Aegean Type and Aegeanizing Pottery From

ORIGIN I
Rivista di Preistoria e Protostoria delle Civiltà Antiche

Review of Prehistory and Protohistory of Ancient Civilizations
Fondata da / Review Founder

Salvatore M. Puglisi
© Roma 2021, Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon S.r.l.
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SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA
DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE DELL’ANTICHITÀ — MUSEO DELLE ORIGINI
ORIGINI
PREHISTORY AND PROTOHISTORY
OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
PREISTORIA E PROTOSTORIA
DELLE CIVILTÀ ANTICHE
XLIV ‑ 2020
Origini è una rivista annuale soggetta a processo di peer-review ed è pubblicata da /
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“SAPIENZA” UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA
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Francesca Balossi Restelli, Cecilia Conati Barbaro, Lucia Mori, Alessandro Vanzetti
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Peter M.M.G. Akkermans (Leiden), Barbara Barich (Roma), M. Giovanna Biga (Roma),
Alberto Cazzella (Roma), Mireille David-Elbiali (Genève), Savino Di Lernia (Roma), Nick Drake (London),
Marcella Frangipane (Roma), Anthony Harding (Exeter), Adria LaViolette (Charlottesville-Virginia),
Cristina Lemorini (Roma), Mario Liverani (Roma), Alessandra Manfredini (Roma),
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Agostinetti (Roma), Mark Pearce (Nottingham), Catherine Perlès (Paris), Susan Pollock (Berlin),
Giulia Recchia (Roma), John Robb (Cambridge), Manuel Santonja (Burgos), Enza Spinapolice
(Roma), Jiri Svoboda (Brno), Norman Yoffee (Santa Fe, New Mexico), Daniela Zampetti (Roma).
Revisione grafica / Graphic editing: Giovanni Carboni
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La Rivista è stata stampata con il contributo dell’Ateneo

INDICE
7 The Sociality of Food in Late Chalcolithic Anatolia: A View from Material Culture at
the Site of Arslantepe
Francesca Balossi Restelli, Maria Bianca D’Anna, Cristina Lemorini, Lucia Mori, Daniela
Zampetti
35 Social Aspects of Plant and Animal Consumption at late Chalcolithic Arslantepe,
Turkey
László Bartosiewicz, Laura Sadori, Alessia Masi, Cristiano Vignola
51 Late Chalcolithic population in Arslantepe: Stable Isotope Reconstruction of Diet
and Subsistence Strategies
Paola Iacumin, Antonietta Di Matteo, Antonella Macrì, Elisa Galli
65 The Neolithic to Copper Age Transition in Central Italy: A View from the Chipped Stone
Artefacts of Fossacesia (CH, Abruzzo)
Cristiana Petrinelli Pannocchia
93 Emulation in Ceramic of A Bronze Bucket of the Kurd Type From Tiryns
Joseph Maran, Philipp W. Stockhammer
111 Aegean-type and Aegeanizing Pottery from Ionian Apulia. New Studies and Provenance
Analyses
Elena Matricardi, Reinhard Jung, Hans Mommsen, Marco Pacciarelli, Johannes H. Sterba
149 The Land of the Ancestors and Socioeconomic Dynamics in Nuragic Sardinia
Mauro Perra
171 Fragmentation of Metal in Italian Bronze Age Hoards: New Insights from a Quantitative
Analysis
Giancarlo Lago
195 Recensioni/Reviews
Questo volume è dedicato alla cara memoria

di Giovanni Carboni e Lucia Vagnetti
5
Origini xliv 2020: 111-148
AEGEAN-TYPE AND AEGEANIZING POTTERY FROM IONIAN APULIA.

NEW STUDIES AND PROVENANCE ANALYSES
Elena Matricardi, Reinhard Jung, Hans Mommsen,

Marco Pacciarelli, Johannes H. Sterba*
Abstract – This paper concerns twenty-six Aegean or Aegean-type ceramic artefacts from two
Bronze Age sites of Ionian Apulia. Eighteen pieces, almost unpublished, were found during the ex-
cavations carried out by F.G. Lo Porto in the long-lasting coastal settlement of Scalo di Furno (Porto
Cesareo), the subject of a new study being edited by E. Matricardi. Another eight finds (only partially
published) come from Caverna Dell’Erba (Avetrana), a natural cavity probably used for cult prac-
tices. The chrono-typological study of the artefacts has allowed us to date most of them to the Late
Helladic IIIB and IIIC periods, corresponding to the Recent Bronze Age in Italian terms. Archaeo-
metric analyses using the NAA method have made it possible to identify some specimens produced
in different regions of Greece and others made in Apulia – either confirming or refining conclusions
drawn from typological and macroscopic fabric analyses. With this approach it was possible, on the
one hand, to expand our knowledge of exchange relationships with Aegean communities, and, on
the other, to specify the typological range of so-called Italo-Mycenaean products as well as to better
define the precise production regions of such ceramics in Apulia.
Keywords – Aegaean-type pottery; Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA); Caverna Dell’Erba; Scalo di Furno.
Riassunto – Il presente contributo riguarda lo studio di ventisei manufatti ceramici egei o di tipo egeo
provenienti da due siti dell’Età del Bronzo della Puglia ionica. Diciotto frammenti, perlopiù inediti, fu-
rono trovati durante gli scavi condotti da F. G. Lo Porto nell’insediamento di lunga durata di Scalo di
Furno (Porto Cesareo), oggetto di nuovi studi in fase di pubblicazione da parte di E. Matricardi. Altri 8
frammenti (solo parzialmente editi) provengono da Caverna Dell’Erba (Avetrana), una cavità naturale
probabilmente utilizzata per attività di culto. Lo studio crono-tipologico ha permesso di datare la mag-
gior parte dei manufatti ad un periodo compreso tra il Tardo Elladico IIIB e il Tardo Elladico IIIC, corri-
spondente all’Età del Bronzo Recente italiana. Le analisi archeometriche svolte col metodo NAA hanno
reso possibile l’identificazione di alcuni esemplari prodotti in diverse regioni della Grecia e di altri pro-
dotti in Puglia – confermando e precisando le conclusioni dedotte dall’analisi tipologica e macroscopica
degli impasti. Tramite questo approccio è stato possibile, da un lato, ampliare la nostra conoscenza sulle
relazioni di scambio con le comunità dell’Egeo, e dall’altro di precisare la serie tipologica della cosiddetta
ceramica Italo-micenea e definire meglio l’area di produzione di tali ceramiche in Puglia.
Parole chiave – Ceramica di tipo egeo; Analisi ad attivazione neutronica (NAA); Caverna Dell’Erba;
Scalo di Furno
* Elena Matricardi, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, University of Naples Federico II, Via Nuova Marina 33,
80133 Naples, Italy; elena.matricardi@libero.it; Reinhard Jung, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Acad-
emy of Sciences, Hollandstr. 11–13, 1020 Vienna, Austria; Reinhard.Jung@oeaw.ac.at; Hans Mommsen Helm-
holtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, University of Bonn, Nussallee 14–16, 53115 Bonn, Germany; mom-
msen@hiskp.uni-bonn.de; Marco Pacciarelli, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, University of Naples Federico
II, Via Nuova Marina 33, 80133 Naples, Italy; marco.pacciarelli@unina.it; Johannes H. Sterba, Center for Labelling
and Isotope Production, TRIGA Center Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria; jsterba@
ati.ac.at
111
Aegean-type and Aegeanizing Pottery from Ionian Apulia
Fig. 1 - Sites discussed in the text. Empty dots designate analyzed clay beds, filled dots designate archaeological
sites. 1 Achaia Clauss; 2 Aigeira; 3 Ascoli Satriano, Giarnera Piccola; 4 Asine; 5 Ayía Sotíra; 6 Broglio di Trebisacce; 7
Caverna Dell’Erba; 8 Chalandrítsa; 9 Epidauros Limera; 10 Francavilla Marittima, Timpone della Motta; 11 Glas; 12
L’Amastuola; 13 Mesagne; 14 Montemesola; 15 Mycenae; 16 Naxos; 17 Porto Saturo (Satyrion); 18 Punta di Zambrone;
19 Roca Vecchia; 20 San Cosimo di Oria; 21 Scalo di Furno; 22 Spaliaréika; 23 Siris; 24 Taranto, Cinema Teatro Fusco;
25 Taranto, Parrocchia del Sacro Cuore; 26 Taranto, Scoglio del Tonno; 27 Termitito; 28 Thapsos; 29 Tiryns; 30 Torre
Mordillo. Cartography M. Börner.
INTRODUCTION tacts between Mycenaean Greece and – to

a lesser extent – Minoan Crete in the east
The purpose of this study is twofold. First,
and continental Italy and Sicily in the west
we present two important and hitherto
(e.g. Taylour 1958; Kilian 1983; Peroni 1989:
nearly unpublished groups of Aegean-type 241-261; Iacono 2015; Borgna 2017). About
and Aegeanizing pottery from Apulia 80 years after the first discoveries, a team
(Matricardi 2015; Matricardi 2018), second, led by Lucia Vagnetti conducted a long-
we want to further investigate the dynam- term archaeological and archaeometric
ics of importation and local production of research project focusing on Aegean-type
wheelmade pottery in Bronze Age south- pottery from southern and parts of central
ern Italy. and northern Italy as well as from Sicily,
Since the excavations at Thapsos in Sic- Sardinia and other minor islands. A main
ily and Scoglio del Tonno in Apulia (Orsi result of that project was the realization
1895; Quagliati 1900), pottery has been the that many of those wheelmade ceramics
focus of all models describing and explain- did not, in fact, come from Greece (Jones et
ing the character and development of con- alii 2014; Jones et alii 2021). Instead, many
112
Fig. 2 - Caverna Dell’Erba, plan and section by Gruppo Speleologico Martinese (1986), scale 1:300, Archive of the
Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le Province di Brindisi, Lecce e Taranto (File no. Busta 1,
Fasc. 7, pp. 1-2).
local workshops dispersed all over Italy ap- compared with the NAA measurements of
pear to have produced wheelmade vessels, the largest existing Mediterranean pottery
which to various degrees follow Aegean databases established at the laboratories
models or, alternatively, combine elements of the Demokritos Institute of Nuclear and
of Italian handmade vessel types with My- Particle Physics in Athens and of the Uni-
cenaean and Minoan traits (cf. also Bettelli versity of Bonn.1 As a result, for the impor-
2002; Jung 2006: 15-19). This was an import- tations mostly rather broad regional clas-
ant achievement opening a new perspec- sifications such as “Peloponnese”, “Crete”,
tive for Aegean pottery research in Italy. “Peloponnese/W. Greece?” were possible
However, one should note that the afore- (Jones et alii 2014: 407-414). Regarding the
mentioned project used three different an- central Mediterranean products, anoth-
alytical methods, the results of which are er effect of the use of different analytical
not compatible in their entirety (between methods was probably the suggestion that
the different Italian sites) and cannot be an exchange of locally made Mycenaean or
1 Sadly, even the NAA results produced by the team working in Italy are not directly (i.e., by statistical means)
compatible with the Bonn and Athens NAA databases (Jones, Levi 2014: 105).
113
Fig. 3 - Caverna Dell’Erba, section of Sector B by Puglisi (1952), Archive of Museo delle Origini, Roma.
Aegeanizing pots between different sites while single vessels came from Boeotia
and regions in Italy took place only to a and central Crete. Moreover, no local Aege-
very limited extent (Jones, Levi 2014: 271- an-type or Aegeanizing products could be
275; Jones et alii 2021: 27). identified, but a few Mycenaean-type ves-
It is therefore a desideratum to under- sels from another south Italian region ar-
take new and targeted analyses of Aege- rived at that settlement on the Tyrrhenian
an-type and Aegeanizing pots from select- coast of Calabria (Jung et alii 2015).
ed Italian sites, in order to identify specific The analyses of Mycenaean-type and
provenance regions in Greece with greater Italo-Mycenaean pots that had been found
precision than before and to compare the at Roca Vecchia in stratigraphic contexts
chemical composition of the Italo-Myce- largely coeval with the phases represented
naean products from different Italian sites. at Punta di Zambrone provided a partially
We started to conduct chemical analyses by different picture (Jung et alii 2021) (fig. 12:
NAA on ceramics from the settlement sites 1). Argive imports were again absent, while
of Punta di Zambrone (western coast of there were a few imports coming from the
southern Calabria) and Roca Vecchia (Adri- western and central Peloponnese as well
atic coast of Apulia) at the Bonn laboratory. as Boeotia and Arcadia. However, most of
Regarding Punta di Zambrone, it turned the pots are members of two large groups,
out that from the later stages of LH IIIB to the first of which (X115) is close to another
LH IIIC Early 1, pottery imports reached chemical group comprising Greek Archaic
the settlement from several different re- pottery as well as local matt-painted Iron
gions in Greece. The regions represent- Age pottery from the site of L’Amastuola
ed are mainly located in the west of the 11.7 km NNW of Scoglio del Tonno (Taran-
country along a hypothetical route from to) and slightly more than 100 km to the
Aetolia-Acarnania in the north, through northwest from Roca Vecchia. This group
Kephallenia, Achaea, Elis and Laconia to includes both Aegean and Aegeanizing
western Crete in the south. Notably, prod- types. The chemical composition of the
ucts from the Argolid were entirely absent, second group (X116) is statistically not very
114
Fig. 4 - Scalo di Furno, photo by Aldo La Capra (1976),

Archive of the Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti
e Paesaggio per le Province di Brindisi, Lecce e Taran-
to (Neg. 5098).
different from that of the first one (K, Rb,

Zn lower), and its members are restricted
to Roca Vecchia so far. None of the ana-
lyzed Aegean-type vessels from Punta di
Zambrone belong to these two – appar-
ently Apulian – groups. It seems, there-
fore, that one can exclude a trade model
according to which merchants would have
sailed all along the Apulian and eastern
Calabrian coasts, while trading pottery of
various provenance with the inhabitants
of different coastal settlements along their
route before arriving in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Similarly, a model of down-the-line-trade,
by which ceramic products would have
passed through successive Italian coastal Fig. 5 - Scalo di Furno, excavation photographs of the
sites from Apulia towards Tyrrhenian Cal- three MBA 3 ovens with burnt vessels lying next to
abria (cf. recently Russell, Knapp 2017: 20- them (a: DIA 2479; b: DIA 2455).
21 [with a focus on Sardinia and Cyprus])
is not plausible. If Roca Vecchia had func- This new project focuses on two sites
tioned as a “gateway” community or an located not very far from each other on
“emporium”, as some have suggested (Jones the Ionian side of the Salento peninsu-
et alii 2014: 452), that hypothetical function la in southern Apulia, Caverna Dell’Erba
apparently did not include an active role in and Scalo di Furno (fig. 1). These two sites,
the wider distribution of Mycenaean-type a cave and a settlement, both show long
and Mycenaeanizing pottery. For any of stratigraphic sequences covering all peri-
these three models to apply we would have ods of the Bronze Age and are thus espe-
expected the presence of some Mycenaean cially suited for a diachronic enquiry.
pots from the Salento alongside the Aege- In particular, we want to investigate the
an products at Punta di Zambrone, which, following open questions. (1) Is it possible to
as we have noted, is not the case. identify different Italo-Mycenaean produc-
115
Fig. 6 - Comparative samples from Caverna Dell’Erba (1-3), Scalo di Furno

