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A\ghertslan ond te erie Sabrina} ke ————_—27 DECLINE OF GREAT MUSLIM EMPIRE IN THE SUBCONTINENT “An empire founded by war has to mai eee intain itself by war.” (CI i No period in Indian history has dre If by war.” (Charles de Montesquieu) a much attention and 5 iat Se Eee ae a many Indian hlsiodane Wits Momeiie Sant in f it lived for centuries in the Western imagi EiSipaee nee symbolised most clearly by the b of the empire in 1526 through its absorption into the Brit Mughals explores all aspects of the culture of this mighty civilisation, Howener ahey cn tong, by the beginning of the 18th century, syinptoms of degeneration had appeared in the Mughal gjstem. The Marathas had shaken the empire to its foundations by inflicting defeats on Mughal amies in the Deccan and the west. In northern India, the Jat landlords and peasants repeated! challenged the imperial authority, while in the Punjab region in the northwest, rebellious groups embracing Sikhism emerged as a significant hostile force. Aurangzeb’s policies were against the traditions of Mughal rulership. The Mughal Empire reached its zenith in the time of Aurangzeb, but collapsed with dramatic brusqueness within a few decades after his death, Although some histovians tave attempted to lay the blame for this collapse entirely on Aurangzeb’s zealotry, yet there were many causes that led to the decline and ultimately collapse of the Muslim Empire in the subcontinent. Some of the main causes are as follows: ish Empire in 1857, the empire of the great IMMENSITY OF THE EMPIRE ‘The Mughal Empire has been growing in size from the time of Akbar, With the conquest of the south by Aurangzeb, it covered almost whole of India from Kashmir to river Kaveri and from Kabul to Chittagong. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire had expanded substantially. The annexation of Deccan had made the empire so vast that it practically was impossible to run the administration, Communications were difficult, distances were enormous. The Empire, therefore, began to sink under its own weight. Mughal princes lacked essential qualities to deal with the affairs of a kingdom. Consequently, they could not sustain the empire once a symbol of grandeur and glory, CENTRALISED ADMINISTRATION There were no systems of democratic *entralisation in those days. The provincial Government looked to the emperor for orders. ae was: the fountain of all honours, dpe . bs administrative power and the a on Of supreme justice, The emperor was making ae and had unlimited freedom in 'aws. Although he had a council of dec From 1744 to 1763 the British, French, and Marathas engaged in a series of military engagements for dominance of the Carnatic, a coastal strip in southeast India stretching from just north of Madras to the ‘southernmost tip. These were known as the Carnatic Wars.28 and his word was law. The only restriction was that iplures and Islamic traditions. The great Muy who ruled fairly and justly. Most of them gig Iso attempted to improve the lives of thei ministers, he was not bound to consult them, had to follow the guidelines set forth in the seri kings can best be described as benevolent despots, involve their ministers in decision making. They also subjects, although there was no socialistic work in their times. INEPT SUCCESSORS OF AURANGZEB / . The first six Mughal emperors from Babur to Aurangzeb are, d rbd oy The Great Mughals”, The emperors after Aurangzeb are called "The Later Mughals”. These later Mughals were weak and worthless, They could not save the empire from rapid decline. Especially, after the death of ‘Aurangzeb, his incapable and weak successors lacked the capability of holding his vast empire. They were brought up in worldly comforts and could not stand hardships. The rulers like Muhammad Shah Rangila loved singing and dancing, more than affairs of the empire. Jahandar Shah ruled at the advice of a dancing girl named Lal Kumari, So, the degeneration of the rulers led to the degeneration of the nobility, with factious quarrels and intrigues, costing the empire heavily. A contemporary historian Khafi Khan wrote “In the brief reign of Jahandar, violence had full sway. It was a fine time for minstrels and singers and all the tribes of dancers and actors.” WEAK CENTRAL GOVERNMENT A strong central government was the prerequisite for a strong sultanate. When the central government becomes weak rebellions and upheavals plague the country. Under the later Mughals, the provinces like Oudh and Bengal were under powerful rulers who paid nominal respect to Delhi. These provinces had virtually become independent. When the rulers lost their control on the central government, Marathas of Deccan, Sikhs of Punjab and Jats of Agra and Delhi also exploited the situation. They set up several independent states in their respective areas. The emperors helplessly saw the reduction of their territory to a very small area around Delhi. No RULES FOR SUCCESSION Mughals had no set rules for succession, Whenever a ruler died, there appeared many princes to claim for the right to succession. There was a war among them. For example, Aurangeeb's son Bahadur Shah-l ascended to the