ight li n e .

On e of th e c o l o u rs i s su ppose d to be sta ti on ary a t th e


c urv e of agreea bl e ne ss ri se s as t h e oth e r colou r ch a n ge s to
more di sta nt h u e s rea ch e s a m a xim u m a t an d sinks as

th e s e cond colour a g a i n a ppro a ch e s t h e h u e of th e fir st .

S e cond a ry fa ct ors com e i n an d modify the co lour ch o ic e of


h igh ly c ulti va te d pe rso ns B ut e v en th e s e n e w fa ctors a ris e ou t
.

of the e l e m e n ta r y o ne s i ndica t e d i n th e si mpl e primiti v e lov e of


stron g Opposi ti o n or co ntra st Th e old e st ta rta n is proba bly
.

t h e sh e ph e rd ta rta n wh ich shows t h e supr e m e opp o si tion of

bl a ck a nd wh it e A noth e r t a rta n s a i d to be a l most a s ol d


.
,

consists of red a n d y e l low .

Th e y o u n g ch ild wi ll a t first pr e fe r t h e n to work with


co mpl e m e nta ri e s or pe rh a ps to put re d b e sid e y e llow ! And
,

h e should work a t first wi t h w id e colour co ntra st s .

Ve ry soon how e v e r h e m a y be gin t o i n trod uc e n o t o n ly


, ,

op po sit i on i n colou r bu t a lso i n ton e This h e m a y be l ed to


.

do without form a l i ns t ruc t ion bu t sim ply by su gge s t ion It i s


, .

i ncred ibl e h o w m uch a ch ild ca n l ea rn u nconsciously through


th e gu idan c e of a t e a c h e r fa r i n a d v a nc e of h er pupil a n d by ,

no m e a n s co n c e rn e d to m a k e hi m conscio us of a l l h is
a ch i e ve m en t s
. By an d by h a vi ng m a d e h i mse lf fa mi l i a r wi th
t he co m pl e m en ta ri e s a nd with som e co n tra sts i n t on e h e m a y
be gi n to e njoy th e putti ng of a cti v e colo ur s a ga in st pa ssiv e
w ea v in g h is re d wi t h w h ite h is bl u e wi t h gre y e tc A nd
, , .

fi na l ly provid ed with ful l sca l e s of colour a nd c a pa bl e no w o f


, ,

a ppr e ci a ti ng sm a ll e r colour dista n c e s h e m a y be gi n to p ro


9 6 l e H g
z/zer H
g
an er s

d uce colour h a rmon i e s wh ich i ll ustra te a ll th e grea t u nd er


lying pri nci pl e s o f a rt A t thi s point h e w i ll ge nera lly b e gin
.

to lov e not only th e opposi t ion o f colo ur but th e m ovemen t of ,

col ou r — h
t e subtl e ch a ng e w hich is v
e er y wh r
e e — i n th e
h a rm o n i cs o f fa ding l e a v e s i n th e gr a d u a t e d flow o n th e
,

flow e r pe ta ls a n d through t he wi d e e xp an se of th e su m m er
sky .

A t n o poi n t how e v er i s i t r ight to sa cri fi ce enjoym e n t


or gra ti fica tion i n ord e r to se cu re a pre cocious re fi en m en t .

S u sc e p t ibility i s l a rge ly a qu e stio n o f e du ca tion —b ut pl ea sure


i n col o u r itse lf is a st i m ul u s wh ich pu t s n e w en ergy a t o ur
*
dispos a l .

Th e duc at ion o f th e colou r m e mory n e e d n o t be d e fe rre d


e .

No s oon e r is a ti nt l e a rn e d t h an i t m ay b e l ea rn e d by h ea rt .

L e c o q d e fe rre d t h e t e a chi n g o f pa inti n g u n t il h is l i tt l e pupi ls


we re w e l l adva n c e d i n fo rm B ut n o so on e r was th e pai nt box
.

i n t roduc e d t h a n t h e t ra ini ng of th e colou r m e mo ry was be g u n .

D e ta i ls o n m e mo ry t ra in ing wil l be giv e n in a l ate r ch apt e r .

Joy i n colour is n o t for t h e p a i n t e r a n d buy e r o f pic t u re s


a lon e Ev e ry on e lov es colou r and m ay l ea r n t o lov e a n d e njoy it
.

m o re an d m or e . Ev e n t o d ay the l e as t s e nsi t iv e e njoy th e


bl u e s ky th e g re e n pa rks a n d wood s ! a n d th e re is a growing
,

d e sire o n t h e pa rt o f t o wn dw e ll e rs to p rovid e such re li e f an d


pl e a su re a s t h e s e a fford fo r e v e ry e ye .

Ye t we a re a bl e to pu t u p wi t h a n a m azi n g a mou n t o f ugl i



n e ss to d o wi t hou t re li e f a nd pl easure i n a n a m azing d e gree .

e re e —
Long li n e s o h ou s s un li v e d d ra b s t re e t s cov e re d wi th
f
sm ok e p al l we ca n e ndure .


The e ffe c t o f co l u r n th e rga n i s m ha s be e n s t u d i e d by F e rré a nd B i ne t
o o o .

Th e a mo u n t o f s t i m u l u s f t h e va ri o us co l o urs co rres po n d to th e ir p l ace i n


o

t h e s pec t ru m i l t
R e d l l e i n g th e s t ro ng e s t s t m u a n , o ra ng e a n d e o
. y ll w f lo
l w i l
o i ng ! v o et i s d e p re s ss m g Th e ro o m s o f m a n a cs a re t e refore
. i h h g un
wi h i l
t bl h i
v o et o r ue an
g g n s , a n d t h e g t i fli h
m a d e t o
pa ss t ro u g h h vi l t o e

g l
as s I.tl h
i s c e a r t a t w e re co n
g e re iz
d a s a n exc t n
g c o o ur ii F ew l . o f us
i l d wh
w e t o g o n to a fi e e re a u is , b ll wi h
t re d c o ng o n l thi .
T/ze H zg/ze r H an
g e rs 97

F ew v
e en drea m of colou r sch e m e s i n s tre e ts such as M r .


Ri ca rdo s ugg ests , tu rquoise til e s i n a s tre e t wh e re t he house s
w ere fu l l y clo t h e d i n vi n e s and a m pe lopsis a n d b ri ght colou red ,
-

bo xes and bli nds which wou l d cou n t as b ri l l i an t c l i maxe s i n a


sym pho ny of gre e n th e i r i n fl u e nc e s sin ki ng an d d i ffusing its e lf
,

i n th e ge ne ra l m ass of c olou r as th e rays of a s t a r sa pphire -

se e m t o pulse al l t h rough th e j e we l though th e y s t a rt from a



focus no l arge r th an a point F e w dre a m of such colour
.

sch e m e s for th e s t ree t Th e firs t co n di t ion t ow ards se cu ri ng


.

colour symphon i es i s of course th at al l should need or d e sire


th e m : a nd th e se co n d th a t a ll should agre e a s t o th e subj e c t
ea ch consid er i n g th e whol e Th e re i s no g re at art possibl e
.

wi t hou t re n u n c ia ti o n .

Th e im agi na tio n of th e m a ss e s doe s n o t d e m an d colou r


so i mp e ri o usly o r u se it so free ly a s to m ak e sa cri fice or e v e n
, ,

co o p era tion possi b l e o n a l a rg e scal e to d ay


- '
.

O nl y wh e n the eye s h av e b ee n gra t ifi e d by colour the d e m a nd


for it b e com e s urg e nt a nd sa cri fic e be com e s possi bl e In .

th is as i n o t h e r t h i ngs progre ss is l a rge ly t h rough pl e asu re t h e n


through o bs ervat io n—an d th e l ayin g u p of cl ea r mi nd i m age s
, ,

TH E SO U N D H u no e a .

Joh n! shout ed school car e t ak e r s wife at th e t op of a


a -

fl igh t of s te ps .

Joh n ! D o yo u h ea r m e ? Are you th e re ,

J oh n ? Joh n ! Joh n ! Th e re i s som e on e fo r you I s Joh n .


th e re ? Joh n ni e l
-

n n —
Th e wom a n spok e l o udly a d mo o t onously re tur ni ng with
o b vious pl ea sure to t h e word

Joh n (whic h was th e chor u s ,

so to spea k of h e r spe e ch ) an d a cc e n ti ng th e l ast syll a bl e i n a


,

tri u m ph a nt fi n a l e H e r fac e b e tr ay e d no a nxi e ty for the a p


.

p e a ran c e of Joh n bu t, sho w e d u nm is ta k ea bl e pl e as ur e in th e

ac t of ca lli ng hi m And J ohn t oo fou nd so m e pl e asure i n


.
,

l i st en i ng H e m ad e no h as t e t hou gh h i s m o t h e r s voic e was


.

a udib l e t o h i m fro m t h e fi rst b ut move d a bou t i n th e c e ll a r


,
9 8 T he H l l
z r ze r
g H an
g ers

a mong h i s pa ils and bru sh e s F i n a lly h e cam e u p the ste ps


.
,

l is t e ni ng wi t h a b e a m i n g fa c e a nsw e ri n g th e su m mo n s i n

, ,

pe rso n an d withou t a wo rd To a nsw e r by calli ng ba ck


.

would be ob vious l y e nough i n J oh n s opi n ion a n i n t e rru ption ’


, .

I t i s n ot n e c essa ry t o look fo r the m u s e of such pl e asu re a s


t his i n t h e ass oci at ions ca ll e d u p by a mo t h e r s voi ce st il l l e ss ’
,

t h e swe e t n e ss of i ts t i mb re e tc W h e re v e r a fe w simpl e p e opl e


, .

a re ga th e re d t oge t h e r we m ay h e a r a tu mult of voic e s wh ich is

no t h arm onious bu t wh ich gi ve s pl ea s ure N ay si mpl e pe o pl e .


,

an d chi ld re n fi nd pl ea su r e i n lis t e ni ng t o t he vo ic e s of ge e s e

,

crows or pe acocks a n d wh y do t h e y ta k e p l ea su re i n a t u m u l t
.

of voice s in croa king of crows o r sc rea mi ng o f peacocks


, , .

Th e re is o n ly o ne a nswe r vi z : Be ca us e t h e y l o v e noi se
,

Th e h e a l t hy ch ild of sch ool age lov e s nois e fo r i ts o wn sa k e .

Doe s h e lov e m u s i c fo r i ts o wn sa k e ? “
Be fore a nswe ri ng
t h is qu e s t ion l et us liste n a tt en t i ve ly t o a pi e ce of m usic and ,

s e e wh a t i t consis t s o f And fi rs t of al l we s ha l l noti c e th at th e


.

loud e s t not e s w i ll be re pe a t e d a t regu l a r i n ter va l s “


I f th e .

pi ec e is i n quick ti m e w r i t e s L u s s y we insti nc t i v e ly m o v e
"
,

,

h e a d or foo t i n t i m e t o th e lou d no t e s in o t h e r word s th e , ,

re gul a r r e cu rre nc e o f t h e s e loud o r a cc e nt e d no t e s a t t h e be

gi n ning of each ha r wil l gi v e us an i rre sis t i bl e i m pu L


'

s e t o bea t

t i me . W e m ay h av e b u t l i tt l e m usica l i ns t i nct a nd ye t ,

po sse ss a fee ling for metr i ca l a cce n t —t h e acce n t which m ak es


h
an d giv e s t e fe li n g o ti me
e f — m ak e s soldi e rs m a rch i n t i m e ,

col l e cts t h e a d m i ri ng crowd rou nd t he d ru m m e rs a n d di re c ts ,

th e m ov e m e n t s of sa ilors row e rs
"
e tc
, , .

I t is h a rdly n e ce ssar y t o sa y t h at n ea rly a l l c h i ld re n h a ve th e


fe e li ng fo r m e tri ca l acce n t N o t only do th e y m a rc h i n ti m e
.

t h e v show u n m is t a ka b l e e vid e nc e of a d e si re t o s ta mp t i m e

W e a re no t he re d ea li ng with th e ex ce pt i ona l c hild —th e c hi l d f geni us o .

Th e m u si ca l gen i u s as w e ha ll have occa io n to no te l a ter is e ry pre ~


s s
, v

M ou n t l l an d e l as co m pos e rs a nd R u be ns tci n e tc as
co c i o u s , . , , .
, r form e rs
s h o we d e x t ra o rd i na r y po w er s i n ear ly ch il d h oo d Accord i ng to . dso n ,
a bi lity to ex ecu te i s d e pe nd e nt fro m t h e hy s ica l s tan d p oi n t on t he ea r l y
p
bu t ! arra nge m e n t o f th e n e r e ce v ll s.
Th e Hzlglze r Ha ng e r s 99

n o w an d g i n an d i f a qu ick mov e m e nt is pl ay e d to th e m
a a ,

t h e y h av e som e di ffi cul ty i n k ee pi ng th e fe e t sti ll O f al l .

n u rs e ry rhym e s ,tha t i n which t h e acce n t is m os t e mph a t ic is ,

p roba bly t h e gre at e st fa vou rite .


J a ck a n d J i l l
W e n t up th e h i ll

To fe tch a pai l o f w a te r .

The m e re instinct fo r e mpha t ic an d sim pl e m e t ric a l a cc e nt


m ay i nd e e d ca rry n o t on ly chi ld re n but old e r pe opl e a w ay s o ,

t h at th e y wil l no t only s t a mp t i m e e xul t ingly o n a ny a nd e ve ry


occa si o n but fi nd pl e a s u re i n j in gl ing v e rs e i n wri t i ng t h e y
, , ,

m ay sacri fic e se n se compl e t e ly fo r t h e sa k e of sound Th e .

G er m a ns ca ll su ch po e t ry K l i nge l yri c .

B u t to re tu rn to o ur pi e c e o f m usic W e h ea r loud n o t e s
.

r ecu rr ing p e riodica lly wh ich e v e n chi ldre n c a n d is ti ngu ish


a nd wh ich m a rk th e ti m e Th e se corre spond to a cce nte d
. .

syll a bl es i n ve rs e a n d gi v e us bu t l it t l e no t ion of th e se n se o r
,

m ea nin g of th e pi e c e But if we list e n more close l y we n o t ice


.

a l so th a t t h e so u nd s a re se p a ra t e d n o t o n l v i n t o b e a ts an d

d a —
ba rs but into grou ps ! a n th t t h e se grou ps lik e th e lin e s of
,

a po e m — a re h e ra ld e d by a cc e nt e d not e s o r syll a bl e s a n d e nd
,

wi th a fa l ling i n fle x i on o f t h e voice o r sound which i s ge n e r


,

a lly con firm e d by a r e st Th e s e a re m usic a l ph ra se s c on ,

ta in i n g a more o r l e ss pe rfe ct m usica l id ea The a cce nte d .

note s w h ich a nnou nc e t h e m d o not a lw a ys coi ncid e wi t h t h e

ac ce nt e d n ot e s wh ich m a rk t h e ba r ,

but t h e y coi ncid e to

,

quote Lu s s y a g a i n wi th t h e b e gi nni ng o f lin e s or h a lf li ne s



,
-

i n po e try a nd sta nd in th e pl a ce o f pu nctu a tio n


,

Th e ir obj ec t
.

i s to se pa ra te or i sol a te t h e gro u ps o f sou nds Wh er e the .

se pa ra ti o n o f grou ps is fa l s e th e m usic h a s no m e a ning Ba d


, .

phra si ng l ik e ba d punctu a tion in re a di ng be tra ys the fa c t


, ,

th a t th e pe rform e r doe s not gra sp t he sens e of wh a t h e is


sa yi ng or si ngin g M e t rica l a cc e nt a ppe a ls to t he i n stinct
.
.

R h yt h m i ca l a cc e n t a ppe a ls to t h e i n te llig e n ce .
t oo T/ze H n/ze r H an
g er s

B ut i n e v e ry m u sica l co m position a s i n e v e ry poe m th e re


, ,

is so m e t hi ng more th a n th is doubl e a ppe a l t o instinct a nd


i nte ll e ct B e sid e s t he m e t rica l a n d rhythmic a cc e nts th e re is
.
,

t h e ex pres si v e o r po e tic a cc e nt wh i ch d e m a n d s a s ou l "


. I ts .
r

e sse n ti a l ch a r a ct e ristics a re f r eedo m a n d u n e xpe c t e dn e ss It .

ca n t a k e poss e ssi on o f o n e not e o r o f se v e r a l a nd ca n fa l l


,

a nywh e re o n a cc e n t e d o r u n a cc e n t e d bea ts a t th e en d o r a t
, ,

th e be gi nn ing of phr a se s o r g rou ps o f ph ra ses Th e a rt i st.

li ter a ll y e/zoos es th e no t e s to be a cc e n te d a nd conc en tr a t e s h is


e n e rg y o n t h e m d e s t royi ng i t m a y be i n s o doi ng both t h e
,

m e t ri ca l a nd th e rhy t h m ica l a cc en ts Wh e n m a ny o f th es e
.


e l e ct e d no t e s follow o n e a noth e r th e pe rform e r h a s to
,

spe nd m uch e n e rgy in e xpre ssin g th e m i m posing th em at ,

first lik e un wi lli n g gu es ts on t h e e a r bre a king u p t h e m e tri ca l


,

a cce n ts dis t ri buti ng t h e rh yth m s ch a n gi n g th e ke y pe rh a ps


, , ,

as wh e n B ee thov e n i n his Son a t e P a t h ét iq u e mod ul a te s from

A l) m inor to E m ajo r
I t is a t thi s p i n t tha t the I m agi na ti o n h a i ng ce rta i n e l e m en ts a t i ts
o ,
v

d i s po s iti o n beg i ns to ass e rt it se l f


.

SO NA T E P AT H ETl Q U E .

sa w .

f
s
T/ze s g/ze r Hu ng e r s 10 1

or i ntroduci ng d iscords as in t he Ad a gio of th e M oonl igh t


Son a ta .

A Bo w A N D B EA U TI F U L D i s co a n r ao x
u w e M O O N L I GH T
SO NA T A .

The be ls a s i t w e re a g a i ns t th e gre a t ch a ng e s i ntr o


e a r re

d u ce d i n such p a ssa ge s F o r th e a udito ry n e r v e s li k e a ll


. ,

t h e o th e r n e rv e s o f t h e body show a m a r k e d t e nd e n cy t o fa l l
,

b a c k o r ra t h e r t o re s t in m e ch a ni sm A s soon a s the e a r
.

be com e s a w a re of a succe ssion o f sou nds subj e ct to th e l a ws


o f m e tr e a n d rhyth ms i t e xp e cts th e s a m e succ e ssion i n t h e
o

, ,

followi ng grou ps I t wi l l not a cc e p t a n y ne w o r fore i g n


.

note s wi t hou t a ki nd o f str uggl e a nd t he l e ss t h e not e is


,

d e si re d t he str onge r o r m o re v iol e n t e v e n m ust be t he i n tr o


d uct ion Th e e xpre ssi v e not e s a r e oft e n viol en t I n t h e
. .

pa s s a ge from th e Son a ta Pa t h ét iqu e t h e c re sc e ndo b e gins i n


th e fi rst b a r . e a a —
Th e re a l re a dy is pr p r t ion a ge tti ng re a d y
1 02 T/ze Hzglzer Hz mg er s
for t h e ba ttl e I n th e first chord of t he se con d b a r we pa ss
.

from th e so fe st ke y (Ab m inor ) to t h e fi e rce st (E m ajor )



,

a n d th is e v e nt i s m ar ke d by s d follow d by h s ni g
f a n e a a t e n

o f th e ti m e a cc e l h e i n cr e a se of sou nd a n d qu i ck e ni n g o f
( ) t
t e m po r e a ch in g its cli m a x i n b a r thr ee wh e re th e ope n i n g
,

cho rd is m a rk e d fi A ft e r t his outb urst th e re is a sl a ck e n i n g


of t i m e (indica te d by ra ll e nta nd o ) as thou gh t h e p e rform e r
sa n k e xh a u st e d but a ga i n a t th e close of t h e ba r a n a cc e nt e d
,

ch ord rings a n e w a l a ru m . I n th e p a ssa g e fro m th e M oo n


li gh t n e w discord a nt e l e m e nts a re introd uc e d i nto th e ch o rds

,

which th e ca r wou ld re fuse bu t th at th e y are force d a n d


pre sse d u pon it Y i e ldi ng i t is ca rri ed a w a y with t he n e w
.
,

mov e m e nt which brok e th e o l d ord e r th a t it m igh t re v e al th e


,

ne w . Ti m e m a y be qu ick e n e d M e tr ica l a cce n t (wh ich i s


.

o f cou rs e n o t ti m e bu t t h e m a rkin g o f ti m e m a
, ) y b e disp e n s e d
wi t h a ltoge th e r . Rhy th ms m a y b e dis t u rbe d . A l l m u st
gi v e wa y to e x pre ssi v e a cc e nt w hich is t h e cre a ti v e e n e rgy
, ,

or sou l of the mu sic .

E x pre ssiv e a cc e n t is a lso t h e crea t i v e pow e r i n spe e ch


, ,
.In
or a tory it m a y d e stroy th e ba l a nce o f se nte nce s ! i n a n i m a t e d
con v e rsa t ion it brea ks u p t h e co n v en tio na l phra se s o r e v e n
i n v e n t s ne w a n d str a ng e words Sl a n g is n ot on l y a ne c e ssa ry
.

e vi l
. I t i s a sy m pt om o f e x ub e ra nt vi ta lity a nd m e nta l e n e rgy ,

t h a t ca n not be i mpri son ed i n a ny form of words how e v er ,

pe rfe ct t h a t h a v e los t m e a n ing o r colour t hrough l a nguid us e


,
.

I n th e sa m e wa y th e po e t s t ru e lic e nce i s born of stre n gth



.

H is fin e s t so ngs a re m a rk ed by i nte rv a ls a nd ch a nge s in t h e


m e a sure e xpre ssi v e o f e mo t ion bre a kin g u p th e rhy th m I h .

d e e d i n cl a u se s o f m e tre grea tly a ffec t ed by p a ssi on th e ti m e


,

itse lf is l e ft m ore o r l e s s to th e re a d e r s o wn t e m pe r a n d will



.

H e re th e n we h a v e th re e a cc e n t s :
Th e m e tric a l a cc e nt b e longi ng to t h e i nstinct .

Th e rhy t h m ica l a cce nt be lon ging to th e int e lli ge n ce .

And t h e e xpre ssi v e a cce nt re v ea ling t h e soul .


7 723 H{g/t ar Hr an
g er s 1 03

Th e chi ld ,
or d ul t is ca pa ble of e njoying m usic only i n
th e a ,

p roport ion a s h e fee ls a n d a ppre ci a te s th e se .

F e w fa voure d indi v idu a ls gra sp th e m a l l by in t u i t i v e forc e



,

a n d di s
q wi t hout t hough t o r t r a ining th e m os t s u b t l e

ir re gul ar iti es of m etre a nd rhyt h m As fo r th e a v e ra ge chi ld


. ,

h is m u s ica l pe rce p t ion k ee ps pa c e wi t h h is inte l le c t u a l a nd


mora l tra in i ng H e b ea ts t i m e a nd sings rhy m e al m ost in
.

infa nc y . H is a ppre ci a tio n o f rhy th m o n the o t h e r ha nd


de pe nds a l m ost e ntire ly o n his u nd e rsta nding o f th e se nse of
wh a t h e re a d s o r sings As for his a ppre ci a tion of ex p res sion
.
,


Roussea u wa s ri ght i n s a yi ng th a t it is sm a ll Chi ldre n h e ,

w ri t e s si ng wi t h l itt l e fe e li n g
,
So mono t onous is t h e voic e
.

of t he a v e ra ge e l e m e nt a ry school chi ld e v e n i n re ading w h e n ,

l e ft to h i m se lf th a t te a ch e rs h a v e h a ste n e d to i mpose o n h i m
,

a grea t n u m be r o f infl e ctions whi c h h e i m itat e s for t h e m os t

pa rt wi t hout in te l lig e nce or fe e li ng .

Th e in trod uctio n o f a fa lse e x p res si v e a c ce n t dis t u rbs t h e


rhy t h m a nd i n doing so d e s t roys or at l e a st bl urs th e se ns e
, ,
.

Th e tru e e xpre ssiv e a cce n t m a y brea k the re gu l a ri t y o f


th e m e tr e o r o f th e rhy t hm bu t doe s n o t d e s t roy t he se hs e
, .

I t d e e pe n s th e se n se a n d t h e disorde r in t o wh ich i t t h rows


,

e v e ry li ne is mo re lov e ly t h a n t h e norma l ord e r as wind blown ,


-

le a v e s a re lov e li e r t h a n t he con v e n t ion a l l ea f or na m e n t -


.

H e re is th e ope ning v e rs e o f a grea t poe m by C a m pbe ll ,

wh ich Ruski n h as punc t u a t e d i n v e rse a nd m usic i n h is


Ele m e n t s o f Engli sh prosody .

Yr
. M ar nu s o
f Eng - l and

Il l
10
4 Tl ze s gé er H an
g er s

Th e ti m e is pa rtly l e ft t o t h e re a d e r s w il l, so th a t i f
'
we
a dd e d m e lody t o th e wo rds som e pa ssa ge s m igh t b e gi v e n i n
quick ti m e a nd som e i n slow
, .

It i s im possibl e to sa y ho w a ny e d uca t e d a nd pa tri otic m a n


would rea d it Bu t i t is e a sy t o st a t e v e ry pr ecis e ly h ow a n
.
, ,

a v era ge e l e m e n t a ry school ch ild would r e n d e r it .

I ns t e a d of re a d i ng sim ply
Ye m a ri n e rs of E n gl a nd
h e wou l d b e gi n

m ar l a nd
Th e v o ice wou ld ris e a n d fa ll i n a rti fici a l i n fl e cti on s .

The rhyth m would be brok e n u p but n ot through forc e of


,

fe e li ng Th e re would proba bly be no fee l ing wh a te v er b e hi n d


.

m e t re rhyth m or pa ce
, .

Such re a ding is o f l ittl e v a lu e fro m an y poi nt of v i e w Th e .


se mbl a nc e of a ni m a tio n is o n ly a se mbl an ce I m pre ssion .

a n d e x pre ssion a re d e t e r m i ne d by forc e s a cting on u s We .

d o n ot yi e ld to ca pric e i n yi e ldin g to th e m H o w a nd to
.
,

wh a t e xt e n t th e y a ffe ct u s d e pe nds n o t on o u r fa nci e s o r d e si re s ,

but u po n our su sc e ptibi lity And i f a ch ild re a ds n atura ll y


.

we l ea rn som e thi ng a bout h im But if we i m pos e fa lse to ne s


.
,

i nfl e cti ons a n d a n a ppe a ra n c e of vi v a city we a re si m ply tea ch


,

i ng h i m to conc e a l h im s e lf I n t he e l e m e nt a ry schools th e re 13
.

i nd e e d but littl e pl a y for th e i nd ividu a li t y of th e v a riou s c h i ldr e n


Th e pu pils wri t e t he sa m e h an d , re ci te i n th e sa m e m an ner .

Bu t th e re is this di ffere nc e b e twee n wr iti n g t he sa m e ha nd


a n d re a din g a loud i n t he sa m e fa ls e m a n n e r Le tte rs a re
.

con ve ntion a l signs Th e y m a y be copi e d sl a v ishly wi thou t


.

grea t h a rm following B ut t he voic e the to ne a re not con


.
, ,

ve n t i o n a l t h ings Th e y a re t h e tru e m e d i u m of e x pre ssion


. .

W h e n th e voi ce is no t tru e i t is fa ls e
, .
T/ze Hi ghe r H an
g ers 1 05

Wh at we m a y ca l l e moti o n d rill or a rti fici al i n fl ectio n of ,


t h e voic e i n re a di ng i s qu i t e v icious .

I n st ea d of i nsist i ng o n t he se mbl a nc e of fee li ng we mu st


m a k e possibl e t h e re a lity B h w w to do th is ?

u t o a re e
.

H ow are we to o ffe r a ful l a n d fi n e ra nge of e xpe ri e n c e


t o al l ? T hi s i s such l arge qu e s t ion t h a t I ca nnot a tt e m pt
t o an s we r i t fu l l e r h e re Th e minor qu es t ion of how t o gi v e
.

voi ce a nd ea r t ra i n i ng i s no t to be put a sid e e n ti re ly how e v e r , ,

i n an y book on e l e m e n t a ry ed uca tion a nd o n th is subj e ct we ,

m us t now tou c h how ev e r b ri e fly


,
.

Child re n s aid Froe be l


,
l e a rn by d o i ng —t h a t is by
,

mov e m e n t .

I n no su bj e c t is his g re a t pri nci pl e i ll ustrat e d
m ore fo rci b ly t h a n i n t h e t ea ch i n g of si ngi ng a n d music .

Chi ld r e n l ove t o k ee p t i m e by mov e m en ts o f t h e h a n d (o r i t


m ay be e ve n o f th e foo t ) Va rious kin ds o f t i m e o r m e t rica l
.

figu re s s ugges t va ri o us kin d s o f m ov e m e n t F o r e xa mpl e i f an .


,

ai r i s p l ay e d l e ga to slow s wi ngi ng mov e m e n t s a re su gge st ed


, , .

I f t h e sa m e ai r o r a rrange m e n t s o f no t e s a re pl a y e d s t a cca to ,

ligh t qu ick move m e n t s i m pos e t h e ms e lv e s a n d a re yi e l d ed t o ,

i n vol un t a ri ly A t h i rd m e t rica l fi gure m ay e xp re ss e n e rgy Th e


. .

ch a ract e r an d e xp re ssion d e pe nds on th e b ea t o r t i m e no t o n ,

Ma ny son gs are wr i tt e n wi t h t he i nt e n t t h a t t h e y
'

t h e no te s
.

sh a ll fi t t he mse l ve s to a n y se n t im e n t Th e m e rry a n d th e .

m e l a ncholy p art s m ay be sung to th e sa m e m e lody — th e

ch aract e r d e pe nd ing a l t oge t h e r o n t he t i m e o r m od e No .

o n e c a n fa i l t o n ot e how quickly a you ng chi ld l e a rn s t h e


l angu age o f e xpre ssion Th e t o ne o f a spok e n word t e l ls hi m
.

a l L— And t h is susc e p t ibi l i t y is n o t con fin e d t o spok e n wo r ds

Th e m usica l mod e s of e xpre ssion m ay h e l ea rn e d i n the


I n fan t room Yi e lding t o t he i mpuls e t o e xpre ss th e fee lings
-
.

t he y awa k e n su i t a b ly t h e ch ild so on com e s to rec o gn i z e t h e m


Lat e r h e wi ll wa n t to n a m e t h e m The n e e d fo r w ri tt e n
.

sign s will be fe l t J u s t i n th e sa m e wa y t h a t a ch ild


.
106 Tfi e H{g/re f Ha mg e r s
r

l e a rn s to spe ak a l a ngu age be fore h e l e a rns r ea di n g an d spe a ks ,

co rre c t ly be fore he b e gins th e study o f g r m m a r so he shou ld a


,

be m a d e fa m i l i ar wi t h t h e l a ngu age o f music a n d a t ho m e wi t h


,

i ts v a ri ous mod e s o r m e t ric al fi gu re s long b e fo re he com e s t o


s tudy t he s t a ff no t a t ion .

Eve n wh e n th e no ta tio n is i nt rod uce d i t is n o t n e c e s sa ry t o


d e pe nd o n i t a lon e Form a l ear t es t s d o no t e x ha us t al l th e
'
-

p o ssi biliti e s o f e a r tra in in g


-
P rogre ss i n music i s a m a tt e r
.

l a rgel y o f growing susc e p t i bil i t y an d willin gn e ss (ga i n e d by


,

e xp e ri e nc e ) t o br e a k a w a y fr om m e re a u t o m a t is m an d h a bi t .

Th e re is no re ason why th e i ns t ru m e n t a l music of th e e l e m en ta ry


school should be co n fi ne d t o th e m e re s t ru m mi ng o f a m arch .

I h a v e al re a d y h e a rd accompa n i m e n t s pl ay e d b e a u t ifully by
you ng t e a ch e rs I f t h e s e you ng t e ach e rs w r e a llowe d t o go a
. e

li tt l e fu rt h e r a nd p l ay n o t s tru m a t t i m e s to t h e ch ild re n the


, , ,

re su l t s would pro b a bly be a n e w se nsi t i v e n e ss A nd wi t h t h e


.

n e w s e n s i t iv e n e ss a n e w d e m a nd
, I n s p i te o f a l l o u r m usica l
.

t rai ning i n schools t o d a y how d readful is t h e u s e to whi ch m a ny


-

p e opl e pu t t h e i r pi a nos H o w c r ue l is t h e fa t e of t he s e nsi t iv e


.

pe rson who has t o list e n t o t h e s t ru m m i ng o f t he ordi n a ry


worki ng cl ass girl o r lad And how is such i n s e nsi bi li t y possi bl e
.

i n t he l att e r Si mply t h ro u gh t h e e ar indol e nce i nduc e d by


.
-
,

monot onous voice s and j ingli ng t u n e s


,

Cl e a r a n d s t rong musica l i mpre ssi ons a re co nv e ye d i n t h e


fol k m usic o f m a ny cou n tri e s And t h e re i s n o be tt e r m ean s
.

o f p re s e r ving t he m u s i c i a l susc e p t i bili t i e s a n d pr e v e nti ng


,

wh a t we m ay be a llow e d t o ca ll t h e l e t h argy o f t he ea r t h a n to ,

i n t rod uc e a t t im e s th e cl ea r st rong a nd a w a k e ni ng f ol k musi c


, ,

of o t h e r l a nds .