(4-7), Cinema Fusco (8) and Sacro Cuore (9). Photos E. Matricardi (1-6) and
R. Jung (7-9).
tion regions inside Apulia based on style/ lack of Argive pottery a general phenome-
type and/or chemical composition? (2) Can non in southern Italy or is it confined to cer-
we pinpoint the provenance of the two new tain sites or certain periods?
chemical groups identified at Roca Vecchia
with greater precision? (3) Did the import of CAVERNA DELL’ERBA (MUNICIPALITY OF
Aegean pottery change over time? (4) Did AVETRANA, PROVINCE OF TARANTO)
the different settlements in Italy entertain
individual maritime contacts with specific Caverna Dell’Erba is a karst cave located at
settlements or regions in Greece? (5) Is the 38 m a.s.l. at a distance of 3 km from the
116
Ionian coast and 3 km SE of present day facies (cultural groups) Protoapennine

Avetrana. It consists of three main cham- (Early Bronze Age [EBA] – Middle Bronze
bers (fig. 2). In 1950 Ciro Drago was the first Age [MBA] 1–2), Punta Le Terrare (MBA 3),
to collect artefacts from this cave (Drago Subapennine (Recent Bronze Age [RBA])
1950). This led to a first excavation by Sal- and the local aspect of the so-called Proto-
vatore Maria Puglisi, who in 1952 opened villanovan facies (Final Bronze Age [FBA],
two trenches named Sector A and Sector B here represented mostly by “Iapygian Pro-
inside the cave (Puglisi 1953). Despite doc- togeometric” ceramics). A limited number
umenting a stratigraphic section, which of local handmade impasto fragments date
we publish here for the first time (fig. 3), to the RBA. These should be coeval with the
Puglisi did not excavate by archaeological Mycenaean and Italo-Mycenaean vessels,
strata but in artificial levels. He defined which constitute the main subject of this
six consecutive layers containing artefacts article and have received only brief and par-
from the Neolithic to the Archaic period.2 tial mention in the scholarly literature so far
Hearths are a recurrent feature from Levels (Puglisi 1953; Biancofiore 1963: 42-43, plate
4 to 2. Finally, in 1993, a short excavation 25, 220-225, 227;3 Biancofiore 1967: 59, plate
was conducted by Maria Antonia Gorgogli- 33, 274-280;4 Fisher 1988: 33-34, 250; Vagnetti
one (Gorgoglione 1994). 2001: 111-112, fig. 15, 17). Puglisi shows two of
Most of the ceramic finds date to the the Mycenaean sherds (samples Erba 3 and
Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. Erba 4) in his stratigraphic table, assigning
However, the finds of the different peri- them to Level 4 and Level 3 (Erba 4 is as-
ods are distributed across Puglisi’s layers signed to Level 4, while two fragments of
and do not give the impression of closed Erba 3 are assigned to Level 3 and 4 respec-
contexts in a stratigraphic sequence. Neo- tively, see Puglisi 1953: 88, fig. 1: 27, 29, 42).
lithic sherds prevail in the lower levels, but
also appear in the upper ones, while some
Bronze Age fragments come from the low- SCALO DI FURNO (MUNICIPALITY OF
est level. There are even joining sherds PORTO CESAREO, PROVINCE OF LECCE)
from different levels, which in some cases Scalo di Furno is a low promontory with
are not in contact with each other. Further- a surface of ca. 1 ha located on the Ionian
more, the excavation yielded human and coast between two bays (fig. 4). William
animal bones. The anthropologist studying Taylour made the first trial trenches in
the human remains ascribed all of them 1956, which have remained unpublished
to only two individuals of Neolithic date, (cf. Novembre 1964). Seven excavation
noting, however, that they were found scat- campaigns under the direction of Felice
tered throughout the different layers, i.e. Gino Lo Porto followed from 1968 to 1977
levels 6, 5, 4, 3, 1 (Favati Vanni 1958). (Lo Porto 1968; Lo Porto 1969; Lo Porto
Apparently, the cave was in use during 1970; Lo Porto 1971; Lo Porto 1972; Lo Por-
all the phases of the Bronze Age. The ce- to 1974; Lo Porto 1977; Lo Porto 1990). The
ramic finds pertain to the archaeological last to conduct excavations at the site was
2 According to the section of Sector B, Layer 1 is the humus layer (described as “disturbed earth” by Puglisi),
while the lowermost layer 6 is a pit dug from the bedrock.
3 The ascription of nos. 220-222 to the “Grotta San Martino” by Franco Biancofiore is erroneous. These frag-
ments were also found in the Caverna Dell’Erba, as the inventory of the Soprintendenza at Taranto testifies.
Furthermore, there are no archaeological finds from the S. Martino cave in the Soprintendenza storerooms.
4 See n. 3.
117
of a tight group of three ovens with a single

chamber, which belong to the MBA 3 phase
(fig. 5) and have a circular (in two cases)
and a horseshoe-shaped plan respective-
ly. Lo Porto interpreted these installations
as the remains of a potter’s workshop (Lo
Porto 1986: 15, 20, fig. 9), probably inspired
by burnt vessels, which were part of the
floor deposit next to the ovens (fig. 6: 4-7).
A single wheelmade and painted vessel
can be assigned with certainty to this MBA
3 horizon (fig. 7: 1).5 The following settle-
ment phases yielded floors and structures
with potsherd pavements.6 On at least one
of the floors Lo Porto found great quanti-
ties of smashed murex shells, which might
suggest purple dye production.7 Finally, he
uncovered another fortification wall that,
according to him, dates to the Early Iron
Age.
Fig. 7 - Painted wheelmade pottery. (1) Small closed

vessel from Scalo di Furno (Furn 6); (2) large closed ANALYTICAL METHODS AND RESULTS
vessel from Caverna Dell’Erba (Erba 2). Photos R.
Jung.
Among the finds from Caverna Dell’Erba
there are eight wheelmade and painted
Maria Antonia Gorgoglione in 2007 and vessels which certainly date to the Late
2009. In addition, there were underwater Bronze Age, and a ninth which is possibly
investigations, which documented part Submycenaean. We have selected for NAA
of a fortification wall and settlement re- the best-preserved pieces as well as the
mains and assigned them to the MBA (Al- sole fragment with a pictorial motif, in to-
fonso et alii 2012). tal, five samples (Tab. 1).
The stratigraphy uncovered by Lo Por- In the case of Scalo di Furno, we made
to starts with a Protoappenine settlement a selection from the approximately 50 Ae-
and continues with habitation phases of gean-type and Aegeanizing pots. Our 13
the MBA 3, RBA, FBA and the Early Iron samples include the only wheelmade and
Age. The last occupation showed evidence painted pot from the MBA 3 layer as well
for cultic practices during the Archaic peri- as 12 fragments datable to LH IIIB–IIIC on
od. The main structural evidence consists typological grounds (Tab. 1).
5 We have not been able to study the finds of the last excavations by Gorgoglione, who cleared many fragments
left in place on the MBA 3 floor by Lo Porto.
6 Lo Porto had separated part of the wheelmade vessel fragments from the rest of the ceramics, which re-
mained in the find boxes with the excavation labels. Thus the contextual information is lost for a large part of
the wheelmade pottery.
7 In his 1969 excavation diary Lo Porto wrote: “Asportando B/1, sopra il secondo battuto viene trovato un corno
di cervo e uno strato composto da tritume di conchiglie” (entry for September 22nd 1969).
118
Decoration
Inventory
Site and
Context
number
number
Sample
Linear
Motif
Type
Scalo di Furno- 7.11.3, belly band 2.1, base
Furn 1 28517 mug FT 226 FM 46.20 running spiral
Porto Cesareo (LE) dec. 1.4
Scalo di Furno- small closed vessel 2 thin belly bands, belly
Furn 2 PC/27 FM 61.3 zigzag
Porto Cesareo (LE) (most probably stirrup jar) band 1.1, belly bands 3.8
FM 61 zigzag combined
Scalo di Furno-
Furn 3 EX 89A/21 large closed vessel 1 broad neck band with curvolinear motif,
Porto Cesareo (LE)
triglyph FM 75
Scalo di Furno-
Furn 4 28519 stemmed bowl FT 304/305 9.1.2. FM 46 running spiral ?
Porto Cesareo (LE)
Scalo di Furno- SF07U- FM 53.20 horizontal
Furn 5 basin FT 294 7.4.
Porto Cesareo (LE) SM1US151/1 wavy line
Scalo di Furno- SF- small globular closed 1 shoulder band, lower
Furn 6
Porto Cesareo (LE) 09D10US3/1 vessel bands 2.2, base dec. 1.2
Scalo di Furno- small closed
Furn 7 EX 48A/4
Porto Cesareo (LE) Gray Ware vessel
Scalo di Furno- handmade basin
Furn 8 PC/48
Porto Cesareo (LE) (impasto pottery, MBA 3)
Scalo di Furno- FM 19.52 multiple stem,
Furn 9 EX 89A/ 13 small closed vessel 1 broad belly band
Porto Cesareo (LE) hook-shaped,single row
Furn Scalo di Furno- large closed vessel
28523
10 Porto Cesareo (LE) with round handle
Furn Scalo di Furno-
28514 small closed vessel 3 broad bands
11 Porto Cesareo (LE)
Furn Scalo di Furno- FM 52.7 spiral on top
28515 false neck of stirrup jar
12 Porto Cesareo (LE) disk
PC/22 stemmed bowl FT 304/305 5.2.1 var.
EX 89A/24 small closed vessel 1 belly band FM 48.5 quirk
28521 small closed vessel belly band 2.1 FM 61 zigzag
Furn Scalo di Furno- handmade bowl
EX 85B/1
16 Porto Cesareo (LE) (impasto pottery, MBA 3)
Furn Scalo di Furno- horizontal handle
EX 98/2
17 Porto Cesareo (LE) (impasto pottery, MBA 3)
Furn Scalo di Furno- EX 98 11+EX carinated cup

18 Porto Cesareo (LE) 98/12 (impasto pottery, MBA 3)
Caverna Dell’Erba- 53377- large Italo-Mycenaean shoulder bands 2.2,
Erba 1 triglyph
Avetrana (TA) 53380 closed vessel belly bands 2.2
Caverna Dell’Erba-
Erba 2 53378 large closed vessel lower bands 2.2 FM 2 horse
Avetrana (TA)
Caverna Dell’Erba- 5.6.1, lower bands 1.3, FM 50 antithetic spiral
Erba 3 53260-53261 deep bowl FT 284/285
Avetrana (TA) base dec. 1.3 pattern
Caverna Dell’Erba- 1.1, neck band 2.1, belly
Erba 4 53262 jug FT 112 FM 45 U-pattern
Avetrana (TA) bands 2.2, base dec. 1.1
Caverna Dell’Erba- FM 53.20 horizontal
Erba 5 53382 collar-necked jar FT 63 11.0, shoulder band 1.1
Avetrana (TA) wavy line
Caverna Dell’Erba- carinated cup
Erba 6 53363
Avetrana (TA) (impasto pottery, RBA)
Erba 7 41076
Avetrana (TA) (impasto pottery RBA)
119

Erba 8 53364
Avetrana (TA) (impasto pottery, RBA)
Sacro Cuore- Ta- historical kiln waster
Cuor 1
ranto (4th/3rd cent. BCE)
Cinema Fusco- historical kiln waster
Fusc 1
Taranto (19th cent. CE)
Base Pre-servation
Rim Pre-servation
Diameter (in cm)