throne after a bloody combat with his brothers. He was too old to rule effectively, and died within five years. The next emperor Jahandar Shah got the throne by killing his three brothers. He was killed within a year by his nephew, Farrukhsiyar. The victorious prince would slay his opponents and ascend to the throne. The nobles and army was, therefore, divided ina groups. This gave a coup de grice to the prestige and power of the government, Many orn generals were slain, The succession war that took place among the sons of the Shah Iehay bin nnee great damage to the goodwill of the Mughal dynasty. Specs enfiicted a FALTERED ECONOMY The wars and expeditions of Mughal arm; y also affected agriculture safe anymore, Army movements through agricultural fields spoilt crops and okige ae the t indered the unsafe because of the presence of bandit conditions. As a result, markets of Delhi, Aa rege AAvantage of the uncertain and unstable , Me ‘gra, Mathura and Lahore became desolate. The industries DEDof these cities had to close their was that the jagirs were not th take any interest in increasin, interested in exploiting the pe; fa result, many peasants ab; they worked on and left for historians point out that in the 18th century, a powerful class of traders and bankers emerged, ‘They not only gave loan on high interest to local rulers, but also collected Tevenue on their behalf, They had a close relationship with the East Indig he permanent 8 Agricultural andoned the lands other places. Some 29 business due to lack of buyers, Another reason for the economic crises Possessions of its holder; therefore, landowners did not Output and development of their land. They were only “asants by collecting as muc! if h money as they could within their tenure, As ‘Akbar instituted the civil service system upon which the Mughal Empire’s administration was based. The system had Its roots in the Delhi Sultanate, when rulers such as Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad ibn Tughlug created a prototypical revenue and payroll Company and also worked with them. ‘They hired weavers, other artisans to prepare clothe and many useful things, which the Company ‘would ship to foreign countries. plan, Sher Shah Suri reorganized it, and Akbar refined it LACK OF RESOURCES & CHICANERY OF NOBILITY The empire also faced grave financial ‘roubles. There was neither enough money nor jagirs to assign to various officers, This led to rivalry among the nobles for the possessing the existing jagirs, They tried to extort the maximum income fr rom their jagirs at the cost of the peasantry. Attempts were made to transform existing offices and jagirs into hereditary ones, Due to the weakness of the Mughal rulers, the provinces of Bengal, Gujarat, Deccan and Oudh became autonomous and independent. As a result, the financial resources of the government became scarce and the government exchequer became empty. The rebellions of the Satnamis, Jats, and the Sikhs were indicative of this. The zamindars too became rebellious and withheld revenue. In the last days of the Mughal rule, the emperors were the pensioners of the British administration. Due to the lack of financial resources, it had become difficult to raise huge army for defence. So, the officers invariably reduced their expenditure by not maintaining their full quota of troops thus weakening the empire’s armed strength. Thus, the worsening condition of economy became the cause of the decline of the Muslim rule in the subcontinent. LAGGING BEHIND IN EDUCATION Another perilous drawback of Mughal rule was that the Mughal rulers failed miserably to devote even a fraction of their treasuries on anything resembling modem education, Aurangzeb = especially sceptical about the relevance of modem science and technology. Whereas : e a 7 nations had begun to invest in printed books and public universities, the Mughal mn a oe i i a though the Mughal at best a passing interest in the sciences. As a result, even 1 mpire Aurangzeb had ne fended off the expansion of European oe setlemes in ie durable foundation for the unity and scientific advancement of India had ea ai EA a a a Mughal rule had left India largely incapable of dealing with the challenge of Europ cultural ascendance. EPICUREAN LIFESTYLE in uous The opulence and prolongation of Mughal rule made the Mughal pal coe es Yoluptowe life. At the royal court, the jesters and musicians were preferred over30 soldiers. When the nobles saw that the flatterers enjoyed more ae and were bowoued pe than anybody else, they were tempted to the same course. Some of them pelea some dreamt independence. Many of them spent time in plots, Le raaare aire ane Emperors were too impotent to control them. Instead, they became puppets fe ant ae ae a a . nobles like Sayyid Brothers. Worst of all, the nobility divided into factions. zs ility was largely responsible for the decline of the empire. AKBAR’S UNDUE LIBERAL POLICY Akbar made a number of conquests and set up an effective administration in his vast empire. He, however, was so liberal that he married Hindu women and appointed Hindus on key posts. Thus, Hindus became influential and began to exercise their powers in state affairs. ‘Akbar also