Bu t i t is no t only wh il e s h e is si nging o r pl aying t h a t th e


t e a ch e r is givi ng voc al sugge s tions a n d i llus t rat ion Th e .

qu a li t y of he r own voice o ffe rs i t se lf con t i n u a lly fo r th e i r


e x a m pl e. No t hing pe rh aps h as m o re infl u e nc e t ha n t he spea ki ng
voic e o f th e t e ach e r u nl e ss i t h e t h e s ge a ki ng voic e o f t h e m o the r
, .
T/ze H ig/ze r H an
g ers 107

Al as ! W e h av e gi v e n li tt l e at te n t ion to i t ! O f la t e
y ea rs t h e re has b e e n a s t i rri ng an ag i t a t io n i n t he pri m a ry
,

e duca t io n wo rld as if m a nag e rs e tc we re a t l as t b e com ing


,
.
,

a w a re t ha t t h e voic e bo x eS o f t he t e ns o f t h o us ands of t e a ch e rs
-

u n d e r th e i r a u t ho ri t y w e re i n a t oo l am en t a bl e s t a t e Th e .

m a nag e rs d id no t dr e a m i n bygon e days p e rh a p s t h e y d o n o t ,

e v e n now dr e a m of p rovid in g a good m usica l e n vi ron m e n t for t he

ch ild re n . B ut th e y h a v e re a liz e d t h at a gre a t nu m be r of


t ea ch e rs a re trou b l e d wi t h so re t h roa t s an d t h a t th e voice s o f
,

m a ny of t hose who c a m e b e fo re t h e m di ffe re d i n a n u n pl ea sa nt


wa y from t h a t o f o t h e r p e rsons So t h e y h a v e op e n e d cl ass e s
.

for vo ice pr od uc t ion —a n d t his i s c e rt a i nly a s t e p i n t h e righ t


-

di re c t io n Bu t voic e p roduc t ion ca n no t be t a u gh t t o l a rge


.
-

cl asse s N o r e v e n v e ry e ffe c t u al ly to sm all on e s As we pass


. .

from ch ild hood to you t h t he t e a ch in g m us t b e c o m e as far a s ,

t he voic e is conc e rn e d a n i n d i m du a / t h ing


'

I f th e voi ce is .

spoi l e d t h e n on ly indi vidu a l t e achi n g c a n d o a ny t hing F e w .

peo pl e re al iz e h o w d i fli c u l t i t is to ov e rco m e ba d voc a l h abi t s .

Acqu i re d wh e n th e sp e ak e r is you ng t h ey a re fi xe d by d aily


an d hou rly p ra c t is e —
Th e y ca n be ov e rcom e bu t only by
.

ve ry vigo rous m e as ure s by i n di vi d u a l tea r/l i ng a n d lon g con


, ,

t i n u e d e ffort a n d p ra ctis e I t is c e rt a in t h a t t he gi rls a n d


.

wom e n wh o t ak e a fe w l e ssons i n voic e production n e v e r a tta in -

fre edom from o l d bad h a bi ts much l e ss d o t h e y ga in t h a t con t rol


of wh ich c l ea r sw e e t u tt e ra nc e is t he re sul t
,
W h il e h ailing .

wi t h jo y th e t e n ta t iv e e ffo rt s m ad e by th e a u t ho ri t i e s i n
e l e m e nt a ry e d uca t ion t o i m p rov e th e voic e p ro duc t ion o f
t each e rs who h a v e i ni u re d t h e ir h ea l t h t h rou gh w rong
m e thods i t is w e l l t o 1 n s 1 s t t h a t only t eac h e rs t ra i n e d i n ri g h t
,

m e t hods fro m the b eg i n n ing shou ld h a v e ch arge o f t h e rea di n g


o r singi ng l e sso n .

I f ch ild re n a re pe rmi tt e d to c o m e u nd e r t he i n fl u e nce of fi ne


1 08 n a H zlg/ze r Hu ng e r :

and fl e xi bl e spe aking vo i ce s i f t h ey are allow e d to h ea r si mpl e a irs


,

and m e lodi e s from t h e i r cradl e s a n d a re in t rod uce d a ls o ,

th rough i ns t ru m e n t a l m usic to si mpl e b e auti fu l crea ti o ns


, ,

t h ey a re p re p ar e d by such pri vi l e ge s for oth e r studi es


t h an t h a t of mu sic Th e y wi ll com e fo r e xa m pl e more
.
, ,

qu ickly u n d e r t h e fo rm ativ e in fl u e nc e s of po e t ry and be p re


pare d fo r t h e gr ea t t ea ch e rs m e ssage A voic e si ngs fo r th em
'


.

a t t he doo r o f th e gr ea t h a l l o f li t e ra t u re O f cou rse i t must .

n o t long re m a i n a m ere v o ic e The go od o f po e t ry i s n o t


.

rea lly go t u nl e ss th e s e nse o f th e words is tho ro ugh ly l e a rn t an d


kn o vm And ye t fe e ling p rec e d e s knowl e d ge a nd pre pare s th e
.
,

wa y for i t .

Th us i t i s n e c e ssa ry to b eg i n with poe ms which e xpre ss fe e l


ings a pprop ri a t e t o boyh o od H e rba r t re ad th e O dyss ey wit h
.

his s e ve n a n d n in e ye ars o l d pu pils e njoyi ng th e int e res t th e y


-
,

showe d i n t he doings o f m e n i n t h e a dol e sce n t p e ri od of th e



rac e th e h e roe s o f a young ci vi liza t ion wi t h who m b oys are
mo re i n t o uch t h a n is th e ma t u re d m an of m od e r n da ys An d .

t h e re i s no dou b t t h a t boys wi l l rea d th e h e roic po e m wi t h fee l


i ng who ye t show pro fou nd indi ffe re nc e i n rea di ng th e fin e st
,

ly ric .

Th e od e to t he skyl a rk do e s n o t t ouch t he a ve age
bo y v e ry d ee ply Y e t t h e re are po e ms wh ich stir hi m Th e

. .


w ri te r kn e w a boy a pu pi l in W e llingt o n s o f d isti nc t ly ’

p re d a t ory i ns ti nc t s a n d t a s t e s wh o us e d t o re ci t e th e
La ys of A n ci e n t Rom e wi t h gre a t fe e l i ng a n d u nction
whi l e h e m e nd e d h i s fish ing t ackl e o r cl ea n e d his gu n i n .

t h e holid ays .

Th e w rite r re m e m be rs a lso th e Po e t ry book from which -

s h e a nd h e r school fe llo w s (boys a nd gi rls b e t w e e n n in e a n d


-

t we lv e yea rs o l d ) re a d a loud i n a school i n the H ighl a nds o f



Scotl a nd M a ny o f th e po e m s w e re b e a u t i fu l bu t fe w we re
.

a pp rop ri t
a e O n e
.
— t h e l a m e n t of a fa t h e r ov e r his fi rs t bo rn -

chi ld —was v e ry badly re nd e re d as a rul e pa r t icul arly by t h e ,

boys wh o showe d co m pl e te indi ffe re nc e to t h e t ri a ls o f a


,
T/ze H zlg/ze r H an
g er s 1 09

pa re n t . A po e m on t h e d e a th o f a young gi rl m ad e so m e o i the

gi rl pu pi ls sa d wh e n t h e y r ea d it a t ho m e I n cl ass it h ad no .

e ffe ct wh at e v e r And t h e m as t er onc e rea d C ato o n t he I m m o r


.

t a li t y o f th e soul —o n wh ich occa sion h e be c am e so e xci t e d ,

a nd roar e d so loudly t h a t t he whol e cl a ss wa s i mpre ss ed But .


wh en at l ast h e arriv e d s afe ly a t th e crash o f wu r r e l ds an d -

r e sum e d h i s ordi n a ry e xpre ssion sh a ki ng h ims e l f a l it t l e as if ,

ste pping o u t o f t his ba t h of e m otion th e ch ildre n appe are d t o ,

b e r e l i e v e d th a t t h e p e rform a nc e was ov e r bu t qui t e i ndi ffe re n t


with respe c t to C a t o s fe e l ings a bou t th e s o u l

.


N o w t a k e o ne o f C a mpbe l l s poe m s :
I t was te n o f A pri l m o rn by t h e chi me ,

A s th e y d ri ft ed o n t h e i r pa th ,

Th e re w as s il e nce d e p as d e a th e ,

A n d the b ol d es t h e l d t h e i r b rea t h
F or a t im e .

H e re i s a pi e c e t h at would ap pe a l t o a l l I t is ful l of mo ve .

men t —c al m i mposin g ye t d ra m a t ic Th e e q u a l tim e of t he


, ,
.

m e tre s as o f v e sse ls m ovi n g at com m and e d pac e und e r p e r


fe c tl y s t e a dy wind s ee ms t o ban e x agge ra ti o n The pupils



.
,

l is t e ni ng t o t hi s m ight no t a d mir e t he ge n ius t h a t chos e t h e


righ t m e tr e which r e ca l l e d the ac t u a l mov e m e nt of the v e ss e ls
, .

Ye t som e t hi ng of t h e m usic of th e gre at po e m woul d si ng i n


t h e ir e a rs m any a t i m e as t h ey wa t ch e d th e se a cal m i n t h e ,

morn ing su nlight an d t he flagge d ships crowding t h e h ar bo u r


, ,

of th e se a po r t H ighl a nd to wn O n e ve ry brigh t Ap ril m orn i ng .


,

wh e n t h e y h e a rd t h e ch i m e s t h e y wou ld fee l som e t h ing of t he


p oe t s e moti o n This wo rk of art would b e lo ng t o th e m for e v er

.

.
.

G i v e n sui ta bi li t y o r ti m e li n e ss i n choice of s e n t i m e n t a w e ll ,

rea d po e m i s more form a ti v e e v e n t h a n a w e l l r e n d e r d song e .

A ytou n s

La ys an d M a ca ul ay s t he poe ms of C am p be ll

,
“ ’ ”
, ,

m as t e r of t ri m e tre v e rse ) Scot t a n d T e nnyson s I dyl l s


( h

t e , ,

A l i ke i ndi fle re nce to s u a it b ility i f s o t e n s ee n i n he °


c h i
o c e o f so n s .
g The
w it
r e r has e ar h d
a bi g c as s o f l b y i gi o s s n ng

J u a n i t e r,

a Sp i h l v
an s o e
so ng . t
The e ffec wa s g ro te sq u e .
t ro T/ze High er H an
g ers

m ay be ci t e d as a pp ropri at e for t he boys of the e l e m e n ta ry


schools of En gl a nd .

B eyo nd a l l t his t h e r e is th e subli m e poe t ry o f th e Psa l ms


too l i tt l e known i n o u r schools — n o t i nclu d e d e ve n i n ou r

sch e m e s fo r Scri p t ura l i nstruc t ion I n va in M a tt h e w Arnol d


.
,

t ri e d t o i nduc e m ana ge rs of a ll sh ad e s o f be li e f to g i ve t he
for m ativ e in fl u e nc e s o f Bi bl ica l e loqu e nce a nd poe t ry t o t h e
ch i ldre n o f th e pe opl e M a ke th e ge t ti ng by h ea rt a s e l e ctio n
.

o f th e fi n e s t Psa l m s a pa rt of t h e schoo l wo rk to be ,

su b mi tt e d t o i nsp e c ti on a nd to be s ee n i n its s t re ng t h o r w ea k
n e ss l ik e an y o t h e r So m e wi ll s ay th a t wh a t we propose i s
.

bu t a sm a ll use t o pu t th e Bi bl e t o : ye t i t is th a t o n which a l l
high e r u se o f th e Bi bl e i s to be bu i l t and i t s a dop t ion i s th e
,

only ch a nc e to sa ve th e o n e e l e v a t i n g a nd i n spi ri ng e l e me n t i n
t h e sc a n t y i ns t ruction o f o u r pri m a ry schools from b e ing s acri

h e e d to a poli t ico re ligi ous d i fli c u l ty


-
. Th e re wa s no G re e k
School i n which H om e r was n o t re ad . C a nn o t o u r popu l a r
schools wi t h t h e ir na rrow ra nge i n se cul ar li t e ra t ure do as
, ,

m uch fo r t h e B ibl e as t h e G re e k schoo l s did fo r H o m e r .

N e v er pe rha ps w e re we s o incli n e d a s a n a tion to disc uss


, ,

t h e e ffe ct o f Bi bl e t e a ch ing on t h e young O f disc ussion a n d


.

controv e rsy th e re is li te ra lly no e nd A fe w words we m a y


.

s a y h e r e t o t hose wh o sti ll cond e mn M a tt h e w Ar n old s sug


g e st ion a s a dispara ge m e n t o f th e Sc ri pture s .

W e h a v e see n t h a t sound is n o e mp t y thi ng Th a t t he .

v e ry rhy t h m of words i s ful l o f t h e spi ri t th a t ga v e th e m


utte ra nce To fe e l a nd a pp re ci a t e t he sou nd o f a gre a t psa l m
.

is to h a v e so m e kinsh i p wi t h th e si nge r ! a n d j ust as children


wi l l oft e n us e a n d e njoy a word be for e th e y h a v e a ny d e fi n i te
id ea o f it s m e a n ing so th e y will ofte n lov e poe try or nobl e
,

s pe ec h b e fore t h e y h a v e fa thom e d its d e p t h o r di scov e re d a ll


,

i ts b e a u t y .M a n do e s n o t a d v a nc e wi t h re gul a r s te ps utte r ,

ing no t hing th a t he doe s n o t fully u nd e rst a nd O n th e


.

c ontr a ry ,
w e know th a t h is words g a i n cont e n t v e ry slowly
Tke H rjg/ze r H an
g er s 1 1 1

a nd gra du a l ly —th a t v a g u e fee li ngs p re c ed e words a nd t h e ,

whol e a dv a nce is m a d e so tha t t h e spe cta tor of a mom e n t


m igh t d e cl a re i t a ltog e th e r foolish a nd m ea n ingl e ss .

A r ec ogniti on o f th e i nfl u e nce o f t he m e re so u nd o f gr e a t
poe try doe s n o t i m pl y conte m pt for i ts d e e pe r m e a n ings .

O n th e con tra ry it will i m pe l u s to look for th e se —to se a rch


,

d ilige n t ly for t h e m a nd to fi nd th e m i t m a y be a fte r m a n y


, , ,

d a ys .

I n n o su bj e c t h as th e wa n t o f contin u i t y i n e d ucation tol d


more d i s a s t rou s ly t h an i n voic e p roduc t ion
- .

Th e singi ng o f th e e l e m e n t a ry school ch i ld is i n m a ny schools ,

e xc e ll e n t. Th e voic e pro d uc t ion of pupil t e ach e rs is l a m e n t a bl e


-

Ye t t he l a t t e r w e re school child re n a fe w y e a rs ago a nd ea rn e d


-
,

r a t p ra is e fo r t h e ir singi ng
g e .

As a m a t t e r of fa c t t he e xp e rt i n chi ld si n gi n g oft e n d e cl i n e s
-

e ve n t o Mi n e o f t h e pu pil t ea ch e r s voic e a nd i t s re qui re m e nts


'
.

Th e reaso n is not far t o s e e k . I n hu m a n life t h e re a re p e r i od s


of ch a nge . O u r e duca ti o n a l m e t h od s should m e e t t h e se
ch a n ge s. Ot h e rwise we a bando n o u r e ffort s j us t a t th e ,

mom e n t wh e n we s h ou ld r e ali z e t h e m a l l i n a ne w ord e r of


tra in ing Bu t we h av e n o t be e n r eady to m e e t th e ch a nge s of
.

gr owing hu m a n li fe. O u r sys t e m l a cks contin ui t y .

B re aks occu r t o d a y a t th e do or o f th e i nfa nt room a t th e -


,

d oo r o f th e H igh e r G rad e school an d m o re o r l ess a t e ve ry


,

cla ss roo m doo r as w e ll as school doo r


-
, .

Th e a i m o f t h e n e w e d uca t ion al a uthori t i e s should be t h a t


h —
of a c e rtai n ol d H i g l a nd cl a n A vi sez l a fi n .
C H A PT E R V I .

T HE em u ) AS AR TI ST .

A M O N G th e a rts we m a y m en tio n D a nci ng fi rs t as it is t h e



,

id ea li za tio n of si mpl e mov e m e nt W e wou ld e x pec t th a t t he


.

child would l ea rn to d a nce e a rly —a n d this i s the ca se .

Pre y e r s littl e ch ild could d a nc e i n ti m e to m usic a t th e a ge


of tw e nty four mo n ths Th e young ch i ldre n o f sa v a g e s are


-
.

pre cocious d a n ce rs Am e ric a n I ndi a n childre n (of th ree a nd


.

four ) go fa ithfu lly through th e d a nc e s of t h e ir e ld e rs A nd th e .

ch ildr e n of t ribe s w ho i nd ulg e i n more com plica t e d d a nc e s


th a n t h e se qu ickly l e a rn e v e ry ste p
,
Th e ch ild of hi gh e r
.

ci vili za tion s e e ms to h a ve lost this precociou sne s s —sa v e i n


e xc e ptio n a l cas e s . A mong the l a rge n u mb e r of chi l d ren
whom I h a v e s e e n d a ncing to m u sic s a ys G roos I ca n not

,

,

re c a ll o ne who k e pt ti m e re gul a rly a nd w ith a ssura nce without ,



som e t e a ch ing a nd e x a m pl e .

H ow e v e r n e c e s sa ry t e a chi ng m a y b e a s a n a i d to a ctu a l
pe rform a nc e t h e re is n o doubt wh a t e v e r a s to chi ldre n s a p ~
,

pre ci a tion of good d a nci ng Th e rush o n t he pa ntom i m e


.

e v e ry y e a r is a proof t h a t p a re n ts a n d oth er s a ck n owl e dg e

th is a ppre ci a ti v en e ss B ut proba bly v e ry fe w h a v e an y id ea


.

of i ts a c t u a l ra ng e a nd qu a li ty K ropotki ne te lls us how i n


.

his ea rly ch i ldho od he a tt e nd ed a pe rform a nc e by t he fi ne st


d a nce r i n Russi a — a nd how t h is gr ea t e x pe ri e nc e n o t o n ly g a v e
Té e C/zi /a ’
as A r tis t 1 1 3

h im in t ens e pl e a sure but m ad e hi m i ndi ffe re n t to a ll i n fe rior


e x h ibiti on s of t h e sa m e ord e r W e h a v e no re a son to doubt
.

,


h e obse rv e s th a t you ng ch i ldr en ca n a ppr e ci a t e th e be st i n
,

th is kind .

Dan ci ng wa s a n i m porta nt subj e ct i n G ree k e d uc a tio n I t .

i s h a rd ly a dmitt e d into t h e prim a ry school to d a y Ye t h e re -


.

a nd th e re a n e ffort is m a d e t o d e mons t r a te t h e fu n ction s o f this

be a utiful pri mi t i v e a rt I n a school in t he no rt h n u m b e ring


.
,

60 0 girls th e physi ca l tra ining i ncl ud e s a form of d a ncing


, ,

or ra th e r o f slow mov e me nts wh ich gi v e gra ce a nd b a l a nc e


,
.

Th e se a re e x e cut ed by th e pu pils with e v id e n t pl e a su re a nd ,

n o t withou t profit fo r th e bea ri n g a n d m a nn e rs o f th e ch ild re n


,

a rd u n lik e a n yt hi n g th a t i s s e e n in th e ordin a ry e l e m e n ta ry

school .

The fa ct t h a t mov e m e nt a n d e v e n a tt i t ud e h a s close re l a ti on s


wi th m en t al sta t e s h as b e e n a m ply ill ustr a te d by e xp e ri m en ts
w ith h yno t i c pa t i e n ts V e ry lit t l e a pplica t ion of t h is princi pl e
.
,

how e v e r ha s bee n ye t m a d e by e d uca tion a lists The ordin a ry


,
.

school d ri l l is se m i m ilita ry I t i nclud e s l un gi ng a n d a grea t


-
.
,

m a ny ar m mov e m e n t s D e fi a n t a tt i t ud e s ch a ra ct eri z e it A
-
. .

ve ry su btl e Rom a n pri es t h as d es cri b e d this d ri ll a s d e vili sh .

I t is more corre c t to sa y t h a t i t is v e ry l im it e d i n a i m a nd
ch a ra ct e r —a nd ca n co n tr i bu t e li ttl e or noth ing d i re ctly t ow a rds
t h e e thi ca l t ra i ning .

V e ry slowly d o t h e t e a c h i ngs o f th e gre a t work e rs i n th e


l a bo ra tory fi nd th e i r a ppl ica t ion i n th e school And ye t h e r e
.

a nd th e re a t e a ch e r is found a lre a dy who i ll ustra t e s th e m i n

Th ere is no doubt th a t d a ncing w i l l one d ay pl a y a gre a t


p a rt i n ea rly e d uca ti on .


M a ri a Th is i s t he a rt of p rod i gi es l M oza rt com posed
a t thre e y ear s old M e nd e lssoh n a t fi v e H a d yn a t fou r !
, ,

M a ny child re n ca n sing th e sc a l e co r re ctly be fore th e y a re


8
1 14 Ti re 672s as A r t i st
t w e l v e mon ths old M u si ca l i m a ge s a re orga n iz ed b e fo re
.

an
y o t h e,
rs ”
sa ys Ri bo t Th e .crea ti v e e n e rgy ca n t h e re

fore fin d m a te ri a l s i n th is ki n d a t i ts dispo sitio n a t a v e ry


ea rly a ge .

A t fo u rt e e n M oza rt wrot e a n ope r a o f wh ich h is ma st e r


,

s id
a
“ —
I t is tru e m usic gr ea t n e w fu ll of ch ara ct e r a nd
, , ,

po w er .

Th e work of ge ni us i n m usic m a y th e n be v i ri l e n e w grea t , , ,

a t t h e a g e of fo u rt e e n. Th e G e ni us i s a n e xce ptiona l be i n g
bu t h e doe s n o t l i ve outs id e the re i gn of n a tura l l a w Th e .

v ery fa ct th a t a tta i n m en t of th e h igh e st k i n d i s possibl e for


o n e i s e vi d e nc e th a t t h e mo de of a cti vi ty i n w h ich such r e sults
,

are a t ta in a bl e is pre cocious for a ll .

Th ere is no i ns ta nce of a grea t sci e ntist disting uishi n g


h i m se lf a t the ag e of fou rt ee n 1
A s we h a v e se e n childr e n show v er y ea rly si gn s of s us ce p ti
bili ty wi t h r e g ar d to voi ce s Th e y i mi ta te sou nds qu ickl y a n d
.

a ccura t e ly . B ut as th e ir m e mory or e x pe ri e n ce of e mo tio na l


sta te s is n e c e ssa rily sm a l l it is i n n owise surpri si n g th a t most
,

children should si ng with littl e fee l i ng .

Th er e a re n ot w a n ting t hose who w a rn us a gai n st th e


a b use of m usic i n schools

Th e e xc e ss of m usi ca l tra i n
.

i ng m a y d e stroy a ll pre c i sion an d d e fi n ite n e ss in thought a n d


a ction M usi c car e sse s a nd e xcite s t h e n e rv e s o nly to
se n d us to sl e e p a ga i n ”
. A nd t he moral ist —such as Tolsto i
for e x a m pl e —d e scri be s th e e vi ls th a t m a y re su lt from o v er
stim ul a tion through m usic .

Doubtl e ss the sti m ul u s of m usic is a l w a ys v e ry inti m a te a nd


pe rso na l a nd m usic i s th e l a n gu a ge of e moti on I t r e gu l a te s
,
.

vibra tions in wh ich a l l t he perso na l life i s re sol v e d Oth er .

ar ts a wa ke n id e a s which d e t e rmin e feel ings but m usic ,

crea t e s s ta t e s a n d conditions of n e rvous a cti v ity T h ere fore .

t h e G re e ks w e re re a so n a bl e i n a tta ch i n g gre a t mor a l re


spo n sibility to t h e choice of m e l od i e s m od e s e tc
, , .
Tfi e Cb i /d as A r ti s t 1 1 5

Ye t on looking ba ck ov e r th e h istory of our ra c e an d of


m u sic we m ust be co n vi nced th a t a v e ry l a rge proportion of
,

pe opl e took m usic a s a kind of n a rcoti c A frica n m usic i s .

“ ”—
d e scri b ed as som nol en t a kind o f h a sh ee sh wh ich e v en

t h e l iv e l i e s t ca nnot long r e sist Th e Cossa ck the N e gro th e


.
, ,

I ndi an lov e mo n otony a nd rh yth m a nd pl ung e th e mse lv e s


, ,

into a st a t e of m i ld hy pnosis by th e a id of m usic Ev e n more .

cult ure d a nd m usica l pe opl e b e tr a y t h e s a m e t e nd e ncy to s e e k


a drea m y pl ea su re i n m usi c as our i nn um e r a bl e be rc e use s

, ,


n o ct u m e s

a nd

re v e ri e s ”
wi t n e ss At o u r S a lv a t ion.

Army m e e tings a nd i n m a ny o t h e r ga t h e ri ngs t housa nds


, ,

pl ung e i nto a s ta t e of dre a my co nscious ne ss i nduc e d by the


si nging ! Q u i t e in noc e ntly t h e l ea d e r of a crowd m a y u se
ca tch i ng a irs a nd rh ym th i c cl a ppi ng a nd i ndu ce a sta te of
, ,

gre a t sugg e s t ibi li t y .

I n So u ri a u s book o n A rt t h e hy pno t ic e ffe ct of m e lody



, ,

pa in ti ng s ta tu a ry e tc i s s e t fort h i n d e ta i l Th e a rti st eh
, , .
, .

tra nce s u s—more or l e ss —sw ee ps us a w a y by the forc e of hi s


a ppe a l , or t he pre s e nta t io n o f h is subj e ct “
A rt e m ploys .

hypnotis m th e b e t te r to con t rol our m inds a nd k e e p our


i m a gi na tio n i n t h e li m its pre scrib e d by h e r sugge st ion s .


Wh a t we o we to h e r is n o t m e re ly t h e sl ee p but t he d rea m .

Th e i nducing o f th e t ra n c e is t he fi rs t co nd i t ion of t h e
h igh e s t ms t he t i c e njoy m e nt B u t th e fac t th a t it ca n be ea sily
.

— —
i nduce d i n m e re rhy t h m fo r e xa mpl e t h a t ca t chi ng e a sy
t u ne s ca n ac t as chlorofo rm t o us al l has p ro ba b ly i nd uced u s
t o re m ai n long on th e thre shold o f t h is a rt Th e t ru e functi o n .

of m usic is no t to t ic kl e t he e a r o r to l ul l th e se ns es but t o do
, ,

j ust th e opposi t e J us t as i n th e dra m a we e xp e ct to ex pe ri


.
,

en c e m a ny fe e li ngs a n d a re con t e n t wi t h th e v a ri e ty a s long


,

as we are re call e d fin a lly to a s e ns e o f t h e b e a u t i fu l so t he l ife ,

a n d l a n gu age of m usic d e p e nds o n th e va r i ety an d n e wn ss o f e

sta t e s wh ich it can aw ak e n f rai m ag i n music a wa kens I t


'

. .

i s p roba bl e th a t ch ild re n a re mo re rea dy t h a n we i m agi n e


1 16 T/ze 671 s as A r ti s t
t o l ea v e th e e e l m e n tary stage a nd a pprec i a t e a h igh e r o rd e r
of m usic .

R O M A N C t-
z .
—Th e myth m aking - i s oft e n call e d th e
age

I m agi nat iv e a ge of gold fo r t he rac e j us t a s ch ildhood is c al l e d


,

t h e gold e n pe riod o f l i fe fo r th e i ndi vid u a l I m agi na t io n I t is .

t h e t i m e w h e n t h e i mpu lse to look fo r li fe e v e rywh e r e is

pre do m i n a n t And t h e pri m i t i v e m a n a nd t h e ch ild s t an d


.

d isti nc t fro m th e b ru t e wo rld (fo r o n ly o ne wr i t e r p re t e nds to


a n y t ra c e s o f a ni m is m i n a ni m a l t t
)

s ee a n d t he R a iona l is s
wo rld t h rou g h th e li fe giving i m pulse whi ch en su re s t o hi m
-
,

a w o rld fu ll o f fee li ng a n d re spon se i f no t sympa t hy .

Ev e ry t h ing l iv e s fo r t h e pri m i t iv e m an an d for t h e chi ld b u t ,

i t is o f cou rse h is o wn li fe which h e s e e s e v e rywh e re Th e .

a ni m a ls ta l k a n d t h e fore s t h as c a p r i ce s an d t h is id e n t i t y o f ,

n a t u re i n a l l op en s t h e door t o Rom a nc e Ti re ki n d of s tory .

va ri e s wi t h the crea t iv e pow e r of t h e story te l l e r I t m ay be -


.

a bsurd and ho rri bl e l i k e th e my t hs of t he ca nni ba ls or ,

be au t ifu l a nd e xp re ssi v e li k e t h e my t hs o f th e G re e ks Th e .

p e o pl e o f O c e a n i a b e li e v e t h at th e world is m ad e by spid e rs ,

gra s s hoppe rs a n d bi rd s Mo re a dv a nce d p eopl e s be li e v e d th a t


.

c e rt a in a ni m a ls a re god s i n d isguis e B ut t h e grea t m aj o ri ty


.

o f my t hs are a n t hropomorphic Th e primi t iv e m an an d t h e


.

Q chi ld t e nds to see h i m s e l f o r so m e t h ing re s e m b li ng h is own


,

l ife i n e ve ry t hing .

This g i v i ng o f li fe t o al l is n ot n e ce ssa rily accom pa n i e d wi t h


a n y disin t e re st e d lov e o f n a t u re Al l p rimi t i v e poe t ry is
.

e xclus i v e ly h u m a n I t is conse cra te d t o h u m a n e xploi ts a n d


.

pu rsui t s The Rom a ns who pe opl e d t he world wi t h dryads


.
,

w at e r spi ri t s
-

,


ge n i i of e v e ry o rd e r tra ve rs e d S wi t ze rl a nd
m a ny t i m e s bu t sa w n o be a u t y i n i t s a r cro s se d t h e A l ps
.

a n d was s o bor e d — s o bli nd t o t he su b l i m i t y of t he sc e ne

a rou nd h i m t h a t be dis t rac t e d him se lf by writing a t rea t ise on

gr am m a r .

Th e G ree ks

sa ys Sch i ll e r
,

subli m e art is t s as ,

t h e y w e re n e v e r go t far b e yond m an Th e y pa i nte d a l a nd .


Ch i ld as A r ti sl 1 1 7

sc ap e m uch as t hough it w e re a shi e ld o r a i s to —


t oga t h at
sa
y wi t h i n t e ll ig e nc e bu t wi t h o u t fe e li ng Ev e n to d ay th e .

ordi n ary cou n t rym a n looks a t a l a ndsc ap e fro m a s tr ictly


prac t ica l poi n t of vi e w B ea u t ifu l l cri e d a farm e r th e oth e r
.

d ay d ri vi ng do wn a su bl im e p ass b e t w e e n s t e e p h il ls a n d
,

roa ri ng ca t ara c t s W hy t h e re a n t a yard 0 grazi n g grou nd


.
’ ’

fa r o r n igh ! 1 don t se e th e b ea u t y o rocks A n d ind e e d


' ’
.

t h e m od e rn c ra z e fo r fi n e sc e n e ry is no t a c e n t u y old r — a nd is

con fi n e d t o a co m pa ra ti v e ly sm a ll se ct ion of t h e c o m m u n i tv .

More ov e r th e re is a no t e o f wea ri n e ss so m e ti m e s i n th e
e n t husi a s t s v o ic e a s h e d e sc ri b e s a sc e n e which b e t ok e ns l i tt l e

rea l ra p t ure “
.The spe c t acl e o f t ropica l v e ge t at ion a nd sce n e ry ”
,

sa ys o n e wri t e r h as h ad w o nd e rfully l i tt l e e ffe c t o n t h e m od e rn



,
-

m a n wi tn es si ng i t fo r th e firs t t i m e .


Th e proce s by which n at u re no t only h u m a n n atu re
s

b e co m e s i n te re s t i ng a t t rac t ive a n d b e lov e d is a long o n e I t


, , .

h h —
is possi bl e t h roug t e I m agin a t ion wh ich h as t o be n o t on ly
th e

fore r un n e r o f re ason bu t th e fore ru n n e r a lso o f sy m pa t hy ,

a pp re c i a t ion an d ae s t h e t ic fe e li ng
, I t is t h e i mpor t a nce o f th e
.

rol e pl ay e d by t h e c rea tiv e facu l t y dou b t l e ss t h a t fi x es t h e ,

i nt e re s t of s o m a ny i n ve s t i ga t i ons o n t h e ori g i n a nd h istory o f


.

my t h ma ki ng
-
I n th e ge n esis of my t h s s ays R i bo t th e re
.

, ,

are t wo mom e n t s The fi rs t th e m o m e n t wh e n t h e m a n (o r


.

chi ld ) cre a te s a nd qu ali fi e s li fe i n e ve ry t hing a n d th e se cond ,

mo m e nt i s t h a t o f i n ven ti on Ev e ry t h in g b e com e s m at e ria l fo r


.

ro m a n c e . P opl s of y a
e e d r nd —
cold im agi n a t ion such fo r
e xa mpl e a s t h e Rom a ns n e v e r re a ch t his poin t a t al l Th e

, .

English ci t y chi ld re a ch e s i t how ev e r v e ry ea rly A h e ad m a s t e r


, .


i n B radfo rd an e xpe rt an d v e ry k e e n n a t ura lis t —who ta k e s
his pu pi ls ou t on school jou rne ys giv e s som e t e s t i m ony on t his
-
,

po in t wh ich i s of va lu e an d i n t e re st “
I n o soon e r b ega n to
.

t a k e ou t t he l o w e r s ta nd ard ch i ld re n th an I bega n t o se e t h at
t h e y h a d t h e i r o wn pe cu l i a r way of looki n g at n a t ure Th e y .

we re n o t a t h i rs t fo r s i e n t i fic tr u t hs : bu t t h e v no soon e r
c
1 1 8 7 71 3 Cid /ct as A r ti s t
b e ca m e a t hom e i n t he i r n e w e n vi ro n m e n t t ha n th e y be gan to
wish t o h e ar a nd e ve n to t e l l stori e s a bout e ve rythi ng ”
A nd .

i t wa s no t di ffi cul t t o find s t o ri e s F o r our fo re fa th e rs w e re


.

close to th e ch i ldhood of to d ay i n so m e wa ys
-
H e re .
,

wh e re th e chi ldre n a re t o d a y t h e y h a v e bee n a lm ost re c e n t ly


,

provid ing t h e on ly t h i ng t h a t was l acking t h e p la n t lo re ! ,

M a ny of th e s t o ri e s a re o f Pagan origi n and oth e rs a re


rom ance s of the Sa i n t s a nd th e flow e rs A whol e wo rld of .


be au t y is lock e d u p i n t h is obscu re li t e ra t u re now i n d e m a n d
be ca use of the i mpo rt un iti e s an d d e l igh t of childre n “
Th e y
.

a lw ays crowd round to liste n t o th e sto r i e s sa ys o n e t e a ch e r


. ,

e v e n th os e who sli p a w a y o r look i nd i ffe re n t wh e n we be gi n


to disse c t a fl ow e r ! Di s se c t ion an d a n a lysis w e re n o t i n


"

favou r wi t h t h ose who gav e th e i r hom e ly n a m e s to a l l o u r wi ld


flowe rs ! N e i t h e r a re t h e y much i n favou r wi t h t h e child re n o f
to d ay
-
.