Base Diameter
Rim diameter
NAA Group
Illustration
Comments
Maximum
number
Sample
(in cm)
(in cm)
(in %)
(in %)
Furn 1 17 11 13 15 Fabric
F7 Lo Porto 1986: 20, fig. 10. TheB
Lo Porto 1990: 225, fig. 4: 3-5. Fig. 9: 1. associated
Furn 2 0 0 0 0 10 F4 Fig. 9: 2. MYBE
Furn 3 0 0 0 0 30 F18 Fig. 9: 4. X115
Furn 4 20 10 0 0 0 F13 Lo Porto 1990:, 225, fig. 4: 6. Fig 9: 3. AkaR
Furn 5 36 9 0 0 37 F10 Fig. 9: 5. X043
Furn 6 0 0 7 50 18 F1 Figs. 10: 1; 7: 1. singleton
Furn 7 0 0 0 0 20 F29 Fig 10: 2. singleton
Furn 8 comparative Fig. 6: 7. singleton
sample
Furn 9 0 0 0 0 17,5 F21 Fig 10: 3. SybB
Furn 10 0 0 0 0 25 F12 band on handle Lo Porto 1990: 225, fig. 4: 10. Fig 10: 4. X115
Furn 11 0 0 0 0 25 F5 Lo Porto 1986: 20, fig. 10. singleton
Lo Porto 1990: 225, fig. 4: 1. Fig. 11: 1.
Furn 12 0 0 0 0 0 F6 Lo Porto 1986: 20, fig. 10. OlyA
Lo Porto 1990: 225, fig. 4: 2. Fig. 11: 5.
Furn 13 18 7 0 0 0 F8 Fig. 11: 4. X115
Furn 14 0 0 0 0 19 F2 Fig. 11: 2. TaIC
Furn 15 0 0 0 0 17 F8 Lo Porto 1990: 225, fig. 4: 8. Fig. 11: 3. X115
Furn 16 comparative Fig. 6: 6. X901
sample
Furn 17 comparative Fig. 6: 4. X901
sample
Furn 18 comparative Fig. 6: 5. singleton
sample
Erba 1 0 0 0 0 36 E1 3 handle Biancofiore 1963: 42, tab. XXV, X115
splashes 220-221. Fig. 8: 1.
Erba 2 0 0 0 0 27 E3 Vagnetti 2001: 111-112, fig. 17. singleton
Biancofiore 1963: 42, tab. XXV, 222.
Catalogo mostra Museo TA 1967, 18,
tab. XX, 90. Figs. 8: 5; 7: 2.
Erba 3 17 21 6 75 16 E2 at least 8 Puglisi 1958: 88, fig 1: 29,42. singleton
handle splashes Biancofiore 1963: 42-43, tab. XXV, 223,
224, 227. Fig. 8: 2.
Erba 4 6,5 46 4 25 10 E4 Puglisi 1958: 88, fig 1: 27. singleton
Biancofiore 1963: 43, tab. XXV, 225.
Fig. 8: 3.
Erba 5 22 10 0 0 0 E6 Fig. 8: 4. singleton
Erba 6 comparative Fig. 6: 1. X902
sample
120
Erba 7 comparative Fig. 6: 2. X902

sample
Erba 8 comparative Fig. 6: 3. singleton
sample
Cuor 1 comparative Fig. 6: 9. TaIA
sample
Fusc 1 comparative Fig. 6: 8. X115
sample
Tab. 1 - Analyzed samples from Caverna dell’Erba, Scalo di Furno and Taranto.
For comparative reasons we have also all samples were measured twice, once af-
sampled three RBA 2 handmade impasto ter four days of decay and again after 3 ad-
vessels (carinated cups) from Caverna ditional weeks on a 222 cm3 HPGe-detector
Dell’Erba (samples Erba 6-8) (fig. 6: 1-3) (1.78 keV resolution at the 1332 keV 60Co
and four MBA 3 handmade impasto vessels peak; 48.2% relative efficiency), connected
from Scalo di Furno (samples Furn 8, 16-18) to a PC-based multi-channel analyzer with
(fig. 6: 4-7). In the latter case the analysis digital preloaded filter and loss-free count-
might serve to verify Lo Porto’s hypothe- ing system. Using this approach, elemental
sis of local pottery production at the site. concentration data for the elements Na, K,
The sampled vessels Furn 8 (fig. 6: 7) and Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Zr, Sb, Cs,
Furn 18 (fig 6: 5) are not only burnt but also Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W,
partially deformed by the action of fire and Th, and U were calculated (Tab. 2). These
could therefore be kiln wasters, although data are available for download at the web-
we cannot rule out a secondary burning site https://mommsen.hiskp.uni-bonn.de/
either. Finally, we have analyzed one of datas.html. Further information on the
eight wheelmade Gray Ware sherds found NAA workflow, including detection limits
at Scalo di Furno (Furn 7). for the elements measured, can be found
Furthermore, in order to obtain more elsewhere (Sterba 2018).
comparative data on the production regions
in Apulia, we have sampled wasters from
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE DATA
the pottery kilns excavated by the Soprin-
AND COMPARISON WITH BONN DATA
tendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio
per le provincie di Brindisi, Lecce e Taranto The elemental composition data of all sam-
at the 4th/3rd-cent. BCE site of Parrocchia di ples, calibrated to the Bonn values, which
Sacro Cuore (Taranto) and the 19th-cent. CE themselves are calibrated to match the
site of Cinema Teatro Fusco (Taranto) (sam- Berkeley NAA values, have been statistical-
ples Cuor 1F and Fusc 1F) (fig. 6: 8-9). ly evaluated with the Bonn filter procedure
The samples were subjected to the (Beier, Mommsen 1994). This filter is able
standard NAA workflow for ceramic ma- to sort out of a large databank all samples
terial as established at the Atominstitut in statistically similar to a given composition,
Vienna. For irradiation, approximately 100 called the filter point in multidimensional
mg of sample dust were sealed into Supra- concentration space. Differently to other
sil™ quartz glass vials after overnight dry- clustering methods like Principal Compo-
ing. The total irradiation time was 35 hours nent Analysis (PCA) or the cluster methods
at a neutron flux density of 1·1013 cm-2s-1. For resulting in dendrograms, the data values
quantification, multiple measurements of are not taken as fixed points but are assumed
the Bonn standard material (Mommsen, to fill a small volume described by the mea-
Sjöberg 2007) were used. After irradiation, suring uncertainties of the data values of
121
Sample As Ba Ce Co Cr Cs Eu Fe% Hf K%
FURN 01 6.03 393. 61.5 33.3 320. 6.46 1.17 5.66 3.40 2.18
FURN 02 3.99 361. 64.4 25.9 210. 8.25 1.11 5.15 3.82 2.58
FURN 03 16.5 326. 55.7 14.5 132. 5.74 1.01 3.40 3.97 1.75
FURN 04 4.95 355. 55.9 30.5 316. 5.84 1.12 4.93 3.97 2.13
FURN 05 5.08 338. 88.6 18.9 124. 7.38 1.44 4.92 4.70 2.17
FURN 06 17.4 309. 61.8 20.4 180. 6.94 1.07 4.53 3.11 2.20
FURN 07 10.9 331. 62.0 15.8 167. 6.92 1.07 3.96 4.21 2.25
FURN 08 17.2 343. 98.8 11.6 159. 14.0 1.99 5.36 8.32 2.79
FURN 09 10.2 355. 68.2 13.8 111. 6.18 1.16 4.03 4.30 2.25
FURN 10 18.8 318. 53.5 12.9 123. 4.38 0.97 3.08 3.98 1.74
FURN 11 1.92 322. 55.1 24.4 247. 6.82 1.00 4.57 4.93 2.41
FURN 12 3.24 333. 63.4 27.9 218. 6.23 1.21 5.06 3.91 2.55
FURN 13 12.4 323. 55.4 13.3 128. 5.49 0.98 3.15 4.07 1.98
FURN 14 8.72 397. 60.1 11.5 117. 5.06 1.04 3.06 4.55 2.21
FURN 15 11.7 334. 60.5 14.4 141. 5.75 1.08 3.37 4.44 2.02
FURN 16 18.0 344. 94.9 9.89 155. 6.88 1.77 4.57 7.67 2.04
FURN 17 23.9 504. 93.4 11.0 165. 9.09 1.94 4.79 8.03 2.29
FURN 18 20.3 388. 128. 15.1 154. 11.1 2.18 5.00 9.21 2.09
ERBA 01 8.15 331. 66.0 14.1 153. 7.02 1.14 3.86 4.69 2.19
ERBA 02 8.69 331. 64.0 17.8 208. 7.76 1.14 4.54 3.48 2.20
ERBA 03 7.51 370. 86.0 12.0 102. 9.54 1.34 3.18 5.24 2.99
ERBA 04 14.1 442. 69.3 14.7 190. 6.59 1.19 3.98 4.53 2.51
ERBA 05 10.4 291. 64.0 15.7 187. 5.15 1.13 4.26 3.94 2.73
ERBA 06 22.4 809. 82.9 14.7 103. 6.39 1.05 3.96 5.55 2.76
ERBA 07 24.3 421. 83.3 12.9 104. 5.90 1.12 3.90 4.97 3.10
ERBA 08 27.3 341. 54.2 10.4 111. 6.99 0.87 4.43 6.56 2.98
FUSC 1c 9.86 256. 59.2 16.5 136. 5.40 1.01 3.62 3.60 2.15
CUOR 1c 12.8 333. 71.9 18.1 192. 7.62 1.27 4.49 4.59 2.24
MONT. c 14.7 253. 58.9 11.1 108. 5.59 1.08 3.43 4.09 1.88
BRIND.c 6.43 233. 60.0 16.4 118. 6.46 1.08 3.02 4.09 1.93
av. err 0.55 1.5 2.5 0.27 4.6 0.12 0.040 0.061 0.18 0.028
in % 4.4 0.4 3.5 1.6 2.8 1.7 3.3 1.5 3.7 1.2
Sample La Lu Na% Nd Ni Rb Sb Sc Sm Sr
FURN 01 28.1 0.44 1.26 18.4 331. 138. 0.52 22.6 4.57 292.
FURN 02 31.5 0.42 0.61 21.2 175. 156. 0.47 20.5 4.70 366.
FURN 03 26.3 0.31 0.79 19.0 87.8 113. 0.50 12.6 4.15 445.
FURN 04 27.6 0.38 0.82 16.3 255. 125. 0.48 19.3 4.69 331.
FURN 05 43.3 0.40 0.57 31.5 63.9 134. 0.63 17.5 6.11 287.
FURN 06 30.7 0.34 0.45 24.4 177. 125. 1.40 16.7 4.54 385.
FURN 07 30.4 0.46 0.99 23.4 114. 139. 0.57 15.8 4.74 428.
FURN 08 64.5 0.60 0.91 36.1 77.6 191. 1.48 17.7 8.03 206.
FURN 09 33.2 0.37 0.76 23.1 63.5 125. 0.58 14.2 5.13 401.
FURN 10 26.0 0.31 0.67 17.9 83.7 96.9 0.44 11.7 4.12 388.
FURN 11 25.4 0.35 1.05 18.9 175. 152. 0.47 19.1 3.97 170.
FURN 12 30.6 0.41 0.89 27.6 187. 138. 0.54 21.0 5.02 287.
122
FURN 13 26.9 0.33 0.78 18.4 86.1 110. 0.51 12.2 4.22 372.
FURN 14 28.9 0.34 0.95 22.8 67.7 112. 0.39 11.9 4.59 421.
FURN 15 28.0 0.33 0.78 21.7 90.5 114. 0.48 13.1 4.31 390.
FURN 16 55.2 0.45 0.58 39.4 69.2 130. 1.13 15.9 7.00 439.
FURN 17 63.8 0.65 0.59 43.2 71.7 145. 1.10 17.5 7.57 273.
FURN 18 68.8 0.64 0.60 44.7 77.4 165. 1.47 17.3 8.58 146.
ERBA 01 31.0 0.35 1.16 23.1 105. 158. 0.68 15.4 4.95 425.
ERBA 02 29.5 0.37 0.52 18.9 175. 126. 0.76 17.5 4.62 366.
ERBA 03 39.3 0.34 0.80 24.8 44.7 146. 0.76 12.7 5.54 292.
ERBA 04 31.1 0.36 0.69 25.1 112. 138. 1.06 15.5 5.00 317.
ERBA 05 30.8 0.36 0.76 22.4 141. 103. 0.79 16.8 4.86 427.
ERBA 06 29.6 0.30 0.56 19.7 66.7 134. 0.70 11.7 4.31 292.
ERBA 07 32.0 0.33 0.43 20.7 68.6 141. 0.69 12.1 4.40 160.
ERBA 08 25.9 0.37 0.51 20.7 68.6 137. 0.98 12.8 4.02 116.
FUSC 1c 28.1 0.35 0.79 22.0 112. 110. 1.23 13.7 4.38 524.
CUOR 1c 34.9 0.39 0.86 25.1 133. 142. 0.62 17.4 5.31 585.
MONT. c 29.6 0.37 0.80 28.8 54.8 110. 1.72 12.6 4.83 370.
BRIND.c 30.2 0.35 0.62 23.1 71.6 118. 0.31 12.8 4.68 379.
av. err 1.0 0.021 0.013 1.0 2.1 2.4 0.036 0.33 0.18 16.
in % 3.0 5.4 1.7 4.2 1.8 1.9 4.7 2.1 3.6 4.7
Sample Ta Tb Th U W Yb Zn Zr
FURN 01 0.83 0.72 10.3 1.73 1.95 2.98 103. 126.
FURN 02 0.84 0.63 11.1 2.16 1.84 2.85 95.8 146.
FURN 03 0.82 0.62 8.92 1.78 1.53 2.31 84.2 156.
FURN 04 0.75 0.72 9.46 1.74 1.06 2.85 97.0 127.
FURN 05 1.39 0.81 13.7 2.34 1.76 2.75 118. 163.
FURN 06 0.89 0.64 9.96 3.07 1.68 2.44 103. 121.
FURN 07 1.01 0.69 10.4 2.24 1.54 2.51 83.2 155.
FURN 08 2.02 1.15 20.9 2.20 0.11 3.90 116. 286.
FURN 09 1.08 0.70 11.1 2.09 1.29 2.60 108. 177.
FURN 10 0.79 0.62 8.60 1.80 1.22 2.24 75.1 138.
FURN 11 0.86 0.60 10.2 2.09 1.25 2.55 89.5 154.
FURN 12 0.85 0.75 11.0 1.94 1.57 2.92 112. 152.
FURN 13 0.80 0.66 8.90 1.78 1.26 2.41 82.7 142.
FURN 14 0.84 0.67 9.21 1.90 1.70 2.48 76.5 151.
FURN 15 0.85 0.69 9.60 1.77 0.98 2.51 86.1 139.
FURN 16 2.00 0.97 20.4 1.77 2.21 3.46 90.1 273.
FURN 17 2.12 1.12 21.0 2.23 2.03 3.96 94.3 309.
FURN 18 2.08 1.28 22.5 2.38 2.93 4.37 101. 329.
ERBA 01 1.04 0.76 11.0 3.07 0.95 2.80 88.7 156.
ERBA 02 0.94 0.71 10.5 2.60 1.46 2.63 113. 113.
ERBA 03 1.03 0.79 16.5 2.09 1.47 2.53 159. 192.
ERBA 04 0.99 0.78 10.7 4.88 1.54 3.12 316. 179.
ERBA 05 0.93 0.69 10.4 2.81 1.42 2.64 115. 166.
ERBA 06 1.19 0.61 14.2 1.76 1.74 2.25 202. 196.
ERBA 07 1.18 0.65 13.9 2.36 1.53 2.38 163. 170.
123
ERBA 08 1.32 0.54 16.3 2.00 1.61 2.29 158. 222.

