ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

The Link Budget

Power

Antenna
gain
Output
power
Feeder
loss
Free
space Feeder
loss Antenna loss Recieved power
gain
Fading
margin
Receiver threshold

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Fading Margin

Fading margin > Rain fading + Multipath fading

● Rain fading
Dominant cause of fading for f > 10
GHz
● Multipath fading
Dominant cause of fading for f < 10
GHz

Common fading margin: 25 - 40 dB

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Far Interference

Tx=f2
Tx=f1 Rx=f1
Rx=f2

Tx=f1
Rx=f2
Tx=f2
Rx=f1

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Near Interference

Tx=f1
Rx=f2

Tx=f2
Rx=f1

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Adjacent channel interference

fRx fTx

Interference

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Threshold Degradation, I
Power Received
power

Fading margin,
Fading margin, interfered
uninterfered receiver
receiver
Threshold
degradation

Receiver
threshold
ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 Threshold Degradation, contd.

Rule-of-Thumb:

Threshold degradation < 3 dB

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Threshold Degradation, contd.

-70
Receiver Threshold, dB

-72
-74
-76
-78
-80
-82
-84
-86 3 dB
-88
-90
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Signal-to-Interference Ratio, dB

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Channel Separation

Channel
separation
Capacity Channel separation
● 2x2 Mbit/s 3.5 MHz
● 4x2 / 8 Mbit/s 7.0 MHz
● 8x2 Mbit/s 14.0 MHz
● 17x2 / 34 Mbit/s 28.0 MHz

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Channel Plan
Low sub-band High sub-band
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B

f
Duplex distance

Tx=4A Tx=4B
Rx=4B Rx=4A
L (Low) H (High)

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 High / Low Tx Channel Allocation
H L
H L
H

H L
H L

Near
interference
H/L
ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 High / Low Tx Channel Allocation, II

Rings with an odd number of sites

should be avoided.

H L H H
L L
New freq.
band

H/L H L H

Interference! Ok! Ok!

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 Channel Plan, contd.

7 channels:
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

f
28 MHz
(17x2 Mbit/s)

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Channel Plan, contd.

11 channels:

f
28 MHz 14 MHz
(17x2 Mbit/s) (8x2 Mbit/s)

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Channel Plan, contd.

15 channels:

f
28 MHz 14 MHz 7 MHz
(17x2 Mbit/s) (8x2 Mbit/s) (4x2 Mbit/s)

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Output Power

Only high output power:

High output
power High output High output
power power

Interference!

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Output Power, contd.

High and low output power:

Low output
power High output Low output
power power

No interference!

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Antennas
Standard High Performance

10-15 dB

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Antennas, contd.
Real antenna diagram

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Antennas, contd.

Standard antenna

Interfered site

High performance
antenna
Ok!
ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 Frequency Planning

“Detailed planning of radio link parameters

in order to minimize interference.”

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Frequency Planning, contd.
Determining factors for the influence of
interference:
● The carrier to interference ratio (C/I) at the
input
of the interfered receiver
● The receiver selectivity, i.e. receiver
bandwidth
and the frequency separation between carrier
and
interfering signal
● The spectrum width of the interfering signal
ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 Frequency Planning, contd.

The influence of interference can be reduced

by increasing C/I and/or the frequency separation.

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Frequency Planning, contd.
Frequency planning methods:
● Frequency (channel) separation
● Transmitter attenuation (at interfering transm.)
● Cross polar antenna dscrimination (V/H)
● Co polar antenna discrimination (directivity)
● Larger antennas (smaller beam width and
higher antenna gain)
● High performance antennas (side- and back
lobe attenuation)
● Reduced spectrum width (low deviation)
ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 Tools

- RAPS (RAdio Planning System)

PC based Ericsson product

- IQ-Link
UNIX based Comsearch product

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1