I t is not di fli c u l t to disc e r n in a l l t his i nv e ntiv e n e ss t he


fra n k e goism of c h i ldh ood I t was a fo regon e concl usion
.

wi t h ou r a nc e s t ors t ha t t he no n hu m a n world e xis t e d e x


-

c l usi ve l y for th e be n e fi t O f t h e hu m a n . Pl a n t s e xis t e d i n ord e r t o


i nj ure o r t o cu re m e n —pe rh aps t o w a rn t h e m t o re m i nd
, ,


t h e m of sa i nts o r it m igh t be t o fo rm a ki nd of a lph a be t by
wh ich th e Di n n e M a k e r could commu n ica t e wi t h m e n J ust as

t h e chil d s e e s hi s o wn l i fe e v e rywh e re ea rli e r ge n e ra t ions sa w


,

t he whol e wo rld o n ly i n re fe re nc e t o t h e i r o wn li fe Th e .

di ffe re nce l i e s h e re ho w e ve r t h a t i n th e c as e of th e chi ld i l lusions


a re quickly oppos e d a nd d e s t roy e d t h rough the i n fl u e nc e of
,

old e r p e rsons who tre a t t h e m as a ki n d of m a d ne ss Th e re is .

a growing fe e l i ng o f in t ol e ra nc e fo r f a iri e s a mong th e

ra t ion a li s t ic m e n a n d wom e n of t o d ay -
V e rse s a re wri t t e n
.

a nd giv e n as re ci ta t ions whos e obj e c t is t o ch e ck th e free


m ov e m e n t of ch il d re n s I m agi na t ion Of such is the followi ng

. ,

which I h a v e h e a rd re ci t e d by li tt l e on e s s om e t i m e s i n t h e
lowe r s t a nd a rds .
TIn: C/zzta

A r t i st
'

as 1 19

I f you a l w y t iv
a s s r e to ac t

As o th d t y
e rs o o ou

You

ll b e
as bl cs t as i f the bes t
O f fa i ry t al es was t ru e .

Such R a tion al ism i s pre m a tu re a n d as poe t ry (an art of wh ich ,

we cannot h ave too high a sta nd ard i n th e p ri m ary sch ool ) t h e se


l i ne s do no t ran k h igh R atio na lists i n a h urry can do a grea t
deal o f misch i e f .

Th e e vol u t i o n of th e m y t h an d of th e fa i ry ta le h as be e n
ofte n t rac e d Lit eratu re is a t ransfo rm e d mythology
.

The .

obscur e d i vi n i ty b e com e s a h e ro Th e ch ild s myt hol ogic al .


e ntity too t he fai ry the b rown i e th e gi a n t dra ws n e ar a n d


, , ,


n ea re r to rea l i ty be com e s a t l a s t a fa m i l i a r be i ng Thi s .

tran sform ati o n i s witn e sse d i n h is dra wi ng s as we sh a ll s e e


l a te r
. Th e my t h pre c e d e s fac t a nd pr epare s th e wa y for ,

his t ory Th e my th i ca l mould m u st be fa shi on e d e re we pour


.


th e re i n t h e more or l e ss flu id m e ta l of H is to ry Rol an d a nd .

Arth ur Si e gfri e d an d Di e trich ov e rsh adow t he fairi e s bu t


, ,

t h e y i n t h e i r t u rn a re displ ac e d by s t il l m ore rea listi c h e roe s .

J ust as th e popu la r i m agi nation i ncarn a te s i n s o m e re a l m an


it o n
s w id ea of h e roism — ignoring a l l t h a t i t doe s no t wish t o
a cc e pt ,so t h e ch i ld co ntin u a l ly a cc e pts th e e m bo d i m e n t of

wh ich h e sta nd s i n n ee d Th e re m ay com e a t i m e wh e n he


.

wi ll ha v e a t ast e for H is t ory But a t fi rs t e v e n e v e n t s a re


.

pe rso ni fi e d A s Tolstoi wri t e s


.

I n child re n t h a t is to sa y , ,

i n t h o se wh o ha ve no t ye t l iv e d th e t a s te for H is t o ry c a n no t ,

e x ist. I n ord e r to re n d e r H is t o ry a t t racti ve t o t h e m we m us t



not m er e ly cloth e i t i n art istic form bu t p e rsonify a l l t he
hist oric e ve n t s as e v e n t s are p e rso n i fi e d i n myths an d i n
,

l e ge nds B ut th e n it is no longe r H is t ory but Art


.

Chi ld re n .

care for H istory o n ly wh e n i t is vi vi fi e d by A rt .

D aa wm o A N D P LA STI C Arm —Th e ch ild s fi rs t fa vou ri t e su b ’

ject is m an . Cu be s a nd squ are s , th e i n n u m e ra bl e d e si gns in t ro ~


Tit l e C/zzl a
'

A r ti s t
'
1 20 as

d uc e d i n the kind e rga rt e n e v e n the flow e rs and l ea v e s now so


,

m uch i n vogu e re p re se n t th e t ea ch e r s no t t h e ch i ld s se l ectio n


’ ’
, .

Al l moving t hi ngs ha v e i nd ee d som e a t t ra cti o n an d m ay be ,

chose n a t a n ear ly d a t e a s mod e ls Boa ts e ngin e s t ra m ca rs .


, ,
-
,

a n im al s h av e t h e i r cla i ms Bu t t h e firs t fa vou ri te i s m an ’


. .

Som e t i m e s th e fa ce i s re pre s e nt e d i n p ro fi l e But t h e h u m a n .

figu re is o ft e n d ra wn a t fi rst i n fu l l fa ce P e re z h as t ra c e d i t s
.

e volu t ion .

I t i s n at u ral ly th e h ead a n d fa ce w hich in te re st th e ch i ld most .

Th e bl ack poi n t which rep re se n t s a t fi rs t th e e ye i n profil e


d ra wi n gs be gi ns l at e r to be s u rrou nd e d by a bl ack ci rcl e an d th e
pu pils lids a n d l a sh e s are fi n a lly i ndi ca te d This pe rfe c t i ng
, , .

o f th e d ra wing of t h e e ye i s n o t no t ic ea bl e i n th e ful l fa ce -

figu re s t h e young a rt is t s fe e li ng doubtl e ss t h at h e re th e pl acing o f


.

t h e t wo b l a ck do t s i s e nou gh (T h e fu ll . fa c e is a l w ays t he

m o re e l e m e n t a ry — th e nos e a n d mou t h be i ng n egl e c t e d e nti re ly

a t fi rs t as i n t his d rawing ) .

H e re is a figu re as d raw n on m any sl a t e s an d pa vi ng s ton e s ,


The G ree k s r p re se n t t h e i de a l c hi l dh oo d f t he race
e Th i au th o rs
o . e r

w e m bl
r n
e o e a n th e r a
o H e rba rt re m i nds u i n th e i r M i l d/M are n Th e y
. s s, .

em a i ne d fa i th f l t t h fi r t m o d e l i n p l a t i c a rt
u o e s s .
n a Cat/d as A r tist 12 1

an ori gi na l fro m th e p e nci l o f an a v e rage chi ld i n th e low e st


sta n dard Mou t h nos e e a rs a re n egl e ct e d
.
, , .

The nose is badly don e e v e n i n pro fi l e d ra wings a n d by ,

chi ld re n o f te n a n d e l e v e n I t re pre se n ts oft e n th e fa mi ly nose


.
,

t h e you ng a rt is t s fol lowing qu i t e u nco nscious ly t h e ir domin a nt

i m p re ssio ns Th e s e lf ta ugh t child succe e d s v e ry l a t e i f a t a l l i n


.
-

d rawi ng th e mouth w e ll Th e e ar is no t an e ss e n t i a l orga n


.

a ppa re n tly fo r t h e ch ild a rt is t I t is a bse n t i n the e ar ly


.

d ra w ings .

F ro m th e v e ry b egi n n i n g howe v e r t h e ch il d i s m uch occupi e d


wi t h th e h e ad gea r a nd wi t h th e h a i r Th e h ai r is u su a lly
-
.

re p re s e n te d by m ass e d li n e s o r by a se ri e s of cu rv e s .

A t fi s t th e li m bs a re i ndica t e d by s t ra igh t lin es —la t e r by


r

d o u bl e lin e s Th e finge rs a ppe a r ear ly bu t th e ch ild doe s n o t


.

co un t t h e m H e pu t s si x se v e n o r e i gh t o n a h a nd i ndi s
.
, ,

c ri m i n a t e l y .

The po i n t inse rt ion o f th e ar m s i s v e ry va ri a bl e W h e n


of .

t h e h ea d a n d t orso a re un i t e d i t is n a t u ra l t h a t t he a r m s should
,

spr in g fro m th e midd l e o r from th e base o f t h e badly d rawn


squ a re o r ov a l Bu t e v e n a t t h e age of ni n e o r te n m a ny
.

childre n m ak e both a r m s spri ng fro m th e s a m e sid e o f the


body As soo n a s th e y can pl ac e bo t h arms ch ild re n usu ally
.
,

m a k e o ne h an d hold so m e t h ing u p a n d t h e o t h e r hold so m e t hing


,

down As t h e y obse rv e t he uppe r l imbs m o re t h a n t h e low e r


.

on e s t h e cu rve of th e a rm is i ndi ca t e d whi l e the l egs re m ai n ,

a t t h e m e re s t ra igh t l in e e poch fo r y ea rs
-
.

N o t only do e s a child d ra w the h u m a n fa c e a n d form by


prefer e nc e H e ofte n re m e mbe rs i t to t h e e xcl usion o f fe e bl e r
.

i mage s whi l e h e i s t ryi ng to d ra w o t h e r t hings B e low fo r .

e xa m pl e is a gi rl s dra wing o f a d og

.
1 24 7758 C/zt/a
'
as A r ti st
t he tist s o wn contri bution
ar

. Th e spo n tan eo us dra wi ng th u s
i nvol v e s more th an t h e re ca ll of i m age s . H e re i s a

sk e tch gi ving t h e a rt is t s i m pre ssion o f a t ire d rid e r o n



a t ire d
ho rse . The a rtist i s fou r y e a rs a nd n i n e m on t hs o l d .
Tbs C/i zl a A r t i st
'
'
as 1 2 5
.

The subj e ct of th e
se con d dr a w in g is n o t m a n or a n i ma l ,

b ut a n e ngi ne (This i s a fa vou ri te s ubj e ct with th e m od e rn


.

ch i ld ) The a rti st i s four a nd a h a l f


. .

A nd h e re is a th ird dra wing by a ch ild o f thre e a n d a h a lf .

H e gi v e s u s h is i m p re ssion o f a wood .The li t tl e o ne is


n e a re r th e e a rt h t h a n old e r p e opl e H e doe s no t look so h igh
.
C/zzl a

A r ti st
'

1 26 l e as

—a nd so h e re we h a ve only the low e r pa rt of th e ba re trun ks


visibl e i n th e dr a w in g .

Th s thr dr wi gs d t h fou r fol l owin g o n es a re


( e e ee a n a n ,
e ,

l e nt by M r A bl e tt a nd a
.
,
re copi s of
e t h e r producti
e o n

of se l e cte d dra wings from the E x h ibitio n of th e Roy al


Dra wing Soci e ty ) .

Th e sm a ll artists whose dra wings a re gi v e n a bov e w e re


pl a i nly i m pres sion ists I n e a ch sk e t ch a n a spe c t o f t h e th i ng
.

obse rv e d is i n close a n d pe c uli a r r e l a tions t o th e e motio na l


sta t e of t he obse rv e r The chi ldre n a re a rtists
. Pr ob a bly
.

th e y wi l l r em a i n a r t ists wh il e the m ajo rity are sim ply a s i t


,

w er e a rtists e n route or on ly for a t i m e


, .

B ut th e a v e ra ge ch ild — t he t ho u s a nds of a v era ge ch ildre n


who thro ng our e l e m e nt a ry schools —a re t/i ey a rtis t s ? Yes ,

during a c e rt a i n p er iod o f life (m a n y psychologists h a ve


a lr ea dy m e n t io ne d th e fa ct e a re a l l a r t ists Who h
) w as
. n o t
dra wn m a n ni kins on his s l a t e ? W h o h a s no t l iste ne d to
fa iry a nd h e ro ta l e s ? A ll ch ildre n wil l not r e m a i n a rt ists in ,
T 671 d as A r ti st 1 27

th e res tricte d se n se of th e word a ft e r th e ir tw e l fth or th i rt e e n th


,

y e a r Bu t we a re a l l a rt is t s h a ppily wh e n we are ch ildren


. .

A nd wh en a h u m an cr ea tur e i s a ch ild h e m ust grow as a ,

ch i ld l e a rn as a ch i ld e v e n crea te as a ch ild
, , .

Th e nasc e nt fa culty of i m a gi na tion ch o ose s th e free st forms .

The p rim itiv e m a n a s w e l l as t he chi ld dra ws pictures cre a te s ,

a n d lo ve s stori es a n d l e g e nds Th rough t h e se free forms of a rt


.

a lo ne ca n t h e i m a gi n a tio n a t fi rst e mbody its e lf To forbid .

s uch e x e rcise to t h e ch i ld is li k e sh a ckl i ng t he l imbs of t he


infan t F or i t is by such e x e rcis e t h a t progre ss a nd growth
.

a re possibl e .H ow th e n sh a l l we t e a ch Dra w i ng ?
To be gi n wi t h th e motor tra i n i n g All h a nd a nd e ye
,
.

tra i n i ng are motor si nce th e se n s e of form d e pe nds l a rg e ly on


,

t h e m uscu l a r se n sibility o f t he e y e Th e e a rly tr a ining gi v e n


.

by t h e succ e ssful te a ch e rs o f forty a n d fi fty y e a rs ago to young


ch ildre n was rigorous — i nd e e d v e ry s e v ere F o r e x a m pl e .
,

Lecoq d e Bo i s ba u d ro n a m a n whose e m i ne n t suc ce ss j usti fi e s


,

u s i n quoti n g h i m l a rge ly at th is point b e ga n th e tr a ining


,

of h is pu pils by m a kin g th e m dra w l i n e s an d squ are s pe rfe ctly .

H is first l e sson s w er e noth ing if not a ri gid d isci pli ne H e .

ma d e h i s pupi l s dra w hori z on ta l a nd v e rti ca l li n e s with g re a t


e x a ctitud e ,pe rm i t ti ng th e m ind eed a nd en coura ging th e m
,

e v en to h e l p th e ms l v e s by th e u e of dots
e s — a m e th od com mo n

with pri mitiv e a rt ists as i l l ustra te d for us i n th e dra wi n gs o f


,

e a rly bush m e n a nd u n tuto re d a rt ists i n o u r own d a y


, O n ly .

a ft e r th e y h a d l ea rn e d t o d ra w l i n e s a ccu ra t e l y did h e p e rm it

th e m to go a st e p furth e r .

The t r a diti o n of this m e thod is sti ll with us a nd i s h e ld ,

most te na ciously pe rh a ps by m a n y who a re not—a s wa s


Lec q o — ski ll ed a n d tra i n e d t ea ch e rs of dra wi n g But as a .

m a t te r of fa ct e x pe ri e nce h as show n t h a t wh e re free dom a n d


a m pl e opportun ity i s o ffe r e d for pr a c t ic e t h e n ee d for such
,

rigorous tra in i n g i n a ccu ra cy i s do n e a w a y w ith Th e .

ch ild free to m a k e l a rg e mo ve m e nts d ra ws boldly


, ,
H is .
Tlze Cazl a A r ti s t
'
'
1 28 as

li ne s a nd circl e s lik e h is m a nn i kins o we no t h ing a t a ll t o


, ,

bre a d cr u mbs a nd i ndi a rubb e r I t is o n ly wh e n h e i s


-
.

struggl ing wi th sm a ll free h a nd copi e s th a t h is o wn h an d


-

be com e s ti mid — a lm ost cow a rdly Wh e n a ch ild firs t b e gi n s .

to l e a rn to w rit e h e mov e s h is t ongu e h is fa ci a l m u scl e s a nd


, ,

pe rh a ps hi s fee t I f h e wri t e s o r dra ws o n a v er y sm a ll


.
,

su rfa ce a nd a t a d e sk th e se free mo ve m e nts a re i n pa rt p re


,

v e n t e d a nd th e di ffi culty of h i s ta sk i ncre a se d A ch ild doe s


,
.

n o t l e a rn t o w a lk by b e ing oblige d to w a lk corre c t ly Su p .

pre ssio n m e a ns only t h a t th e right mov e m e n t ca n not be


qu ickly s e l e ct e d a n d th a t m a n y us e l e ss mov e m e nts are
,

r e pe a t e d a g a i n a nd a ga in I f t he ch ild is free h e soon


.

d s t h e r i g ht mov e m e nt I f i n t h e sa m e wa h l i ttl
fi n .
y t e , e ,

chi ld writ e s o r dr a ws o n a l a rge s u rfa ce h e m a k e s m an y ,

unn ec e ssa ry mov e m e nts a t first bu t v e ry soo n those use l es s ,

di sch a rge s a re su ppre ssed All ov e r t h e cou nt ry tod a y


.
,

we h a v e l itt l e childr en dr a wing fre e ly a nd boldly o n l a rg e


su rfa c e s sw i nging circl e s dra w in g c ur v e s l in e s a n d figu re s
, , , , ,

l ea rning to dra w a nd t o wri t e i n shor t a s e as i l v a s th e y onc e


, ,

l e a rn e d to spe a k a nd to w a l k .

A ll t he mov e m e n t s i nvolv ed in t h e s e a ch i e v e m e n t s com e


“ ”
u nd e r th e ca t e gory of s eco nd a ry a u to m a tic mov e m e nts .

Th e y a re a s te p a bov e those a u t om a tic funct ions wh ich a re


pri miti v e o r in na t e for th e y a re a cq u i r ed mov e m e nts
, Th e .

grou ps o f mov e m e nts wh ich constitut e t h e a ppre n t ice shi p o f


th e m a nu a l l a bou re r a re a l so a cqui red Th e y are a cquire d .
,

i n th e fi rs t ins t a nc e with m ore o r l e ss d i fii c u l ty B ut pro


,
.

gre ss shou ld be ra pid W h en i t i s slow som e t hing is wrong


. .

G i v e n fre edom s o t h a t t he right m ov e m e n ts m a y be se l e cted


by th e chi ld h i mse lf a nd th e conditi o n s fu rn ish e d for th e
,

a cqu isi t ion of org a n i c m e m ory a littl e chi ld shou ld soo n dr a w


,

a circl e ,
a curv e e tc
,
w e l l j us t a s h e to d a y l e a rns w e ll a nd
.
,

quickly how h e m ust m ov e o ne foot a ft e r a no th er and how


h e c a n m a in t a in t h e e q u il ibri u m o f hi s body .
T/ze Cai la '
as A r ti st 1 29

F rom i nfa n c y th e
is e duca t e d u p to a ce rt a i n poi nt in
e ye

com pari ng an d mea suri n g dista nce s a nd r e la t ions i n spa ce .

I n t he I n fan t school to da y t hi s n a tu r a l e d uca tion i s not su p


,

p l e m e n te d a n d ca rri e d on w i t h th e s e riousn e ss wh ich such a n

i m por t a nt subj ect d es er v e s Th e re ti n a a n d m uscl e s of th e


.

u ne x e rcise d e ye —li k e a l l oth e r u n e x erci se d p a rts of th e body


sh o w e a rly si gn s o f l e th a rgy Th e spo n ta n e ous e d uc a tion
.

doe s no t go o n lo n g en ough Le coq i ndica te s how it m a y .

be conti nu e d i n school .

O n a sh ee t of p a pe r a lin e i s t rac ed by a ch ild The ch ild


i ndi ca te s a l so by dots ce rta i n m e a sure m e nts—a c e nti m e tre h a lf
.

a c e n ti m e tre e tc
, Wh e n h e h as be com e fa m ili a r with t h e se
.

m eas u r e m e n t s t h e pa pe r is ta k e n a w a y a n d h e indi ca t es th e m
,

a t dict a tio n a n d from m e mory I n t h is wa y h e m a y b e t a ught


.

to a pp re ci a t e th e l e n gt h of o ne ce nti m e t re t h e n of two a nd , ,

three cen ti m e tre of s e v e ra l m e t re s


, .

La te r h e m a y be gi n to e st im a t e t h e l en gth o f t h e window
fra m e a nd th e door th e r e l a tio ns b e t w e e n t h e h e igh t a n d
, ,

bre a dth of v a rious th i ngs i n th e roo m —th e dis ta n c es b e t w e e n


t h e t r e e s outs i d e e tc
, I n sho rt m an y e x ercis e s m a y b e d e vise d
.

by which h e wi ll be gi n to h a v e so m e id e a o f th e pro port ion o f


obj ects a nd d i st a nce s Who do e s no t s ee t h a t a l l t his w il l be
.

i n va l u a bl e to h i m wh e n b e fa i rly e mb a r ks on th e s t udy o f form


I t is ea s y a lso t o se e th a t this form o f e d uca t ion i s m e re l y a
co n tin ua ti on of som e thi n g be gu n i n infa ncy t h a t spon t a n e ous
e d uc a tion of th e e ye t h rou gh which a b a by l e a rn s to m e a su re th e

di st an ce b e tw ee n h is h a nd a n d h is suckin g bo tt l e a nd be gi ns to -
,

r ea liz e th a t th e m oo n i s a gre a t d ea l furth e r o ff th a n t he ra tt l e


o n h i s cov e rl e t . Th e m e a suri ng o f di st a nt t h i n gs is a d a pte d
to t h e long sight o f e ar ly ch ildhood wh e r ea s m a ny o f th e ,

“ ”
occu pa tions n o w so m uch i n vogu e a re c e rt a i nly unsuite d
to it . Enough h a s b ee n sa id a lre a dy how e v e r in t h is book , ,

o n th e work of ch ildr e n i n infa nt schools W e h a v e n o w to d o .

with th e qu e stio n of dra wing .


1 3 0 T11 8 Cai la as A r ti s t
The —
first a ppren tice shi p o v er wh ich is des i gn e d to ov e r
com e th e l e th a rgy of h a nd a n d e ye —Le coq d e Bo is ba u dron ,

fa r fro m qu a rr e lli n g with t h e ch ild s own choice of subj e ct



,

a cc e pts it a t onc e a nd holds fa st to i t m a ki n g i t t h e be gi nn i n g


, ,

a n d t he e nd of a l l h i s i n str uct i o n H e see s th a t the ch ildr e n .

dra w m a nn i ki ns Lik e Le on a rdo da V i nci h e h a s n e v e r


.

d espise d t h e m a n ni ki ns I nd ee d a l l h i s tea ch i n g is d e si gn e d
.

t o gi v e th e ch ildre n th e po w e r of see i ng a nd dra wing th e



m a n ni kins w e ll “
Exper i e nce shows u s h e write s
.

th a t , ,

th e youn g dra ughtsm a n whos e tr a in i n g h as co n si st e d m a inly ,

in a s t udy o f th e h um a n form ca n speci a li z e v e ry a ptly l a t e r , ,



if occa sio n re qu ire s i n a n y oth e r kin d of d ra wi ng ,
.

Le coq th en b e g a n a t on ce to gi v e his pu pils t h e h um a n


fa ce a nd h e a d as a study A t fi rst th e y a ppea r to ha v e .

used copi e s simpl e li ne profil es without a ny sh a di ng a ki nd


, , ,

of free h a nd fa ce pra ctic e La t e r th e y copi e d sh a d ed profil e s .


, ,

an d fi n a l ly th e m od e l i n r e li e f wa s i n trod uc ed E ye tra i ni n g .

of a m e re ly m ech a n ic a l ki nd e nd ed h e re “
The pupils n o w .

l e a rn th e a ppa ren t modi fica tions of si z e a nd form t he e ffe cts ,

of p e rspe ct i v e a nd fores h orte n i n g Th e y o bse rv e the sh a do ws , ,

lights a nd h a lf l ights re fl e ctions d e gra d a ti o ns of ti n t i n


,
-
, , ,

short th e ir e y e s are ope ned I t is p la i n th a t th e t ea ch e r .

b e li e v e s t h a t m e ch a n ica l tra i ning gi ve n through th e tra c in g


a nd m ea su re m e n t o f li ne s a n d t he m e mory of t h es e w e r e a ,


s r ea a r t s —
Thi g t i t a ra re m an am ong ra re m e n fo r h e was not on ly a
g t ti
rea ar s t t
bu t a
grea thi nk e r
y xi t i m p — was t h ve r an o us o re s s o n ea c ers
th d ty f
e u f lly x m i i g t h fi g
o care u e hil d d w th i l t
a n n e u res c ren ra on e r s a es
d i ff b tw th hil d wh
.

H p i t d
e o n e t th f t th t th
ou ie ac a ere s a e re n ce e ee n e c re n o
d w ly p on fil d th
ro wh
es , an tt m p t t h t fig d i e re e -

g
ra o se o a ar e r ur es an va r o us

p ose s A . m g t h l t t
on m y b f e d ma y
erb d a
g ti t e I v y
oun an a
'

n ar s s . n e er cas e
th p
e s t d
o n an e ousw i g i i m p t
ra t I t
n i d w f m li f Th hil d i
s or an . s ra n ro e . e c s
i t t d i i t H will g l d ly li t t iti i m
n e re s e n .
'
e it
a It i p f s en o cr c s s on . s re e r
a bl e, i d L q t p k t t ti

sa e co ,

o d m k f m th
ro v o e hil d
a en o n an re ar s ro e c re n
on l bj t
rea o th th ec s , ra
p er t t i fan m d won i I t
re i res e n a o ns ro ra n s

p f b
re e ra l t t h
e t h o m t hea c g h th i e w d wi g f
ro u l g e r o n ra n s o rea

n s see n
th an f m ro
p i I
cof f x
es. m p l hil , d d w
or e m i
a d i g h e, a c h ra s a an r n a o rs e e
wi l l gl d ly li t t iti i m th p p ti
a s en o cr c s d l k k on ly xt d y t
e ro or o ns , a n oo een ne a a
th i d i th t t
e r e rs n e s ree .
T/ze Cai l d as A r ti s t 1 3 1

ne c e ssa ry pre l ude to thi s re v e l a ti on M od e rn t ea che r s


.

wou ld do w e l l not to fo llow hi m too sla v ishl y i n th is We .

rejoic e to see th e c opi e s v a n ish from t h e cl a ss room Wh a t -


.

a n ar r es t th e y ma d e poss ibl e — wh a t w a st e of t i m e ! Le t us
re tu rn to th e m a n n i ki ns l
Th e pu pi l s are dra wi ng the h um an fa ce a subj e ct wh ich ,

i n teres ts th e m . Th e most prom i n e nt fe a ture i n pr ofil e a t


l ea st is th e no se
,
. And ye t th e a v e ra g e ch ild of te n or e le v e n
dra ws e v e n th is conspicuous fe a t ure v e ry b a dl y o r r a th e r h e
, ,

d e c l i n e s to re pre sen t th e i ndividu al nose a t a l l I n h is dra wi ng s


.

of fa ce s h e shows th e fa m ily nose re pe a t e d in e v e ry fa c e th a t ,

is to sa y h e yi el ds quite uncon sciou sly to h i s domin a n t i m


pre ssion of n o se s .

Le coy b e ga n th e tra i n i n g of t he visua l m e mo ry of th e fa c e


with t he s t udy of its most prom in e nt fea t u re H e ga v e ea ch .

ch ild a m od e l o f a h u m a n n ose to ca rry hom e wi th h im a nd


to st udy a nd l e a rn v isua lly by h ea rt j ust a s h e l e a rn e d ora lly
by h ea rt th e reci ta ti on or th e a nsw e rs i n th e Ca te ch ism
, .

The n e xt d a y th e ch ild brought th e m od e l b ac k h a nd e d it to ,

th e t ea ch e r a s h e would gi v e u p a book took h is pl a c e i n ,

cl a ss a n d dre w a picture of th e m od e l from m e mory This


, .

is th e re cita tio n d e ssin ée whose ob je c t is t o store the mi nd



,

with cl ea r an d a ccura t e i m a ge s Of cours e t he t e a ch e r did


.

not con fi ne h i s pu pils to t h e h um a n mod e l or fra gm e n ts of i t .

Th e subj e cts of t h e Visu a l R e ci t a tio ns w er e v e ry n um e rous


i nd ee d . I nk bottl es book j a rs cu ps s a uce rs box e s a nd
-
, , , , , ,

m od e ls o f a ni m a ls w e re u sed O n ly l a te r i nd e e d w ere
.

ful l fa c e s an d h ea ds gi v e n o ft e n a s mod e ls Bu t th e gr e a t .

po i n t i n L e coq s te a ch ing is th a t he was not a fra id of


i n trod uci ng th e h u m a n mod e l a t a n y a n d e v e ry sta ge .

From the b e gi nn i ng h e l e t th e child s e ffort an d obs e rva ti on


swin g tow a rd s it fea rl e ssl y an d l e t h i m record h is im pre ssions


,

of i t from t he fir st .

Tho se w ho co m pl a i n th a t th is w ill i nduce bad h a bi t s c an


1 3 2 Tire C/zi /a
'
as A r ti s t
h a rdly h a v e a v e ry cl e a r id e a of h o w good h a bit s are
form ed .

Th e y ar e form ed by th e a voi da nce of i nn u m e rabl e wron g


m o ve m e n ts po ssibl e or i n e vita bl e a t di ffe re n t points of
, ,

progr e ssi on .

Th e ea rly in trod uction of th e h um a n m od e l is j usti fi e d by


Le co q R a v a i s s o n a n d oth e rs not o n th e grou n d of a n y r a pidly
, ,

a cq u i re d pow e r to dr a w i t w e ll on t h e p a rt of t h e child re n ,

b ut b e ca u se th rough t he st udy o f i t th e po we r to d e a l w i t h
'

oth e r a nd sim pl e r m od el s is quickly ga i ned so th a t th e li t tl e ,

a rt i sts ca n a pply t h e m se lv e s soon to e v e ry form of m ino r a rt .

I t is a stonish ing how qu ickly childre n tr a i ned m e th od ica lly


to obse rv e a n d re cord t h e i r obser v a t ion s i n dr a wi ngs o r
,

mod e l lings th a t h a v e th e h u m a n form as c en tre a nd point of


ret urn h a v e t h e ir e y e s o pe n ed a nd t h e ir e motiona l n a t u re ,

quick ene d so th a t th e y be gi n to re c e i v e vi vid i mpr e ss ions o f


t h e world a round th e m a n d to re v e a l som e th ing of th ei r o wn
,

physica l a nd m e n ta l ch a ra cte ris tics i n t he int e rpre ta tion o f


th e se . Bu t how e v e r e a rly this a w a k e n in g m a y be t h e
te a ch e r m ust fore st a l l i t Le coq i n troduc e d copi e s of t h e
m a s ter pi e ce s *
i nto th e e l e m e n t a ry cl a ss r oom followi ng a
, ,

pre c e d e n t s e t by Le ona rdo d a Vi nci w ho su rround e d h i s ,

you n g pupi ls with t he i m m ort a l e x a m pl e s o f t he a n tiqu e so ,

t h a t the infl u e nc e of th e se should corre ct a nd p u ri fy the ,

ta ste as w e l l a s s ti m ul a l e the i m a gin a t ion I n this wa y .

a lon e ca n w e cou nt e r a c t t h e e ffe ct o f a ll t h e ugli ne ss and

i mpe rfe c ti o ns o f form th a t a ssa i l th e e y e s of e v e n th e mos t


fa vou re d childr e n A nd ye t th e ch ild h a v i ng his own su b
.
,

j e c t i v e ou t look i n n a tur e is n o t su ffer e d to si n k h i ms e lf i n an


, y
stre a m of i m pre ssions H e i s to b e s a v e d a li v e a s a b e ing with
.


Th e re is no d o u bt h
l pt d m d l tt t hil d m th
t a t s cu u re o e s a rac c re n o re an

p i t
c u res , o r a t l t m
e as h o re t
g v i g A
an e n d th
ra i al li ttl d bt
n s . n e re s so e ou
th t p i t
a c u res o fm d
en an im l an g t d l m i t ti g t th m
a s a re a rea ea ore n eres n o e
th anl d an sca p es . T h b tl e ff
su t d f e
g i t
e i li
e c s an f l d p d u ve nes o an sca e o
n o t a ppea l t o c hil d wh
re n , l l v ly t h d m ti
o as a r u e , o e on e ra a c .
Tizc C/zi i a '
as A r tist 1
33

an ou tlook of his o wn a nd is n o t to be drown e d e ith e r i n th e


,

d a rk gulf of ugl in e ss or i n t h e sw e e t wi n e b utt of b e a uty


,
- .

Th e t ea ch e r of dra wing m a s t n eeds r ega r d s a m e ness com i n ,

a c conven ti oa a l a r t of w r i ti ng a s a n om i n ou s s i gn I n h is o wn .

cl a ss room such re sul ts would be sim ply li k e t h e rin gi n g of


-

a n a la ru m b e l l
"
W e h a ve s e e n i n som e schools dra wi ngs
.

o f figure s which r e s em bl e ea ch oth e r clos e ly in ch a ra ct e r ,

a n d t h e re a re p e opl e who con gr a tul a t e th em sel v e s o n such

re su l t s .

Th e ch i ldre n l e a rn from o ne a noth e r "
th e y ,

cr
y . T h e t e a ch e rs how e v e r who u n d e,rs ta nds t h e pri n ci pl e s,

o f o u r m e thod will s e e i n this si milit ud e o f r s ult t h e most


e
co i ng d a ng e r of col l ecti ve e d uca ti on
r H e wi l l st ri v e from th e .

firs t to sa v e e v e ry pu pil fro m th e pitfa ll of m ere i mita tion .

H e wil l point o u t to hi m th a t h e m us t b e — fi rs t o f a l l a nd
a bov e a ll — h i mse lf “
.

I t m ay a ppea r to som e v e ry s t ra nge to spe ak of a li t tl e chi ld


as a n i nd ividu a l wi t h a subj e c t i ve ou t look a l l h i s o wn
, And .

y e t i t is d u ri ng childhood th a t w e g a in o r r a t h e r fi nd wh a t , ,

pe rson a li t y we e ve r posse ss Di re c tl y we cea se to re c e i ve an d .

re t a i n ne w s t ates o f consc ious ne ss we fa l l in t o a utom ati sm ,


.

F o r th e n t h e se ri e s o f co n scious sta t e s con s ti t u ti ng ou r physi ca l ,

ac t i vi t y be co m e s so w e l l o rg a n is e d t h a t we conc e rn o u rs e l v e s
,

with t h e m n o longe r N o t h i ng n e w i s i ntrod uc e d to modify or


.

d isturb Th e sh a l low and indol e n t pe rson illus t ra t e s t h i s s tate


. .

H e ce a ses to ch a n ge o r mod ify his vi e ws i n t h e l e as t Thousa nds .

c ea se t o cha nge much a ft e r th e age o f t h i rty o r fort y H a pp i ly .

for us howe ve r we are a l l a rt is t s i n o u r e a rli e r y e a rs Th e ch i ld


, ,
.

a rt is t a c t s on h is o wn i m p re ssions a n d a b ov e a l l on his n ew i m ,

p re ssions A nd th e ti m e d u ring which h e con tin u e s t o do t his


.