FUSC 1c 0.88 0.68 9.43 2.75 0.19 2.45 98.3 145.
CUOR 1c 1.05 0.78 11.5 2.84 1.88 2.79 111. 145.
MONT. c 0.80 0.63 9.13 2.48 2.47 2.51 81.8 107.
BRIND.c 0.83 0.64 9.21 2.14 1.73 2.33 76.4 90.9
av.err. 341. 1.1 0.74 12. 2.3 1.5 2.8 113.
in % 2.3 3.4 2.2 5.7 14. 2.4 1.9 1.7
Tab. 2 - Raw elemental concentration data of 28 samples in weight µg/g (ppm) or in weight percent, if indicated,
and the average experimental uncertainties (av. err.) from Apulia (Scalo di Furno, Caverna Dell’Erba, and 4 referen-
ce samples from Cinema Fusco, Sacro Cuore [both Taranto], region Montemesola and region Brindisi-Mesagne),
measured by NAA in Vienna using the Bonn standard.
single samples or by the spreads (root mean workshop(s) in the northeastern Pelopon-
square deviations, standard deviations) of nese including the workshop(s) excavated
average values of already formed groups at Berbati with wasters from there (Mom-
of samples. These different deviations for msen et alii 1988; Demakopoulou et alii
each elemental value are taken into account 2017: 9-11). Since samples, e.g. from Corinth,
during the filtering calculations comparing from a time period after the assumed end
concentration values. For example, 4.0 +/- 1 of the Berbati production (Zuckerman et
and 5.0 +/- 1 are statistically similar, but 4.0 alii 2010: 411; Demakopoulou et alii 2017:
+/- 0.1 and 5.0 +/- 0.1 are clearly different. 10) also belong to this group, the assign-
The consideration of uncertainties will in- ment of the origin of the MYBE group is
fluence the result of the search for groups of now thought to point not only to the site
similar composition. In addition, during the of Berbati but also to other, hitherto still
filtering a possible dilution or enrichment unknown production places somewhere
of the clay matrix in different samples by in the northeastern Peloponnese (Mom-
added tempering material or by elutriation msen et alii 2016). The search for usable
can be corrected by multiplying all values clay sources along the north-eastern coast
with a constant factor obtained by a best of the Peloponnese was until now not suc-
relative fit to the filter point (Mommsen, cessful (Xanthopoulou et alii 2021).
Sjöberg 2007). Beside these workshops with definite
The calibrated concentration data have names (MYBE, OlyA [Achaea/Elis: Jung
been evaluated with the filter procedure, et alii 2015, Mommsen et alii 2016], AkaR
comparing the values of each sample with [Aetolia-Acarnania: Jung et alii 2015], TheB
the values of the Bonn databank of groups. (Boeotia: Demakopoulou et alii 2017), SybB
Only the concentration data have been [Basilicata and Apulia (see below): Jung et
used, discarding any archaeological knowl- alii 2021; Riehle et alii, in press (Ripacandi-
edge about the samples to avoid any bias. da)], TaIA and TaIC [both from the region of
In this search, several samples have been Taranto: Geißler et alii, in press; Jung et alii
found to be members of already existing 2021: 467, tab. 3]), other workshops with pat-
groups in the databank. The group names terns of still unknown origin have also been
have been chosen to point to the site of found and are preliminarily named as Xnnn
the pottery workshop, which has been de- groups (X115: Jung et alii 2021 [Roca Vecchia],
termined in most cases by reference mate- X043: Riehle et alii, in press [Ripacandida]).
rial from there. So, e.g., the group named The hitherto highly probable but only as-
MYBE (Mycenae/Berbati) points to (a) sumed assignment of the pattern TaIA to
124
(a) production workshop(s) in Taranto is clay, the kiln waster of the 19th cent. CE kiln
now proven by the 4th/3rd-century BCE kiln at the Cinema Teatro Fusco might signify a
waster Cuor 1F (fig. 6: 9) from the site of Par- further extension of this clay bed towards
rocchia di Sacro Cuore there. However, nei- the west. In addition, group X115 and a
ther the Bronze Age ceramics from Caverna quite similar pattern X116 occur in more
Dell’Erba nor those from at Scalo di Furno than half of the sampled Mycenaean and
show the pattern TaIA. The 19th cent. CE kiln Aegeanizing fine-ware vessels from Roca
waster Fusc 1F (fig. 6: 8) from the Cinema Te- Vecchia (Jung et alii 2021: 463-464, tab. 1:
atro Fusco site inside the city of Taranto is a X115 with 8 samples out of 19, X116 with 4
member of group X115. samples; cf. here fig. 12: 1). Roca Vecchia is
Because samples of kiln wasters and situated 58 km SE of the Mesagne clay bed.
clays are especially important in chemical This points to an extended clay bed in this
provenancing, since they are good refer- whole area of the Salento region.
ence material for pottery production sites, One of our samples (Furn 9) is a mem-
the elemental abundances of the two kiln ber of group SybB. This is a very large group
wasters Cuor 1F and Fusc 1F and of three of now 137 samples that has recently be-
clay samples, two from Apulia and one come of questionable origin. It was formed
from Siris/Policoro are shown in Tab. 3. The first with samples found at Broglio di Trebi-
data have been multiplied with the best sace in the northern Sybaritic plain, which,
relative fit factor with respect to the Taran- however, could be assigned to production
to waster Cuor 1F to compare the elemental regions in the southern central, southern
concentrations of the elements in the clay and south-eastern plain of Sybaris based
parts independent of dilutions or admix- on petrographic results by S. Levi and
tures poor in trace elements, since it is the M. Sonnino (Jung et alii 2015; Jung et alii
clay part that determines provenance. For 2021: 477–480, tab. 4). Thus, the group was
example, the waster Cuor 1F of group TaIA named SybB. One member found also early
has higher Ce values than the other refer- is a Roman waster from Naxos in Sicily. Ves-
ence samples and their groups. The clay sels of Francavilla Marittima analysed af-
sample from Montemesola (MONT 1T) in terwards suggested local production there,
the wider region of Taranto (13.7 km NE of but other vessels from northern Apulia in
Scoglio del Tonno) ascertains that pattern the Tübingen collection, e. g. Daunian-style
TaIC is local to the Taranto region, since and other vessels (Geißler et alii, in press),
two fragments belonging to the structure pointed to a northern Apulian origin. New,
of one of the kilns excavated at L’Amastuo- still unpublished analyses conducted in
la (11.7 km NNW of Scoglio del Tonno) also collaboration with Riehle et alii on finds
have pattern TaIC. The kiln waster from from Ascoli Satriano (site Giarnera Piccola)
the Cinema Teatro Fusco (Taranto, 2 km in northern Apulia now helped to better de-
SE of Scoglio del Tonno) and the clay col- fine this group.8 Many pieces from that site
lected close to Mesagne (BRIND 1T) in the including a loom weight and a daub sample
Brindisi region (55.3 km ENE of Scoglio del as reference pieces have pattern SybB so
Tonno) show some differences in single that a local workshop in northern Apulia
values, but are both according to the sta- using this paste is highly probable. Howev-
tistical evaluation members of group X115. er, the composition of a clay sample from
If seen in combination with the Mesagne Siris/Policoro, Basilicata, also fits pattern
8 We thank K. Riehle, Chr. Heitz, E. Kistler, B. Öhlinger and R. Posamentir for allowing us to use these results.
125
CUOR 1F MONTE 1T FUSC 1F BRIND 1T SIRI 71T

1 sample 1 sample 1 samples 1 sample 1 sample
factor 1.00 factor 1.09 factor 1.06 factor 1.07 factor 0.96
TaIA TaIC X115 X115 SybB
C δ(%) C δ(%) C δ(%) C δ(%) C δ(%)