introduced a new religion Deen- i-llahi which led him to take such measures that were against the tenets of Islam. This policy caused a great harm to his vast empire and led it on the way to decline. WEAK MILITARY FORCE Degeneration in the military force is another important cause of the decline of the Muslims in the subcontinent. The Muslim rulers could not perceive the call of the time. They didn’t give ianportance to have bigger arsenals, develop modern weaponry and latest techniques of warfare. The army was over-the-hill in weapons and the soldiers still depended on arrows and lances which were not enough to meet the new challenges. When rulers and the nobles became unworthy of their position, the Mughal army too became inefficient. Gone were the days when the soldiers of Babur could suffer extreme hardships on the Indian soil. The armies of the later Mughals had no vigour, courage or will necessary for decisive military role. Their generals became otiose and pleasure-loving. The military had not only become inefficient ecom but also lacked in training, discipline and cohesion, It consisted of contingents maintained by various nobles; the main source of army's weakness, The generals had lost courage and had become so ease-loving that they went in litters to the battlefield, and were accompanied by servants and wom when the E .ched India, they took advantage of the weaknes: sical ee captured their territories. LACK OF NAVAL POWER ir territories. en. During the 16th century, s of the Muslim army and took wressive displ, aes across t . when the company's next ong ney Hed 10 the inglish fe Arabian Sea to Mecca, was well received.” ssador, Sir Tho, Roi or protection at sea, and Tt was thi able t. A eeaness that the French a vertndia, | "4 the British use, 'o establish their control a ’ to their advantage,FOREIGN INVASIONS ghals. Bears . the Marathas trigues, Peet in these critical circumstances, the courtiers dismantled the remaining prestige of te nae emo the invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali : yet it only pro : a position strong in the subcontinent, ¥ Provided the Britishers with an opportunity to FOREIGN EABALS Miidin Pgaitos The English who had come as traders took full advantage of the intemal anarchy. They caballed with Mir Jaffar and became the masters of Bengal. It made their success possible in the Anglo-French wars in Deccan, In Mysore, they won over Mir Sadiq to betray Tipu Sultan. They used their military power as well as trickery to weaken the Muslim rulers and succeeded in their imperialistic designs. After the failure of the Independence War of 1857, they put an end to the Muslim rule and brought the whole subcontinent under their control. INTERNAL CONSPIRACIES European powers had been competing with one another since the 16th century to gain control of the Asian trade routes that bypassed the Arabs, who had long dominated the commerce. In the mid-18th century one power achieved hegemony: Britain. The impotent successors of Aurangzeb made the Royal Court an area of conspiracies. The ministers and nobles possessed key posts and had monopoly on state affairs. This struggle badly upset the whole administration. Jealousy and hypocrisy ruled the country. The nobles quarrelled among themselves for power. Such a state of affairs tured the country too weak to survive. LACK OF NATIONALISM There was no spirit of political nationalism among people of the Mughal Empire, This was because India or the Mughal Empire at that time lacked the elements that constitute @ modern nation, The people did not think that they belonged to one nation, even though elements of cultural unity ha existed in the country for centuries. Abraham Eraly writes, it d 7 i it rope, behind even China, Japan ani Te Mughal Eee ey a el can scant spirit of enterprise among Indian practices were archaic. There Persia, There was hardly any vigour in the oH the people. In agriculture, industry and trade, was no ferment of ideas..."Cae Ga i a eerwrane a] East. pnjob ph Ait — Hi daa AE hela. Tdi i sift auf ee oft avd lent ks fii a at eth oed “alacen tf spol hi — Tt ‘cleat £0 a aT ja bindic.. nen . he youn— a Nabe, stadia — led oan, “Had Fadl's— eed Emvenog._Nelat?s fihk Saounch nathan eae _— — he his. bhbance, trial y ow). at Yo “thei. _cincle. Hvevet, Shs fie | 7 alid nt ut ely. Ay: Sele am ae Pies. fence ber'L He aed hai alte HE de O otn, he. fobareded gf Sufibr with. tel ve Ausf ue olseiple of K Cire Pay bie, be teal feat. $2 Came Ke Pathe — WalBe. yf. 4 ich, wit Agate pa Seve fnowhefie. tl! t. e——— ae ? PO Ae “ho able os eas dance Aba nol teainith 10 0. ffett——— Coop. 04. a ma ar Te Abe Sd tsnalll publideas — Oh de fused ney fa—— - 4G ge, ee Thee beg. Shaith_—— pedliomad. This Hated adh bis sncties ——— (easter ere pgBim ~~ os Tees Lids (22. : Ye fot Si0-2..ofe-—# ; = ee Patt fetal ag. all ests akan hee akeveloharent.. J— heel we eget fo tabowswly mes The. “Wema Ss the headers dence. = -SLelisindly ee {yq-.26. poses ca Me nak ay a “Vesey they hod a ~Ceored bs hee The DY "Qeem_s est Comsgauuent, ody The \ the. ahah, Yew _ oh seayeally a —adweThe- Sout ~ISava odes sn the ugek_ a = _— ON head agioons ~w

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