S i nce wri ti n g I se e th a t a ne w a u th r co n sc i o s f th e sa m e d ange r a nd o u o

see i n g n o wa y o f a o i d i '‘ i t a d i ses t ha t a t as we ll as re li gi o n h ul d


v

ht i h fi B t thi
v ,
r , . s o

n ot be ta ug l i
n i g wy f
sc ot co u n s e ru n n n a ro m
l ti — t f i g f th m
s . u s s a a

d iffi cu a C hil d
no a ti t p
ac n d i m pl o e . ren a re a r s s u re a n s e . If
th y
e tb d td
ca n no t i t th i
e l m t y d ti h l d
e uca e as ar s s e r e e e n ar e uca on s ou be
b d d l B t th y
a an on e b d t d A t t hi g m t b
u e l ti ca n e e u ca e . r e ac n us e re vo u o ne d

b t
u t d t y d
no e s ro e
1 34 T/ze Clzi l d as A r ti st
is ssen t i ally the growi ng pe ri od of l i fe F or gro wth and v i ta l ity
e .

d e pe n d on a fai t hful a c t i ng ou t of th e la t e st or i gi na l fee l i ng .

I t i s of co u rse wh e n he i s fa ce t o face wi t h th e l i vi ng mod e l


, ,

t h a t the pu pil is ope n t o re ce ive t he m ost vi vid i mpre ss io n .

I t i s t h en abo ve a l l th a t h e m ust re c e iv e it i n h i s o wn way


, , .

Th is p a l p i ta ti ng mod e l a nd h i mse l f are i n pe cu l ia r re la t io n s .

Can h e re n d e r th e m ? I n an y case n o o ne e lse can re n d e r



th e m n o t eve n th e grea t e s t m as t e r ! “
With the dra wi n g of
t he li vi ng form th e i nd i v i d u al fe e l i ng an d e xp re ssi on be gi n s t o

m an i fe s t itse lf I ts aspe c t e v en in t h e tra nqui l pose gu ards


som e thi ng of th e mobili t y of l ife —som e t hi ng fugi t i v e a nd u h
.
, ,

d e t e rm i n ed And e v e ryo ne pe rc e iv e s th i s qu ality of li fe i n


.

h i s own wa y an d would e xp re ss i t in h i s own way i f c ir cu m


,

s tan c es d id n o t pre v e nt such free ex pre ssion ”


I n ge ne ra l t h is .
,

pa lpi tating mod e l te rri fi e s th e u n tra in e d t ea ch e r more th a n i t


alarms h i s pupil Th e l at ter as we kn ow h as b e e n dra wing it
.
, ,

( cloth e d it is tru e ) for y e ar s L i fe d oe s n o t r e


. pe l ch ildr e n .

M ov e m en t do es n o t re pe l th e m The chi ld i n th e ki nd e rga rt e n


.

wil l p ai n t a ru n n i ng a n i m al wi th far mo re succ e ss t h a n h e ca n


d a w or p in t a s tation ary o e
r a n T h e pa pe c u tti n gs of l i t tl e
r ~ .

on e s gro t e squ e as th e y ar e i llust ra t e acti on I nd e e d th e o ne


, , .
,

fea t u re of ch ild d rawings wh ich ve t e ra n artis ts u n ite i n com


-

me n di ng an d wond e ri ng ove r to day is t h e movem en t of Me -

l i vi ng figu r es N or i s t his a ne w d e v e lopm e n t i n ch i ld a rt ist s


. .

For th e v e te ra ns te s t i fy tha t i n th ei r o wn ex p er i e nce li fe m ea n s


, ,

a l os i ng a s w e ll a s a gai ni ng a s t h e y p ass from o ne s tage to

a noth e r . Thus at t he age of te n Sir Joh n M i ll a is could dra w


, ,

h orses wi th a spiri t which h is l a t e r work h ardly ri vals To .

th e mod e rn psych o logis t t h is i s v e ry ea s i ly accoun t e d


for I n chi ldhood th e path ways of th e n e rvous syst e m are
.
,

r e la ti v e ly cl ea r An d th e ve ry si mplicity of n er ve s t ru ctu re
.

fav o urs th e swi ft t ran sm issi o n of i m pre ssi o n s I f du ri ng th is .


,

pa rt icul a r pe ri od o f li fe t h e e ye s are ope n e d so t h at m o ve m e n t s


,
Tao Cfi i l a '
as A r t i st 1 35

a re c u rat e ly obse rv e d it is al most i ne vi ta bl e th a t th e y wil l


a c ,

be forci bly e xpre sse d .


An d n o w th e qu esti on aris e s Are th e se store d m e mori e s
,

m e re d e a d coi n o r h av e t h e y any l ife i n t h e m ? Do th e y rous e


,

l ate n t powe r ? ”
Ye s t h e y do , T h at is why t h e y are us e fu l
.

to the you ng Th e m e m ori e s o f livi ng c rea tur e s are of cou rs e


.
, ,

li vi n g ! I t is t ru e t h at j ust as o u r knowl e dge of t he futu re is


,

al l ta k e n fro m our knowl e dge of th e pas t s o we m us t e xpe c t ,

t o find th e m ost spo n tane ous dra wi ng com pos e d of m e mori e s


of bye gon e impre ssi ons
- A n d ye t t h e s e dra wi ngs a re n o t
.

m e re re p rod uc ti o ns .


Th e fi rst e l e m e n t in th e c rea t ion of a n e w my t h says ,

Ri b o t ,
i s fusio n or co m b i n a ti on

Th e first e l e m e n t i n th e
.

c rea ti on of a child s n e w dra wing is a lso fusion I n i t th e



.

“ ”
obj e cti v e e l e m e n t m ay be drow ne d i n im age s tra nsfo rm e d , ,

o r t h e obj e ctiv e e l e m e nt m a y re m ain m ast e r t hough subj e c t e d ,

t o m uch i n nov a ti on an d ch an ge I n ei t h e r ca s e t h e fusio n of



.

som e t h ing ol d with som e thi ng n e w an d pe rso nal i s e ffe c t e d


, .


Th e use of re ca l l im age s is a t fi rst v e ry fre e almost e x u be
-

rant Th e chi ld t ri e s to com b in e a l l t h a t he has h ea rd wi t h al l



.

t ha t he has see n E ve ry t hing a ppea rs i n h i s d rawi ngs fai ri e s


.
,

a nge ls wa te r spri te s
,
-
, e tc .
,
e tc .
1 3 6 7758 Cai la
'
as A r ti s t

TH E n a s r co m m !

Th e bov e is
a a fa nci ful d ram ng by a li tt l e gi r a tru e
'

l —
chi ld s d ra wing She sho ws t h e e n t ra nc e o f a l i tt l e child i n to

Tit o C/zi /d as A r ti s t 1 37
t he w orld in her o wn way H e re i s th e cloud of a nge l face s
.
-
,

t h e ba ckgrou n d o f wings t h e G r ea t H an d —al l s h e h as s e e n


, ,

rea d or h ea rd i s us e d fre e ly to m a k e t he pic t u re


, .

Fa n tastic fo rm s are t h e re sul t o f v e ry fre e u s e o f i m age s .

Th e chi ld re n li k e t h e m La t e r t h e re i s a t e nd e ncy t o l e t
.
,

th e m go . The re is a growi ng d e si re t o be conte nt wi t h


t h e actu a l . I n sho rt th e chi ld progre sse s i n t h e dire c t io n
,

of R e al ism .

Th e re are d e gre e s of R eal ism I n ge n e ra l th e a rtis t s te p s


.
,

short at t he poin t wh e re th e d e s i r e t o u nd e rsta n d begins t o


t rou bl e t he joy of vi sion “
Ev e n wh e n pa i n t e rs be gin to
.

i nte re s t t h e m s e lv e s in sci e n ce an d phi losophy be su re t h e i r ,

h ea rt is i n t h e m ! c ri e s A rréa t
” “
Th a t which a t trac t s t h e m
.

is n ot sci e n ce o r phi losophy bu t the tra ppi ngs i n wh ich ,

t h e s ca re cloth e d . I ng re s fo rba d e his stud e n t s t o s t udy


a n atomy , an d Ruski n spok e of m od e rn sci en ce wit h grea t
i m pa t i e nc e . N e v e rth e l e ss Le c oq dre w u p a c ate chism of
,

an a t omy fo r h is pu pils
“ ”
. N a m e s u ch an d such a m uscl e .



Wh at i s th e an a t o m y o f t h is proj ec t ion ? Expl ai n t he
a n a t omic a l c a use s of t h e ch a nge s of for m re sul t ing from such

a n d such a mov e m en t Not con t e n t with gi ving h i s pu pils a



.

h u m an sk e l e ton to d ra w h e ga ve e x e rci s e s l i k e t h e fo l lowing


,

Le t th e pupils d raw figu re s from life i n which e v e ry join t a n d ,

proj e ctio n is e m ph as i ze d Th e n on rough ou t li n e copi e s of


.
,

th e s e dra w i n the b o ny fra m e wo rk as re pre se n t e d i n the various


at ti t ud e s !

Th e se an atomi ca l studi e s e n d as do al l th e re s t wi t h ,

vi s u a l ” ci ta ti on s Wh a t i s l ea rn e d mus t be l e ar ne d by h e a rt
,
.

I t m ust be re ali ze d i n t h e form of re c a l l im age s For re ca l l -


.

i m age s are th e artist s ra w m at er i al To poss e ss a w ea l t h of


'
.

t h es e and to be abl e to u s e t h e m fre e ly an d ra pid ly t h a t is


, ,

th e q ue s t ion .

Such re al ism as th is wh ich a llows us to choose th e sk e l e ton


,

as a mod e l fo r t h e ch ild a rtis t m ay re p e l m a ny p e rsons .


1 38 m Ch u as A r ti d

girls also . The pl easure o f the eyes s ays , o ne wri te r,


a t te r o f fa c t th e pl e asure o f

is c ru e l.

M th e e y e s is
Tbe 6 d 1
2 as A r ti st t 3o

n e ith e r cru e l no r ki nd I t i s wo n d e rfully l ittl e c on c e r ne d wi t h


.

th e p e rso na l fee li ng Th a t is i ts m a rk —th at it i s obj e c t iv e


. .

Th e horror of th e m a n i n th e stree t fo a th e n ud e mod e l i s i n


stra nge co n tras t to t h e d e tach ed n es s of th e rea l a rt is t a t wo rk
on th e study of th e nud e Dra wi ng as H e rba rt h as m ad e . ,

cl ea r i n h i s groupi ng of subj e cts is a l ink be tw ee n h u m anis t ic ,

an d sci e n t i fic s t udi e s And t h a t is o n e rea son why i t t ak e s


.

such a n i mpo rt a n t pl ace i n th e e y e s o f al l grea t t each e rs o f


e l e m e n t ary schools .

B u t t o re tu rn W i t h visu al t rai n i ng a nd yea rs t he ac t u a l


.

world brea ks through th e gold e n m is t s o f childhood Le c oq .

doe s not ch ange h is m e t h ods h e a m plifi e s and e xt e nds ,

th e m . More com pl ic a t e d mod e ls a re d is t ribu t e d fo r th e


“ "
vi sua l m e mory l e sso n a nd t he li vi ng mod e l i s studi e d
,

wi t h new e n e rgy and a tt e n t ion Th e fa iri e s t ri p a way b u t t h e .


,

real w orld be com es more a bso r bing .

H e re i s a m e mo ry d ra wing by a gi rl of thir t ee n re —
pres e nti ng t he ar ti st s own li tt l e sist e r s eat e d b e fo re the

n u rse ry fi re .

Com pa re i t wi th th is dra wi ng of S a int C a th e rin e n e a r th e


sa in t i n th e l a tt e r sta n d a nge ls a nd b e yond are ch e rubs
, , ,
.

Th e l itt l e a rti st h as gi v en th e re i n to h e r fan cy s h e h as no t ,

re st ricte d h e rse lf to wh a t s h e ha s se e n M e mori e s of v a rious .

ki nds ar e re pr e se n t e d a nd co m bi ne d i n t h e picture I t is a .

work of Free a rt Th e b e st in th is kind m a y b e m a ste r


.

pi e ce s from th e brush or pe nci l of gre a t a rtists Bu t th e y .

i n com mon w ith th is sk e t ch re pre s e nt t h e e a rly pe riod or ,

gold e n a ge o f I m agin a tion .

L e co q t vi l it ti l
su gg es s as o n e f x m l m d l f
su a re c a on es s o n , or e a e a o e o

f w
a l yi g w i t h i tnm th T h p p il h d l o i d
ert h u s an e an co ns er e

h —l t th y t k
a p n a s . e
mo d l f
e or an our i t a er , li i g f w
e d
a e oc cas o n o s ee a v n a n an

mo h — Th h vi g d th l d i d d th d i ffi lt
t u h th j i t x t m iti t w ll —th y d w t h i m l f m
t er . en , a n co n n e e e s so n , an co n s e re e cu

a r o n s, e re es , e c . , e e ra e an a s ro
p s s c as e

m y — h p p il b i g w
,
me or e ac d g i t i m it ti
u e n d d f m it
ar n e a a ns a on , an se cu re ro

as f
a r as
p i b l os s e .
T/ze Clai ld as A r ti s t
T/ze C/i zld A r ti s t
'

as I 4!

Co mpa re bo th with th is d ra wi n g of a d onk e y by an ol de r


chi ld —wh e re i m a gi na t i o n is e ve n l e ss free tha n i n e ith e r o f th e
,

pre ced i n g dra wi ngs . I t i s re stricte d a lm ost ste rn ly by


th e v isu a l m e m ory of th e li ving don k e y Th a t i s to sa y the
.
,

a rti st h a s beco m e a tru e r ea l is t Thi s pro gre ss t ow a rds rea li sm


.

i s v e ry m ar k e d i n th e l ight li te ra tu re o f to d a y ! th a t i s i n
-
,

c erta i n works whi ch we ca l l fi ction but which a re i n re a li ty


,

ve ry ca re ful re pre se n ta ti on s o f ch a ra ct e rs a n d ph a s e s o f l i fe
o b serve d b y th e w ri t e r . I n form e r da ys a fl ow e ry e p i stol a ry
styl e wa s de " ge ar” for a l l forms of light litera ture To d a y .


Al th o ugh it i s tru e th a t ea ch o bse rves tn a way pe c u l ia r to hi mse l f ,

s e le c ti ng w h a t a tt ra ct s h i m ye t it i s a l so t ru e th at cl ose and fu l l obs er


.

vat i on oes far to co n s tit u t e o ri gi na l i ty for it g i ves m a te ri a ls for n e w


g ,
1 42 Té e Ci z i la '
as A r ti s t
si mplicity a nd pl a i n ne ss h a v e com e to be re ga rd ed a s e sse nti a l s .

To w ri te pl a i n ly wh a t o ne fee ls to re po rt fa i thful ly wh a t on e ,

se es a re l a te r id e a ls .

R ea li sm h o w e v e r i mpli e s more th a n m e re suppre ssi on


, , .

Th e rea list ic nov e l doe s no t o we a l l its succ e ss to its fa i th ful


n e ss to a n origi na l Th e crea ti ve pow e r is stil l th e spe l l wh ich
.

l e nds force a n d ch a rm to th e work e ve n a lthough it se e ms ,

a bse n t But it is not a llow e d to i n trud e i t se lf The free dom


. .

of ch ildhood i s l e ft b e h i nd a nd the ch a ra ct e r of zn em tab/em ss


' '

b e com e s more a nd more i mpre sse d on th e work Th us t h e .

chi ld m a y sa y a t t h e e nd of e v er y story Th e y a l l li ve d h a ppy ,

e v e r a ft e r t h a t

B ut of th e grea t dra m a o r mod e r n n o v e l
.
,

we sa y I t could n o t h a v e e nd e d oth e rwi se
, .

Th e fact that ch ild re n a re a rt ists is ad mit te d to-d ay but ,

ti midly h a l f h e arte dly I n th e occu pat ions of i n fa n t sch ools


,
- .
,

brush d rawm g mod e ll i ng m usic e tc fi nd a pl ace B u t th is


-
, , , .
, .

t ra i n i ng a b rup t ly c ease s wh e n th e e arly st and ards are r each e d


—o r i t is car ri e d on a lmos t fu rt iv e ly The w e l l to do mo t h e r .
- -

wh o se nds h e r lit t l e o n e to an e xp e nsiv e p r iv at e sch ool is afrai d


a l l t h e dra wi ng p a in t i ng et c m ay be m e re w as t e of t i m e an d
, , .
, ,

th e i n spe ct o r a n d m a n age r h av e simi la r misgi vi ngs .

I t is ti m e to p la c e th e whol e qu e s t i o n of th e a rt pe riod of
li fe a n d t he t ra in i ng ad a pt e d t o i t a n d possi bl e t o you ng
, ,

arra nge me n t The case f Si r W a l te r S co t t ill us t ra t es thi s ve ry forci b ly


. o

I o bse rved sai d M r M o ri tt f h i m tha t i n v is iti ng the ru i ne d A bbey


.

, . o ,

o f E ggl es to n he no te d d o w n e ve n t h e pe c u li a r li t tl e wil d fl w e rs a nd h er bs
, o

th a t a c ci d e n ta l ! g re w ro u nd a nd o n t h e s i d e f a bo l d c rag near hi s i nt en d e d o

ca v e , a nd h l p yi g th t h w
co u l no t t t b e th i hi
sa n , a as e as no o e o n oa n s
w k d i i vi l t d p i m
or , a s es , w ld b o e s p e ti l an
y f th
r r oses ou e as o ca as an o e
h m b l pl t h w x m i i g I l gh d i h t t hi
u er an s e as e a
p l n n . au e ns or a s sc ru u o usn e ss ,
b t I
u d t d h i m wh h
un ers oop li d th t i t tw en w e re e , a n na u r e no o sc e n es e re
ex ly li k nd th t wh
ac t a p i
e, a d t ly wh t w ba f h i y w l
oe v e r c od e ru a as e o re s e es ou

p os sesst h m v i ty i h ie d sai pti e d x h i


ar e b it pp tly
n s esc r o ns , an e a a re n an
act i i ty
v b dl thas g f
ou n t i th es s ash d d
e ra n e o na ure n e sce n es e re co r e
wh wh v t t d t i m g i t i w l d
e reas oe er fi d hi
rus e w mi do a na on ou soo n n s o n n
i m i b d d t t d t f w f v it i m g
c rcu scr e an d th
co n rac e
p t iti o a e a o ur e a es , a n e re e on
of th w ld
ese l t p dou h t y m ot y d h
s o o ne r o r a er m ro u ce t a ve r on on an ar re nn
whi h h d lw y h t d d i pti p t y i th h d f y b t th
c a a a s au n e esc r ve oe r n e an s o an u e
m t p ti t w hi pp f t h
os a en o rs e rs o ru t .

me C/zi /d as A r ti s t 1 43

ch ildre n on a fi rm e r ba sis Te n t a ti v e e ffort s h av e bee n m ad e


,
.

i n the pa st Th e y h a v e b ee n ov e rl oo k e d l arge ly be ca use th e


.

co nn e cti ng truth be hi nd al l of t h e m was no t u nd e rs t ood .

H e rb art whose cri t ica l a nd com pre h e n sive m i n d was far e n o ugh
re mov e d from t h a t of th e a rti s t s a w t h a t t he s pi ri t of
,

pe da n t ry wh ich m ingl e s so easi ly wi t h e d uca t ion was h ighly


d e s t ru ctiv e t o i t ( Th e i nt e n t to t each S poils ch ild re n s b ooks

.
'

a t onc e ! i t i s forgo tt e n t h a t e v e ryon e t h e ch ild i nclud e d


, ,

se l e c t s wh a t su i t s hi m from wh a t h e r e ads I n t e rru pt the


.

s t o ry wi t h moral p rec e p t s a n d th e y will fi nd you a w e arisom e


,

n a r rat o r
. Bu t gi v e t o t h e m a n i n t e re sti ng s t ory rich i n
i n cid en ts re la t ionsh ips cha ract e rs st ri c t ly i n acco rd a nc e wi t h
, , ,

p s ycholo gica l t ru t h a nd n o t be yond t h e fe e li ngs an d id e a s of


,

child re n t h e n you wil l se e how t h e ch a rm of ch a nge e nds i n


pre fe re nc e fo r t h e b e s t ) Bu t h e did n o t b a n ish pe da n t ry
"

t hrough m ak in g art th e sou l of all h is t e ach ing Joh n Stu art .

M il l a ssur e d E ngl a nd t h at ca t e ch isms w e re v e ry poor subs t i t ut e s


fo r bea u t iful s t ori e s th a t cl ea r m e n t a l pic t u re s w e r e th e first k i n d
,

of m e n t a l fu rn ish ing n e ce ssary fo r t he you ng N e v e rt h e l e ss .

t h e spi ri t of p e d a n t ry h as fou nd an a bu nd a n t e n t ra nce lt .

p re m ea te s t h e mod e rn school I t is
. ra mp a n t i n t h e cl ass

room of th e li t tl e o n e s i n th e fi rst st a nd a rd l It is tol e ra ted i n


t h e I n fa n t room e v e n .

The S pi ri t of ped a n try ca n be k e pt a w a y only by th e


spi rit of childhood —wh ich i s a lso fi l e spi n ? a { li e g m !

Th e nity be tw e e n th e ch ild a nd th e a rtist ca n be


a ffi

e s ta b l i sh e d now on a n a n a tomi ca l b a sis H e r e is a d ra wing .

of a bra i n copi e d fro m a book by


,
M a ur ice d e Fl e ury .

It show s the three or fo u r m od e s of re l a tio ns hi p w ith the


w or ld which a re bri lli a ntl y re pre s en t e d i n v a rious a rtist
type s .

Th is m a n we wi ll sa y i s a n a rtis t i n wr iti n g or p a inting


, , .

H e di ffe rs from oth e r m e n i n inn u m e ra bl e w a ys bu t we a re


I 44 Tbs Cli i /a '
as A r ti s t
conc e rn e d to n ote only two fa cts with r eg a rd to hi m “

first th a t h e re ce i ve s by wa y of th e optic ne rv e a t ,

t h e v isu a l c e ntre a n ,

e xc e ption a lly fi ne ,

a n d full ra i n of i m

pre ssions from t h e


ou t er world And .

s e condly t h a t h e
t ra n sforms t h e s e i m
pr e s s i o n s r e a d i l y
in t o ce rta in a pp ro
p ri a te mov e m e n ts
t h rough th e m e di u m
of l in e colou r or , ,

wr i tt e n words Th e .

i mp re ss ions e n te r

t he bra i n as vi bra
tions e n er gy Th e y
,
.

a re r e c e i v e d a t t h e

v isu a l c e n t re w hi c h ,

m a y be c a ll e d t h e
ca p i t a l of th e
p a in te r s o r wri t e r s
’ '

bra i n a nd t h e y a re
,

t o be tra n sfor m e d
in t o a ppropri a t e

mov e m e nts Wha t .

ca n h e l p t ow a rds
t h i s rea l i za t i on ?
O nly the v igo ur
a nd r i c h ne s s o f
t he origi na l te m
pe ra m e n t — th e m an
a nd h i s ge ni u s “
Tbs C/zi l a '
as A r ti s t 1 45

B ut waa t m ay ki n der ? Not d e fe ct a l one m a y h ind e r .

D e v e lopm e n t h as its s ha dow sid e Ev e ry though t a n d .

id ea of ours h as a physica l b a sis a nd i n vol v e s a ph ysica l ,

proc e ss A ll th e e rudition of t he wis e t h e comp a rison a n d


.
,

a na lysi s of m a ny fa cts th e e volu tion of m i n d i n sh o rt i s


,

a tt e n d e d by an e n rich m e n t of t h e n er v e proc e sses Th e bra in .

of a gr ea t r ea s o n er a nd ph ilosoph er lik e T a in e or H u m e o r , ,

H er ba rt i s lik e a lu x u r i a nt wood A sh a ft e nte ri ng t h ere is


, .

subj ect to a rr e st —di v e rge nc e E v e ry i m pre ssion i s mod i fi e d


.
,

te m pe re d al ter ed by i nn u m e ra bl e b ye ch anne ls o f i n com i n g


,
- -

i n fl u e n ce Th e bra i n of t he a rti st su per ior as i t is in ce rt a i n


.
,

res pe cts is as com pa re d with th a t of t he re a so ne r a s t he thi n


, , ,

w ood to th e th ick l a byri nth Bu t th is from th e poin t of vi e w


.
,

of a rti stic pow e r is a grea t a dv an ta ge A ll th e i m pre ss ions


, .

po u ri ng i n on th e v isu a l ce ntr e a re se nt forw a rd to t h e m otor


ce ntre withou t i n t e rru pti o n wi t hout a tt e n u a ti o n a nd th e y are
, ,

th ere d isch a rg e d i n a ppropri a t e mov e m e nts wi t h a l l t he forc e ,

th e fi re t h e v e rv e a nd ful n e ss o f th e origin a l i m pre ssio n


, , .

Th e li mita tions impli e d i n wh a t we m a y b e pa rdon e d fo r


ca l li ng t hose sp le ndid re fl e x e s a re indica t e d i n a na tomy
, .

B ut wh a t h as a l l t hi s to do w ith th e t ra ini ng of ch i l d ren ?


I t h as m u ch to do w ith it I t h a s every thing to do w i th i t~
.

The ch ild i s a l li ed to th e a rt i st (w i t h a l l re sp e ct to th e l a t t er
b e i t sa id ) t hrough h i s sim plici t y h i s pov e rty H is bra i n
, .

al so is for th e ti m e be i n g lik e a wood i n sp ring


, ,
Expe ri e nc e .

a n d e rudi tio n h a v e no t do n e th e i r work i n h i m H e h as .

ce rta i n fa ci l i ti e s now fo r l ea rn i ng through a rt .

Th e se wi ll be sa cri fic e d l a t e r W e lose to ga i n i n life


. .

Bu t e v e ry st a ge of li fe h a s its oppo rtun i t i e s A nd gre a t m e n .

h a v e a s it w e re a l ighted a t e v eryo ne o f th e se sta g e s Artists .

a re glorious c h ildr e n Th e y if not t h e t e a ch e rs of chi ldh oo d


.
, ,

a re t h e tr u e inspir e rs of t ea ch e rs ! Wh a t th e n a re we to
thin k of th e a tte m pts a t a rt tra in in g o ffe re d to d a yin th e -

tra i ni ng coll e ge s of e l e m en t ar y te a ch ers ? I t is su re ly obviou s


I O
1 46 Tire C/zi l a
'
as A r tis t
th a t th e re l a tion of t h e chi l d to art a nd th e pla ce of a rt as a , ,

m ean s of e d ucai ton is a lm o st i gn o re d .

A nd why is t h e h e lp o f a gre a t a rtist d ispe n s e d w ith so


li gh tly I s it po ss ibl e th a t we be li e v e h e e x ists on ly to a dorn
.

o u r w a l l s to tic kl e our ea rs — i n short to gra tify our se ns e s


,
.

A la s ! M a n kind h a s a lw a ys be en rea dy to trea t the a rti st


as a foo lish ch ild ! K i n gs a nd rul e rs e ve n trea te d hi m as a
s p i o l t ch i ld — forga ve h is i nsol e nc e l a ugh ed at h is te m pe rs , ,

a nd g a v e hi m pl e n ty of fl a tt e ry a nd e n o rm ous fee s Ev en .

t h e dre ss o f o u r di v a s shows th a t th e publi c m a k e th e m fee l


th e y e x i st m a i nly to pl ea se a nd e v e ryo ne th i n ks th a t Boh e m i a
,

sho uld b e in d ulge d I t is a d e pre ci a ti o n of the tru e rfil e o f


.

th e a rtist .Th e re is a l ittl e truth i n its sugges tion b ut it i s n ot ,

t h e whol e tru t h .

Bu t th is a tt i tud e a ft e r a l l is a n i n su lting o ne A mo ngst .

t h e ar tists o f t o d a y th e re are a fe w who h a ve r en d e red gre a t


se r vic e to public bodi es —a nd who h a v e shown th a t th e ir
fu n ct io n a n d se rvic e d o e s not e nd wi th the si gn i n g o f songs ,

a n d t h e p a i nti n g of pict u r e s .

I t is im possibl e to doubt th a t t h e a cti vity of th e a rti st i s


n ea re r to re fl e x a ctio n th a n is th e m en ta l l a bour of th e
rea so ne r a nd ph ilos oph e r F a r from e sta blish in g a un i v e rsa l
.

ti t l e to su pe riori ty fo r th e ph i loso ph e r this m a y prov e h i s na h t ,

n e ss for c e rt a in ord e rs o f work a nd i n fl u en ce Th e a rti st i s .


t h e king o f C hildhood s world H e i s hi m se lf i n t h e words of
.

Fl e ury ,

a subli m e ch ild

Th e sci e ntis t no longe r b e l on gs
.

t o th a t wo rld a nd h e h a s ofte n m a d e gre a t blu nd e rs th e re


, .

Le t us no lo ng e r gi v e u p our schools to t h e spirit of ped an try .

Le t us no long e r ignore th e gre a t t h e sti m ul a ti ng i n fl u e nc e s of ,

gre a t a rt in e l e m e n t a ry cl a ss roo m s -
.

I f th e a rtist d e cl a re s hi m sel f i n ch ildhood th a t i s be ca u se ,

his pow e rs how e v e r grea t b e lon g to ch ildhood


, ,
*
H e is .

M oza rt re e a l e d h i s c re a ti ve po w er a t th ree H ad y a a t fo u r S ch u be rt a t
v , ,

e l e v e n Gi o tt o a t ten R a h a e l a t e i ht
, p , g G re u ze a t e ig ht Van, D y c k and ,

M i ch ae l l
A ng e o a t t hi t
r een .
T/ze C/zi /a ’
as A r ti s t 1 47

n ot a l i en how e v e r s u p e rior to th e a v e ra g e ch ild


,
Th e
.

ch i ld l e a rn s by doi n g sa id F roe b e l Th e a rt i st tea rl zes by



,
.

doi n g. H e i s th e gre a t ch ild th e e ld er broth e r and b e s t


,

t ea ch er of th e you n g .

A nd on ly wh en th is ki n sh i p is a d m itt e d ca n th e p owe r an d
fu n ctio n of a rt i n e l e m e n t a ry e duc a tio n b e fully a pp r e ci a t e d ,

an d t h e sc a tt e re d t ea c h i n g s of such g re a t t h e orists a s F ro e b e l
,

H erb e rt etc be l ink e d tog et h e r a nd wor k e d out i n to a m ore


, .
, ,

or l e ss p e rfe ct syst e m .
C H A PTE R V I I

T HE C H ILD as A R TI ZAN

CH I LD H OO D is ca ll e d th e Age of G old of th e I m a gi na tion ,

b e ca us e d u rin g th a t pe riod th e I m a gi na tion see ms to h old


t h e fi e ld a lon e untra m m e ll e d by rea son Ye t t h e ra tio na l
.

e l e m e nt i s pre s e nt i n ch ildish i m a ginings a n d grows unti l a t


,

l a st it see ms to be com e th e a n ta goni st of th e fa cu lty out of


wh ich it sprung .

Ribot re pr e se n ts th e grow th a nd ri v a l ry of th e I m a gin a tio n


a nd R ea so n i n th e following ta bl e .

The li ne I M re p re se nts th e grow t h of th e I m a gin a tion


through th e per iod of childh oo d a dol esce n ce a nd youth
, .

Th e lin e R X re pr e se n ts R ea son . I t be gi ns l a ter progre ss e s


,

v e ry slowly by co m pa ri son wi th t he o th er A t X th e two .

i nte ll e ct u a l fa cu lti e s a re o n a l e v e l a nd fa ce o ne a noth e r a s


Tbe Cai la

as A r ti s a n 1 49

pow e rful ri v a ls The s e cond pe ri od b e gi ns a t M X w h e n th e


.

a n ta gon ism be tw ee n R ea son an d I m a gin a ti on b e tw e e n t he ,

i nne r world a n d t h e out er world i s fa irly e st a bl i sh e d In th e .

m ajori ty of pe opl e th e i m a gi n a t io n a ppe ar s to gi v e pl a ce


c e fo re t h e i nv a d i n g pow e r of th e you nge r fa culty I n ch ild .

ho od th e fa ncy is n i m bl e l a te r i n a dol e sc e n ce a nd you th


, , ,


it h a s a ne w e fll ore sce nce d i fler i n g from t h e i m a gi n a tion of
chi ldhood — but e x ube ra nt Th e n i n m iddl e l ife th e ill usions
.

of youth a re l a id a sid e D a y drea ms a re no more i nd ulged in


.
,

a nd t h e a ct u a l a n d pra ctic a l a lon e h a v e a se rious hold o n th e

m i nd . Th i s d e cli ne of th e i m a gin a tion how e v er is on ly , ,

pa rti a l I t is indica t e d by th e l e tt e rs M N be tw ee n wh ich


.

the cu rv e of I m a gin a tio n fa lls ra pidly .

N e ve rt h e l e ss th e lin e s M N a nd X 0 show R e a son


an d Im a gin a tion m a inta i n i ng e qu a l a sc e nd a ncy This .

re pr e se n ts th e ca se of ce rta in pe rso n s pu re I m a gi n a
ti v e s
,

Ri bo t ca lls t h e m —i n whom t he i n v e nti v e and cre a ti v e
pow e r re m a ins to th e e nd v i va cious a nd a cti v e a s i n youth .

De v e lopm e nt m a y be conti n uous a n d a lo ng o ne li n e a s fo r ,

e x a mpl e i n t h e cas e o f th e young i nv e n t o r W a tt who r e v ea l e d


, ,

h i s voca tion i n ear ly li fe a nd re m a i n e d fa ith fu l to it or i n t he ,

c a se of young wr it e rs who com po se stori e s a nd pl a ys i n


ch i l dhoo d a nd go on l a te r to th e com posi t ion o f origin a l a nd
vi ril e lit e ra ry wo rks But d e v e l o pm e n t m a y a lso be t h rough
.

de flati o n or com pl e te ch a ng e of wo r k an d m a t e r i a l Th us .

m a ny gre a t i n v e n tors h a v e be gu n by com posing poor m usic ,

or rom a nce s o r pa i nting infe rior picture s a nd only l a t er fo und


, , ,

a fte r m uch groping a n d fa i l ure th e i r tru e voca tion


,
Som e gr eat .

sci e ntists too h a v e m ad e th e ir d e but by a poor li te ra ry


v e ntu re th e n ca st such work e n tire l y asid e a n d found th e ir
, ,

tru e voca tion .