As 12.8 (3.9) 16.0 (1.6) 10.5 (3.9) 6.88 (1.6) 6.12 (1.9)
Ba 333. (0.3) 276. (1.4) 271. (1.4) 249. (1.4) 256. (11.)
Ce 71.9 (3.4) 64.2 (3.8) 62.8 (3.4) 64.2 (3.7) 64.8 (0.5)
Co 18.1 (1.5) 12.1 (1.6) 17.5 (1.5) 17.5 (1.6) 12.9 (0.7)
Cr 192. (2.6) 118. (3.7) 144. (2.6) 126. (3.7) 101. (0.6)
Cs 7.62 (1.6) 6.09 (2.8) 5.72 (1.6) 6.91 (2.8) 6.34 (1.5)
Eu 1.27 (3.2) 1.18 (3.8) 1.07 (3.2) 1.16 (3.8) 1.12 (1.8)
Fe\% 4.49 (1.4) 3.74 (2.6) 3.84 (1.4) 3.23 (2.6) 3.65 (0.3)
Hf 4.59 (3.5) 4.46 (3.1) 3.82 (3.5) 4.38 (3.1) 3.88 (1.3)
K\% 2.24 (1.2) 2.05 (1.6) 2.28 (1.2) 2.07 (1.6) 2.00 (1.2)
La 34.9 (2.8) 32.3 (4.3) 29.8 (2.8) 32.3 (4.3) 31.7 (0.2)
Lu 0.39 (5.2) 0.40 (6.5) 0.37 (5.2) 0.38 (6.5) 0.38 (2.8)
Na\% 0.86 (1.7) 0.88 (0.7) 0.84 (1.7) 0.66 (0.7) 0.58 (0.6)
Nd 25.1 (4.1) 31.4 (3.2) 23.3 (4.1) 24.7 (3.2) 27.9 (11.)
Ni 133. (1.6) 59.7 (2.7) 119. (1.6) 76.6 (2.7) --
Rb 142. (1.9) 120. (1.5) 117. (1.8) 126. (1.5) 119. (2.0)
Sb 0.62 (4.4) 1.87 (3.3) 1.30 (4.4) 0.34 (3.3) 0.41 (5.9)
Sc 17.4 (2.0) 13.7 (2.8) 14.5 (2.0) 13.7 (2.8) 13.8 (0.1)
Sm 5.31 (3.3) 5.26 (6.1) 4.64 (3.3) 5.01 (6.1) 4.78 (0.9)
Sr 585. (4.7) 403. (1.9) 555. (4.7) 406. (1.9) --
Ta 1.05 (2.2) 0.87 (1.6) 0.94 (2.2) 0.88 (1.6) 0.93 (4.5)
Tb 0.78 (3.3) 0.69 (3.7) 0.72 (3.3) 0.68 (3.7) 0.73 (7.2)
Th 11.5 (2.0) 9.95 (4.7) 10.00 (2.0) 9.85 (4.7) 10.5 (0.6)
U 2.84 (5.5) 2.70 (5.8) 2.91 (5.5) 2.29 (5.8) 2.03 (9.4)
W 1.88 (14.) 2.69 (5.7) 0.20 (14.) 1.85 (5.7) 2.30 (7.1)
Yb 2.79 (2.4) 2.74 (2.8) 2.60 (2.4) 2.49 (2.8) 2.55 (1.8)
Zn 111. (1.7) 89.2 (2.0) 104. (1.7) 81.7 (2.0) 96.6 (1.9)
Zr 145. (1.6) 117. (2.8) 154. (1.6) 97.3 (2.8) 169. (11.)
Tab. 3: NAA elemental composition of 2 wasters (F) and 2 clay samples (T) from Apulia and 1 clay sample from Siris
(Siris 71T), Basilicata, measured in Vienna and Bonn (Siris):
CUOR 1F: Parrocchia di Sacro Cuore (Taranto), 4th/3rd cent. BCE (40° 27’ 52.79’’ N, 17° 15’ 16.89’’ E)
MONTE 1T: region Montemesola (near Taranto) (40° 33’ 49.32’’ N, 17° 20’ 21.03’’ E)
FUSC 1F: Cinema Teatro Fusco (Taranto), 19th cent CE (40° 28’ 16.97’’ N, 17° 14’ 24.36’’ E)
BRIND 1T: region Brindisi-Mesagne (40° 34’ 52.82’’ N, 17° 51’ 36.31‘‘E)
SIRI 71T: clay sample from Siris (carota Siris 5 or S, 2016) (coordinates of the ancient city: 40°13’ 6.73’’ N, 16° 40’
24.5’’ E)
Given are the raw weight concentrations C of 28 elements in µg/g (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and the experi-
mental uncertainties δ in %. Missing values are below the detection limit or not measured. The raw data have been
multiplied by the best relative fit factor (factor) with respect to the average pattern of the group TaIA. The group
membership of the samples is indicated (see text).
126
SybB.9 The last column in Table 3 gives the chemical sample pairs (X901, X902) with
composition of this clay sample Siris 71T. new elemental patterns could be formed.
The higher number of good members The 10 remaining samples all have a differ-
of group SybB allows us now to review ent composition, which is unknown to us.
the membership of already published Thus they are chemical singletons. Nothing
vessels. The samples Brog 15 and 17 in the can be concluded about these pieces; they
set of samples from Broglio di Trebisacce might be first members of workshops not
are now only associated to group SybB or yet represented in our databank or they
even singletons, and the same applies to might have been contaminated in antiqui-
sample RocV 18, a third vessel of this group ty or in modern times. This large number of
of decorated pithoi, found at Roca Vec- singletons in the discussed dataset can be
chia. According to the mentioned petro- explained by the still not very large number
graphic results of Levi and Sonnino, these of samples from southern Italy and Sicily in
pithoi originate from different parts of the our databank. Further measurements from
southern central to south-eastern Sybaritic samples and reference material from the
plain, ascertaining now the new separation central Mediterranean will help to assign
from NAA pattern SybB. Only sample Brog the singletons and the groups of unknown
8 is still a member of SybB and seems not origin to their production places or regions.
to come from the Sybaritis.
For the Punta di Zambrone finds that DISCUSSION
had previously been assigned to group Only one of the analyzed vessels from
SybB, a reassingment is also advisable. The Caverna Dell’Erba is a member of a known
Mycenaean-type fine-ware vessels Zamb chemical group. This is a large, globular
20, 31, and 42 have now a much smaller closed vessel with one preserved strap han-
probability to be members of SybB and are dle placed horizontally on the belly (sam-
also only associated to this group or even ple Erba 1, fig. 8: 1).10 It belongs to group X115
singletons. Given the fact that no Aegean and is thus an Apulian product. While the
groups are close in chemical composition triglyph motif FM 75.20 would not be out
to these three specimens, we may still in- of place on a Mycenaean belly-handled
terpret them as probable imports from amphora or a hydria of LH IIIB–IIIC date,
other southern Italian regions. The only it is the shape of the handle itself that di-
Zambrone sample that remains as a good verges from the Aegean tradition. An Aege-
member of SybB is Zamb 18. anizing krater of the same chemical group
From the altogether 28 samples, 14 found at Roca Vecchia (58 km ENE from
could be assigned to already existing groups Caverna Dell’Erba)11 shows a similar hori-
of known or unknown origin, see Table zontal strap handle in place of the regular
1. In the set of the 14 remaining samples 2 round handle of FT 281/282.12 These two
9 We thank S. Verger and M. Kerschner for the permission to include this unpublished sample here.
10 Based on the photo published by Biancofiore (Biancofiore 1967: plate 33, 274-275), Bettelli ascribed two
sherds of this vessel to a krater FT 282 (Bettelli 2002: 49-50, fig. 4, 26b).
11 SAS IX: 11718, 11331, 9287, 9247, 3324; stratified in Phase V (final stage of RBA 2 or FBA 1), sample RocV 5, see
Jung et alii 2021: 463-466, tab. 1-2; 469, fig. 1, RocV 5.
12 The same predilection for a strap handle is also visible in the case of a hydria found at Roca Vecchia (Area
IX: 11379, 11349, 10306, 9850, 9276, 11245, 9630, 11347, 11346, 10990, 11718, Phase I, early RBA 2) and member of X115
(sample RocV 8). It features a vertical strap handle in place of the round one characteristic for FT 128 and 129
(Jung et alii 2021: 463-466, tab. 1-2; 476, fig. 2, RocV 8).
127
Fig. 8 - Vessels of Mycenaean (2, 3, 5), Mycenaeanizing (1) and possibly Submycenaean type (4) from Caverna
Dell’Erba (1, 2, 4 scale 1:5; 3, 5 scale 1:4). Drawings E. Matricardi; digitization L. Fiorillo.
Aegeanizing vessels are also connected by type 5.6.1), a very unusual feature in Aegean
their very similar triglyphs. terms. Moreover, the handle splashes point
All the other analyzed vessels from that upwards instead of the usual downward ori-
site are chemical singletons. Erba 3 (fig. 8: 2) entation. This feature finds a parallel in the
is a deep bowl FT 284/285A, which, in addi- previously mentioned krater from Roca Vec-
tion to the rim band, has two interior bands chia. The hatched antithetic loops FM 50.22
placed close to the rim band (decoration have a quite convincing parallel on a deep
128
bowl FT 284/285A from a RBA layer (Level 22 cm it belongs to a large closed vessel, the
f) at Porto Saturo (Satyrion) located at a dis- shape of which is similar to the large col-
tance of ca. 38 km WNW of Caverna Dell’Er- lar-necked jar FT 63. However, its very wide
ba (Lo Porto 1964: 199-200, fig. 18, 3; Fisher neck and steep shoulders recall certain LH
1988: 246, fig. 37, 240). IIIC jars from Aigeira in eastern Achaea
The small jug FT 112 with the inversed (e.g. Deger-Jalkotzy 2003: 56-57, fig. 2, 14;
version of U-pattern FM 45 (Erba 4, fig. 8: Jung 2006: 18, plate 7, 1). While the mono-
3) finds quite a close parallel (especially chrome neck (decoration type 11.0) con-
regarding the motif) in chamber tomb 5 of forms to the habits of painting such large
Ayía Sotíra in the Nemea valley, among the closed Mycenaean vessels, the single nar-
grave goods probably belonging to burial 5.2 row band above the horizontal wavy line
of LH IIIB date (Dabney et alii 2017: 86-87, FM 53 on the shoulder seems unusual, as
fig. 3.62, 115). one would expect more bands and closer
A rare find in southern Italy is the pic- to the monochrome neck. However, simi-
torial fragment Erba 2 (figs. 7: 2; 8: 5), be- lar combinations of single narrow bands
longing to a large closed vessel. On top of bordering wavy lines and zigzag bands
the two belly bands a pair of an animal’s appear on Submycenaean amphoriskoi
oblique hind legs is visible, which indicates (Kraiker, Kübler 1939: 19-20, plate 18, Grab
rapid movement. The hoof shapes point to 33; Mountjoy 1999: 626-627, fig. 239, 616;
the depiction of a horse. In most cases hors- Ruppenstein 2007: 18-19, 69, Beilage 9,
es are not shown in gallop on Mycenaean Gr.130/1, plates 26, Gr. 130/1; 44, NM 31). We
pictorial vessels. There are, however, a few note that some 7th-century BCE vessels
exceptions, most notably the amphora from in Apulia also show similar wavy lines on
Tiryns showing a chariot race, as well as a the shoulder – without, however provid-
krater from a possible LH IIIB Final con- ing straight morphological parallels (cf. a
text inside the Lower Citadel with the legs Subgeometric krater from L’Amastuola, see
of a galloping horse (Kilian 1980; Vermeule, Burgers, Crielaard 2016: 235, fig. 8, F). The
Karageorghis 1982: 230 cat. no. XI.19.1; Günt- NAA result seems to argue against ascrib-
ner 2000: 21-22, plates 3, 7; 5, 1a-b).13 One ing the idiosyncrasies of Erba 5 to a local
possible regional parallel is provided by or regional Apulian style, as the sample
an open vessel found at Scoglio del Tonno, turned out to be a singleton while being
but the small fragment only preserves the close to the main chemical group of Laco-
hooves of the animal (Taylour 1958: 97, 130, nia (cf. Jung et alii 2015: 459, 461, tab. 2). In
plate 12, 18; Biancofiore 1963: 39, plate 17, 158; Laconia itself there are no close parallels
Biancofiore 1967: 53, 73, plate 24, 158; Fisher for this piece, but here one has to keep in
1988: 231, fig. 23, 46; Vagnetti 2001: 111, fig. 11). mind that we do not have many pottery
The rim fragment Erba 5 (fig. 8: 4) is dif- finds from Laconian contexts dating to the
ficult to explain. With its rim diameter of very end of the Bronze Age.14
13 While in the case of the Tiryns amphora the front legs of the horses are raised, on two amphoroid kraters
only the hind legs of the chariot horses are rendered in a parallel and oblique position (Vermeule, Karageorghis
1982: 196, 198 cat. nos. III.18 and IV.15). Occasionally also other animals such as goats and deer may be shown
galloping with stretched-out hind legs (Vermeule, Karageorghis 1982: 197, 224 cat. nos. III.26, XI.75 and XI.78;
Slenczka 1974: 61 plate 34, 2; Güntner 2000: 37, plate 14, 2). However, on the vessel from Caverna Dell’Erba the
shape and paint of the legs suggest a horse.
14 For the motif, one might refer to an amphoriskos FT 59 from Epidauros Limera (Mountjoy 1999: 289, fig. 99,
227; 291), and for the combination with a single framing line, to a jug from the same site (Mountjoy 1999: 293-294,
fig. 101, 246; Demakopoulou 2009: 118, 128, fig. 6).
129
None of the sampled RBA handmade horizontal zigzag line in the center of the
impasto cups from Caverna Dell’Erba belly between the belly bands. This com-
match the chemical composition of the bination of linear decoration and second-
Mycenaean and Mycenaeanizing vessels ary motif is found on stirrup jars FT 167
from the site, but two (Erba 6 and 7, fig. 6: and 173. Examples come from the LH IIIB
1-2) form a chemical pair (X902), while the Middle destruction horizon at Mycenae,
third is a singleton (Erba 8, fig. 6: 3). in the House of the Oil Merchant, Room 4
Scalo di Furno yielded a larger quanti- (French 1967: 151-153, fig. 2, 52-261; Mount-
ty of Aegean ceramic fragments, three of joy 1999: 137, fig. 33, 248; 140), as well as in
which we were able to identify as imports House Beta, Room 4 (Mylonas 1966: 75,
from Greece. The first vessel, a mug FT 226, plate 78, β; French 2002: 102); from the
represented by three non-joining sherds, Tiryns Epichosis, representing the LH IIIB
probably comes from Boeotia (Furn 1, TheB Final destruction debris and some LH IIIC
associated, fig. 9: 1). It shows a curtailed Early 1 dump (Voigtländer 2003: 101-104,
running spiral FM 46, but deploying a rare plates 135, Bü9, Bü14; 136, Bü26, Bü31),15 and
variety with interspersed vertical dotted from chamber tomb 6, burial 6.2 (LH IIIB
lines terminating in a U-shaped motif (FM Developed–Final) at Ayía Sotíra in neigh-
46.20). A whole pot from the Lower Citadel boring Corinthia (Dabney et alii 2017: 66,
at Tiryns presents a straight parallel for this 68-70, fig. 3.43, 93). The LH IIIB Middle–Fi-
particular combination of vessel type and nal stirrup jar from Scalo di Furno is one of
motif variety. It was found in Room 223 on the first imports from the northeastern Pelo-
the floor of the LH IIIB Developed phase ponnese/Argolid (Mycenae/Berbati group)
(Kilian 1988: 117, 121, fig. 17; Damm-Mein- to be identified with certainty in Italy (see
hardt 2015: 37-38). The absence of the ridg- also Jung et alii 2021: 478, tab. 4: sample Brog
es on rim and belly, characteristic for the 5, Early MYBE).
later stages in the evolution of the mug A second stirrup jar fragment, a false
shape, constitutes the only difference from neck with a flat surface and a spiral mo-
the Italian find. There is a second parallel tif (Furn 12, fig. 11: 5), is a product of the
from the probable production region of the northwestern Peloponnese, as it belongs
Apulian artefact itself, a mug sherd from to the chemical group OlyA, which is the
the citadel of Glas in Boeotia, a perfect main group among the Mycenaean ce-
parallel, both in terms of shape (presence ramics at many sites in Achaea and in-
of ridges) and motif variety. It belongs to cludes two clay samples from Elis (Jung
the destruction level of Room M 3, which et alii 2015: 459). The spiral on the false
should indicate a contextual date of LH IIIB neck is a trait of long duration, appearing
Final (Iakovidis 1998: 109, fig. 55). in LH IIIA2 and continuing into the later
The second import is a small closed LH IIIC phases (Podzuweit 2007: Beilage
vessel (Furn 2, fig. 9: 2). The decoration 60: “Knauf 1” and “Knauf 2”), though its
of the preserved fragment allows an as- appearance on a flat-topped false neck
cription to a small stirrup jar of undeter- would be more frequent in the palatial
mined type. Its characteristic trait is the and early postpalatial periods.16
15 Stirrup jars with this kind of decoration do still appear in early postpalatial contexts, e.g. Peratí, chamber
tomb 151, LH IIIC Early (Iakovidis 1969/70: 146-147, plate 43δ, 1160; Mountjoy 1999: 572-574, fig. 211, 347).
16 For examples from the northwestern Peloponnese see Achaia Clauss, chamber tomb Δ, burial Δ, LH IIIB Fi-
nal–LH IIIC Early (Paschalidis 2018: 39, 42-43, fig. 66; 185-186, fig. 356); Achaia Clauss, chamber tomb Λ, burial B,
LH IIIB Final–LH IIIC Early (Paschalidis 2018: 100-102, figs. 197-198; 301-302, figs. 638-639); Achaia Clauss, chamber
130
Fig. 9 - Mycenaean vessels from Scalo di Furno (1-3 scale 1:3; 4-5 scale 1:5). Drawings E. Matricardi (1,3,4), R. Jung (2),
M. Pacciarelli (5); digitization L. Fiorillo.
One more vessel comes from west- monochrome interior (decoration type
ern Greece, which is a stemmed bowl FT 9.1.2) and a spiraliform motif (Furn 4, fig. 9:
304/305 with a variety of the rather rare 3). At Asine there are several examples with
tomb B, pit III, burials Ξ and Ο, LH IIIC Developed (Paschalidis 2018: 29-31, fig. 49; 152-153, fig. 286); Chalandrítsa,
chamber tomb 44, burials A and A1, LH IIIC Developed–Advanced (Aktypi 2017: 155-156, 162-163, figs. 226-227).
131
the decoration system 9 (monochrome in- bowl cannot be dated due to the small size
terior) in a context probably dating to LH of the sherd, which does not preserve any-
IIIB Early–Middle (Frizell 1978: 80-84, figs. thing of the patterned zone.
66, 98-99, 109; 67-68; 70, 110). Two further The first closed vessel of this group was
parallels come from the LH IIIB Middle a large one with a maximum preserved di-
phase of Rooms 209 and 215 inside the ameter of ca. 30 cm and a complex shoul-
Lower Citadel of Tiryns (Schönfeld 1988: der pattern (Furn 3, fig. 9: 4). The latter is
188, fig. 7, 1, 4). The chemical composition made up of curved and almost vertical
of the Apulian find fits to the group AkaR. pairs of lines, each framing a zigzag band.
Finally, there is a closed vessel, which There is no precise parallel available for
is a member of SybB, an already discussed this specific pattern. However, it recalls
group connected to probably two regions certain shoulder motifs on stirrup jars
in southern Italy, i.e. the coastal southern known especially from Achaea. These are
areas of the Basilicata (Siris/Policoro) and usually pairs of large standing semicir-
northern Apulia (Furn 9, fig. 10: 3). It shows cles or triangles consisting of two framing
the hook-shaped, single row version of the lines and a hatched fill.17 They are often
multiple stem pattern (FM 19.52). A slightly combined with additional shoulder mo-
different version also appears on a closed tifs.18 Two cases are of particular interest.
vessel from a RBA 2 context at Roca Vec- The first is a small stirrup jar FT 175 with
chia. It is a member of the probably Apu- monochrome lower body and striped belly
lian group X116 (sample RocV 16, Jung et alii zone, on top of which the shoulder shows
2021: 464-466, tab. 1-2; 469, fig. 1, RocV 16). a combination of narrow motifs consist-
Four vessels from Scalo di Furno belong ing of parallel lines with simple hatching
to the chemical group X115, which, as al- in between. Some of these line pairs are
ready stated, is the largest group among the curved into semicircles, while others are
analyzed vessels from Roca Vecchia and in- rather straight. This stirrup jar belongs to
cludes a kiln waster from Taranto (Fusc 1, fig. a LH IIIC Late woman’s burial inside cham-
6: 8) as well as a clay sample from a clay bed ber tomb Θ of the Achaia Clauss cemetery
close to Mesagne in the region of Brindisi (Paschalidis 2018: 85, 247, fig. 492). The
(BRIND 1T). Therefore, X115 originates from second piece is a small stirrup jar from an
Apulian workshops. Different fabrics be- unknown context with narrow triglyphs
long to this group (F8, F12, F18 and E1, see made up of two framing lines and a cen-
Tab. 1 and fabric catalog). They represent tral zigzag band and occasionally bordered
well-fired products of good quality, usually by a series of semicircles. These triglyphs
showing only few inclusions and rarely even are combined with further shoulder motifs
a lustrous paint. At Scalo di Furno the mem- such as concentric semicircles and dia-
bers of this group are a rim sherd from a monds (Papadopoulos 1978/79 II: plate 87,
stemmed bowl FT 304/305 (Furn 13, fig. 11: 4) fig. 111, e; plate 193, fig. 217, f). However, the
and body sherds of three closed vessels, the two fragments from Scalo di Furno would
types of which cannot be determined (Furn also allow for a different reconstruction of
3, 10 and 15, figs. 9: 4; 10: 4; 11: 3). The stemmed the pattern structure, i.e. pendent semi-
17 One such stirrup jar was even found in Apulia, i.e. at San Cosimo di Oria 16 km NW of Caverna Dell’Erba
(Taylour 1958: 169, plate 17, 1; Biancofiore 1963: 51, plate 10, 219; Biancofiore 1967: 59, plate 8, 283).
18 Papadopoulous 1978/79 II: plate 54, fig. 78, c-d; plate 69, fig. 93, c; plate 75, fig. 99, d; plate 84, fig. 108, g-h; plate
88, fig. 112, d-e; plate 193, fig. 217, e; plate 194, fig. 218, e-f; plate 195, fig. 219, e; Mountjoy 1999: 389-390, fig. 135, 70;
421-422, fig. 148, 77; Paschalidis 2018: 156, fig. 293; 174, fig. 332; 177, fig. 338.
132
Fig. 10 - Mycenaean/Mycenaeanizing (1, 3, 4) and Gray Ware (2) vessels from Scalo di Furno (1-3 scale 1:3; 4 scale 1:4).
Drawings M. Pacciarelli (1) and E. Matricardi; digitization L. Fiorillo.
circles with smaller semicircles of oppo- 170 from a possible LH IIIA2 context in the
site orientation inscribed into the empty Kalkáni cemetery at Mycenae (Mountjoy
space of the large ones or flanking those. 1999: 122-123, fig. 27, 187).
This structure finds a parallel in a narrow A second closed vessel of group X115 is
shoulder zone of a globular stirrup jar FT represented only by a belly fragment with
133
a horizontal round handle decorated by a serve part of a shoulder band and a quirk
broad stripe (Furn 10, fig. 10: 4). Its diameter motif FM 48.5, which is a common motif
of 25 cm assigns it to either a large hydria on LH IIIC amphoriskoi. One may name
FT 128 or a belly-handled amphora FT 58. a two-handled amphoriskos FT 59 from
The third closed vessel belonging to Achaia Clauss, chamber tomb E, heap of
group X115 is medium-sized with a belly secondary burials (Paschalidis 2018: 48, 198,
diameter of 17 cm (Furn 15, fig. 11: 3), deco- fig. 379) or a belly-handled amphora FT 58,
rated with a horizontal zigzag band FM 61. also from the Achaea region (Papadopou-
As a regional parallel we can name a small los 1978/79 II: plate 227, fig. 251, a). There
jug with a belly diameter of only 8 cm from is also a parallel at Broglio di Trebisacce in
Scoglio del Tonno (Biancofiore 1963: 63, Calabria (Bettelli 2002: 178-179, fig. 68, 77).
67, plate 14, 82; Biancofiore 1967: 50, 78, 82, However, due to the lack of analytical data,
plate 18, 82; Fisher 1988: 224, fig. 18, 108). In it is not possible to say whether that frag-
Achaea there is a morphologically closer mentary vessel was produced in Italy.
parallel from a cremation burial (context 2, The stratigraphically earliest pot from
dated to LH IIIC Developed) inside cham- Scalo di Furno is a medium-sized closed
ber tomb 2 at Spaliaréika, an amphoriskos vessel with only linear decoration pre-
FT 59 with horizontal zigzag band and a served (Furn 6, figs. 7: 1; 10: 1). It was part of
belly diameter of 13 cm (Giannopoulos the floor deposit related to the MBA 3 ov-
2008: 115, 222-223, 236, plate 22, 15). ens. This context would suggest a LH IIIA
Two more vessels have an Italian prov- date (cf. Jung 2006: 212-213, 218-219; Gug-
enance, i.e. the basin FT 294 with a single lielmino 2012), but the typological features
horizontal wavy line FM 53.20 (Furn 5, of the preserved fragment do not allow for
fig. 9: 5) belonging to the Apulian/Luca- a precise dating of the vessel itself. It is not
nian group X043 and a closed vessel of a member of any known chemical group,
medium dimensions (Furn 14, fig. 11: 2), a but its technological characteristics might
member of the Apulian group TaIC, which suggest a central Mediterranean manufac-
includes kiln fragments and kiln wast- ture. The irregularly burnished surface in
ers from L’Amastuola (Geißler et alii, in combination with the dull paint and the
press) as well as the newly measured clay rather coarse fabric (in Mycenaean terms)
sample from a clay bed at Montemesola in particular support such a conclusion
(MONT 1T) and can therefore be assigned (cf. fig. 7: 1). Although in certain Aegean
to the wider area of Taranto. The basin has regions burnishing was a common tech-
a good parallel for the combination of type nique, even used on painted fine-ware pots
and motif at Scoglio del Tonno (Biancofio- all through the Late Bronze Age (e.g. on
re 1963: 40, plate 17, 164; Biancofiore 1967: Crete and in Attica), in most Mycenaean
54, plate 24, 164; Fisher 1988: 233, fig. 26, pottery-making traditions this technique
158), while there are parallels in the Argol- was not practiced. Keeping in mind that
id as well.19 The closed vessel produced in MBA 3 is the phase during which the man-
the Taranto area has a maximum preserved ufacture of wheelmade painted pottery
diameter of 19 cm. The two fragments pre- started in Apulia20 and a few other south-
19 Podzuweit (2007: 93, plate 48, 1-4) lists basins FT 294 with FM 53.20/25 from the Tiryns Lower Citadel first
for the LH IIIB Developed phase, but also for later LH IIIC levels. Most of these have a monochrome interior, but
others carry linear decoration on the inside.
20 Guglielmino et alii 2010: 274-276, fig. 10, 74; Jones, Levi 2014: 147; Bettelli, Levi 2014: 309, fig. 4.50, RO74.
134
Fig. 11 - Mycenaean/Mycenaeanizing vessels from Scalo di Furno (scale 1:3). Drawings E. Matricardi; digitization L.
Fiorillo.
ern Italian regions,21 one may advance the because these are comparatively fine and
hypothesis that the exceptional technolog- do not show burnishing marks. Therefore,
ical traits of this vessel go back to the lo- the closed vessel Furn 6 might have been
cal traditions of impasto manufacture, in the result of an early experimentation
which the clay was not levigated to a high stage. We have to keep in mind that in the
degree and burnishing was the usual sur- MBA 3 phase of Scalo di Furno this vessel
face treatment. The contrast with the RBA is the only wheelmade one among a large
Apulian products of group X115 is obvious, number of handmade impasto pots.22
21 The potter of a wheelmade jug from the Milazzese settlement on the acropolis of Lipari apparently “trans-
lated” the incised decoration of the handmade impasto jugs into Mycenaean painted motifs (Jung 2005: 477 pl.
105, a, b; Jung 2006: 75). A chemical analysis is needed to test this hypothesis.
22 We also note that none of the other Mycenaean-type fragments from Scalo di Furno can be dated to LH IIIA.
135
One more wheelmade and painted Achaea or Elis might be of either palatial
fine-ware fragment is a chemical singleton or postpalatial date. They represent both
(Furn 11, fig. 11: 1). The preserved part does consumption vessels (mug, stemmed bowl)
not allow a classification as either a Myce- and transport/storage containers for liquids
naean or a Mycenaeanizing vessel. (small stirrup jars). The largest group among
The only Gray Ware vessel that we have the chemically assignable vessels consists of
analyzed has remained a chemical single- Apulian products, while some more pots
ton (Furn 7, fig. 10: 2). It is a closed vessel of were also made somewhere in southern
medium size with a belly diameter of about Italy, probably in Apulia or Basilicata. The
20 cm (cf. Bettelli 2002: 218-219, fig. 90, 144). Apulian group X115 includes closed and
It belongs to a small group of wheelmade open vessels, some of which reproduce My-
Gray Ware pots that includes other closed cenaean types (stemmed bowl Furn 13, fig. 11:
vessels as well as carinated cups or bowls. 4), while others represent local Mycenaean-
The burnt and distorted MBA 3 impasto izing types (closed vessel Erba 1, fig. 8: 1).24
vessels Furn 8 (fig. 6: 7) and Furn 18 (fig. 6: 5) This means the overall picture is sim-
are also chemical singletons. Thus, for the ilar to the one obtained at Roca Vecchia
time being they cannot confirm the exis- (fig. 12). Integrating the data from all three
tence of a local pottery production at the site. sites, we can say that importations reached
However, two more MBA 3 impasto samples Apulia from different Aegean regions,
from Scalo di Furno (Furn 16 and 17, fig. 6: 4, 6) both during the palatial period, as Scalo di
form a chemical pair (X901), which suggests Furno and Roca Vecchia prove, as well as
that an enlarged sampling strategy might during the postpalatial period, as demon-
eventually yield evidence for a local group of strated at Roca Vecchia and possibly also at
handmade Middle Bronze Age pottery. Scalo di Furno.
Perhaps the most notable result is the
CONCLUSIONS predominance of the Apulian chemical
group X115 at both Roca Vecchia and Scalo di
The analyzed sample from the two Apulian Furno and its presence at Caverna Dell’Erba
sites Caverna Dell’Erba and Scalo di Furno as well. This group includes a clay sample
represents a rather restricted chronological from Mesagne (sample BRIND 1T) and a 19th
range, which, however, is representative for cent. CE kiln waster from Taranto (Cinema
their repertoires. Those pots that can be dat- Fusco, sample Fusc 1, fig. 6: 8), two sites lo-
ed to specific Aegean phases belong to the cated in a distance of 54 km from each other.
advance palatial age, i.e. LH IIIB (earlier and This suggests a notable extension of the ar-
later stages),23 or to the early postpalatial pe- eas, in which clay of that chemical composi-
riod, i.e. LH IIIC Early, although we cannot tion was available. With a 42 % share of X115
exclude later dates for some of them, espe- among the analyzed fine-ware pottery from
cially the south Italian products. Roca Vecchia, one may assume that the rel-
The imported pieces of palatial date evant clay beds extended even further to the
come from the Argolid, Aetolia-Acarnania south of the Salento peninsula. Otherwise, it
and probably Boeotia, while the one from would imply the Apulian communities were
23 The MBA 3 pot Furn 6 from Scalo di Furno is an exceptionally early piece, contemporary with LH IIIA (see
above).
24 Our study of the Caverna Dell’Erba and Scalo di Furno finds confirms the impression given by the Roca
Vecchia ceramics regarding the scarcity of Italo-Mycenaean carinated bowl/cup types among the 385 sherds
counted for Area IX, Phases I and II (cf. Iacono 2015: 267, tab. 2; 274, fig. 7, 2).
136
transporting notable quantities of clay or