I t i s e a sy to s ee how d e vi a tion is n e c e ssa ry no t only for


, ,

t he fe w bu t for th e m a jority Pra t i ca ll y a ll ch i ld re n run


.

through a n a rt pe riod B ut no t e v en a N e wt on o r a D a rwi n


.
1 5 0 Ti m Clzi l a
'
as A r ti s a n
pr ocla i m th e m se l v e s sci e ntists i n th e In fan t Sch ool For th e .

sc i e n ti st m us t po sse ss th e po w e r of a bstra ction (w h ich


d e v e lops slowly ) an d a w id e e x pe ri m en ta l kn owl e dge which
i t i s i m po ssi bl e to g a i n i n t h e ea rli e st y ea rs Th e sa m e i s .

tr u e up to a ce rta i n poi n t of th e m ech a n i ca l ge ni us a n d i nv e ntor


, .

I t is quite i mpossible t h e n th a t t h e sci en t ist or m ech a n ica l


ge n i us sh o u ld e ru pt l i k e th e ba by m usici a n A nd yet th e .

crea ti ve pow er d e v e lops if e x e rcise d i n t h e ea rly as w e ll as i n


th e la t e r y e a rs .I t is d e v e lope d a t fi rst through ce rta i n
m ea ns of e x p re ss io n wh ich will be disca rd e d l a t e r Th a t is .

to sa y th er e i s devi ati on n o t i n t h e c a s e of a fe w bu t o f
, , ,

ne a rly a l l ch i ldre n
‘ .

D e v i a t i on doe s no t i m ply in t e rru pti on On th e co ntra ry .

it i s d e v i a tio n a t t h e right mo m en t th a t a lo n e ca n en sure


contin u i ty of d e v e lopm en t Th is a ppe a rs stran ge to us
.

to d a y be ca use we a re a ccustom e d to a ssoci a te I ma gi na tio n


al most en tir e ly w i th e c rt a i n ord e rs of work — noti cea bly with a ll
free forms of a rt poe t ry m u sic pa in ti ng fi c ti on —wh il e i gn o r
, , , ,

i ng t he more prosa ic forms i n wh ich th e crea ti v e fa c ul ty


e mbod i e s i tse l f . I t a ppea rs to m a ny th a t t he m e ch a ni c t h e ,


pra cti ca l m a n who d iscov er s a n e w wa y of light i ng or
v e n t ila ti on ca n h a v e n othing i n common wi t h th e m u sici a n
, ,

th e pa i nte r a nd rom a nc e r
,
Ye t th e re i s id e ntity of n a ture i n
.

t h e crea tiv e pow e r of both .

H e re i s a dra w i n g of a m a ch i ne I t i s quite c e rta i n th a t .

th e i n v e ntors ex e rcise d I m a g i n a ti on I t i s eq u a lly c e rta i n


.

th a t th e y cou ld no t i nd u lg e th e ir fa nci e s i n the m aki ng of it .

Th e ir i m a gi na tio n was n ot free to do a s it pl ea se d I t was .

subj e ct to ri gorous n ec es sity W h il e th e a rti stic crea ti on


.

wh ich fi nds e xpression in words sounds li nes form s colours , , , , ,


Th e bi ography manof
g y
rea p t hil h
os o p e rs a n d sc en s s s o i ti t h w th t th y
a e

g a veli l i d
t t e n i ca t h
i o n m c h tl d hood o f t e i r po
.

w
e rs , o r a t e a s a os el t th t th
t th w i k wi h regar d t o H u m e s m o er
t th

n ea res to em e re m s ta e n t he m
b li v d h i m to be a d u ll D a r n s fa t e r a n i ci pa te l e from
wi h t d ittl

e e e b oy .

him .A nd a t e v e I saac N e
tw l wt
o n w as a cco u n te a d a nce d .
T/ze Ch i ld as A r tis a n 1 5 1

is poure d i nto a fl u e n t mould th i s ki nd of crea ti o n ha s to ta k e


,

i ts pl a ce b e sid e th e prod ucti o n s of n a ture Any m isca lcul a tion


.

i n th e pl a nn i ng m u st m e a n fa i l u re I n th e working i t m a y
.

e v e n m ea n d ea t h.

Ye t this m a chi n e h as som e t hin g i n co m mon wi t h th e d ra w


i ngs wh ich we h a ve se e n i n the fo rm e r ch a pt e r F o r a ll th e .

dra wings a r e zm i ta h orzs of l ifi N a y if we ha d shown i n pl a c e of


' '

th is complica te d m a ch i ne a si mpl e b as k e t wov e n in the ki nd e r


,

a rt e n a h a mm e r fo rg e d in t h e iron wo r k ce n tre we m i h t
-
g , g ,

sti ll sa y the sa m e thi ng All a re i m i ta t ions of life F o r th e


. .

bas k e t is a substi t u t e for t h e h a nd A gi m l e t kn ife o r .


, .

h a m m e r are substi tut e s fo r a moving a cti v e h a nd ,


The .

m a ch i ne i s h igh e r i n t h e sc a l e of e voluti on t h a n t he u te nsil ,

or t h e m e re w ea pon I t i m ita t e s a co m p l ic a t ed org a ni sm


. .

Th us i n th i s dra wi ng l e gs a re re pre se n t e d a lso a n a rm with ,

*
e lbow a n d h an d i ndica te d H e re a re substi t ut e s for l ungs a nd
.

So m e m ac hi nes h
a v e n o t on ly f t b
ee ut an kl es
Ti re C/zzl d A r ti s a n
'

1 5 2 as

mouth a n d e v e n fo r a bra in i n the fi ne r co n trolling m a ch i ne ry


, ,
.

Moreo ve r th e m a ch i n e h as a re spi ra tory sy st e m a di ge sti v e ,

syst e m e tc ,
I ts m a k e rs h a v e i mita te d l ife
. Th e y h a v e
.

pa sse d from R ea lism into Ri v a l ry And so succe ssfully th a t .

m a ch i n e s displ a c e m e n t o d a y Th e y d o the work of m en


.
,

whil e m en v e ry oft e n do th e wo rk o f m a ch in e s N o w o nd e r .

t h a t work m e n h a v e h a t e d t h e m as i f th e y w e re a li v e .

Th e ge ni us t h a t c re a t e s m ach in e ry is no t quit e al i e n t o
t h a t wh ich do e s not a tt e mpt to r ival l i fe bu t only t o i n t e rpre t i t
,
.

Th e i n t ui t ion o f p ri mi t iv e peo pl e s is ri gh t which d e cl ar e s th e


,

g r e a t i nv e n t o r a n d t he g re a t a rtist to be t wi n b r o th e rs ! -
I n t h e

Ho m e ric po e m s V u lca n t he i nv e n t o r an d M i n e rv a ga ve a l l
, ,

a rt i za n s pow e r t o e x e cu t e lov e ly wo rk I t wa s o nly la t e r t ha t


.

a di vo rc e was e st a blish e d be t w ee n t he a rt is t a nd t h e inv e nto r .

H appily i t is no t v e ry h ard t o see e v e n t o d a y th e co n


, , ,

n e x i o n b e t w e e n t he a r ti s t ic a n d t h e i nd us t ri a l for m s of cre a t i v e

pow e r Educ a t ion a l a u t ho ri t i e s to d ay a dmi t an a rt per iod


.
-
“ ”
-
,

si nc e t h e y i n t rod uce cl ay an d colour work i n t o th e ki nd e r


g a rt e n Th e y a dmi t a n arti za n per iod s i nc e th e y Op en
.
“ ”
-
,

m a n u a l t ra i ni n g fo r boys be t w e e n th e age o f e l e ve n an d four


t e e n E x pe ri e nc e has no t as ye t shown u s how th e cultivatio n
.

o f t h e visu al m e mory a n d th e mo t o r t ra i n ing gi ve n th rough

a rt , p re pa res t h e youn g arti s t for t h e fol lowing p e riod of


d e ve lopm e n t thro ugh m an u a l l a bou r W e h ave no t c o re l a t e d
.
-

t h e wo r k of t h e stan d ards e nough to e a rn such re sul t s ”


Ye t .

en ou gh h a s b e e n a tt e m p t e d to show t h a t art o ffer s a m ean s of

e xpr e ssion a n d t ra in ing i n t h e e a rl i e r y ea rs wh e re by t h e out e r ,

wo rld i s re d uc e d t o p ropo rt ions m a d e fa m il i ar and h a rmo n i z e d


, ,

wi t h th e i nn e r (Comp
. a r e t h e dr a wi ngs of t h e ch i ldr e n i n t h e

fou rt h ch a pt e r o f t his volu m e wi t h t hose of th e trai ne d


ch ild re n whose wo rk i s shown i n th e six t h cha pte r) W e
,
.

know t h a t i t pre pare s th e chi ld to b e com e an a rtis a n .

Th e re h av e bee n but fe w a rt i za n p rodigi e s as compa re d wi t h


t h e n umb e r of wond e r chi ldre n i n music or e ve n d ra wi ng l
-
,
T/ze C/zzl a
'

as A r l zs a n 1 53

A nd ye t, i n h is fi e ld , a lso, g e n ius t is pre cocious ! A t th e age


o f n i ne , Ponc e l e t t
ook a wa ch o t t pi e c es a nd pu t i t t oge th e r
aga i n co rr e c t ly N e w t on a s a boy l e a rn e d t he a rt o f m a nag
.
, ,

i ng t o ols and cont ri v e d m ach in e s ! a n d W a tt m ad e obs e rvat i o ns ,

as a chi ld wh ich co n t ai n e d th e ge rm o f l at e r disco ver i e s


,
.

Fre sn e l at n in e m a d e e xp e ri m e n t s wi t h a rch e s o f wo od
, , ,

a n d i n e a rly y o u t h H e rb e r t Spe nc e r i nv e n t e d a v e loci m e t e r .

H u mph re y Po tt e r a m ac h i ne m i nd e r a t t w e lv e m a d e
,
a
,

an i n ve n t ion which h ad an infl u e nc e o n t he d e v e lopme nt


of a u t o m a t ic ma chin e ry But in a l l t hi s t he c hild of ‘
.

ge ni us t hough p re c ocious i s n o a noma ly no


,

bol t from , ,

t he bl u e bo rn t o d is t rac t by a ch a nc e which no m an
,

ca n e sti m a te Ot h e r ch ild re n h aving arri v e d at a c e rta i n age


.
, ,

show si m il a r t e nd e n ci e s Most ch ild ren wish t o m ak e u se ful .


t hi n gs to i nve n t o r a t l e as t t o i m i ta t e t he i nv e n t ions of
, ,

o t h e rs Th e arti zan pe ri o d l i k e th e a rt pe ri od i s a ti m e of
.
o

,
-
,

pr e pa ration wh ich a rriv e s fo r n ea rly a l l child re n a nd o ffe rs


, ,

n e w opport u n i t i e s t o t h e t ea ch e r .

C e rt ai nl y t h e wood wo rk or i ron wo rk c e n t re ca nno t be


,

a h a ll of fa n t a sy S t i l l l e ss is t h e workshop or t h e forge
.

a pla c e for fre e fa ncy Ye t m e n h av e i m agi n ed mo re i n t h e


.

wo rk a d ay wo rld t h a n i n a ny o t he r wor ld An d t h is i s re
- -
.

c ogni z e d aft e r a fashion a t l e as t by m a ny n at ions Th us th e


, ,
.

F r e nch s ay o l a ra th e r d u ll pe rso n no t H e has no t pa i nte d th e


'

Ass um ption o r L a bu t H e h a s no t i n v e n t e d ,

powd e r .

Th e o ri gi n of i nv e n t ion i s necess i ty P e opl e bu i l t house s fo r .

sh e l te r Th e y inv e n t e d ploughs b e ca use th e y wer e hu ngry an d


.
,

swo rds b e ca use t h e y h ad t o fight e n e m i e s I n a high e r .

civil i za t ion d e si re an d n e c e ssi t y a re s ti ll th e m oto r pow e r I .

ca n a ffi rm

s a i d o n e i n v e n t o r t h a t for m e th e co nce p ti on of
,

, , ,

a ny n e w thing i s a lw ays t h e re s u l t of a mora l o r m a t e ri a l n ec es

si t Thus i n 1 8 8 7 a d i scou rse o f Bis m ar ck pu t m e in a g re a t


y
.
, ,
1 54 Tas ca rd as A r ti s a n
pa ssio n an d I at o n c e con cei v e d th e id ea of a rm i ng my co u n tr y
,

wi t h a n e w ki nd of gu n ”
E moti on wi ll s ti mu la t e a n im al s to
.

great d ispl ays of int e l l i gen ce Th e o t h e r d ay a swan l ifte d .

h e r n e st (which th rea te ne d t o be su b m e rge d by a fl ood ) b y ,

stu ffing stra w u n d e rnea th it An d ch ildre n wi ll i nve nt an d .

d e vi se v e ry cl e v e rly u nd e r stre ss of circu m stan c e s or fee li n g .

Th e c hi ld H u mph re y Pot t er be cam e a n i nv e n t or th anks to


, , ,

h i s y ea rn i ng d e si re to go a n d pl ay in t h e s t re e ts wi t h o t h er
boys !
I n mod e rn schools e v e ry n ee d see ms to be m e t i n a ra t h e r
fa t a l way M uch a tt en ti on is giv e n to t h e provisio n of
.

good a ppa rat us This i s n ot a t h i ng to r egre t fro m e v e ry


.


poi nt of vi e w and ye t t h e re i s a sh adow sid e to al l this am pl e
prov i sio n an d a v e ry d ark sh ad o w sid e i t is too The i nv en ti v e
,
.

fac u lti e s are no t s t i mu l a t e d by th e in tr od uc t ion into schools of


cos t ly a n d i ntric a t e a pparatus The i n v e n t iv e fa culty is sti m u
.

l a te d now a s i n pre hu m a n d ays by n e c e ss i t y a nd des i re


,
-
, .

Wh e re e ve ryt hing is provid e d d e sire re c e iv e s i ts qui e t us ,


-
.

M ore ov e r e v e ry com pli ca t e d pi e ce of a pp ara t us re pre s e n t s


,

t h e la b ou rs a nd i nv e ntions not o f o n e m a n but of m an y


, , , .


H ow can an i mm a t u re m i nd follow a l l t h e se u nd e rs t an d
a n agg re ga te of discov e r i e s a n d a ch i e v e m e nts ? I t i s l i ke
a d i ffi cul t book wh ich t h e young l e a rn e r h as not l e a rn e d t o
,

rea d And why shou ld h e l ea rn t o rea d i t ? I t was not t hus


.

t h a t th e inve n t ors (o f whom myr i ads h a ve b ee n forgot te n) t e


ce iv e d t h e ir tra n i ng Th e y
i m a r
. a —
d e t h e i own t ri ls i nv e n t ed ,

a n d rej e ct e d fa il e d an d s ucc e e d e d on th ei r own a ccou n t


,
A nd .

t h e re are p e rso ns who thi n k th a t t his proc e ss is the only o ne


wort h an ythi ng “
All a pp a rat us us e d t o i ll us tr at e t he fu nd a
.

m e n t a l l aws of physics wr i t e s K ropo t ki n e ou gh t t o be ma d e



, ,

by the ch i ld re n t h e m se lv e s I nst e ad of m a ki ng th e ms e lv e s
.

a n A twood s ma ch in e wi th a broo ms t ick a n d th e wh e e l of an old


clock th e y are t o d ay shown a complica t e d a p pa ra tus a n d i n


, , ,

m os t case s th e t e ach e r doe s no t kn o w how to ex pl a i n t o t he m


,
l a C/zi l a

as A r tis a n 1 55
th e pri nci pl e of th e a ppara tus an d i n dulge s i n i rr el eva n t d e ta ils , .

And so i t goe s o n from th e be gi nni ng to th e e nd wi th b ut , ,



a fe w honou ra bl e e xc e pti ons .

As oft e n h a pp e ns i t is th e na t ion l e ast e x pose d t o th e


dan ge r wh ich i s mos t conscious o f i t s e x iste n c e The .

A m e rica ns e nt e rpri sing i n du st rious a d aptiv e h a v e pro vi d e d


, , , ,

t h e world wi t h wond e rfu l l a bou r sa vi ng m ach i ne ry Th e y are -


.

t h e ar ti za n n a t ion p a r ex cel l en ce—th e i nv e ntors who t ra nsform

t he i nd us t ri a l world Th e ir s t ea m ploughs a nd s t um p e x
.
-
,
-

t rac t ors e tc a re world fa m e d ! and ov e r and a bo ve al l th e s e


, .
,
-
,

grea t e r achi e v e m e n ts t h e y busi ly co n t riv e i nnu m e ra bl e s m all e r


,

on e s Nowh e re i s th e hous e wi fe a id e d by s o m any l a bo ur


.

sa vin g a ppl i a n c e s Th e y m ul t iply th e ir i m


. pro ve d ca rpe t
sw e e pe rs pl a t e ra cks ki t ch en ra nge s l ift s e tc Tha n ks to
, , , ,
.

t h e a moun t o f i m agin at io n co n s e cra t e d t o t h e i m prov e m e nt

o f m a t e ri a l l i fe e v e n t h e worki ng c l a ss o f A m e r i c a l iv e i n
,

com pa ra tiv e com fort I f t h e re w er e n ot i n th e se p e opl e m a ny


.

d e si re s a ppe t i t e s te nd e nci e s th e y woul d no t disp lay s uch


, , ,

l i v e ly i m agi n a ti on s Ye t t h e y fl ing ba ck t h e i r you ng pe opl e


.
,

a t t i m e s on p r i m a r y d e si re s—
, o u p ri m itiv e n e e ds I n summ e r .
,

cl asse s of boys (som e from l u xu rious hom e s) a re se nt out t o ,

t h e pra i ri e a n d for e st to m ak e a su m m e r scho o l Lit e ra lly to .


,

m ak e a summ e r school : fo r t h e y h av e t o cu t t he t i mber fo r


th e i r hous e bu ild th e w al ls put o n t h e roof a n d find t h e
, , ,

furn ishi ng Th e ir p are n ts p rob a bly t h i nk t h a t t h e ir chi ld re n


.

should be a t l eas t as inv e n t iv e as t he I ndi a ns who m ad e e v e ry ,

t hi ng from a hous e t o a n e e d l e from th e bu ffa lo skin a n d bon e s


, ,

an d m a d e boo ks fro m th e ba rk of t re e s La t e r t h e r e m a y b e .
,

sci e nc e l e ssons i n t he rud e house of th e school boys bota n i zi ng -


,

e xcu rsions a n d sk e t chi ng i n t h e fi e lds B u t th e pupils b egi n .

by fe e li ng th e spu r o f p ri m i t i ve n e e ds .

I t go e s wi t hout sa yin g t h at t h e y re spond t o i t o t h e rwis e t h a n


did th e pri mi t iv e m a n Alre ady t h e i r m inds a re furn ish e d .

with m a ny conc re t e i m age s m a ny id ea s t o which h is was a ,


1 5 6 Tag car/d as A r ti s a n
s t ra nge r Al rea dy t h ei r h an ds h av e be e n t rai n e d to u se c e rta i n
.

i mpl e m e n ts a nd co n struct o t h e rs o u t of ru d e m at e ri als B ut


,
.

it i s re cogn ize d t h at a ll t h is m anu al skill al l th es e m e n ta l i m age s ,

are i n e r t un produc t iv e m e re bagg age t o be car ri e d a bou t u n l e ss


, ,

t h e re is t h at which can mov e an d h a ndl e t h e m th at th e —


ori gi n o f i n ve n t ion is i n t he e motio na l life no t i n th e qu an ti ty ,

or qu a l i t y of re pr e s e nta t io n s wh ich we h av e a t o u r d i s pos a l .

I n th e Am er ica n t h e p ri mi t i ve d e si re to liv e h as be e n tran s


fo rm ed and re fin e d into an e v e r growi ng d e si re to l i v e be t t e r
-
,

t o l iv e wi t h mo re co m fort mo re lu xu ry H i s wa nts h a v e no t
, .

m e re ly k e pt pa c e wi t h his inve ntio ns bu t outstri ppe d th e m ,


.

A n e w d e si re has be e n th e spu r o f e ve ry n e w i nv e nti on Ye t .

he al lows h i s chi ld re n t o fe e l th e pri m i ti v e n ee d ou t o f wh i ch


a ll t h e r e st h a s S pru ng .

Le t us su m up in wo rd a l l t h a t i s m e a n t by t h e ph ra se s
a fe w
“ ” “ ”
t h e a rt an d a rti za n p e riods o f li fe .

The a ni m ism of ea rly ch ildhood is an e m bryon i c fo r m o f


i m agi na tio n wh e nc e i ss u e s t he aes t h e t ic faculty Th rough th e .

e x e rcis e of th is fa cul t y i n pl a y i n a rt in i dol m a ki ng e v e n t h e


, ,
-

i n t e l l ect is t rai n e d and th e moral susc e pti bi liti e s d ee pe n e d a nd


,

wid e n e d .

Th e m ajo ri t y of n e w functions ”
sai d Esp i nas , ,

wh e t h e r soci a l o r in d i vidu al a re e x e rci se d i n the first i ns t an c e


,

und e r th e aes t h e t ic fo rm M achi n e s fo r e xa m pl e we re fi rs t


.
, ,

use d as a ki n d of holy pl ayth ing a n a rticl e d e lux e of th e ,

t e mpl e Th e wh ee l which pl ays such a n i mport ant pa rt i n


.
,

t h e cons t r uc t ion of v e h icl e s m ach in e s e tc e tc


,
wa s a t fi rs t a
, .
,
.
,

k i nd o f sacre d to y u se d by th e d e vou t worsh ippe r a rosa ry of ,

t h e Eas t . R e ci ta t ion an d th e songs of t he poe t s we re o nce the


o n ly k ind of i n t e ll e ctu a l l a bo ur of which you t h was b e li ev e d to

be i n n e e d .

I t is not n e ce ssa ry to go b ack so far how e v e r i n ord e r to , ,

s e e how t h e mi nd of m an is ed uca t ed as pri m a ri ly th rough fre e

a rt . O ur fore fath e rs of fou r a n d fi ve c e nturi es ba ck w e re sti l l


A r t i sa n
'

Tire C/zzl a
'
as 1 57

po uri ng a gr ea t a mo u n t crea tive e ne rgy i n to fo rms w h ich are


of

n o w alm ost n egl e ct e d Th e y had stori e s an d l ege n d s no t


.
,

on ly a bou t va ri ous l oca l iti e s bu t a bo ut e v e ry wee d and fl ow e r


, .

Th ey enjoye d col o u r wi t h a n ai v e app re ci a ti on which we h av e


l ost Th e i r hi gh est works w e re grea t w orks of art and th e
.
,

first s te p i n th e thou gh t proc e ss —th a t o f affi rm ati o n —was


e mpha si ze d an d dw e lt o n so tha t t h e y re pr e se nt e d e v e ry

d egre e of be li e f fro m t he h igh e s t fo rm t o th e low e s t ra nge of


cred ulity .

I n th e mod e rn m a n th e creat iv e facul ty i s not wea k e n e d .

I t e xp re sses i tse lf in ne w fo rm s W e li st e n no lo nge r fo r


.

di vi n e voi ce s i n t h e t orren t s we look no l o nge r fo r a mys t e rious


,

m e ssage wri t t e n i n t h e b lossoms of th e fi e ld ’


Ye t th e q u an tity
.

a nd pow e r of t h e i m agi n a t ion is no t rea l ly di m i n ish e d We .

h ave fe we r s t ori e s bu t mo re i n ven tions


, Le ss joy i n fre e
.

cr ea tion bu t mo re pa ti e nc e i n re s ea rch a n d e xpe ri m e n t


, .

I m agi na t ion is s ti ll t he a rch i t e c t of t h e ory I t s t il l pe rv ad e s .

and i llu m i n e s e ve ry fi el d of hu ma n a c t ivi ty .


Th e chi ld d e spit e th e i nfl u e nc e s of his m od e rn e n vi ro n

m ent re trac e s th e journ e y of th e race Noth in g j usti fi e s us .

in be li e v i ng t h a t h e can skip an y pr oc e ss of hu m a n e d ucati on


wi th i m mn i ty Th e d ange rs of o mi ssio n are e xe mpl i fi e d no t
.

onl y i n th e h u mbl e st but e v e n i n th e great e st th in k e rs J o h n


'

, .

S M i l l re g re tt e d th at h is early e d uca ti o n h ad been tha t of a


.

you th rath e r t ha n of a chi ld H e e l oqu e ntly t e sti fi ed th at litt l e


.

on e s l ea rn more from fa bl e s myth s and h e ro ta l es t han


, ,

,

fro m p re ce pt an d d ogm a S cotl a nd l e ft t he obj e cti v e art s out


.

of h e r grea t sch e m e of po pul ar e d u catio n Th e o mission was .

u n fortu na t e Th e gloom of Gal va nism ov e rsh ad o w e d t he li ve s


.

t
Ye t th e po e s m a e k th l ly t
ese o ve ll
ro u vai es s l 2 ti l
A bea u tifu e a m p e o f is i s to be fo u n d i n Lo ngfe o s E va ng e i ne
l x l th ll w l

L oo k a t th i l t h t li
i s v go ro us p a n t a fts i ts ea d fro m the m ead o
h w
l d th
Se e ho w i ts eaves are t urn e to t h e no r , as t rue as th e m agn e t
Th w th t
i s i s the com pas s flo e r , a th e fi nge r o f God has
p an e l td
H e re i n th e o use l es s d to d rec the ra ve e rs o u rne
h wil i t t ll j ” '
yl
1 5 8 Tlze 672s as A r ti s a n
a nd d ark e ne d th e wisdom of m any of he r so n s H e r gr ea t es t .

m e ta physicia ns ill u s t rate th e d a nger s of an ex clusiv e ly su bj e cti ve


vi e w of l i fe a n d th e wo rld G ree k schol ars s he had in a bun d
.

a n c e b u t t h e s e cre t of t h e
“ ”
,
sa n e sw ee t ch e e rful ne ss of t h e
,

G re e k was ne v e r sh a re d by th e m .

Not o n ly th e e vil s of omi ssion bu t al so t h e e vi ls of a rre st are



i ll ustrat e d for us by t h e Scots illus t ra t ed w e ll b e ca us e t h e y
fum e h ad an e duc a t ion wor t hy t he na m e I n th e isl an ds o f t h e
.

oute r H e brid e s th e re are m e n of consid e ra bl e cul t u re a n d


wid e rea di ng N e ve rt h e l e ss t h e i r e d uca t io n shows gre a t ga ps
.
.

M e ch an ica l tra d es are prac t ic ally u nk now n to th e m Th e hou se s .

are bu t p oo r sh e l t e ri n g pl a c e s wh e re th e sm ok e of t h e pea t fi re
,

wand e rs ou t t h rough a b arre l i n th e w a l l Th e re is no woo d .


in th e i sl an ds n o t hi ng t o re m i n d th e i s la nd e r th a t h e ha s
n e v e r be co m e an a rti za n H e is a s ea m a n it is tr u e — bu t a l l
.

h i s m a n ua l craft i s i n t he m a n age m e n t o f his boa t t h e h a uli ng ,

an d ca sting o f his n e ts Th e wo m e n gu t sa l t p ack t he


.
, ,

h e rring Th e y e v e n dig th e oa t a nd po t a to e pa t ch e s as w e l l
.

as do t he work of t h e hom e s .

I n t h e mi n d of t h e H e brid ea n al l i s m ovi ng an d fugi t iv e l i k e


th e tra va il of the s ea H is myt hs an d l ege nds are not e m
.

bod i e d i n a n y obj e ctiv e art H e i nv e nts noth in g H is


. .

i m agi na tion s t i l l rov es free in th e wild re a l ms of ph a n tas y I n .

th e d a rk be a utifu l e y es of h is child re n h e se e s n o eager


,

d esi re s no a rd e n t hope s only th e light of d rea m s th e d usk o f


, , ,

sorrow

This re pre s en ts a t yp e som e will sa y A s a m a tt er
.

, .

o f fa c t al l this i s l a rge ly t h e r es ul t of ci rcu mst a nc e of e xpe ri en c e , ,

a n d e duc a t i o n An d a l l this m ay ch a nge ra pidly M an i s as



. .
,

D a l t on sa id “
so e duca bl e a n a n i m a l t ha t it is d i fli c u l t to
, ,

dis t inguish b e tw ee n wha t h as b ee n acqu i re d th ro ugh ci rcu m


s ta nce a n d t h a t which i s th e o ri gin a l gra in
,
"
Th e past fift y .

year s an d th e ch a nge s t h e y h a v e b rough t h av e show n u s all


,

how quickl y t he v e ry dispo si t ion and ch a ra c t e r of m en m ay


u nd e rgo modi ficat ion as t h e r e sul t of a ne w d i re c t i on of
T/se Ci zi la '
as A r ti z a n 1 59

r ti ve i m pu lse Th e probl e m a ppe ars to be th is —h ow to


c ea .

t o uch wi th o ut di mm in g o r d e gra din g w ha t i s good i n th e


h e ri tage o f th e pas t an d to sti m u la te th e m e ch a nica l ge n ius
,

a t t h e sa m e ti m e s o th e y m ay no t li nge r in th e w ak e industri a l ly , ,

of o th e r m e n .

This i s a l oca l pro b l e m ! Bu t i t i llustrat e s th e l a rge r


pro bl e m ? Doe s an y one i m agi ne th at th e t ea ch ing of th e three

R s co n sti tu te s e l e m e nt a ry e d u ca t io n t h a t th is i s en ough for

t he m ass e s ? Why we h av e just s ee n th at su bj e ct th at are ye t


,

re ga rd e d as e x t ra i n the cu rricul u m are m u ch cl ose r to th e d e


ve l o p i n g ch i ld th an is r e adi ng or wri t i ng t h a t t h e d ee pe r p ro
,

hl e m s of h um an de sti n y a re co nc e rn e d wi th t he in fl u e n c e of
a rts whi ch we ha v e ignore d a n d wh ich m a ny ca nn ot ye t
b ea r to h ea r m e n ti on e d i n con n e ction wi th t he e d u ca ti on of
w o rki ng cl a ss ch ildre n ! Squ a lid hom es neg l e ct e d pow e rs
-
, ,

d e grad e d su rro u n di ngs (wh ich wou ld be u n e nd ura b l e to


an y hu m a n b e in g who h a d re c e iv e d a n e l e m e n ta ry e d uca ti on

w orthy th e n a m e ) , po i n t n o l esson to ma ny I n th e ir h as t e .

to be practical th e y d ec li n e to look b e low t he su rface and


fi nd th e t ruth .

Th e m ass e s i l lus tra t e to d ay th e re sul t s of a rre s t ed art trai ni ng


-
.

I t i s pe rh a ps women of al l cl asse s who o ffe r th e most


“ ”
stri ki ng i llust rati o n o f th e e ffect of missing th e arti za n
trai n in g
. Ev e ry art or trad e practi s e d by m an h as i ts

t e ch n iq u e t h a t i s to say i ts l a ws an d ru l e s of a cti o n
,

e s ta bl ish e d b y e xpe ri e n c e Th e la ws of trad e s w e re at fi rst


.

r ega rd e d as sacre d to m e ddl e wi t h th e m was an i mpious


,

act . Bu t i n th e l a t e r d e v e lop m e n t of e ve ry t rad e o r art th e ,

workm a n was co n ti n u al ly gai ni n g n e w consciousn e ss of h ims e lf


as a n a c t iv e , i nnova t in g age n t Som e grea t i nv en tors could
.

e v e n fi n d a n ad va n tage i n be ing ignoran t of m uch th a t wa s

acc e pt e d i n t h e i r da y Th e y w er e t h us free to i ntrod uce n e w


.

m et hods bol dly Bu t th e dom esti c arts pe rh a ps mo re than


, ,

an y oth e rs re pre s e n t st ill a cod e of ru l e s ra t h e r t h a n a s e r i e s


, ,
1 60 n a 672i as A r ti s a n
of Oppo r t u n i t i e s fo r t he displa y of th e i ni ti a t i ve ! S e w i ng ,

cooki ng wash i ng m e n d i ng e tc a re pe rform e d i n m u ch th e


, , , .
,

s a m e m a n n e r fro m o n e ge ne rati o n to a no t h e r The kni t ti ng .

m a chi n es, s e wi ng ma ch i n e s e tc h av e i nd e e d b e e n i n v e nte d


,
.
,

by m e n . B ut t h e l ife o f an a rt i zan s wi fe t o d ay i s no t v e ry ’

di ffe re n t t o t h at o f the h o us e wi fe o f l e ss e nligh t e ne d d ays .


o

She i n ve n ts no mo re p e rh a ps s h e i nv e n t s e v e n l e ss t h a n d id
h e r gre at gra ndmoth e r
-
A s for e d ucatio nal a u t hori t i e s t h e y
.
,

i nd ee d r e cogn ize t he n e ed fo r a c e r ta i n amou nt o f k nowl e dge


i n th e worki ng wo m an W e ha v e do m e sti c frai n i n g ce n tre s
.

i n e v e ry ci ty B u t th e pu pils i n th e se follow c e rta i n rou t i n e


.

m e t h ods Li t tl e i s l e ft t o t h e ir ow n i n iti a ti v e F e w i n v e n t
. .

any t hi ng .

This h al t of wom a n at th e th re shold of th e art i za n pe ri o d


h as ha d a d isast rous e ffe c t on h e r w hol e m e n ta l d e v e lopm e n t .

I f sh e i s w e l l to do and con t i nu e s h e r e d uca tion s h e m a y pa ss


- -

l it e rary e x a mi na t ions b ri lli a n tly H e r w ea k ne ss a pp ea rs as a


.


ru l e how e v e r i n th e fi e ld of ori gi n al re s e a rch Ev e n i n art .
,


says Arres t wom an has not ope n e d out an y n e w tra ct
,

o r t ak e n a n y fo re mos t pl ace I t is o nly j us t to a dd


. .
,

h o we v e r tha t m a ny pa t hs w e re close d to h e r from the fi rs t


, ,

more e spe ci a lly i n th a t sph e re wh ich a bo v e al l o t h e rs is th e


sch ool of i n i ti a tiv e This m ay e xpl ai n pa rtly at l e as t why s h e
.
,

is ofte n as t he F re nchm an sa id t h e sl av e of l a t e n t m e mori e s



,

,
.
C H A P TE R VI I I

TH E C O M M E R C I A L SC H O O L

I N m a ny sch oo l s s itu at e d i n c rowd e d areas a n d atte n d e d by


, ,

ch i ld re n of t he p oo re st cl a ss m a n y s t riki ng i llu stration s c a n


,

be fou nd o f t he p re coci o us d e v e lop m e n t o f th e Co m m e rci a l


i m agi n a t ion Th e p are n t s ta k e n o sp e ci a l pa in s to c u ltiv at e
.

it. T e a ch e rs are n o t conc e rn e d wi t h i t Bu t N e c e s s i t y


.

a cts a s a sp u r An d th e i n v e n t iv e a nd c reativ e pow e rs are


.

t u rn e d in th e di re ctio n o f busi ne ss l ”

H e re for e x am pl e i s a big sch ool i n a poor dist ric t o f a


, ,

north e rn ci ty wh ich fu rnis h e s u s wi t h vari o us ki nds o f mon e y


,

m a k e rs Th e e ld e r b oys an d g i rls who atte n d it a re n e arly


.

a l l h a lf t im e rs a n d wo rk a t th e m i ll
-
, Bu t m an y of th e y ou n ge r
.

on e s u na bl e to e a rn m o n e y i n th is const i t u t i o n a l way se l l
, ,

pa pe rs i n t he st re e ts S o m e n o t only s e ll p ap ers bu t e n gage


.
,

oth e r c h ild re n t o s e ll for t h e m Th e s e t ak e risks a nd c h a nc e s


.

wi t h th e i r s m all capi t al assu m e re s pon s ibi lit i e s k e e p acc ou n ts


, ,

a fte r t h e i r o wn fashi o n an d a re i n fa ct ge n ui n e e m ploy e rs o f


,

l abo u r Th e y o ffe r u s a good e x am pl e o f ho w n e ce s s i t y wi ll


.

d e t e rmi n e th e di re ct i o n of th e c reat iv e pow e rs And t h i s .

a ct i v i ty is n o t withou t e ffe ct o n th e ge n e ra l m e nt a l d e v e lop

m en t . Th e t e a ch e r s re p or t th a t th e s e s m a l l buye rs a n d s e ll e rs
an d e m ploy e rs of l a bou r are m u ch bri ght e r a n d q u ick e r i n

s ch o ol wo k t h a n
r a r e t h e h lf t i
a m e r —
s e v e n t h o u gh t h e l a tt e r
-

I :
1 62 Té e Com m e r ci a l 5 5 600!
a re us ua lly mu ch be tt e r fe d a nd c om e from a m ore re sp e c ta bl e
,

*
cl ass of home .

Th e co mm e rci a l form of i n v e n t iv e n e ss an d res ou rce di ffe rs


from t h a t which we h a ve be e n consid e ri ng I t d e pe n ds .

m ai nly on i n tuition a ki nd of u n co n scious reaso ni ng i n t h e


-

fi e ld of hu m a n re l a ti onshi ps Th e m a t e rials for t he e xe rcis e .

of t h is fo rm of im agi n at io n a re accu mul at e d early by the str ee t


ara b i n h is w a nd e ri n gs H e l e arns to k n ow h u m an i ty—a t
.

l e as t i n a fe w aspec ts a n d re la tion shi ps and l ea rn s a l so ho w to ,

ad a p t hi ms e l f i n h is d ea l i ngs wi t h i t as t h e re su lt o f e xp e ri en ce , .

More fo rtun a t e ch i ld re n are pre coci o us i n the sa m e wa y ,

t h e ir pow e rs of r e a ding ch a rac t e r so m e t i m es a to n ishi ng th e ir


s
e ld e rs as w e l l as t h e i r r ea di ne ss t o a pply th e res u lt of b e gon e
, y
e xper i e nc e to n e w c as e s I t may be no t ic ed say s C a rp e n te r
.

, ,


th at chi l d re n displ ay a pow e r of b ri n gi ng co m mon se n se
‘ ’

t o b ea r u pon th e ordi n a ry a ffa i rs o f life which s e e ms much ,

be yon d th a t of t h e i r e l d e rs Th e y pe rc e ive the a pplica tio n


of s e l f e vi d e n t cc n s i d e rati on s t o th e ca se a t i ssu e wi thou t
v

b e i ng e mba rrass e d by a n umbe r o f oth e r con sid era tio ns wh ich


dis tr ac t t h e adul t .

T 0 be sure on ly a fe w j us t i fy th e promise of early yea rs .

A v e ry s en sibl e child

s a id Ca rpe n t e r, wi l l o ft e n grow in t o ,

a m uch l e ss se nsi bl e m an F e w i nd ee d i f an y of the chi ld re n
.
,

of t he sl ums e v e r e n t e r th e w or ld o f fin anc e Th e i r shar p .

n e ss do e s no t as a ru l e d e v e lop wi t h i n t e l lige nce I t stops .

short usu a l ly at th e poin t of cu nn ing .

No d th e biogra phi e s of d i ffe re n t ty pe s of gre a t


on e ca n re a

m e n o r e v e n obs er v e th e life of di ffe re nt ty pe s of ave rag e


'

p e opl e wi thou t s ee i ng t h at ch a racte r i s i nfl u e nce d v e ry l a rge ly


,

Th e i t th m ill l f hi l d
aga ns t w lm tas a ace or c re n , re s s no
pth
case e a os

en ti ly th m t s t
re on e l ym t
o n o o n ou N w m th d
na ure 0 f e o en . e e o s o

sa nit ti
a d gonl ti f p
an t ti re f
u a j v
o ns il m ill h
or d d t
ro ec on o u en e an s o no
t h th i f t —th t th
ou c s d ft k m k
ac a e ll th i iti ti v f
ro u n o as s a es n o ca on e n a e o

th e y gw ko un T h p
or t t
erh t.t h b i
e acg ht t hil
e rs d b o
re m or a e r es c re n ec e
d ll wh th y t th f t y
u en e en er e a c or .
Ti re Com m e r ci a l 5 5 12001 1 63

by occu patio n by the ord e r of i mage an d th e n ature of the


,

crea ti ve activ i t y wi t h which th e mi n d i s usu a lly co n ce rn e d .

Thus for e x ampl e th e m e cha n ic d ea ling as h e d oe s wi th ,

rigi d m ate ri a ls a nd o b se rv ing c e rtai n l aws of m a tt e r i s i n


,

a more n e u tr al st a te h a bitu al ly tow ards h u m a n be i ngs t h an i s

t h e trad e sm e n or t h e diplom a ti st O f a rt ist s Arres t in h is


.
,

P sychol ogy of Pai n t e rs writ e s W e h ardly m e e t i n t he m a ny



,

of the lowe r fo rms of egoism such as a varic e th e d esire t o a ma ss


, ,

m a te ri al wea l th th e vi o l e n t thirst t o acquire


-
,

O n the oth er .

ba n d th e arti st is no t as a rul e a ve ry ac ti ve cit i z e n Th e re i s .

no

Psychology of Sci en t ists and Philosoph e rs i n e xiste nce

a s ye t b u t al l t ha t ca n be ga t h e r e d fro m bi ography re po rt a nd
, , ,

t h e t e sti mony of t h e ir e n tou rage goe s to show th a t the

sc i e n tists too a re privil ege d fro m th e poi n t of vi e w of


m o ra lity . A s a cl ass t h e y posse ss t h e vir t u e s of t ol e ra nce ,

re cti tud e a nd pat i e n ce i n a h igh d egree and i t a ppe a rs t h a t


, ,

fe w if an y a mon g t h e m h av e di m m e d t h e i r l a u re ls t hrough
, ,

pe tty j ea lousi es v ul gar pre o ccu pa t io n or i mmora l l ife Th e re


, , .

i s no n e e d to fal l i nt o ra p t ure s ove r al l this I t m ay


'

be accou nt e d for l a rge ly by the fa ct t ha t the sc i e ntis t s ’

i n te re s t s a nd la bours l ea d t h e m fa r fro m th e a re na of persona l


'

e mu l a t io n N ot only is i t impossi bl e to qu arre l wi th a t h e ore m


.

or a n hypo th e sis bu t it i s i mpo ssi bl e e v e n t o giv e clos e a tte n


,

ti on to th es e wi thout be i ng d ive rt ed from persona l consi d eration s


a n d re l a t i onshi ps The pa ssio n for truth m ay m ak e s e l f
.

forget ful ne ss i n e vit a bl e Sci e nc e ha s h ad i ts m a rt yrs i ts


.
,

e n t husi as t s i ts asc e t i cs
, wh o pro fe ss i ng n o fa i th w e re ready
, , ,

for an y tria l .

Du ring much of th e i r li fe th e y are re m o ve d from t he


st o rm of cla shi ng i n t e re s t s L i k e N a t u re t h ey are d uri n g a
.
,

great part of th e ir ti m e allow e d to be non mora l ! -

F a r oth e rwi se i s it wi t h th e t ra d e s m a n —th e fin an ci e r H e .

i s req ui re d t o be ev e ry mom e n t e ith e r m oral or i mm o ral, , .

The succe ss of a fin a nci e r d e pe nd s ve ry l arge ly on h i s a b i li ty


1 64 Tfi e Com m e r ci a l Scizool

to k n ow at any gi v en m o m e nt two t h i ngs F irs t wh a t peo pl e .


,

will wan t ! a n d se condly wh a t pe opl e wi ll do


, H e ha s t o .

sa t isfy his own w an ts t h rough th e m Ye t t his type —wh ate v e r



.

i ts fa ili ngs d oe s n ot fu rnish t he o r igin al of an y gr e a t port ra i t s


of th e e gois t . I t is not ori ous t h a t th e succ e ssful m an of
busi n es s usu a lly s pen ds l i tt l e on hi mse lf Th e A m e ri ca n .

m e rch a n t i s sa id t o be an u ncon scious mart y r t o h i s fam i ly


i nstinc ts. H e wil l toi l i nc e ssa n tl y d e l ib e ra t e ly sh o rt e n i ng
,

h i s ow n l ife i n o rd e r to m i n is te r to t h e a m bi t i o n o f h i s
wi fe or th e a spi rat ions of h i s d a ugh t e rs
, A n d th e sa m e .

ch arac t e ristic h as be e n note d i n t he Fre nch fo r th e y h av e a ,

sign ifi ca nt prov e rb which a ppl i e s ve ry o bviously not t o t h e


po or art i zan but t o th e rich t rad e s m an
, P ere d e fa mi l l e ,

ca pa bl e d e t out .

C a pa bl e of cru e l t y of d e c e i t p e rh aps bu t
, ,

a lso of s ac ri fic e . B u t t he com m e rci a l ge nius d oe s no t a lwa ys


a pply hi ms e lf t o wo rk i ng fo r his own fa mi ly H e oft e n .

works for th e e nrich m e nt of a whol e cl a ss a whol e n at ion ,



Al l .

civilise d n a t ions says Ri bo t coun t i n t h e i r his t o ry m e n who


,

,

h a v e con c e i ve d a grea t fin a nci al sys t e m an d h a ve succ eed e d ,

i n v ari o us d egre e s i n applying i t as did Fou ri e r an d o t h e r


, ,

id e a li s t s
.

I n Engl an d R o be rt O w e n o ffe re d an il lus t ra tion
of how fi nanci al a bili t y a nd i n ve n t iv e n ess m ay e asi l y shi ft i ts
a i m fro m th e p e rso na l to th e soci a l from t h e sph e re o f fa mi ly
,

i n ter e s t s to t h a t o f public i n t e re s t .

Eve n i n th e c ase of th e b usi n e ss ma n who be co m e s


a va ri cious a n d d ea f to a l l cla i ms sa v e th at of se l f t h er e i s -a ,

susc e p t ibility for re fo rm which sugge sts t h a t h e is an a bortiv e


m e mb e r of th e soci al t ype ra t h e r t h a n a oon a zfldc e goist
, .

Th e c o nve rsion o f Sc rooge wou ld b e u n be li e va bl e if Scroo g e


had not be longe d t o a type of pe rson i n whom such sudd en ,

t ra nsform ati o n is (und e r ce r ta i n ci rcu mst a nc e s) na tu ral ,

pe rh aps e v e n i n e vit a bl e .

Pra ctise d on a la rge sca l e comm e rc e to d ay h ow e ve r


,
-
, ,

re es m bl e s wa r— is , ind e e d a ki nd of war i n wh ich th e l e a d e r


, ,
Tlze Com m e r r zél Sckool
'

1 65

re c on n oi t re s ot h e r cam ps gai n s i n t e llige nce and pre pare s t o ta k e


,

h i s c ompe ti tors a t a dis ad va n t age Pra ct ise d o n a sm a ll scal e .


,

c o m m e rce is a sort of ha n d t o h a nd e ngage m e n t -


C ustom e rs
-
.

h av e t o be d e a l t wi t h se pa ra t e ly an d pe rson a ll y a s i n a nci e n t , ,

w a rfa re A nd at e v e ry mo m e n t t he t ra d e sm a n i s e x pose d to a
.

storm of con fl ic t i ng s ugges t io ns ! h e is hone st or dishon e st


t ru t h fu l o r u nt ru t h ful —e ve ry mom e nt And not on ly i s be .

co n ti nu al ly e x po s e d h e i s we ma y ad d exp ected (by oth e r


, , ,

pe o pl e ) to fal l e ve ry mom e n t Th is i s why t rad e i s d e spise d ”


.

by m an y who p e rh aps t h e ms e l v e s c o uld i l l sta nd th e t e s ts


, , ,

i t i mpos e s Th a t t h e re m ay be a h e roi sm possi bl e in i t i s


. .

howe ver ad mi t te d by a fe w Th us R uski n w hose i m agi na tio n


, .
,

wa s fire d by t he si g h t o f a h e lm e t an d sh i e ld on a knight s

t om b ye t admi tt e d th e h e roi sm of h is own fa t h e r by wri t i ng o n


, ,

h is t om bs ton e th e wo rds A n e n ti re ly h o n e s t m e rch an t



, .

The pre pa ratio n for t h is ca ree r i s a fte r a l l l arge ly h u m an istic .

The pupi l h as t o l ea rn a mo ng o t h e r t hi ngs livi ng l angu age s .

If the pre vi o us t rai ni ng h as be e n good a n d t i m e ly t his shou ld


pre se n t no grea t di ffi cul ty Th e various m e mori e s o n ce t ra i ne d
. .

t h e pu pi l is pr e p ared to ta k e posse ss io n as i t w e r e of th e n e w , ,

t ongu e s I t is no t e nough to h av e t ra i n ed m e m ori e s O n e


. .

m u s t be a l low e d t o u s e t h e m a ll fre e ly Dic t a tion an d .

re ci t a t ion a ppe a r t o be i n t his as i n ot he r su bj e cts of i n d i s pe ns


, ,

a bl e va l u e
*
Le t t he t e ach er (i t goe s wi t hout s ay ing th a t h e
.

mus t spea k t he l a ngu age he is t e aching pu re ly an d correc t ly )



di c ta t e whil e th e pu pi l w ri t e s m a k ing a t fi rs t d o ub t l e ss m a ny
,

mis ta k e s Th e n l e t th e pupi l h ea r th e dic t ati on rea d an d re ad


.
,

i t hi mse lf corre c t i t and fi n a lly l ea rn it by h ea rt an d re cit e i t


, , .

Thus e ye e ar h a nd wil l re info rce o n e a no t h e r an d th e pupil


, , ,

wi l l qui ckly acqui re a voca bul a ry a n d an i n t i m a t e k n owl e dge ,

of words a nd phrase s Pra c t ise in conv e rsa tion a nd (i n t h e


.
,

fuln e ss of ti m e bu r n o t u n t i l m uch has be e n m ast e re d


,

pre viously) t he s t udy of g ra m m a r wil l do t h e re s t .

D i cta t i o n a nd Rec i ta ti o n a re as we h e se e n i n po rt n t i n D ra wi ng av a .
1 66 n a Comm er ci a l Scl roo/

As soo n as po ss ibl e the pu pi l shoul d be i n trodu ce d to th e


n e w Lit e rat ure This should be don e no t t h at h e m ay r ea d
.

n e w books , but i n ord e r t h a t h e m ay be i n t rod uc e d to a ne w


ord e r of hu m an m e nt al i t y A l l th e studi e s of mod e rn ra ce s
.

s e rve t o sho w th at t h e y h av e pow e rs an d mod es of fee li ng a nd


t h in ki ng wh ich are l a rge ly co m pl e m e n ta ry .

Th e t each ing of a n ci e n t la ngu a ge s is b e l i e v e d to h ave an


i mm e ns e e ffe c t o n t h e m i nd Why shou l d t h e t ea ching of
.

l iv i ng langu age s be regard ed as i ne ffec t u a l for al l hi gh e r


p u rpo se s ?
Ce rta i nly i f e t h ica l trai n i ng is wan ted for any cl as s of
,

s t ud e n t s i t i s n e e d e d for the pu pi ls i n com m e rci a l school s


, .

Boo k k e e ping invoici ng m od er n l an gua ge s and geogra phy


, , , ,

e tc.
,a re n e ce ss a ry ! an d
ye t non e of t h e s e d ire c t ly ta k e i n t o
a ccou n t t h e n a tu re o f t hose h u m a n r e l a t io ns hi ps i n which t h e

cre ativ e powe r of th e pu pi l s i s to fi nd th e m ate ri a l of i ts ac t i vi t y .

W e al m os t a l l wri t e s a grea t Am e ri ca n m e rch a nt wri ting for



, ,

sm al l e r m e rch an t s “
a re l i ars a n d hypo c r i t e s i n b u si ne ss
,

— a nd Mi nk i t no sha me I t i s no t an i nsult to ca l l u s l i ars


.

an d hypocr it e s by a pe rc en t ag e of n i n e ty n i n e i n o n e h u n dred
,
-
,

i n busi ne ss . W e free ly con fe ss i t a mo ng o ur se l ve s wh e n we ,

we ca n t do busin e ss withou t i t I s t h e re no high e r


’ ’
sa y th a t .
-

a i m th a n t h at i n comm e rc e ?

Ye s I n th e co m m e rci a l school a s i n e v e ry school we m ust


, ,

a ssu m e th e e xist e nc e o f h e roic fo r m s of vi r t u e The fi nanc ia l .

ge n ius m ay ta k e as i ts ai m th e re fo rm of th e fi na nces of a po wer


, ,


fu l st te th e e n rich m e n t o r u plift i ng of th e h e l pl e ss m asse s
a

who are i n th e powe r of th e cl asse s a bove t h e m Th e re i s n o .

li m i t t o be s e t on th e ai m of th e d e v e lope d com m e rci a l i m agi na


tion of th e fin anci al ge n iu s i n th e fu t u re A nd i f t his ord er .
,

of h e roism is v e ry l at e i n m aki ng i ts ap p ea ran ce t h at i s m ai n l y , ,

pe rh a ps be c ause i t i n volve s not on ly a hi gh d e ve l o pm e n t of


, ,

t h e c re a t iv e pow e rs bu t a gre at disci pli ne and t ri um ph of th e


,

m o ra l n a t ure .
C H A PTE R IX

I M AG IN ATl O N i t: T HE SC E I N E ROO M C -

PR OGRE SS s ee ms to i mply n ot m ere ly n e w l ea rn in g but n e w ,

forge tti n g : not a cquisition a lone but a lso a ppa ren t loss
,
.


F e w sa va g e s h a v e t h e gi ft of c a rrying a pict ure i n th e m i nd s
e ye a nd fe w ch ild re n as we h a v e see n ca n r e produc e forms
, , ,

cl ea rly from m e mory w ithout tra i n ing The gi ft b e lo ngs“ ”


.

to th e fa voured i nd ividu a ls a mong ch ild re n a n d u nci vi li ze d


ra ce s It is a 00o
. of th e ra c e A nd ye t as m e mbe r s of
.

th e r ac e co n ti n u e to a d v a nc e th e gift ce a ses to be in e vid e nc e .

I t is i gnored a nd a ppa re ntly lost Th us D a lton found t h a t


, .

th e gre a t m ajority of t h e m e n of sci e nc e to whom h e a ppli e d


for da ta on t h e pow e r of v isu a liz a tion d e ni e d t h e poss e ssio n
of a n y fa culty of m e n ta l im a ge ry ”
It i s on ly by a fi gu re
.

” “
of spee ch ,
sa id o ne th a t I ca n d e scrib e my r e coll e cti on o f a
,

sc ene as a m e n ta l i m a ge wh ich c a n s e e wi t h my m ind s


‘ ’ ’

e ye a nd I do no t see i t The mind posse sses it ”


. .

Th e m i n d s r e mo t e r a cquisitions are we kno w not los t bu t



, ,

su n k e n ou t of si ght fa r be low i t m a y be th e mov e m en t o f


, , ,

con sci ous l ife a nd effo rt A nd it i s i n th is se nse a l one doubt



.
,

l e ss th a t th e powe r
,
o f vi su l re p e se n t a tion fee bl e a s it is
a r

kn o w n to be a mo ng sci en ti fic m e n— is lost M e n ta l picture s .

wou ld b e a cumb e rsom e ki nd of m ed i u m of thought fo r t hose


wh o a re occupi ed l a rg e ly with h ighly g e n e ra liz e d a n d a bstr a c t
though t Substi t u t e s fo r t h e se h a v e be e n fou nd in symbols
.
I m ag i n a t i on i n t i re Sa

1 68 e n re r oom
o

N e v e rt h e l e ss it is no t rea son a bl e to su ppose th a t be ca use a


fa cu l t y fo r see i n g cl e a r m e nt a l pict u re s m a y o ne day be
su ppla nt ed a nd e v e n suppre s s e d t he a cqui re m e nt o f it ca n b e
,

a t e v e ry st a ge of l ife a n d e duc a tio n n e gl e ct e d To be com e .

th e m a s t e r o f a n y fa cul ty in vol v e s a disci plin e W e h a ve .

see n t h a t m e mory m a y be com e a tyra n ni ca l th ing W e h a v e .

to l ea rn to d ea l with i t free ly m a st e rfu lly to forg e t a nd t e


, ,

m e m be r a t will J ust i n th e sa m e wa y we m a y l e a rn to d ea l
.

with th e pow e r of v isu a l r e pres e n t a t ion —wh ich is ind ee d a


high form of m e mory — H e re a s e l se wh e re posse ssion i s g oo d
.
,

a n d m a s te ry b e t te r D a lton h i m s e lf d e cl a re s t h a t t h e pow e r
.

of d ea l i ng ea sily a nd fi rmly wi th m e n ta l i m a ge ry i s t he sure s t


c ri t er ion of a high ord e r o f in te ll e c t Som e h a ve di sci pli n e d .

t h e visu a l pow e r t ill i n th e m o r i n th e i r d es c e nd a n ts


,
it ,

a ppe a rs t o b e lost Ye t i t is n o t lost ! The h igh es t m i nd s


.

a re a ccordi ng t o D a l t on t h e se i n wh ich it is obvi ou s ly no t los t


, , ,

b u t subord in a t e d .

I t is not di fficu lt to u nd e rsta nd how th e pow e r of cl ea r and


r a pid v is u a l r e pr e se n ta tio n is us e fu l to t h e sci e ntist —a nd

pa r t icul a rly to the discov e re r H a lf th e di ffe re nc e be t wee n


.

t h e disc ov e r e r a nd th e ordi na ry m a n m a y be sa id to consi st

i n th is th a t th e form er c a n s ee th a t which i s i n vi si bl e to
,

th e oth e
. r — H e ca n co nc e i v e mov e m e nts a n d for m s th a t
a re b e yond m e re physica l v ision To D a lto n fo r e x a mpl e th e
.

a t om was no t a n a bs t ra ction th ough a t oms an d mol e cul e s a re


,

a bstr a c t ions to m a n y of h is fol low e rs H e could s ee it . The .

ch e mis t s of t o d a y a s Tyn d a l l h a s poin t ed o u t st op short of


-
, ,

t h e in te lligibl e a t o m ic th e ory a nd ta k e re fug e i n th e d octri ne


,

of m ulti pl e proportions Th e di s cov e r e r wa s n ot so ti mid or


.
,

s o a bs t ra ct . H e conc e iv e d a pa rt icl e o f v ibra ting m a tte r ,

occu pi e d hi m s e lf wi t h i ts a rchite c t ure i t s b e h a v iou r re a l i ze d


, ,

it i n shor t a n d fo rm e d a m e n ta l pi cture o f it Not on ly th e


,
.

g rea t di scov e re rs but a l l th e gre a t t e a ch e rs o f physics a ppe a r


t o b e a bl e t o re sort t o visu a l re pre se nt a tion Th e bod i ly

.
Im agi na t i on i n ti re S i c a i ca r oom
t -
1 69

” “
e ye , sa id Ty nd al l ca n not s ee th e co nd e n sa ti o ns an d ra re
,

fa ctions of th e w a v e s of sou n d —B ut we con str uct th e m i n



t hought th a t i s we form a m en ta l pictu re of th e m
,
No .

re se ar ch sa id Sir Norm an Locky e r a t th e m ee t in g o f th e


,

Bri t ish As s oci a tion could be more a bst r a ct t od a y th a n t h e


,

st u d y of th e e m a n a tions of ra d i um ”
B u t one of th e most.

e m i n e nt physicists of to d a y a ids him se lf i n t h e st udy of this


-

subj e ct by dra w in gs i ll ust ra ti v e of the be h a v io u r of th e


mol e c ul e s of t h is substa nce i n v a ri o us co ndi ti on s “
When .

I look o u t of a ra ilw a y ca rri ag e sa ys a no th e r i t se e ms to



,

,

m e th a t I see v e ry pl a i n ly th e billio ns of mol e c ul e s libe ra t e d


in th e ch a ng e of h ea t into motio n a nd th is po w e r o f seei ng is,
.

as use ful a l most i n th e wo r ld be yond se ns e a s i n t h e littl e a re a



of im m e di a t e obse rv a tion Th e re i s no rea son to doubt th a t
.

i n t h e re a l m o f physi ca l sci e nce th e gift of visu a l re pre se n t a tion ,

i n i ts [rig /ze r f or m i s no t m e rely a n a id but a n e ce ss ity


, , .

Th e sa m e is tr u e of t h e grou p of sci e nc e s w hich we ca l l th e


soci a l sci e nce s.

To ta k e o n e of th e se h i story W e h a ve , .

se en t h a t t he ch i ld is no h istori a n i n th e mod er n se n se — 4 ha t
history is an a rt for h i m n oth ing m ore , H e doe s no t s ee .

h p st it r o fi l a nds
'

t e a a s was H e. h as no t r u e v isi o n of fa ~
,

or v a n ish ed civ i li za t ions So he constr ucts a fa n ta sti c or


.
,

grot e squ e substi tu t e for th e tr u e v ision La te r he is u nd e r .

no such n e c e ssi t y H e knows more —c a n rea liz e t h e pa st a n d


.
,

u ns ee n peo pl e be t te r B ut h e r e a li z e s th em through t h e s a m e
.

fa culty by wh ich h e onc e su ppl a nt ed th e m j ust i n proportion ..

as h i s vision i s cl e a r hi s i n t e re st i s st rong a nd the pa st


, ,

be co m e real to h i m Th e h istori a n l ik e t h e physicis t t h e n is


.
,

d e pe nd e n t m ore or l e ss on h is pow e r of visu a l re pre s e nt a ti on .

Th is po w e r—o n which so m uch d e pe nds — is a lmost ob


tru s i v e in ch i ldhood .

I t m a y be d e v e lop e d in e v e ry l e ss on i n

hi stor y a s w e l l a s physics i n a ri t h m e tic a s w e l l as dra w in g . .

Da l to n d isco ver e d th a t m a n y e mi nen t sci en tists as w e ll as ,

a consid e ra bl e pr oport ion of t h e g e n e ra l public are i n t h e h a bi t


1 70 Im ag i n a t i on i n ti re Sci e n ce -
r oom

of se e ing n um e ra ls in forms M ost of th e se forms a re m e re


.

di a gra m s i n which e v e ry n u mbe r ha s its o wn d e finite pl ace .

B ut oth e rs a re sh a d e d dra w i ng s a nd som e form s a re brill ia n tl y


,

coloured The fa culty of a ssoc i a ti ng n um e ra ls w i th forms i s


.

how e v e r mor e com mo n wi t h chi ldre n th a n wi t h grow n u p -

pe o pl e a nd ill ust ra t e th e ir ge ne ra l te nde n cy to d ra m a t i z e


,

e v e ry t h in g .Ev e n wh e n d e a ling wi t h such a bstr a ctio n s


as fi gure s t h e y do not a t o nce ca st a sid e a l l d e pe nd e nc e
o n me nta l pictur e s Th e te nd e n cy i nd ee d is t ow a rds e n
.

fra nchi se m e nt “
The mor e a tt e ntio n I gi v e to th e prope rti e s
.

of n u m be rs sa id on e of th e see rs of n u mb e r forms t h e

,
“ -
,

l e ss I a m troubl ed wi t h th e cl umsy sh a d e d fra m e work


fo r t he m . The high e r n u mb e rs a re to m e quit e a bst r a ct
"
an d un conn e ct ed with a sh a pe I n the e a rlie s t y e a rs th e d e
.

p e n d e n c e o n such a ids is mo re o r l e ss g en e ra l S ucc e ss


. fu l
t ea ch e rs of m a th e m a t i cs to young pu pils o we m uch to th e i r
pra ctis e o f l ea di ng the ch ild to visu a li z e sce n e s a n d concr e te
th ings .

I n gi vin g a l e sson in n umb e r for e x a m pl e o f wh ich mon e y is


, ,

t h e m e di u m o n e v e ry succ e ssfu l t ea ch e r e ncou ra g e s t h e child to

re pre se nt to hi m se lf t h e shop wh ere th e tra n sa c t ion ta k e s pl a ce ,

to visu a li ze the coi n s th a t pa ss fr om t h e custom e r s h a nd to the ’

se ll e r s a nd vice v e rsa Such a ids a re o f course use fu l m a i n l y



.

to be ginn e rs But t h e ir e ffe cts a re no t to be con fi ne d to th e


'

e a rly s t a ge s of l ea rn i n g Th e re is gre a t r ea so n to thi n k th a t


"

to th e m m a n y fa r r e a ch i n g succ e ss e s m a y be tra c e d Ve ry .

oft e n i t h a ppe ns t h a t a pu pi l m a y go a ce rta i n l e ngt h i n


m a t h e m a ti cs only to find h i m se l f sudd e nly b a l k e d A sub t l e .

w ea kn e ss or d e fici e ncy m a k e s th e fur t h e r fi e ld of l a bo ur dim .

Wh a t ca n t h is d e fici e ncy be but a l a ck of e x pe ri e nce a nd of


re pre se n ta tiv e pow e r ? And t h e c a us e m a y li e fa r b a ck i n th e
e a rly l ife a n d tra in ing Ev e n th e child prodi gy i n m a t h e m a ti cs
.

is not e x e mpt from such a rre st V e ry ofte n i t h a ppe ns th a t


.

a s h e a ppro a ch e s m a nhood h is pow e r d e cl i n e s wh il e oth e r


,
Im agi na t i on i n tire Sci e nce -
r oom r7 r

pe o pl e who h a v e go n e forw a rd to the ph ysica l sci e n ce s


, ,

shoot fa r a h ea d re i nforced by tea ch ings dra w n from th e


,

co ncre t e from e xpe ri e nce “


, .

The m a t eri a l o ffe red to the i m a gin a tion i n sci e nc e di ffe rs it ,

w i ll be se e n from th a t o ffe re d i n a rt comm e rc e a rt i za n s h i p


, , , ,

e tc . Ev e n the m a ter i al o ffere d in di ffe re nt sci e nc e s v a ri e s


grea tly F or th e m a th em a tici an i t co nsi sts ma i n ly of sym bols
.
,

a bstra ctions Th e g e ologi s t bota n ist a stronom e r e tc is not


.
, , , .
,

i nd e pe nd e n t of m a th e ma ti cs bu t t he m a te ri a l on wh ich h is
.
,

i m a gi n a ti on a cts is la rge ly concre t e a nd d e pe nds on se nse ,

i mp re ssio n s .

'
Wh a t e ve r the sci en ce how e v e r t he work er s a ct i viti e s fa ll , ,

i nt o th re e di s ti nc t ord e rs H e be gi ns by obs e rva tio n th e n pro


.
,

cee d s to c onj e ctu re and fi n a lly to v e ri fic a tion , O bse rv a tion .

a nd i nfor m a tio n su pply m a t e ri a l A l l t h a t ca n b e l ea r ne d .

con st i tute s the m a t e ri a l The po w e r th a t crea te s t he motor .


,

po we r i s n ot i n it I t is with t he se cond ste p i n th e proc e ss


.

of crea tion a nd d iscov e ry th a t th e i m a gi na tion i s co nce rne d .

The sci e ntist who crea te s a n h ypoth e s i s the littl e chi ld who ,

h a z a rd s a n e xpl a n a tio n rea ch e s it I n the th ird or la st .


s te p ve ri fi ca ti o n — re a so n is pa ra mo u n t but i m a gi n a t ion is
not a bse n t .

I f we loo k a t our e l e m en ta ry schoo ls t o d a y we see th a t


th e firs t ste p i s fa r from be i ng e n ti r e ly n e gl e c te d S e rious .

e fforts a re m a d e to cu ltiv a t e th e po w e r of obser v a tion in


ch ildre n With th is e nd i n v i e w obj e ct l e ssons a re gi v e n
.

e a r ly i n t h e school l ife a nd though i n t he ca se of ch ild ren of


, ,

poor physiqu e a n d v e ry li m it e d e x pe ri e n ce th e re s ults a re ,

discou ra ging ye t i n fa voura bl e a rea s a n d for chi l dre n of


,

more fa vou red type an d circu ms ta nc e t h e i r v a lu e i s re cogn ize d .


l t
A co m p e e t t t th m th d f b gi i g with th
con ras t
o i e e o o e nn n e co n cr e e s
be fou nd i nth t f M S t l li g T m T l l i k pi g '
to a t t o wh r. e n , o u ve r s u o r, o, ee n
l ly t b t t
c ose o fi lly v d v y i t ll ig t b y t h t E li d
a s rac i o ns , na co n i nce it er n e en o a uc
w as ly mon f t t
a d l ft h i m q t p w l
ea ns o t t th
or ure , a n e ui e o er es s o co n n ec e

p rob l m wie h y tshi g i h i w


t w l d f
an x p i
n t tn s o n or o e er i e nc e o r n e re s .
1 7 2 Im ag i na t io n i s t/ze Sci e n ce - r oom

The obj e ct l e sson is i nd ee d a t e st l ess on fo r the y o un g


“ ”
, ,
'

t e a ch e r So th a t e v e n the most ca p t io ns cri tic ca n not sa y


.

th a t t he t a ki ng of m ea ns wh e re by th e i m a gi na ti on of ch ild re n
shou ld be su ppli e d with m a tm a l s i s stil l qu it e n e gl e ct ed

~
It i s wh e n we com e to th i nk of the se co nd s te p i n crea ti v e
a c t i vi t y th a t we se e grou nd for d i sm a y A re we h e l pi n g .