fine-ware pottery over distances of several
dozen kilometers either along the Apulian
coasts or across the Salento peninsula. How-
ever, ethnographic studies established that,
as may be expected, potters travel to obtain
clay according to least-effort principles,
while in most cases distances of less than 1
and up to 7 km lay between clay source and
potters’ workshops. Cases, in which 25 to 50
km separate clay beds from workshops are
extremely rare (Rice 1987: 116-118).
X115 is not the only chemical group we
can relate to Mycenaean pottery production
in the Salento. First, there is the chemically
similar pattern X116 with a share of 21 %
among the Roca Vecchia Mycenaean and
Mycenaeanizing vessels. This group did not
appear among the analyzed ceramics from
Fig. 12 - (1) NAA groups of analyzed Mycenaean and
Caverna dell‘Erba and Scalo di Furno, which Aegeanizing fine-ware vessels from Roca Vecchia (n
may indicate that one should search for the = 19), according to Jung et alii 2021. (2) NAA groups
clay source and the workshops producing of analyzed Mycenaean and Mycenaeanizing pain-
that recipe towards the southern part of the ted vessels from Scalo di Furno (n = 13). The Apulian
group includes X115 (4 samples), TaIC (1 sample); the
Salento peninsula. Furthermore, a work- southern Italian group includes X043 (1 sample) and
shop producing ceramics of group TaIC, SybB (1 sample); the West Greek group includes AkaR
related to the Taranto area by means of (1 sample) and OlyA (1 sample).
kiln fragments from L’Amastuola and a clay
sample from Montemesola (sample MONT presence of SybB at Iron Age Ascoli Satria-
1T), contributed to the Scalo di Furno as- no, Giarnera Piccola, or from the Basilicata
semblage (sample Furn 14). Another vessel coast because of the clay sample from Siris.
from that site (Furn 5) belongs to yet anoth- As the inland regions of northwestern Apu-
er chemical group of Italian provenance, lia and the northeastern Basilicata did not
X043 from an unknown production site in yield any evidence for a notable produc-
the region of Taranto, Metapontum or Siris. tion of Mycenaean pottery so far,25 the Ba-
Finally, at Scalo di Furno there is one Myce- silicata coast seems to us to be the better
naean-type pot belonging to the now better option. In a distance of only 9 km to the
defined group SybB (Furn 9). Based on the north of ancient Siris, there is the Recent
new distribution pattern of SybB, this result Bronze Age settlement site of Termitito, a
might either suggest an importation from major production center of local Mycenae-
northwestern Apulia because of the strong an and Mycenaeanizing pottery.26 Thus, the
25 The sites such as Toppo Daguzzo or Santa Maria di Ripalta only yielded a few Aegean-type sherds each
(Vagnetti et alii 2014: 24-26, 33-34).
26 Vagnetti et alii 2014: 24-25, 33: “several hundred fragments”; Bettelli, Levi 2014: 320-321. Unfortunately, for the
Termitito wheelmade pottery only AAS data with 10 measured elements are available. The interpretation of the
Aegean and Aegeanizing pots as local products rests on a comparison with 7th century BCE pots from nearby
Metapontum (Jones, Levi 2014: 164–166).
137
pots Furn 9, a small closed vessel, as well as models. It also suggests that the Apulian
Zamb 18, a small open vessel found at Punta populations were not actively organizing
di Zambrone, most probably a deep bowl FT exchange relationships involving pottery
284/285 (Jung, Pacciarelli 2021: 91, fig. 24, 2; with the western part of southern Italy, be-
94), may well be exports from the region of cause in such a case we would expect Apu-
Termitito. Obviously, only analyses by NAA lian products at Calabrian sites such as Pun-
of finds from Termitito itself would allow ta di Zambrone and Broglio di Trebisacce.27
a verification of that hypothesis. As said Regarding the Italo-Aegean relation-
above, three more finds from Punta di Zam- ships, we note that during the RBA (LH
brone that are only similar in composition IIIB–IIIC Advanced) the communities
to SybB appear to be products of some other from Calabria and Apulia found their ex-
Italian region(s). change partners mostly (but not exclusive-
To sum up, our new results show that ly) in the western Greek regions (Achaea/
there is mounting evidence for at least lim- Elis, Aetolia-Acarnania and Kephallenia).28
ited inter-regional circulation of painted As an exception among the material from
wheelmade Mycenaean pottery produced Scalo di Furno, there is a single Argive
in southern Italy. Earlier models arguing product dated to LH IIIB. The new picture
against such circulation (most recently seems again to support a historical recon-
Jones et alii 2021: 27) are therefore in need of struction according to which the differ-
some revision. More analytical data will un- ent southern Italian communities main-
doubtedly enrich the picture in this respect. tained specific contacts with partners on
Returning to the Apulian-Calabrian re- the Aegean side. This, of course, does not
lationships, the previously noted contrast necessarily imply that ships were sailing
between the presence of similar impor- on direct routes between the western Pelo-
tations from Greece at both Roca Vecchia ponnese and Apulia or between western
and Punta di Zambrone on the one hand Greece and the Strait of Messina.
and the absence of Apulian Mycenaean or During MBA 3 Scoglio del Tonno stands
Mycenaeanizing pots in southern Calabria out in a remarkable way with its large
on the other is reinforced by the new ana- quantities of LH IIIA2 pottery,29 which at
lytical results from Scalo di Furno and Cav- the least suggests that Scoglio del Tonno
erna Dell’Erba. This evidence argues against had the role of a major port used by the
the above-mentioned down-the-line trade ships voyaging between Italy and Greece.30
27 Regarding the finds from Broglio di Trebisacce, six Mycenaean/Italo-Mycenaean vessels have been analyzed
by NAA at the Bonn laboratory. Four of them belong to the local group SybA, which fits with their Italo-Myce-
naean typological characteristics, while the remaining two are imports from Greece (cf. Jung et alii 2021: 478,
tab. 4). Moreover, the stylistic and typological characteristics of the painted wheelmade pottery at Broglio do
not point to any specific connection with Apulia (cf. the material published in Vagnetti 1984a; Vagnetti 1984b;
Vagnetti, Panichelli 1994; Bettelli 2002: 165-198).
28 So far, among the Mycenaean vessels found in Achaea and analyzed with NAA there are no imports from
Boeotia or Crete, regions the products of which reached Apulia and Calabria. However, typological and stylistic
analyses did assign a Cretan provenance to LM IIIB grave goods in a tomb at Pátras (Papazoglou-Manioudaki
1993: 209-211, 213, fig. 2, α-δ, plate 23, a-d). Furthermore, the products of certain postpalatial workshops in the
northwestern Peloponnese show Minoan stylistic traits, which demonstrates that contacts between the north-
western Peloponnese and Crete continued in LH/LM IIIC (Moschos 2009: 354-355).
29 Müller-Karpe 1959: 32-33, plate 13; Biancofiore 1963; Biancofiore 1967; Fisher 1988; Jung 2017: 54.
30 In this phase only the region of Thapsos/Syracuse seems to have had a similar role, judging from its rich
Aegean pottery record (Orsi 1895; Jones, Levi 2004; Jones, Levi 2014: 222-224).
138
Other MBA 3 sites show a much more lim- break 10 YR 6/4 (light yellowish brown);
ited presence of Aegean-type pottery but colour of paint 10YR 3/2 (very dark gray-
also yield the earliest Aegean/Aegeaniz- ish brown). – Pottery matrix with a me-
ing vessels manufactured in Apulia (see dium quantity of small voids; few fine to
above). Such local/regional production medium inclusions (white particles).
seems to have experienced a marked in- E4: Fired very hard, with a metallic sound. –
crease during the following RBA. At the Surface well smoothed. – Paint slightly
same time, the imported quantities of My- lustrous, mostly solid cover, diluted
cenaean pottery also rose. This seems to only on a few areas. – Colour of surface/
indicate that the local interest in this class slip 10YR 7/3 (very pale brown); colour
had augmented to an extent that the re- of break 10YR 7/3 (very pale brown);
quest could not be satisfied by importation colour of paint 7.5YR 3/2 (dark brown)
only. and 3/1 (dark gray). – Pottery matrix
with few small to medium voids; one
CATALOGUE OF FABRICS IDENTIFIED crack; few very fine inclusions (mica).
VIA MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION E6: Fired very hard. – Surface wet-
AT CAVERNA DELL’ERBA smoothed. – Paint dull, partly solid
AND SCALO DI FURNO cover and partly diluted with brush
marks. – Colour of surface (internal
E1: Fired very hard, with a metallic sound. – and external) 2.5Y 7/3 (pale yellow);
Surface wet-smoothed, burnished and colour of break 10YR 6/3 (pale brown);
covered with a lustrous slip at certain colour of paint 7.5YR 3/1 (very dark
morphological features. – Paint dull, gray). – Pottery matrix with few small
cover partly solid and partly diluted. – to medium voids; many fine and me-
Colour of slip, surfaces and break 10YR dium inclusions (white particles, red-
8/2 (very pale brown); colour of paint dish-brown particles).
10YR 2/1 and 3/1 (black, very dark gray), F1: Fired hard. – Surface burnished. – Paint
where diluted 10YR 6/4 (light yellowish dull, solid cover. – Colour of external
brown). – Pottery matrix with few small surface 7.5YR 6/6 (reddish yellow); inter-
voids; no visible inclusions. nal surface 7.5YR 6/6 (reddish yellow);
E2: Fired very hard, with metallic sound. – colour of the break 7.5YR 6/6 (reddish
Surface well smoothed and slipped. – yellow); colour of paint 2.5YR 5/6 (red).
Paint dull. – Colour of internal and – Pottery matrix with few small voids;
external surface (external surface is some cracks due to the forming of coils;
slipped) 10YR 6/3 (pale brown); colour large quantity of medium to coarse in-
of break 10YR 6/3 (pale brown); colour clusions (mica, reddish particles).
of paint 10YR 3/1 (very dark gray). – Pot- F2: Fired very hard. – Surface wet-smoothed.
tery matrix with a medium quantity of – Paint dull, mainly solid cover. – Colour
fine to large voids, cracks; large quanti- of external surface 7.5YR 6/6 (reddish
ty of silver mica and few coarse to very yellow), internal surface 7.5YR 7/6 (red-
coarse white inclusions. dish yellow); colour of break 7.5YR 7/4
E3: Fired very hard, with a metallic sound. – (pink); colour of paint 5YR 4/6 (yellow-
Surface polished. – Paint lustrous, cover ish red). – Pottery matrix with a medium
partly solid and partly diluted. – Colour quantity of small voids; some cracks due
of external surface/slip 10YR 6/4 (light to the forming of coils; few fine to me-
yellowish brown), internal surface 10YR dium inclusions (micaceous particles,
6/4 (light yellowish brown); colour of reddish particles).
139
F4: Fired very hard, with a metallic sound. – cover with some brush marks. – Co-
Surface polished. – Paint slightly lus- lour of external surface 10YR 6/2 (light
trous, solid cover. – Colour of external brownish gray), internal surface 10YR
slipped surface 10YR 7/6 (yellow); inter- 6/3 (pale brown); colour of break 10YR
nal surface 7.5YR 6/3 (light brown); co- 7/4 (very pale brown); colour of paint
lour of break 7.5YR 7/4 (pink); colour of 10YR 3/1 (very dark gray). – Pottery ma-
paint where the cover is thick 7.5YR 2.5/1 trix with small voids and crack due to
(black), where the cover is diluted 7.5YR the forming of coils; rare fine to medi-
5/6 (strong brown), fine bands 10YR 6/8 um inclusions (white and reddish par-
(brownish yellow). – Pottery matrix with ticles, silver mica).
few small voids; no visible inclusions. F10: Fired very hard, with a metallic
F5: Fired very hard, with a metallic sound. – sound. – Surface well smoothed. – Paint
Surface well smoothed. – Paint lustrous, slightly dull, mainly solid cover but also
solid cover. – Colour of external surface diluted. – Colour of surface (internal
7.5YR 6/6 (reddish yellow), internal sur- and external) 5YR 6/6 (reddish yellow);
face 5YR 6/6 (reddish yellow); colour of colour of break grey on the nucleus
break 7.5YR 7/4 (pink); colour of paint and towards the surfaces 5YR 5/6 (yel-
5YR 2.5/1 (black), where diluted 5YR 3/4 lowish red); colour of paint on external
(dark reddish brown). – Pottery matrix and internal surface 5YR 2.5/1 (black),
with few small to medium voids; few where diluted 5YR 2.5 3/4 (dark reddish
fine inclusions (white particles). brown). – Pottery matrix with few small
F6: Fired very hard. – Surface well smoothed voids and just one big void visible; few
and slipped. – Paint solid cover. - Colour fine inclusions (black particles, mica).
of slip 10YR 7/4 (very pale brown); co- F12: Fired very hard. – Surface wet-smoothed
lour of internal surface 10YR 7/3 (very – Paint mostly dull, but lustrous in some
pale brown); colour of break 10YR 8/4 areas; mainly diluted cover, with some
(very pale brown); colour of paint 5YR brush marks. – Colour of surface 10YR
4/4 (reddish brown). – Pottery matrix 7/4 (very pale brown); colour of break
with no visible voids; rare fine inclu- 7.5YR 7/4 (pink); colour of paint 10YR 2/1
sions (reddish particles). (black), where diluted 7.5YR 5/6 (strong
F7: Fired very hard, with a metallic sound. – brown). – Pottery matrix with few small
Surface well smoothed and slipped. – voids and cracks; rare fine inclusions
Paint lustrous in certain areas, solid (reddish particles) and one very coarse
cover. – Colour of external slipped white inclusion (1 cm width).
surface 7.5YR 6/6 (reddish yellow); in- F13: Fired very hard, with a metallic
ternal surface 5YR 6/6 (reddish yellow); sound. – Surface well smoothed. –
colour of paint on external surface lus- Paint lustrous, slightly metallic. – Co-
trous (inv. no. 28516 has a dull surface lour of external surface 10YR 7/6 (yel-
due to the action of fire) 2.5YR 4/8 low); internal surface 7.5YR 7/4 (pink);
(red); colour of paint on the internal colour of break 7.5YR 7/4 (pink); colour
surface (only visible on inv. no. 28516) of paint on both surfaces 10YR 4/1 (dark
2.5YR 4/6 (red); colour of break 5YR 7/6 gray). – Pottery matrix with few small
(reddish yellow). – Pottery matrix with voids; few fine to medium inclusions
small voids and some cracks; few fine (reddish particles, white particles).
inclusions (grey particles). F18: Fired hard. – Surface wet-smoothed. –
F8: Fired very hard. – Surface well Paint dull. – Colour of external sur-
smoothed. – Paint dull, mainly solid face 10YR 7/4 (very pale brown); inter-
140
nal surface 10YR 6/4 (light yellowish 3324, Phase V, Final stage of RBA 2 or
brown); colour of break: grey on the FBA 1, Aegeanizing krater (Jung et alii
nucleus and towards the surfaces 7.5YR 2021: 469, fig. 1, RocV 5; 475-476).
6/6 (reddish yellow); colour of paint Erba 2 (fig. 8: 5): Caverna Dell’Erba, no strat-
5YR 3/4 ( dark reddish brown), where ification data, inv. no. 53378. – Fragment
diluted 2.5YR 4/8 ( red). – Pottery ma- of a large closed vessel. – Maximum
trix with many small to large voids and diameter 27 cm. – Linear decoration:
cracks; many fine to medium inclusions lower bands 2.2; motif: horse (FM 2). –
(reddish particles, white particles, small Fabric E3. – Dark paint. Publications:
amount of silver mica). Biancofiore 1963: 42, plate 25, 222; Bian-
F21: Fired very hard, with a metallic sound. – cofiore 1967: 59, plate 33, 276; Vagnetti,
Surface well smoothed. – Paint now dull Tiné 1967: 18, plate 20, 90; Vagnetti 2001:
(probably initially lustrous), solid cover. 111-112, fig. 17; Fisher 1988: 250. Parallel
– Colour of external surface 10YR 6/3 for shape and motif: Tiryns, unknown
(pale brown); colour of internal surface context (Kilian 1980: 22-23, figs. 1-2,
10YR 6/4 (light yellowish brown); colour plates 9, 1; 10; Vermeule, Karageorghis
of break 5YR 6/4 (light reddish brown); 1982: 230 cat. no. XI.19.1; Güntner 2000:
colour of paint 2.5YR 4/6 (red). – Pottery 22, plate 5, 1 a-b). Parallels for the motif:
matrix with rare small voids and some Tiryns, Lower Citadel, probably LH IIIB
small cracks; few fine inclusions (silver Final context, krater FT 281/282 (Kilian
mica). 1980: 22, plate 9, 2; Güntner 2000: 21,
F29: Fired very hard, with a metallic plate 3, 7); Scoglio del Tonno, unstrati-
sound. – Surface well smoothed. – Co- fied open vessel (Taylour 1958: 97, 130,
lour of surface (internal and external) plate 12, 18; Biancofiore 1963: 39, plate
5Y7/1 (light gray); colour of the break 5Y 17, 158; Biancofiore 1967: 53, 73, plate 24,
7/1 (light gray). – Pottery matrix with no 158; Fisher 1988: 231 fig. 23, 146; Vagnetti
visible voids; few fine inclusions (black 2001: 111, fig. 11).
particles, silver mica). Erba 3 (fig. 8: 2): Caverna Dell’Erba, Level 3
and Level 4, inv. no. 53260-53261. – Deep
CATALOG OF AEGEAN-TYPE bowl FT 284/285. – Rim diameter 17 cm
AND AEGEANIZING POTTERY (preservation 21%), base diameter 6 cm
FROM CAVERNA DELL’ERBA (preservation 75%), maximum diameter
AND SCALO DI FURNO 16 cm. – Linear decoration 5.6.1, lower
bands 1.3, base decoration 1.3; motif: an-
Erba 1 (fig. 8: 1): Caverna Dell’Erba, no strat- tithetic spiral pattern (FM 50.22); at least
ification data, inv. no. 53377-53380. – eight splashes on the handle. – Fabric
Large closed vessel with horizontal E2. – Dark paint. Publications: Puglisi
strap handle. – Maximum diameter 1958: 88, fig. 1, 29, 42; Biancofiore 1963:
36 cm. – Linear decoration: shoulder 42-43, plate 25, 223, 224, 227; Biancofio-
bands 2.2, belly bands 2.2; three handle re 1967: 59, plate 33, 277, 278, 280; Fisher
splashes; motif: triglyph (FM 75.20). – 1988: 250, 264. Parallels for type and mo-
Fabric E1. – Dark paint. Publications: tif: Porto Saturo (Satyrion), Layer f, RBA
Biancofiore 1963: 42, plate 25, 220-221; (Lo Porto 1964: 199, fig. 18, 3; Fisher 1988:
Biancofiore 1967: 59, plate 33, 274-275; 246, fig. 37, 240). Parallel for the inverted
Fisher 1988: 250, 262. Parallels for han- handle splashes: Roca Vecchia, SAS IX,
dle shape and motif: Roca Vecchia, SAS sherd nos. 11718, 11331, 9287, 9247, 3324,
IX, sherd nos. 11718, 11331, 9287, 9247, Phase V, Final stage of RBA 2 or FBA 1,
141
Aegeanizing krater (Jung et alii 2021: band 1.1, belly bands 3.8; motif: zigzag
469, fig. 1, RocV 5; 475-476). (FM 61.3) – Fabric F4. – Dark paint. Par-
Erba 4 (fig. 8: 3): Caverna Dell’Erba, Level 4, allels for shape, linear decoration and mo-
inv. no. 53262 – Jug FT 112. – Rim diameter tif: Mycenae, House of the Oil Merchant,
6.5 cm (preservation 46%), base diame- Room 4, LH IIIB Middle (French 1967:
ter 4 cm (preservation 25%), maximum 151-153, fig. 2, 52-261; Mountjoy 1999: 137,
diameter 10 cm. – Linear decoration 1.1, fig. 33, 248; 140); Mycenae, House Beta,
neck band 2.1, belly bands 2.2, base dec- Room 4, LH IIIB Middle (Mylonas 1966:
oration 1.1; motif: U pattern (FM 45). Fab- 75, plate 78, β; French 2002; 102); Tiryns,
ric E4. – Dark paint. Publications: Puglisi Epichosis, LH IIIB Final – LH IIIC Early
1958: 88, fig. 1, 27; Biancofiore 1963: 43, 1 (Voigtländer 2003: 101-104, plates 135,
plate 25, 225; Biancofiore 1967: 59, plate Bü9, Bü14; 136, Bü26, Bü31); Ayía Sotíra,
33, 279; Fisher 1988: 250. Parallels for type chamber tomb 6, burial 6.2, LH IIIB De-
and motif: Ayía Sotíra, chamber tomb 5, veloped–Final (Dabney et alii 2017: 66,
burial 5.2, LH IIIB (Dabney et alii 2017: 68–70, fig. 3.43, 93).
86-87, fig. 3.62, 115). Furn 3 (fig. 9: 4): Scalo di Furno, upper
Erba 5 (fig. 8: 4): Caverna Dell’Erba, no huts levels, inv. no. EX 89A/21. – Two
stratification data, inv. no. 53382. - Col- fragments of a large closed vessel.
lar-necked jar FT 63.– Rim diameter 22 – Maximum preserved diameter 30
cm (preservation 10%). – Linear dec- cm. – Linear decoration: 1 broad neck
oration 11.0, shoulder band 1.1; motif: band; motif: zigzag (FM 61) combined
wavy line, horizontal (FM 53:20). – Fab- with curvilinear motif and triglyph
ric E6. – Dark paint. Parallels for type (FM 75). – Fabric F18. – Red paint.
and monochrome decoration of the neck: Parallels for shape and motif: Achaia
Aigeira, acropolis, Phase Ia, LH IIIC Ear- Clauss, chamber tomb Θ, burial Γ, LH
ly (Deger-Jalkotzy 2003: 56-57, fig. 2, 14; IIIC Late: small stirrup jar FT 175 (Pas-
Jung 2006: 18, plate 7, 1). chalidis 2018: 85, 247, fig. 492); Achaea,
Furn 1 (fig. 9: 1): Scalo di Furno, no stratifi- unknown context, small stirrup jar FT
cation data, inv. no. 28517. – Three frag- 175 (Papadopoulos 1978/79 II: plate 87,
ments of a mug FT 226. – Rim diameter fig. 111, e; plate 193, fig. 217, f); Mycenae,
17 cm (preservation 11%); base diameter Kalkáni cemetery, chamber tomb 530,
13 cm (preservation 15%). – Linear dec- blocking wall of the stomion, possibly
oration 7.11.3, belly band 2.1, base deco- LH IIIA 2, small stirrup jar FT 170 (Wace
ration 1.4; motif: curtailed running spi- 1932, 107-109, plate 52, 9; Mountjoy 1999:
ral (FM 46:20). – Fabric F7. – Red paint. 123-124, fig. 27, 187).
Publications: Lo Porto 1986: 20, fig. 10; Furn 4 (fig. 9: 3): Scalo di Furno, no stratifi-
Lo Porto 1990: 225, fig. 4, 6. Parallels for cation data, inv. no. 28519. – Fragment
type and motif: Tiryns, Lower Citadel, of a stemmed bowl FT 304/305. – Rim
Room 223, LH IIIB Developed (Kilian diameter 20 cm (preservation 10%). –
1988: 117, 121, fig. 17; Damm-Meinhardt Linear decoration: 9.1.2; motif: running
2015: 37-38); Glas, destruction level of spiral (FM 46). – Fabric F13. – Dark
room M 3, LH IIIB Final (Iakovidis 1998: paint. Publications: Lo Porto 1990: p.
109, fig. 55). 225, fig. 4.3-5. Parallels for type with
Furn 2 (fig. 9: 2): Scalo di Furno, no stratifi- monochrome interior: Asine, LH IIIB
cation data, inv. no. PC/27. – Fragment Early–Middle (Frizell 1978: 80-84, figs.
of a small closed vessel. – Maximum di- 66, 98-99, 109; 67-68; 70, 110); Tiryns,
ameter 10 cm. – Linear decoration: belly Lower Citadel, Rooms 209 and 215, LH
142
IIIB Middle (Schönfeld 1988: 188, fig. 7, or belly-handled amphora FT 58) with
1, 4). round horizontal handle. – Maximum
Furn 5 (fig. 9: 5): Scalo di Furno, fortifica- diameter 25 cm. – Decoration: one hor-
tion wall, inv. no. SF07USM1US151/1. – izontal band on the handle. – Fabric
Basin FT 294. – Rim diameter 36 cm F12. – Dark paint. Publications: Lo Porto
(preservation 9%); maximum diameter 1990: 225, fig. 4, 10.
37 cm. – Linear decoration: 7.4; motif: Furn 11 (fig. 11: 1): Scalo di Furno, no stratifi-
horizontal wavy line (FM 53.20). – Fab- cation data, inv. no. 28514. – Fragment
ric F10 – Dark paint. Parallels for type of a small closed vessel. – Maximum
and motif: Scoglio del Tonno, unstrati- preserved diameter 25 cm. – Linear dec-
fied (Biancofiore 1963: plate 17, 164; Bi- oration: three broad bands. – Fabric F5.
ancofiore 1967: 54, plate 24, 164; Fisher – Dark paint. Publications: Lo Porto 1986:
1988: 233, fig. 26, 158); Tiryns, Lower Cit- 20, fig. 10; Lo Porto 1990: 225, fig. 4, 1.
adel, LH IIIB Developed – LH IIIC (Pod- Furn 12 (fig. 11: 5): Scalo di Furno, no stratifi-
zuweit 2007: 93, plate 48, 1-4). cation data, inv. no. 28515. – False neck
Furn 6 (figs. 7: 1; 10: 1): Scalo di Furno, floor of a stirrup jar. – Motif: spiral on top disk.
deposit related to the MBA 3 ovens, – Fabric F6. – Red paint. Publications:
inv. no. SF09D10US3/1. – Small globu- Lo Porto 1986: 20, fig. 10; Lo Porto 1990:
lar closed vessel. – Base diameter 7 cm 225, fig. 4, 2. Parallels for shape and motif:
(preservation 50%); maximum diam- Achaia Clauss, chamber tomb Δ, burial
eter 18 cm. – Linear decoration: one Δ, LH IIIB Final–LH IIIC Early (Pascha-
shoulder band, lower bands 2.2. – Fab- lidis 2018: 39, 42-43, fig. 66; 185-186, fig.
ric F 1. – Red paint. 356); Achaia Clauss, chamber tomb Λ,
Furn 7 (fig. 10: 2): Scalo di Furno, no strati- burial B, LH IIIB Final–LH IIIC Early
fication data, inv. no. EX 48A/4. – Frag- (Paschalidis 2018: 100-102, figs. 197-198;
ment of small closed wheelmade Gray 301-302, figs. 638-639); Achaia Clauss,
Ware vessel. – Maximum preserved chamber tomb B, pit III, burials Ξ and Ο,
diameter 20 cm. – Fabric F29. Parallel LH IIIC Developed (Paschalidis 2018: 29-
for the shape: Broglio di Trebisacce, un- 31, fig. 49; 152-153, fig. 286); Chalandrítsa,
known context (Bettelli 2002: 218-219, chamber tomb 44, burials A and A1, LH
fig. 90, 144). IIIC Developed–Advanced (Aktypi 2017:
Furn 9 (fig. 10: 3): Scalo di Furno, no strati- 155-156, 162-163, figs. 226-227).
fication data, inv. no. EX 89A/13. – Two Furn 13 (fig. 11: 4): Scalo di Furno, no strati-
fragments of a small closed vessel. – fication data, inv. no. PC/22. – Stemmed
Maximum preserved diameter 17.5 bowl FT 304/305. – Rim diameter 18 cm
cm. – Linear decoration one broad bel- (preservation 7%). – Linear decoration
ly band; motif: multiple stems, hook- 5.2.1 var. – Fabric F8. – Dark paint.
shaped, single row (FM 19:52). – Fabric Furn 14 (fig. 11: 2): Scalo di Furno, no strati-
F21. – Red paint. Parallels for shape and fication data, inv. no. EX89A/24. – Two
motif: Roca Vecchia, SAS IX, sherd no. fragments of a small closed vessel. –
11349, Phase II, developed RBA 2 (Jung Maximum diameter 19 cm. – Linear
et alii 2021: 469, fig. 1, RocV 16; 472); decoration: one belly band; motif: quirk
Tiryns, Lower Citadel, unknown con- (FM 48.5). – Fabric F2. – Red paint.
text (Podzuweit 2007: plate 99, 5). Parallels for shape and motif: Achaia
Furn 10 (fig. 10: 4): Scalo di Furno, no strati- Clauss, chamber tomb E, heap of sec-
fication data, inv. no. 28523. – Fragment ondary burials, two-handled amphoris-
of a large closed vessel (hydria FT 128 kos FT 59 (Paschalidis 2018: 48, 198, fig.
143
379); Achaea region, unknown context, AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