“ ”
ch ildre n to conj e cture to crea t e for th e m se l ves th e
, ,

m a t e ri a l fo r ra tiona l i n v e sti ga ti on ? To b e s u re th e qu e sti o n ,

i s som e wh a t a bsurd W e ca nnot h e l p oth e rs to an i m.

pu l se .D r in a ny ca se t he h el p we ca n g i v e is of a .

v e ry n e ga t i v e ki nd W e ca nn ot b e stow i m a gi na tion a s a gi ft
.

.

N o t ea ch i n g or tra i n i n g ca n ma k e a crea tor a n d di scov e re r


,
,

e lse i t wou ld be i nd ee d i m pe ra t i ve to fa bric a te ge n i us at an y

cost . O n th e ot h er h a nd we h a v e pow e r to pre v e n t th e


d e v e lopm e n t of cre a ti v e pow e r A nd no institutio n is more .

a pt ly d e si gn e d to e ffe ct th is th a n a schoo l I n schools we .

gi v e i nn u m e ra bl e sol u t i on s t he re sul t s of th e tra v a il of crea ti ve


,

mi nd fo r m a n y centuri es This ki nd of gi v ing is n e ce ssa ry


,
.
,

oth e rwise no ge n e ra tion could pro fi t from th e la bo u rs of th e


pa s t B ut it is a tte nd e d wi t h ri sks t o which e m i ne n t m e n are
.

no longe r blind “
Ed uca tio n as a t pre sen t cond uc t e d sa id
.

,

Profe ssor Boyd D a wk i ns a t th e m ee ti ng of t he Bri tish


Asso ci a tio n i n r90 3 “
i s k illi n g t h e i nsa t i a bl e c u rios i t y o f
,

child re n A ll chil d re n h a ve fa cul t i e s o f i n v e st iga t i on t ha t


.

wou ld t ea ch th e m m uch if t h e y w e re n ot d u ll ed by e d u ca tion ”


.

C e rta inly schools m a y be v e ry d e s t ructi v e a nd i n d ee d it i s , , ,

th e ir consta n t t e nd e ncy to b e com e so .

Co nj e c t ur e is p rovok e d th rough cu riosity Cu rios i t y lik e .

oth er e mo t ion s is a s t i m ul us a n e xci ta nt Th e se a rch for


, , .

t ru t h is a h unt di ffe ri ng from th e ordi na ry h un t or ch a se


,

only i n i t s obj e c t A nd a l l who h a v e obse rv e d h ea lth y


.

chi ld re n in a s ta t e o f fre edo m m ust a d m i t t h a t th e y lon g to



F i ht t
c e aug ht th t a

t h e ro o s t or ig i l thi
na ng in us is th e i mp l
u se to
ac ti on.

I ma g i na t i on i n t é e Sci ence -
r oom 1 73
join i n this h ue a nd cry I n the l o ne l y i sl a nd s of th e H e brid e s
.
o

you m a y ofte n s ee groups of ch ildre n poki ng s ticks a bout i n


poo ls ga th e ri ng lich e n s a nd sh e lls a m on g t h e ro cks ov e r
, ,

t n m i n g st on e s in bl a ck sw a mpy e a rth i n se a rch of li ving

thin gs H a vi ng ca ugh t th e ir spoi l (for whi ch th e y h a v e no


.

pra c ti ca l u se a nd wh ich th e y show n o d e sire to ki l l or tort ur e )


,

th e ch i ld re n ga th e r roun d it wi th cri e s o f joy pl a c e it o n a dry ,

sto ne turn i t ov e r w a tch i t s mo ve m e nts Som e ti m e s a bo ld e r


, , .

sp i rit h a z a rds e xpl a n a tions (pe rh a ps quit e fi ct i t ious) in G a e l ic


wh ich a re a lw a ys d ee m e d wor t hy a t le a st of cri t ici s m I t i s .

ea sy to s ee wh a t t h e fu nc t ion of t h e t e a c h e r is a n d t h e school , .

Th e fu nctio n o f th e form e r i s to h e lp a t t he right mom e n t to ,

se t th e

h unte rs on t h e r ight t ra ck a nd of t h e school to
,

tra i n th e ra t io na l fa culty to a ct on th e m a te ri a l provid ed for


i t by t he i m a gi na tion .

M uch of th is m a t e ri a l wi ll be rej e cte d N on e of i t p rob a bly


.

will be lost Th e lit t l e child a s w e ll a s t h e gre a t sci e nti st pro



.

g r e s s e s through hi s o wn mi st a k e s no t t hrough be in g p r e

v en t e d from m a k ing mista k e s A fa lse hypoth e sis h as ofte n


.

se rv e d t h e ra ce w e ll J ust i n t he sa m e wa y th e il lusio n s of
.

ch i ldhood se rv e ch ildre n w e ll Th e i r wi ld e s t co nj e ct u r e s
.
'

a re lik e th e ear ly mov em e nts o f i n fa ncy t hrough which ,

th e li ttl e o n e l e a rn s fin a lly t he pow e r o f a cco m mod a t ion ,

a nd is a bl e to su ppre ss use l ess disch a rg e s Th e ir fa ls e .

e xpl a n a t ions form a kind of bridg e a c ross which th e y p a ss

i n to th e world of ne w l ight a nd k nowl ed ge Th e i r se l f .

c r ea t e d m e thods gu id e th e m e v e n wh e n th e y a re fa lse
I l l u s i ons a nd mist a k e s a re a p a rt a s P a sca l d e cl a re d o f e v er y
, ,

thi n k e r 5 force Th e y a re t he pre conc e i v e d id e a s wh ich se rve



.

th e litt l e ch i ld as w e ll as t h e gre a t disco vere r a s guid e


.
.

I t i s i n incita nts th a t t he m od e rn syste m of ed uca tion


i s l a cking . Al l th e e ffort s m a d e to i mpro ve it a ppe a r to
n a t —
be di rect e d to oth e r e ds t h n his th a t t h e cr e a t iv e ori gi n a l
po w e r of e v e ry pupi l should b e roused to a c t ivity Accura cy .
,
1 74 Im agi n a t on i i n Me Sci e n ce -r oom

,

fuln e ss m thod th e n ee d fo r th e s e i s recogni ze d mo re or
e

l e ss On ly from th e ki n d e rga rt e n w h ere th e l i tt l e chi l dren


.
,
-

h a v e a l l th ei r w ork pre pa re d fo r th e m to th e u p per sta nda rd s ,

a nd coll e g e s wh e re t h e you ng te a ch er s l e a rn w ha t th e y h a v e

to do a nd be a nd follow close i n the tra ce s of a n a l l fo re seei n g


,
-

pe da gogic provid e nce the ma ste r fa ct th e ke y stone v e rity a t


, ,
-

h u m a n e d uca tio n i s forgo tt e n a nd th a t i s th a t th e grea te st


, ,

succe ss the u nkn own u ndre a m e d of e ve r fa ir tri um ph co m e s


, ,
-
,

o n ly to th os e who ca n use kn owl e dge as a n instru m en t ,

a n d who a pply i t i n w a ys t h a t displ a y t he wh ol e po w e r t h e


,

ra w pow e r of e a ch individu a l mi nd .

A nd yet t h e w ea lth o f origi na l crea tiv e pow e r i s de s i re d


a r d e ntly t o d a y by a ll ci vi l i z e d n a tions Of t hi s a bu nd a n t .

e vid e nc e is furn ish ed by t h e n u m e rous costly schools of re sear ch

wh ich fore ign Europe a n na tions h a ve re ce ntly built and e q ui ppe d .

Ev e n Eng la nd is m a ki n g gre a t a nd wi ll pe rh a ps ma k e st ill


,

grea te r sa cri fice s i n o rd e r to s ecu re t h e be st kind of na tio na l


“ ”
w ea lth . N o m an sa id a promi nen t sta t e sm a n l a te ly
, ,

ca n hon e stly sa y th a t we h a v e do ne e nough to e q uip r e se a rc h

with a ll th e costly a rmo ur y wh ich i t m u st h a v e i n th e se l a tte r



da ys .

The costly a rm ou ry i s t he outw a rd a nd vi sibl e sign of


t h e gr e a t though gra d u a l a dv a n c e wh ich pla c e s t he in v e sti


,

gat ors a n d d iscov e re rs o f t o d a y i n a noth e r wo rld th an th a t i n


which th e e a rly think er s d rea m ed i n p ea ce a nd cre a t e d th ei r ,

ow n sol utio n s of wo rld pro bl e m s i n free dom The d e v e lop


o
.

m e nt of r ea son ing pow e r and t he increa s e of knowl edge h as


,

ch e ck e d fa ci l e crea tion O nl y pri miti v e pe opl e s im agi ne


.

a s pri mitiv e pe opl e on ly to you n g childre n do t h e g a te s of


,

fa i ry l a n d swing wid e at a touch Wh e n th e d re a m e r is a


-
.

w a k e n e d by e x pe ri e nce a nd inform e d by n e w kn owl ed g e th e


,

cre a ti v e pow e r i s n e c e ssar ily subj e ct e d to n e w co ndi ti o n s .

Th u s pre v e n t e d d ri ve n into ne w ch a nn e ls i t e sca pe s th e ob


, ,
Im ag i n at i on i n t/ze Sci e n ce -
r oom 1 75

s e rv a ti o n of m a n y a nd i s be l i e v e d to h a v e be en d e stroy ed by
,

th e m a rch of high e r fa culti e s Som e thi nk of i t with c onte mpt


. .

( Among th e se curiously e.n ough a re m an y succ e ssf ul p


, ra ctica l , ,

bu sin e ss m e n i n whom as we h a v e s e e n i m a gi na tion a l on g


, , ,

c erta i n li m ite d w a ys is w e l l d e v e lope d )


,
O th er s look on .

i t with fear —an d t h e se ti m id on e s b e lo ng i n m an y cas e s


“ ”
to th e high er ord e rs of m e n ! Th e re a re Tori e s sa id ,


Tynd a ll e v en
,
i n sci e nce who r e ga rd i m a gi na tion a s a
fa culty to b e fe a re d a nd a void e d ra th e r th a n e m m o yed

.

A s k nowl edge i s i ncrea se d a n d e x per i e nce d ee pe ned a nd ,

a mpli fi e d t h e cr ea ti v e i m a gi na tio n is subj e c te d to n e w con


,

di ti o n s so th a t m a ny c ea se to r ecogn i se i t i n wh a t s ee m ve ry
,

prosa ic c a lli ngs I But its rol e i n th e dra ma of m e n ta l a cti v iti e s


re m a i n s the sa m e I t is sti l l th e moti v e pow e r t h e pow e r
.
-
,

t h a t m a k e s a dv a n c e e v e ry wh e re possibl e It is still th e .

fore ru nn er of re a son wh ich doe s ind eed corre ct i t a nd e v en


-
,

guid e i t bu t guid e s not a s a n a n ge l th a t goe s before but as a


, ,

ca p t i o n s gru mbl e r a nd fa ult fi nd e r t h a t h o bb i e s a ft e r


-
Ev e n i n .

i ts fa ult fi ndi n g R ea so n is not th e i niti a ti ng pow e r Und e r a l l


-
.

ca lcul a tions i nfe re nc e s e tc a nd more obviously i n the cre a tion


, , .
,

of a ll m e thod s of logic a nd proof th e re is a moving vi vifyi n g


i ni t i a ting som e th ing—a nd th a t som e th ing i s i m agi n a t i on
, ,

Th e cost ly a rmou ry i s provide d t o d a y t h e n i n ma n y


l an ds for th e discov e re r O nly i n the e l e m e nta ry schools we do


,
.

n o t tra in chi ld re n a s future d isco ver e rs N 0 t h a t is troubl e .


,

som e W e a re t e mpte d to h us t l e th e m a lo ng th e pa t h of
.

m e re l ea rn i n g The pa th i s so long a nd stra igh t A ft e r


. .

a l l th e t e rra i ncogn i ta i s fa r a w a y A long jou rne y m ust .

b e m a d e t o re a ch i t M uch m ust be l e ar n e d b e fore a ny


.

thi ng n e w to th e ra ce is di s co vere d Th us pre lim i n a ry .

l ea rning threa t ns t d y to
e o a be e i —
suppr ss v e to d e ge n e ra t e
into a m e re m e ch a nica l re c e ption of fa c t s a nd ta bul a tion of
.

se q u en c e s 8 0 th a t g e n i us i ts e lf m a y b e smoth e re d by
.

e r udi t ion lik e a fl a m e u nd e r d am p fu e l


,
.
1 76 Im ag i n a t i on i n t/ze Sci en ce -
r oom

Ye t th is c r ush ing ou t of th e initi a ting pow e r i n you ng


schol ars is a rui nous co u rse Th e incre a se of knowl e dge do e s
.

not re nd e r it n e ce ss a ry Th e wo rld i s old to th e e xp e ri e nc e d


. .

Th e y a re fa m ili a r with it . But it i s n e w to e v e ry ch i ld


.

Th e cre a tiv e pow e r li k e a vit al c u r re nt m ust still flow b e low


all his m e nt a l l i fe a n d vi v ify it
. Th e littl e c h ild w ho
h i m s e lf fi nds th e m e thod fo r sol vi ng a simpl e p robl e m i s
a discov e re r
. A nd without such discov e ri e s a n d fr e e
e x e rcis e of t h e c rea ting a n d in iti a ting pow e r of th e m i n d

by a ll pu pi ls in a ll th e e l e m e nt a ry schools th e re ca n b e
,

no re a l pre pa ra t i on on th e p a rt of a n y n a tion fo r th e u se of
“ ”
th e costly a rm ou ry wh ich i s to b e fu rnish e d forth to t h e
a dv a nc e d stud e nts
. M e thods of inv e ntion c re a tion a n d d i s
, ,

co v e ry ca n n e v e r b e t a ug h t
.

B ut th a t ch ildre n m a y h a v e t h e i r pow e rs of i nv e nt i on
a nd discov e ry w e a k e n e d by su ppre ssi v e m e thods of e a r l y
t ra i ning we h a v e littl e re a son to do u bt
.
C HA PT E R X

I MA GI N A TI O N AN D M O R A L r aa m mo

TH E v arious fa cu l t i e s o f t h e m i nd are no t a bsol ut e l y i nt e r


d e pe nd en t O n the co nt rary ce rt a i n facul t i e s m ay be highly
.
,

d e v e loped i n t h e a bs e nc e or a t rophy of o t h e rs Som e i d io ts


, .

h a v e a n e xtraordina ry m e mory M an y p e rso n s h av e fa ir rea son


.

i ng po we rs wi t h l ittl e i m agi natio n Th e m ost striki ng fac t i n


.

con ne cti on wi t h par ti a l d e v e lopm e n t howe ve r, a ppe a rs to be this :


,

th a t a goo d d e v e lopm e n t of th e i n t e ll e c t u a l pow e rs m ay be foun d


i n c e rtain pe rsons who a re from th e mora l s ta nd po i n t i m be cil e s
, , .

At th e bo tto m of th e sca l e we h a v e moral im be cili ty ”


At .

th e to p we ha ve
,
moral t a l e n t a nd mora l g e n i us

,
I t is .

use l e ss to p re t e n d th a t t h e poss e ssion of th e l a tt e r pl ac e s m en


a t a gr ea t a dv a nt age i n th e strugg l e fo r e xist e nc e Th e m o ra l .

ge n i us i s eve n t o -d ay a t a great d i sad vant age i n most sph ere s


, ,

of i n dus t ry an d at no v e ry r e mo t e d a t e the sa m e ord e r of


, , ,

gi ft e d pe rson was e xpose d to grave pe rs ona l ri sk N e ve rthe .

l e ss th e progres s of t he whol e ra c e i n mo ra ls as i n sci e nc e o r


, , ,

industry d e pen ds v e ry la rge ly on i n i t i a t o rs or men of geni us


, , .

The sup e ri ori t y of th e mora l ge n i us n e e d n o t e x t e nd t o e ve ry


sph e re of i n te l l e ctu a l life Ye t it di s t i ngu ish e s hi m from a l l
.

oth e rs .

Th rough ca us e s of wh ich we a re ign ora n t sai d ”
,

Ribo t a n alogou s to t hose which produce a gr ea t po e t o r a


,

,

rea t pa i nte r m e n of m o ral g e n i u s a ri se ro/ro f eel w/i a t o tlrer r


g , ,

rz
1 78 Im ag i n a ti on a nd M or a l Tr a i n i ng
do n ot f tly
eel , e xa c
a s th e po e t o r t h e p a i n t e r fe e l an d se e wha t

oth e rs a ppe ar t o be i ns e nsi bl e to .

Th e m os t s t ri ki ng ch ara ct e ristics of this as o f oth e r orde r s ,

of gre a t m e n is omgi na l i ty Th e y t ak e a cou rse t h a t i s more


, .

o r l e ss n e w more or l e ss u n e xp e c t e d
, I n som e cas e s th e .

i n no va t ion m ay i t is t ru e be a n ega tive o n e Th e chi e f o f a


, ,
-
.

b a rba rous tri be a nnou nc e s t h a t it i s h i s pl ea sure th a t no h um a n


sa c rific es shou ld be m a d e at h i s bu ri al H e is obe yed an d .
,

this blood l e ss fu ne ra l cons t itu t e s a n e w d e p artu re for al l h is



p e opl e t he begin ni ng o f m i ld e r t hough t s a nd m an n e rs i n t h e
p re s e nce o f D ea t h A ba rb ari a n chi e f spa re s h is pri s on e rs of
.

wa r a n d t h is m e rci ful cou rse (which is wi t hou t pre c e d e n t )


,

s t ar t l e s hi s su bj e c t s bu t a t t he sam e t i m e i m pla nts i n t h e i r


, , ,

mi nds th e i d e a t h at v a nqu ish e d e ne mi e s m ay be d ea lt wi t h i n


more t h an o ne fashion I n no sph e re o f li fe is o rigi na li ty
.

mo re t e l li ng t h a n in th e moral s ph e re .

I n his a u t obiogra phy K ro po t k in d es cri be s how on o ne oc


,

ca sion t he high born l ads who com po se d th e Sch oo l of Pag e s


,
-
,

re c e i v e d wh a t wa s vir t u a l ly a ki n d of mora l sh ock t hrough t he ,

ori gi n a l be h a vi ou r of a pl e be i an w riti ng m as ter whom t h ey -

we r e t o rm e nting Th e boys fu ll of th e i nsol e nce of you t h


.
, ,

an d prid e of rank i n su l t e d t h e poor you ng m as t e r i n v a rious


, ,

ways O ne d ay a m e m be r of th e cl ass t h re w an i n k po t at
.

hi m r u i n i ng i n so doi ng th e cl ea n n e w shi r t w hi ch h e
,

was w e ar i ng Th e you ng ba rba ri a ns th e n e xpe c t e d n o thi ng


.
-

but th e se ndi ng of the cu lpri t to th e h ead ma ste r for pun ish -

m e n t and t he di sgrace of th e whol e cl ass e ve ry m e m ber of ,

wh ich had joi n e d in the pe rse cu t ion But the ma st e r be traye d .

n o sign of a nge r H e loo ke d s adly a t h is ru i ne d l in e n sa id a


.
,

fe w words of re gre t an d ca l mly w e n t on with th e l e sso n


, Th is .


conduc t am az e d t he boys I t was u n e xpe c t ed i ncon ce i va bl e !
.

W h e n t he pa roxys m o f as t on ish m e nt was ov e r m an y of the ,

bo ys b l a m ed t h e cu lpri t took t h e part of t he m as te r w e r e


, ,

sta rt l e d i n sho rt in t o so m e t h ing l ik e re morse and h u m an i ty .


I m ag i na t i on a nd Mor a l Tr a i n i ng 1 79

Scatt ered th rough e v e ry soci e ty th ere are pe rso ns wh o h ave a


hi g he r mo ral po t e n t i ali ty t h an o t h e rs A n d jus t as th e p rogre ss
.

of any soci e ty i n i n du s or s ci e nce d e p e n ds o n th e e xi ste nc e


of mi no r disco ve r e rs an d i nv en to rs wh ose n am e s a re ne ve r
h ea rd o f so progre ss i n m o ra l s d e pe nd s v e ry m uch o n th e

e xi s te nce an d e xa m pl e of m any m ino r re form e rs an d i ni ti ato rs


who are co n tinu a l l y ill us trat i ng th e ad va ntage s of sligh tl y n ew
a n d di ffi cu l t m o d es of b e h a viour i n t h e face of provoca tio n .

Th e g rea t mora l re form e r as w e l l as the grea t i nd us t ria l


,

r e form e r is of course he who bri ngs i n a ne w mo t o r po we r


, , .

I n t h e Egyp t ian Book of the D ead t h e re i s a Pro fe ssion of



,


N ega t ions a R e ligion of N ega tio n *
O n e m ay compa re it to
.

th e m a ny ru l e s of t he ea rly cr a ft sm a n Th e comm an d Do no t
.
,

to oth e rs w hat ye would no t t h a t t h e y sho u l d do to you i s far ,

e nough re mo ve d fr o m th a t oth e r comm an d Do to o t h e rs wh a t


,

y e w ou l d th a t t h e y should do to you ”
W i t h
. t h e e n u n ci a t io n of
t he latt e r t h e fo rm e r ru l e s be ca m e su pe r fl uous
,
F ea r whi c h .
,

from t i m e i mm e mori al h ad d e t e rm in e d th e at ti t ud e a nd re la ti o n s
,

of m e n was to be cas t ou t a n d S upe rc e d e d by a n e w po we r


, .

Thus fa r t h e re is a c e rt a i n ana l ogy be t w ee n t he gre a t mora l


re form e r an d th e grea t i nven tor i n t he i nd us t ria l wo rld The .

discov e ry of ea ch i s ra dica l and posi t iv e B ut t he wo rking ou t .

o f o n e pre se n t s a curious con t rast to t h e wor ki ng ou t o f t h e

o t h e r W h e n th e possi bi li t y of loc o m ot ion by s t ea m was


.

il lustrate d succ e ssfu ll y n oth i ng more was pec essary but t o


,

cov e r t h e l and fro m e n d to e nd wi t h a n et wo rk of ra i lw ays .

W h e n th e use s of t h e microscop e a nd te l e scop e had be e n


d e mons t ra t ed i t on ly re m ai ne d to se t i ns tru m e n t m a k e rs to
,

work a l l ov er th e lan d B u t t h e mora l ge n ius h as no t m e re ly


.

t o d e monstrat e th e e x i s te nc e an d po w e r of th e new soc i a l forc e ,

bu t t o a wa k e n in oth er s th e hu ma n disp osi t i on a nd pow e rs


withou t wh ich i t can n e v e r be ge n erat ed .


I t beg i ns I have no t bee n i d l e I ha ve no t

, w yl id I h v
a a , a e no t

boa ste d I h ave no t s to l e n a nd so on ad [Ma i /u m


"
.
, ,
1 80 I m ag i nat i on a nd M or a l Tr a i m ng
Thi s task pre se n ts d i fli cu l ti e s Th e d i sci p l e i f h e h as a .
,

ma rke d i ndi vi d u ali t y transpos es and ch ange s (a ccord i ng to th e


,

co nst ant t e nd e n cy of th e cre a tiv e fa cu l t y ) th e ori gi na l I f h e , .

be a w ea k p erso n h e b e com e s a copyist an d gi v es u s a l l bu t ,

wh at was most i m porta n t and i ni m ita bl e i n th e origin al As .

for t he vas t m aj or i ty of th e fo llow e rs of th e grea t t ea ch e r ,

th ei r fid e l i ty t ak es th e form of O bs e rv a n ce s of cus t oms an d ,

practice s G ran t Al l e n h as po i n t e d th is ou t i n h i s boo k Th e


.

” “ ”
Evolu tio n of th e id ea of Go d I f you h e writ e s w e re to
.
, ,

ask a l m os t any i n t e l li ge n t a n d u ns op h is t ic at ed ch ild W ha t i s ,

R e ligi o n ? h e w o ul d a nsw e r o ff h a nd with t h e cl ea r visio n of


’ -

you t h O h ! i t s saying your praye rs a nd rea ding your B i bl e


,

, ,

a n d si n gi n g hym n s a n d goin g to ch u rch or to ch a p e l on


,

Sund ays . I f you we re to as k an u nsophistica te d H i nd u
pea sa nt the sa m e qu e stion h e would a nswe r in al mos t t h e s e l f
,

s a m e spirit O h i t is d oi ng pooj ah regu l arly and paying you r


, , ,

d u e s e ve ry day t o M a h ad e o I f you w e re t o as k any si m pl e


.


m i nd e d A fri c a n sa v ag e h e wou ld si mila rly r e ply
, I t is gi vi ng ,

th e gods flou r a nd oil a n d n ativ e b e e r a n d go at


, ,
-
,

Among Rom an Ca thol ic pe asa nt s th e ”


d uti e s a re o ft en
spok e n of Th e pri es ts too spe ak of t h e d u t i e s a nd th e se
.
,

, ,

a re going t o m as s an d co n fe ssio n s an d a t t e n di ng t o t h e ,

va ri o us cus to m s an d pra c t ic e s of t h e Ch urch .

M ore over jus t as o ne ord e r of su pe rior mi nd doe s n o t


,

a l w ays u d
n e rst a n d a no t h e

r —as th e g rea t sci en t ist an d phi l o~

soph e r D a rwi n for e xa mpl e l ost th e ca paci t y of e njoyi ng


, , .

m usic an d could no t a ppre ci at e th e pow e rs of B e e thoven


o r of B ach — so t h e gre a t moral ge n i us d oe s no t fi nd i nt e rpre t e rs

sa v e a mong tho se of h i s own ord e r Th e w ea k est an d l ea st .

co nvincin g page s of th e grea t psychologis t s an d phi lo soph e rs


are pe rh a ps thos e i n wh ich t h e y s t riv e t o e xpla i n t h e l ife a n d

mo t ives of t h e m en o f co m m andi ng mora l ge n ius .

Th e psychol ogy mora l g en ius clos e ly re se m b l es i n


of th e

e ss e n tia l cha r act e ri stics t h a t of oth e r grea t m en Lik e t h e m .


Im ag i na t i on an d Mor a l Tr a i n i ng 1 8 1

he t ow er s bo ve h is fe ll ows l arge ly in vi rtu e of th e gre a te r


a

fre e dom a nd pow e r of th e I m agi n a ti on I n h im as i n the .


,

sci e nti s t o r a rt ist sudd e n discov e ry inspira tion as it i s ca ll e d


, , ,

i s su dd e n only i n a pp e a ra nc e A pe riod of i ncu ba t ion o r.


,

pre pa ra t ion com e s b e fore i t N e w t on was rea dy t o see t h e .

m ea ning o f a fa l i i ng appl e an d so d isco v e re d th e l aw of


gra vita tion Th e m ath e m at ici a n H a mi l t o n br ood e d for yea rs
. .

Th e n o ne day as he wa lk e d n ea r Du b li n bridge h is m e t h od
of qu a t e r n ions fl a sh e d o n h i m I t wou ld be u nrea son abl e.

to suppose t h a t duri ng th e pe riod of i ncu bati o n th e


c re a t iv e pow e r is in ac t iv e O n th e con tra ry i t i s u nre s t i ng
.
,

i n spi t e o f fa i lu re is pre pa ri ng al l the ti m e to ta k e t h a t high e r


,

l ea p i n th e da rk wh ich issu e s i n d i scove ry Th e b i rth of g rea t .

m o ra l id eas is subj ect t o th e sa m e l aw s an d d e pe nds on th e ,

lik e se qu e n ce of e v e n t s only i n the mora l gen i us t h e y a re


,

e mph asi z e d . Th e c o nc e ntration is lo nge r more con scious , ,

more pa in ful th e il lu m in a t io n more da zz li ng t he v e ri fi ca tio n


, ,

more di fficult Buddh a practi se s asce tic i sm m e dita te s for


.
,

se ve n y ea rs sees the l igh t r e nou n ce s a l ife of cont e m pla t ion


, ,

an d prea ch e s for fi fty y ea rs to th e peo pl e Tru e or fa lse .

h is t ori ca lly as Ri bo t says t h is ord e r of ev e n t s i s p syc h ol ogi



,

,

ca l ly e xac t A fi xe d and pe rsi st en t id ea t h en a s e ri e s of


.
,

e flo rt s a n d gropi ngs th e d e cisiv e mom e n t of th e e ur e k a


'

, t h en
th e i n te r na l re v e la t ion m a nifes t i ng i t se l f t o t h e o ut e r wo rld ,

an d i mp o sing i t se l f o n mi llion s H ow doe s thi s mod e of .

c rea t ion d i fle r from o t h e rs at l ea st on th e pra cti ca l sid e ? ”


'

I t doe s n o t d i fle r at al l Th e vi tali ty of th e m o ral ge nius i s


.

real i se d as i t w e re i n h is wor k as i s t he vi t ality of


, , ,

an y o t h e r t hink e r O n ly i n th e c as e of the form e r th e


.
,

cha n n e ls worn by the i n n e r activity s e e m to be d e e pe r t he ,

co nc e n t ra t ion grea t e r so th at th e e n e rgy ga t h e re d an d fre e d at


, ,

la st a ppea rs to proj e ct itse lf wi t h as t oundin g fo rc e an d e fli cac y .

No t h i ng kills t h e pow e r t ha t is i ns ti nc t in t h e ir t ea chings .

T ru e t ha t t e ach i ng its e lf i s m u t i l ate d is subj e ct to a hu nd red ,


1 82 Im agi n a ti on a na

Mor a l Tr a i ni ng
m isre pre se n ta ti o n s And it e m bodi e s i tse l f aft e r a l i tt l e ti m e
.

i n m e re c e re mo n i e s c us t oms an d obs e rva nc es


, , Th e se .

practi s e s a nd customs d o no t re pre se n t o r re fl e ct th e wh ol e


powe r of th e origi n a l ge n ius who is r e sp o nsi bl e fo r th e m an y
more th a n do t h e sh e lls cas t u p by th e t id e re pre se n t th e whol e
po we r of th e oc ea n wh ose mov e m en t has fash ione d th e m .

The mora l po t e n ti al i t i e s of hu m a n be i ngs a ppea r t o be qui te


at t he m e rcy of ci rcu m sta nc e s a s a re th e i r i n te ll e c t u a l gi ft s .

S e ve re i ll n e ss in ea rly ch ildhood m ay i mpa ir th e ch a ra cte r The .

aft e r e ffe c t s of convul sions of sc a rl e t fe v e r an d oth er disord e rs


, , ,

a re conc e r ne d i n som e i ns ta nc e s only wi t h th e m ora l n a t ure a nd

disp osi t ion Th u s we h ea r of a t ru t hfu l an d honou ra b l e ch i ld


.

who b e com e s a d re a dfu l l i a r as th e re sult o f m ala ri a l fe v e r .

P e dagogic s ci e n ce i n i t s p re s e n t stage ca n do v e ry li t t l e
, ,

for t h e mora l i m be cil e I t i s agre e d by al l a u t hori ti e s tha t


.

thi s typ e of ch ild shou ld be se pa ra t e d from oth e rs an d n o t ,

a llow e d to mi x wi th t h e chi ld re n i n th e ordi n a ry school I t is .

agr e e d t oo t h a t mora l i m b e cil e s shou ld be w a t ch e d H e re .

docto rs a nd o t h e r advis e rs h al t —fo r t h e p re se n t .

Th e fi rs t condi t ion of mo ra l d e ve lopm e n t a pp ea rs t o be i n


a l l ca s e s t h e e xis t e n c e of fee ling o r rath e r s c a pa ci ty fo r fee li ng
, , .

W i t hou t th is m e re in t e ll e c t u a l d e v e lopme n t ca n e ffec t nothin g


at al l l B u t wh e r e f eel i ng i s p re s en t or possi b l e th e proc ess es
i nvolv e d i n crea t ion or grow t h fro m wi thi n m ay be s e t u p .

Th e r e i s fi rs t t h e n a c a pa bil i t y fo r fee l i ng t h e n the growth i n


,

i n te ns i t v a nd cl ea rn e ss of th e fe e l i ng l a t e r t h e sh ap i ng of i t
, ,

i nto cl ea r m e n tal i m age s t h e n th e h a ndl i ng of th e m wi t h


,

gr owi ng fre e dom a nd v e rsa t ili ty W e h a ve tra c e d t his pr o cess


.

i n Art W e h a v e o nl y t o re pe a t i t i n th e rea l m of morals


. .

H um a n c rea t iv e n ess i n e v e ry sph e re is gove rn ed by th e sa m e


fun da m e n ta l l a ws .

W e h a v e now t o d e a l wi th th e r ol e of I m agi na ti on i n
t he sph e re of morals M o ral i t y i s m ad e possi b l e for us
.
Im agi na t i on a nd Mor a l Tr a i n i ng 1 83

through a capa ci t y we nea rly a l l posse ss i n som e d e gre e


of fe e lin g fo r oth e r peo pl e Th e o rigi na l e x t e n t of t his
.

ca pa ci ty va ri e s wid e ly i n i nd ividu a ls ye t i t is d e t erm in e d ,

l arge ly by e xp e r i e nc e j us t as ar t istic ca p aci ty o r o rigi na l fe e l ing


,

vari e s yet i s d e t e rmi n e d la rgel y e ve n i n th e c ase of th e mos t


,

gi fte d by e x pe ri e nc e The e d uca t io n o f t h e sy m pa t hi e s li ke th e


.
,

e d ucatio n o f t h e a rt i n s t incts is ca r ri e d o n by m ea ns wh ich


,

e nsu re a gro wing cl ea rn es s a nd vividn e ss o f m i n d i m a e s an d a


g ,

growi ng v e rsa ti li t y i n th e u s e of t h e s e N o w th e re i s as .
,

Edwar d C arpe nter has poi nt e d o u t in a bea u ti fu l e ssay a co n ,


st nt t en d e nc y in e ve ry mi nd im age t o cl e a r i tretf to e m e rge
a

ou t of di m ch a o s in t o l igh t and ac t ion Th e re is a con t i n u a l


e bu lli tio n a n d bi rth goi ng on wi t hi n us a con t i nu a l e vol utio n ,

o u t of t h e mi nd st u ff of fo rms which a re t h e e xp re ssi on of


-

u n d e rlyi ng fee l i ng ”
Moral e d ucation doe s no t consis t i n th e
.

re v e rsa l o r u pse tt ing of t his p ro c e ss bu t i n t h e a iding an d ,

suppl e m e n t ing o f i t .