belly-handled amphora FT 58 (Papado-
We gratefully acknowledge the financial
poulos 1978/79 II: 203, plate 227, fig. 251,
support of the Gerda Henkel Stiftung
a); Broglio di Trebisacce, unknown con-
text (Bettelli 2002: 178-179, fig. 68, 77). (grant no. AZ 28/V/19), which enabled us
Furn 15 (fig. 11: 3): Scalo di Furno, no strati- to carry out this research project. We also
fication data, inv. no. 28521. – Fragment warmly thank the following institutions
of a small closed vessel. - Maximum and persons for permissions and support:
diameter 17 cm. – Linear decoration: Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti
belly band 2.1; motif: zigzag (FM 61). e Paesaggio per le Province di Brindisi
– Fabric F8. – Dark paint. Publication: Lecce e Taranto (Maria Piccarreta, Laura
Lo Porto 1990: 225, fig. 4, 8. Parallels for Masiello, Gemma Russo and others), Mu-
shape and motif: Scoglio del Tonno, un- seo Archeologico Nazionale di Taranto
known context, small jug (Biancofiore MArTA (Eva Degli Innocenti, Anna Con-
1963: 63, 67, plate 14, 82; Biancofiore sonni), Museo delle Origini, Rome (Ce-
1967: 50, 78, 82, plate 18, 82; Fisher 1988: cilia Conati). Moreover, we are grateful to
224, fig. 18, 108); Spaliaréika, chamber FIMAB Cave s.r.l. and Antonio La Grotta
tomb 2, context 2, LH IIIC Developed, for the clay samples from Mesagne and
two-handled amphoriskos FT 59 (Gi- Montemesola respectively, and to the two
annopoulos 2008, 115, 222-223, 236, anonymous reviewers for their useful sug-
plate 22, 15). gestions.
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ORIGIN I

Rivista di Preistoria e Protostoria delle Civiltà Antiche

Fondata da / Review Founder

Direttore Responsabile / Editor in chief: Andrea Cardarelli

Curatori Associati / Associate Editors:

Comitato scientifico / Scientific Board:

Revisione grafica / Graphic editing: Giovanni Carboni

Responsabile dei cambi / Appointee for review exchanges: Maurizio Moscoloni

I manoscritti da sottoporre per la pubblicazione vanno inviati a / Submission of papers to be considered

Registrazione al Tribunale di Roma n. 35/2000 (già registrata al n. 11810/1967)

La Rivista è stata stampata con il contributo dell’Ateneo

Questo volume è dedicato alla cara memoria

AEGEAN-TYPE AND AEGEANIZING POTTERY FROM IONIAN APULIA.

Elena Matricardi, Reinhard Jung, Hans Mommsen,

INTRODUCTION tacts between Mycenaean Greece and – to

Fig. 4 - Scalo di Furno, photo by Aldo La Capra (1976),

different from that of the first one (K, Rb,

Fig. 6 - Comparative samples from Caverna Dell’Erba (1-3), Scalo di Furno

Ionian coast and 3 km SE of present day facies (cultural groups) Protoapennine

of a tight group of three ovens with a single

Fig. 7 - Painted wheelmade pottery. (1) Small closed

Caverna Dell’Erba- carinated cup

Diameter (in cm)

Erba 7 comparative Fig. 6: 2. X902

ERBA 08 1.32 0.54 16.3 2.00 1.61 2.29 158. 222.

CUOR 1F MONTE 1T FUSC 1F BRIND 1T SIRI 71T

C δ(%) C δ(%) C δ(%) C δ(%) C δ(%)

transporting notable quantities of clay or

379); Achaea region, unknown context, AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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