A you ng ch il d s impres sio ns o f oth e r sta t e s th an h is own are


v e ry fe w a n d v e ry vagu e Eve n wh e re th e mora l pot e nti a li t i e s


.

a re go od th e y m ay re m a i n
, vagu e and fe w fo r a long t i m e .

as t h e n u m e rous e x a m pl e s of ori gi n a l ly w e ll e ndow e d bu t spoil t

a nd se l fi sh ch ildre n a tt es t W hy shou ld B a by h a v e so m any


ros e s ? sa id a li tt l e bo y t o h i s w e e pi ng m ot h e r who had bough t


t he rose s to pla ce t he m on B a by s g ra v e ! I wan t th e m a l l !
“ ’ ”

This a pp are n t ca l lou s n e ss shocks u s be ca u se we do no t a t once


rea lize t h a t a li tt l e child doe s not spontan e ously l earn to i m age
o t h e r s t ate s t h an h i s o wn a ny mo re t ha n h e s po nt a n eo us ly b egi ns
t o d raw obj e c ts i n good p e rspe c t ive H e a ppea rs c ru e l ye t n o t.
,

from l a ck of fee ling bu t ra t h e r fro m la ck o f pow e r t o sh a pe h is


,

fee ling i n t o any d e fi n ite thought or i m age m ir ro ring th e ac t u a ~


,

si t u atio n W h ere our po w e r o f re pr e se n t ing to ou rs e lves o t h er


.

state s t h a n our o wn fa i ls sympa t hy fa ils Tha t i s to sa y wh e re


,
.
,


A m e ri ean il d
ch r en id t h
a re sa o e Spoi l t and t ro u bl es o m e . Ye t l t a er

th y b
e eco m e d t d
e vo e s ons an d d gh t
au ers .
1 84 Im agi na t i on a nd Mor a l Tr ai ni ng
im agi na tion fai ls sym pa thy fa ils Fe e ling m a y e xi st an d ye t be
, .
,

qui te i m pe rat i v e t hrough la ck of those cl ear mind i m ages (a n d


th e i r a t t e n d an t i mpulse s ) i n virt u e of whi c h we gi v e i t e x pre ssi o n
,
'
.

Th e ch ild hi m s e l f how e v er m ak es s pon ta n e o u s e ffo rts to


, ,

o b ta i n t his kind o f m a t e ri a l a nd e l a borat e i t I t ce r ta i n ly .

is not fu rnish e d i n m e re pre ce p t s or a xio m s a nd so t he ,

child is dispos e d (as e ve ry t e ach e r a n d mo t h e r knows ) to


rega rd th e moral o f e v e ry ta l e as a m e re s u pe rfl ui ty Ye t h is .

lov e of th e ta l e i ts e l f is la rge ly d u e to the fact th a t i t suppli e s


h i m wi t h n e w a n d cl e ar i m pre ssions of h um a n co n d uc t a n d
ch a rac t e r A s t ory is n o t a m e re se ri e s o f i nc id e n t s for h i m
. .

I t is a s e ri e s of oppo rtuni t ie s I t o ffe rs n e w moulds i n t o wh ich


.

h e ca n proj e ct h ims e lf For history as we h av e se e n th e ch il d


.
, ,

has h is o wn us e s Th e re are no h a lf to ne s a bo ut th e boys K ing


.
-

Alfre d Ch ar l e ma gn e o r H e n ry I V T h e s e ch arac t e rs are i n


, .

reali t y moulds i n t o which h e proj e c t s h i s o wn id e as an d


s e n t i m e n ts H e i nca rn at e s i n his h e ro h is id ea of bra v e ry of
.
,

he rois m an d i n o t h e rs h is id e a o f cowa rdi ce t rea ch e ry cru e l ty


, , , ,

e tc . Th e se a re a l l fas h ion e d a ft e r a ce rt a in work a bl e i m age ,

an d be com e u s e fu l a s ty pe s j ust as woo d e n e ngi ne s w e r e o n ce


f
,

us e fu l as t oys ! Th e y form pa rt of t h at h is t ori ca l m at e ri a l


“ ”

o f whi ch H e rba rt says t h a t it s tan ds i n cl os e re lati on t o t he



a —
chi ld s own pe rso n li t y t h a t i n stu dyi ng i t h e c bn s i d e rs th e
ac t ion s an d m o t i v e s o f m e n an d d e v e lops h i s o wn mora l sen se

.

Som e tim es i t h a ppens t h a t a ch ild no t con te n t wi th his t ori ca l


,

la y fi g u res will crea t e ph a n t om fri e n d s fo r hi ms e l f who assi s t


-
, .
,

i n th e in n er d ra m a of h is l ife Thus fo r e xa mp le a l i tt l e boy


.
, ,

( k n own t o t h e wri t e r
) w as on , v er y i nt i m a te t e rms wi th an

m ag i na ry fri e n d ca l l e d

M adou who be have d a t t im es i n

, , ,

v e ry strange ways a n d d re w from h i s cre a to r ex pres sion s of


,

a s t onishm e n t W hy M a dou l how ca n you sa y t h a t ? t he


“ ”
,

child would sudd e n ly e xcl ai m t u rn i ng rou nd qui c kly I n ord e r


, .

0 find a pa ra ll e l t o th is we shou ld h av e to tu rn t o th o s e grea t


,

wri t e rs who conc e n t ra t e t h e i r minds o n t he cha ract e rs i n th e i r


Im agi n a t i on a nd Mor a l Tr a i n i ng 1 85

ta le s t ill th e s e se e m a s rea l to th e m as l ivi ng be ings


, B al za c .
*
,

h avi ng li s t e n e d t o a co n v e rsa ti on a bo u t the m en an d wome n


a rou nd h im cr i e d ou t sudd e nly C om e ! l e t u s tal k a bout
,

,

th e r ea l p e opl e —t h e pe o pl e i n my book

I t a ppe ars as i f th e .

a c t u a l wo rld m a y be com e v e ry sha dowy a s we wi t hd ra w from it .

Now th e spo n tan eous m e a ns wh ich a chi ld adop t s t o e ns ure


,

t h a t the i nn e r d ra m a of li fe sh all h ave s om e va ri e t y an d colour ,

i ndi cat e a rea l n eed j ust as do e s th e c ry of h u nge r an d vi go r


, ,
v

o us ta ki ng o f nou r ishm e n t t h e a skin g of qu e s t io n s the d raw , ,


ing o f pic t ure s i h short al l th e oth e r h ealthy a c t ivi t i e s of ,

childhood To su ppre ss such e ffo r t s is si m ply t o su ppre ss life


.

and i t s s t ri vi ngs F o r th e s a m e reaso n th a t we su ppl e m e n t t h e


.

e ffort s o r a i d a young child to fi nd i ts prop e r food a n d di re ct ,

i t i n i t s activi ti e s we su ppl e me n t t h e e ffort o f th e i n n e r life t o


,

d r a ma ti ze fe e ling a n d cre at e n e w situ a tions an d oppo rtu n iti e s of


,

( pic t u re d ) a c t io n .

W h at so m e m ay e xcla i m a t th is poi n t wi t h i nd ign ati o n ,



r r z —
t o h e l p ch i ld e n t o d am at i e fe e li ng to pic t u re action a nd ,

gi v e vi v aci ty t o th e i n ne r li fe ? Bu t sure ly moral te ach e rs ha v e


so m e t h ing be t t e r to do t h an this ? Th e y h a v e to e xhor t to ,

t o gi v e pre c e pts an d a xioms t o pre ss h o m e mora l tru t hs e tc , , .

I t is d iffi cult fo r e v e n the highly t ra i ne d th ink e r t o sh ak e hi m


se lf fre e from e v e ry t ra ce of pe d an t ry difficu lt for ma ny l earn e d
m en t o b e li e v e — t hough su re ly the e vi d e nc e i s ove rwh e l min g
—t h at m e re e xho rta t ion and p rec e p t h a s li tt l e e ffect on t he
you ng o r i nd e ed for th a t m at t e r o n t he ma j ori t y of old e r
, , ,

pe opl e And ye t i f we find (as we do ) t h a t fe w a re much


.
,

in fl u e nc e d in re a li ty by e x te rn al comm a nds prohi bi t i o ns w a rn


. , , ,

th p ll l
O er b f di
a ra e s ca n e oun n d m
re a d i m ds . an n I d a m ness . n rea s,
th e act i i ty f th i
v w ld p
o e nner or ro cee d wi th t i t f
s ou ti
n e r er e n c e o r co rr e c on .
Th m t l i m ag
e en a b m i t es ec o e n e nse , v i id
v t il t l as t t h y m y w k
, un a e a a a en
u s. N th i g i t f
o with th m
n n e r eres e . Th y e p y t h
occufi l d l n whil
e e a o e, e
th y l
e t I m d
as t th nm a ne s s , oo , e ( a u p
ve w f t
o h b j
er ot i v w l d e o ec e or is

.

b k
ro th
en h i f eti i c a n o con nec on s so p d Th m dm b li v
us , a a an es
di n t bl t e i v th
) a . e e
wh t th i
a i w ld m p
e r o to us n ne r or 1 os es , a n

s o a e t
o re c e e co un er
me gs saf m
e wi th t ro ou .
1 86 Im agi na t i on an d Mor a l Tr a i n i ng
i ngs pre ce pts ad vi c e
, , rea s on pro ba b ly is t h is : t ha t
,

t h e pre c e pt s e tc
, ha ve l i tt l e or no t h i ng t o d o wi t h th e se ri e s
.
,

of cha n ge s co n ti nu ally ta k i ng pl ac e i n t h e i nn e r l ife ch a n ge s ,

which a lo ne cons t i t u t e i ts m o ra l p rog re ss o r ba cksliding .

The power of sympat hy li ke e ve ry o t h e r powe r grows slo w ly


, , ,

m a in ly be ca use it i s su bj e ct to m a ny l imi t i ng ci rc ums t a nc e s .

A mo t h er love s he r own c hi ld a n d di vi n es a l l h i s w an t s a n d
wi sh e s She has moral ge ni us wh e re h e i s conce rn e d B u t
. .

wh e re t he ch ild of a st ra nge r is conce r ne d s h e h as no po w e r of ,

divi na t io n Pri miti ve t ri be s a nd cl an s we re fa i t h ful an d d e vo t e d


.

t o th e i r own kindre d B e yond th e fa m i ly t h e ir vi rt ue s did not


.

e x ten d —i t was no t e v e n conce iv e d t h a t o n e cou ld love a


s t ra nge r ! To ta k e l e ss e xt re m e ca se s of l i m i t ati on howe v er !
Young p e opl e dra w t og e t h e r G irls h av e girl fri e nds Th e
. .

rich m ak e fri e n ds wi th t he rich a nd th e poor wi t h t h e poor , .

A nd th e re ason fo r t his is t h a t sympa thy d e pe nds o n pow e r o f '


i m agi n a tio n po w e r of re pre se nting oth e r s t a te s than on e s o wn ’
.

B u t th e sta t e of those n ea r a nd si mi la r to us is more easi ly


re pr e se nt e d t ha n th at of th e s t ra nger W h e re t he power o f t e .

p re se n ta t ion (o r i magin a t i v e po we r) fai l s sym pa t hy fa ils , .

This i s illustra t e d i n al l th e pre j udi ce s of cas t e ra nk col ou r , , ,

rac e,
a nd re ligion Th e cou nt ry E ng l i sh h i n d i n
.

Ada m
B e d e d ecl are d t ha t F re n c M e n w e re d ress ed u p mo nk eys

,
-
.

H e h ad n ev e r s e e n a F re nch m a n an d cou l d n o t i m agi ne o n e l


,
'

But cou n t ry hi nds a re n o t t h e on ly p e opl e who s u ffe r i n th is


wa y . Exclusiv e pe rs o ns e v en i f th e y are high ly e duca te d
,
“ ”
,

t e n d to b eco m e dw arfe d a n d s t u nt e d t h rough l ack of ex pe ri e nc e ,

an d fi nal ly of i m agin a tion A l ady of th e Sou t h e rn S tates i s


.

r e po rt ed t o h av e a l mos t fa i n t e d on s e e i ng P re sid e n t Li n coln


acknowl e dge th e sa l u ta tio n of a bl a ck m a n Th i s a ct o f c o m .

mon po l i te n e ss ho rr i fi e d h er And ye t s he was probably a goo d


.


wi fe a nd mo t he r a goo d fri e nd pe rh a ps and much be l ove d ,

i n h e r own s e t An d why di d s h e b e h a v e a nd fee l l i k e a


.

ba rba ri a n outsid e h e r own s e t or ca s t e ? Th e a n s w e r is si m pl e .


Im ag i n a t i on an d Mor a l Tr a i n i ng 1 87

B e ca use he r powe r of vi vi d re pre se n tat i on d id n o t e xt e nd


b e yon d h e r own se t P rej udic e a nd c ru el ty o f e v e ry ki nd
.

m arks th e poi nt a t which t he pow e r of th e I m agi n a ti o n i n th e


moral life has e xh aus t e d i tse l f I n th e sph e re of mora ls as .

w e ll as th e S ph e re of i nt e ll e c t I m agi na tio n i s t h e fore run ne r


,
.
.

W h e re i t fa ils th e re i s no goi ng forward .

Th is be i ng s o the d u ty of t h e t ea ch e r s e e ms pla i n H e must


, .

su ppl e m e n t an d re fi n e th e stock of mi nd i m age s t h rough whi ch


t h e pupil s e e ks to gai n a knowl e dge of o th e r s ta te s th a n his

own .

And h avi ng done th is succ e ss ful ly i t a ppea rs to be n e c e ss ary ,

t o re frain as m uch as po ssi bl e from doi ng mo re I f a chi ld .

h as a righ t t o m ak e hi s own discov e ri e s i n m a th e m a t ics o r ,


-

geo m e try has h e no t an e qu a l right to m a k e h i s o wn d i s


If he s u fle rs i n o ne sphe re o f a c ti vi ty fro m

c o ve ri es i n morals

h avi ng sol u ti on s and fo rm ul ae presse d on his a cc e pt ance how ,

c a n i t be w e l l for h i m to be co e rc e d i n t o ta ki ng e ve rythi n g on

t ru st i n a noth e r ? As a m at t e r of fac t w he re th e re pre se n ta t io n ,

i s cl ea r an d forci b l e e nough t h e judgm e nt i s nea r ly a lw ays


,

spon ta ne ous a n d origi n a l Da vid h a vin g m u rd e re d U ria h


.

j udge d h i mse l f B u t how was h e l ed to do th is ? Si mply by


.

h avi ng the pi ctu re of h i s o wn act ion re v e al e d to h i m Se e i ng .

i t h e cri e d ou t “
Th e m an th a t h ath do ne th is sha ll su re ly
,

die

. The p ro ph e t l e ft h im to pass j udgm e n t ’
.

Al l t his d oe s not i mply of cou rse th a t th e re shoul d be no


, ,

th eo re tic tea ch i ng at al l in t he s p h ere of m orals bu t m e re ly ,

t h at th eo reti c and a u t hori t at i v e teachi ng how e v e r su ppo rte d .


,

ca n no t t ak e t he pl ace of rea l e d uca t ion of t h e I m agi nat i on .


I f sa id H in t on m any ye a rs ago t he I m agin at ion is t o

,

,

be d o r m a n t u ntil th e h e igh ts of a n y sci e nc e a re a tta i ne d or ,

u nti l t hrough lo ng e x pe ri e nc e a n d d isci pli n e a cri t e rio n of


, ,


tkTo e x m pl f m
a et l xp i
an I t w f d th t m
a e ro a c ua e e r e n ce : as o un a so e
b y m H ig h G d
o s ah l w i t h h bit f t i g th p p il f
er ra e sc oo e re n e a o ea s n e u s o a

sp i l t ec a l f th f b l m i d d R p i m d w gi
ce n re
’‘
o r c as s or e ee e n e . e r an s e re ven
1 88 Im ag i n a t i on a nd Mor a l Tr a i n i ng

tru t h is ga i n e d i t will a t l e a st i f it
, , s m b l es
re e an y of th e o th e r

po w e rs be com e at ro ph i e d .
"

A n e ffort has be e n m a d e i n th i s book to show th a t I m agin atio n


'

is pre coc ious a nd th a t not only is i t a supre m e ly i mport ant facul ty


,

i n itse l f bu t t h at a l l th e h igh e r fa cu l ti e s a re d e pe nde n t o n i t


,

To ma k e it l i e do rm an t t h e n i n youth an d e arly ch i ld hood



,

is to a t ro phy i t an d in so doi ng to a t rophy an d d e s t roy


,

t he whol e m e n t al an d mora l li fe .

Bu t i t m ay be t ru ly sa id t he e ducatio n of th e I m agi n a
,
” “
,

t ion i mpl i e s no t m e re l ea rn ing! but grea t a nd i m po rta n t e v e n ts


—e ve n t s a nd ch a nge s i n t he orga nis m i ts e l f Th e e xp e ri e nc e .
,

n o t of m e re e xci t e m e n t (such as is fe l t by tho se who s tri v e fo r

p ri ze s ) bu t d ee p e mo t i o n th e fixi ng o f cl ea r m e n t a l i m age s
, ,

an d free do m of i n iti a ti v e And how ca n t h e s e be se cu re d i n


.


e l e m en ta ry schoo ls fo r th e ch ild re n of th e ma s se s ?

Th e a n s w e r i s Th e s e can be se cure d wh en ma ny or
, ,

pe rh a ps a fe w t each e rs insp e c t ors a nd ad m in is t ra tors fe e l


, ,

t h at t h e y are n e c e ss ary a n d a ll i m po rta nt ,


” '

I t i s n ot di fficul t i es t h at pa ralyse u s but dou b t fead i gn o r , ,

a nc e of t h e goa l .

I f we do not s e e th e tru e goa l i t i s e asy t o und ers ta nd wh y .

we a re easily d iscou rag ed r e ady t o magn i fy o u r di ffi cu lti e s an d


,

to fol low t he li n e o f t h e l eas t re si s t a nce .

But th e rea l goa l the t ru e ai m of educa tio n i s fi x e d I t i s a


, .

b righ te r a high er a i m th an ( Win) th e grea t est t h e ori sts of th e past


,

d rea m e d of To ca tch a gli mpse of t h at goal is to be stro ng t o


.

ov e rcom e all d i fii cu lt i e s t o win a n e w i nsight i n d e al i ng with th e


,

m a t e ri als o f k n o w l e dge a nd t o fi nd a n e w powe r o f e vok in g


, ,

e v e n u nd e r grea t d l fii c u l ti e s th e c a pa citi e s of th e h u m a n spi ri t


, .

—th e n p un si hm b u t a l l
e n ts , e w
re nn a va i l i n A t as a re a t ve o f o ne o f l t l i
th e r ng ea d e rs t o o k h i m as d e , a n d
i l i d i e sc r ed to h i m i n e ta a nd i d il w th
g r t
ea fo rce t h e c on t o n o di i
f o n e o f hi i
i s v c t m s s or d -
p c u re oo . Th i w it t k
h ld
o o f the y
o u ng t ra n I ca m e n o h i s na rro fi e o f vi s o n , li k e n
y t t i t . w ld i
h
t o rc . t
l i e s o p pe h i s pers e c u o n , a n d becam e th e c a m p o n of h is
d ti h i
i i
fo rm e r v ct m s .
C O NCL U S I O N

A GREA T d e al has be e n
t hi s l i tt l e book a bou t l i n es
sa id in
colo urs s o u n d s e tc T hat was i n e vi tabl e s i n c e i t i s a book
, , .
,

a bou t t h e t ra i n i ng of th e i m agi n a t i on i n c h ildhood .

Art i s as Tol s t oi h as s ho wn a h u m an activi t y by which we


, , ,

co m m u n ica te o u r fe e li ngs to o t h e rs .

Sp ee c h i s a h u m an ac t i vi t y by wh ich we co m m u n ica t e o u r
,

thought s (our fe e li n gs are co m mun ica t e d m a in ly by ge s t u re s ,

t on e s e x pre ss i on )
, .

W i t hou t Sp e e ch th e re coul d be l i tt l e d e v e lopm e nt of th e


r e as o n i ng po we r .

W i t h ou t A rt t h e re can be lit t l e d e ve lop m e n t of the e m o


t i o nal li fe .

I f pe opl e l ack e d th e p o we r o f s p e e ch t hat i s th e c ap aci t y t o


,

r e c e iv e th e thou gh t s o f o th e r m e n a n d co m mu n ic a t e t h e i r o wn

t hough t s th e y w o u ld b e lik e wil d b e as t s


, .

A nd if to quo t e T ol s to i l i t e r al l y
,

t h e y l ack e d t h is o t h e r
,

c a p aci t y of b e i n g i n fe ct e d by a rt p e o pl e m i g h t be m o r e sa v age
,

s t i l l an d a bov e a ll m o re s e para t e d fro m a n d m o re h os t il e t o


, , ,

o n e a no t h e r

.

Bu t th e p ow e r t o s p e ak i s a tt a i n e d ea rly i n li fe — t h at i s a bo u t
th e s e c o n d o r t hi rd y e ar .

A n d th e cap aci t y fo r a rt an d des i r e to exp r ess fi el i ngs t h a t


,

h av e b e e n liv e d t h ro u gh i s a l s o a tt ai n e d i n e a rly chi l d h ood


a n d m ay be h i gh ly d e v e lop e d a n d t ra i ne d i n ch i l d h o od .
1 9 0 Con clu s i on

Th e d e sire to pre ss fe e li ng a nd th e po w e r to e xp res s i t


ex .

is no t con fin e d t o art cr i t ics In d e e d i t i s dou b t ful w he th er


-
.
,

t h es e h av e a ny fe e l ings t o e xpre ss tho ugh t h ey m ay h av e m any ,

t houghts a bout art Si mpl e pe opl e (lik e the J ap an es e ) you ng


.
,

n a ti o ns lik e t h e a nci e n t G r e e ks working pe opl e of a ll ,

l ands and ch ildre n h av e origi n at e d t h e music th e d ra ma t h e


, , , ,

sculp t u re t h e ga m e s an d th e s t ori es t h a t are i mmorta l


, .

A nd t h e y h av e d on e t hi s no t be ca us e t h e y ha v e som e occu l t
pow e r d e ni e d t o a l l oth e rs B ut be ca us e th e y hav e e xp resse d
tr u t h fully a nd n atu rally fe e li ngs t ha t do not di e and t h a t a re
'

com m on to al l .

This fac t is obs cure d for u s tod ay wh e n we go i n to t he


hous e s o f t he workin g cl ass es a nd se e on ly ch ea p a nd showy ,

pic t u re s h u n g o n t he wa l l s a n d i na rti st ic furnitu re i n th e roo m s


, .

Bu t a l i tt l e co n sid era t ion o nly is n ee d e d to s e e t ha t th e se sho wy


t hings —n a m e ly the be ad orn a m e n t s a nd ugly chin a the che a p
, . ,

,
a n wa —
pict u re s a nd fl u t i ng ll pa pe rs do no t e xp re ss th e e mo t i o nal
-

life of t h e i r own e rs a t al l o r i n a ny ca s e t h e y e xpr ess on ly th e i r


, ,

most sup e rfici al t e mporary an d insigni fi ca n t fee li ngs Th e y


, .

a re b ought i n h as t e I n i vve r both e re d wi t h e m sa id a


“ ” ’
.
,

Yo rkshir e wo ma n of he r ugly pictu re s N o Th e re was not hi n g . .

of her l ife o r fe e li n gs i n t h e m Th ey w e re su ppli e d by ve nd ors


.

a nd furn ish e rs who a re c e rta i n ly n o t con ce rn e d to e x pre ss the

d e e p e mo t io na l life of any h um an crea tu re .

Th at childre n n e e d e moti on a l e xp re ssi o n an d s triv e to fi n d ,

it no t si m ply by cri e s an d c la morous e fforts at spe e c h as i n


, ,

th e ir b abyh oo d bu t t h rough art i s easi ly forgo tt e n t o day


, , .

For our whol e syste m of e l e m en ta ry e du ca tion up ti l l re ce nt ,

days was d e sign e d t o crush t his d e si re a nd pre ve n t i t s e xpres


, ,

s ion . Ev e n i n t hose schools wh e re dra wi ng an d m us ic w e re


ta ugh t the se art s ha ve h i t h e rt o bee n t rea te d no t at al l as m eans
,

of e xpre ssi ng th e tru e fee l i ngs o f t he chi ld re n T ha t is why .

t h e chi l d re n did no t res pond .

I m p re sse d as t h e y w e re by l i vi ng forms an d face s, by acti ve


Con c/ns i on 1 9 1

crea tu re s of t he l o we r an im al world th e y w e re se t to dra w cu be s


,

bo xe s an d e x t raordi na ry ar t i fici a l forms cal l e d


,

fre e h an d -

copi e s ! So ngs we re t a ugh t which h ad no re fe re nce a t a ll to


th e ir life an d fe e li ngs I n so m e case s th e whol e i nte res t a n d
.

e en rgy w as consum e d i n t e ch n iqu e — e v e n wh i l e t h e most


i m po rta nt part of t e ch n iqu e such as th e brea thi ng an d contro l
,

of the brea th was n egl e cte d I n oth e r cases songs u nsui t.


,

a bl e — s uch as

J u it
an a a S pa ish love s o ng
n ,
~ — w e re gi ve n ’
.

And th e v e ry no t ion of d anci ng i n e l e m e nta ry schools was


scou te d by th e ma jorit y of publ ic e du ca t ion alis t s as pe rfec t ly
mons t rous I t is no t s t ra nge t ha t the child re n soo n c e as e d to
.

re mi nd th e p e opl e th a t t h e y h ad a ny ca paci t y fo r art

An d ye t o n e h as on ly t o ob se rv e t he c o m mo n pe opl e and ch il
dr e n t o day i n ord er t o s e e t h at th e y no t on ly h av e a ca pa city fo r
th is hu m a n activi t y b ut t h at i n a l l th e ir i nt e rcourse i t is th e
,

pro mi ne nt fac t o r Th e y no so on e r com e toge th e r i n u n re


.

stra i n e d and disi nte re st e d i nte rcours e th an th e wi ll a nd t he


po we r to t ra n s mi t fee lings t h rough art re veal s itse lf I n th e .

North an d W e s t Hi ghla nds th e p e opl e s ti ll m ee t toge th e r


i n t h e e v e ni ngs round b u t o r bo t hy fi re s i d es Ta l es a re .

t old at such gath e ri ngs t h a t are m od e ls of fi n e art i n th e ir


way . No t a su pe rfl uous word n o t a si ngl e i n e ffe c t iv e or su pe r
,

fl uo us ge s t ur e So m e ti m e s t h e tal e te lli ng passe s i n to a ki nd


.
-

of discou rs e O ne spe ak e r st a n ds fort h from t h e re st a nd hol ds


.

the whol e com pa ny s a t t e n tion Th e y are bo rn ora t ors


’ “ ”
.
,

sa id a p ri e s t who h ad li ste n e d t o s u c h di sc o u rse s round t he ‘

p ea t fi res of poo r m u d floo r dw e l lings i n t he H e brid es


- -
.

N or h a ve we any rea so n t o t h ink t h a t th e s e m e n h a ve spe cia l


gi fts d en i e d t o o t h e rs C arlyl e re co rds the wond e rfu l a rt e x
.

h i bi te d i n a ll t h e word po rt ra i t s sk e t ch ed wi t h ca re l e ss ea s e b y
-

h i s fa t h er as h e t alk e d at t h e fi re sid e Ev e n t he E ngl ish m an


.
,

if no t wo rdy c e rtai n ly e xpre ss e s fee ling in fe c t iously wh e n he


,

m eet s h is fe llows u n d e r favou ra bl e c i rcu mstan ce s Las t ni ght .


,

i n a c e ll a r u nd e rne a t h a public ha ll a n old Yorksh ire man (who ,


” f "? $703 !

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1 3 1 11 1 7 1 : LI I

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Mo re:

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i i Tt " 1 7“ O f fill et d o we zs
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m m h e m cm n s
' ' “ '
of s :
! n : o rc zn
z , .

g o n t
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o
thin k I n I
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-’
l '
UM A 1 1V : fi t
: we re 30 an xi o us to i
g ev
.

1h : m th in/ 1 th e y d o no t ne e d, a nd wi l l no t y et us e
1 9 2 Con rl ns i on

h ad n e ve r be e n to s chool ) k e p t th e e ye s of an ad mi ring ci rcl e


fixe d on h im I t was n o t di fficu lt (e v e n t hough h e S pok e a broa d
.

d i a l e c t n ot e asi ly t o be u nd e rst oo d by th e stra nge rs ) t o fo llow


al l h e sa id For h e a ct e d ou t a ll h is story wi t h ge sture s wh ich
.


co uld not be m isi nt e rpre t e d so vivaci o us and e xpress iv e w ere
t h e y A s for chi ld re n do we not se e how e ven i n the da rk est
.
, ,

s lum the y wi ll d an ce i f a ny s tr ee t orga n ist wi l l p l a y — how t h e y


, ,

wi l l s i ng if i t be but th e r e frai n of a music h al l or som e vu lga r


,
-
,

j i ngo a i r Th e su pe r fici al o bse rve r h ea ring and see i ng m ay


-
.
,

t h i n k t h at t h ey are inca pa b l e of a ppreci ating a nythi ng b e t t e r .

And ye t t h e se v er y chi ld re n choose t h e be s t wh e n i t is o ffe re d


to th e m W h e n slu m school l i b ra ri es w e re b e i ng i n troduc e d
.

a visi t or would as k t h e chi ld re n i n a cl ass wh i c h s t ori e s t h e y

l i k e d be st I t was be li e ve d th a t t h e y would n a m e som e we a k


.

writ e r of li tt l e scra ps or se n t im e nta l tal e s Bu t no Th e


,
. .

story of J os e ph wa s fou nd to be th e mos t popu l a r of a l l a n d .


close aft e r follow e d H a ns And e rson s T al e s the Ugly Duck ,

l ing be i ng pe rh aps th e pri m e favou ri t e G rim m an d And e rso n



.

w e re rea d eage rly Th e story o f Jos e ph was spo k e n of wi t h


.

s parkl in g e ye s An d th e s e w e re the b e s t s t o r i e s As for si ng


. .

i ng e v e n lit t le chi ldre n of fi ve a n d s ix s oo n l e a rn t o sing b ea uti


,

fu lly I f only t he t e ach e r k nows how t o u se h e r own voic e a nd is


.
,

no t co t
n en t m r
e e ly to l ea rn t h e

Sol fa a n d g i v e e a r te s
-
t s— ’
i f s he -

love m usic and ca n giv e the righ t k i n d of t e achi ng t h e n v e ry



qu ickly t he cl ass room b e co m e s a p lac e wh e re th e child s cl a i ms
-

a s a n a r t i st a re vi ndica t e d Prim a don nas h av e l is te ne d i n wond e r


.

a nd a d mira t ion al rea dy t o th e si ngi ng i n Bo ard Schoo l s M ore .

t h an on e gre a t musici a n has e xcl a i m e d Wh at a fi e ld i s he re


—wh a t w ealth of m usical t a l e n t wh ich we n e v e r d rea m e d of ”
.

No W e h av e had no ti m e t o d re a m o f t he pow e rs pos se sse d


by chi ldre n W e h a v e b e e n t oo busy i n fo rci ng u po n t h e m t hi n gs
.

fo r wh i ch t h e y w e re not r e a dy W e h a v e no t h
. a d t i m e to
th i nk of t h e ir real nee ds b e ca us e we w e re so anxious to gi v e
,

t h e m t hings which th e y do no t n e e d and wi ll no t ye t u se ,


Conclu s io n 1 93

J ust as we are ap t to forge t t h at the worki n g pe opl e are t h e


prod u cer s of w ea l t h so we are ap t to forge t th at th ey and th e i r
, ,

child ren a re a l re ady poss e sse d of gr ea t we a l t h So we l e t th e .

weal th be w as t e d I n e ve ry sl um dis trict wh e re m ean s h av e


.
,

bee n t ak e n to supply th e ch i ld re ns nee ds w h e re w ash i n g and ’


,

swi m ming ba t hs are provi d e d wh e re brigh t l au ndry a nd ,

cook e ry ce n tre s a re a tta ch e d so tha t negl e ct e d ch i ldre n ca n ,

l ea rn wh a t i t is to pu t cl ea n clo t h e s on a cl e a n body wh e re ,

l igh t an d fai r colou rs an d gree n li ving t hi ngs a n d sym pa t hy


, , ,

are —
fou n d wh er e t each e rs a re a llow e d t o h e l p ere th e y
tea ch an ,

d to s t re ng t h e n e re th e y ad monish i h th es e di stric t s
you ng hum an li fe spr i ngs forth gl a d a n d bright an d th e lov e of ,

art an d d esi re t o e x p res s fre sh t e n d e r l ove ly fee li n gs th at ,

i n fe ct i s born Th e sl u m ch i l d s ee ms t o sli p fro m a ll h i s


"
.

d egrada tions as his sh am e ful soi l ed clo t h i ng i s ca s t from h i m .

V e ry s oo n he b e gi ns t o move grace fu lly and e xpre ssiv e ly t o ,

si ng d ra w act
, H e i s no lo nge r a cr ea t ur e wh o can gi ve
,
.

n oth i ng bu t on ly r e c e iv e H e also has som e th i n g to gi v e


. .

w —
And to whom wil l ch i ld re n giv e this ne fre e gi ft th e mos t ,

origi n a l th e most d isi nt e re st e d gi ft of all —th a t i s to sa y th e ir


,

o wn fe e l ings e xpr esse d i n a rt Th e a nsw e r i s obvi o us Th e y . .

w ill giv e i t firs t of al l an d a bo ve al l to th e ir pare n ts Th e y .


wi ll giv e th e i r art to t h e working p e opl e t o t hose wh o
ha v e cea s e d to e xpress t h e i r o wn fe eli ngs ad e qu ate ly ,

a nd h a v e bo ught ch e a p pri nt s a n d ugly orn am e n t s t o t ak e ,

t h e pl ac e of t h e i r o wn l ost art An d s o m e ch i ldren .


, ,

h appily not th e m ajori t y w i l l o ffe r t h e i r gifts to pa ren ts w ho


,

h av e cea se d to try to ex pre ss th e ms e lv e s an d com mu ni cat e any


mo re as h u m an be i ngs an d who go i n d e sp ai r to se e spe c t acl e s
,

th a t co n v e y d e h u m an isi ng fee l i ngs or who it m ay be d rown a l l


-
, , ,

h u m a n con sc io usn e ss i n str o ng dri n k W ill th e y u n d e rsta n d .

To e vo k e in o nese lf a fee li n g o ne h as o nce e xp e ri en ce d , a nd h vi


a ng

evo k ed it in o nesel f t h by m e n, eans o f m o vem e n s , t li l


n es , co our s , so u n d s

fo rm s xp di w d
ress e t t or s , so o rans m it h t li
t a fee n g th t th
a o e rs m ay
m f l i g—thi i t h
or e n
xp i ti i ty f A t Tols toy
.

e e r e nce th e sa e ee n s s e ac v o r .

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