SCHOOL OF COMPUTING, INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING & SURVEYING FIELD

EXAMINATIONS

Module Code: CE 2206

Module Title: HYDRAULICS

Date: Thursday 28th May 2009

Time: 2 hours 15 minutes

(plus 10 minutes reading time)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Answer THREE out of FIVE questions. All questions carry

equal marks.

Only THREE questions will be marked. If you attempt more

than THREE questions, please cross out the questions you do
not wish to be marked, otherwise the FIRST THREE questions
in the order they appear in your answer book will be marked.

A data sheet is provided at the end of the paper.

Subject: CE2206 Hydraulics

Q1. A pipeline of length 1000m, diameter 0.15m carries water at 15°C at a rate of
0.03m3/s. The pipeline has an internal surface roughness height of 1.5mm.

(a) A venturi meter with throat diameter 0.1m is used to measure the flow rate Q
through the pipeline. The flow equation for the meter is given by:
2g∆h where:
Q = Cd A1 A1 = area of the pipe
  A 2 
  1  − 1 A2 = area of the throat
  A   CD = coefficient of discharge
 2  
∆h = piezometric head difference
g = acceleration due to gravity

i) Explain why it is necessary to include a coefficient of discharge.

ii) Assuming a discharge coefficient of 0.97, determine the value of ∆ h
that would result.
iii) Suggest an alternative flow meter and discuss its advantages and
disadvantages when compared with the venturi meter.
(8 marks)

(b) Use the HR Wallingford chart provided to determine the velocity and the head
loss through the pipeline.
(7 marks)

(c) Determine the friction factor, λ, and the flow type by finding the position of this
flow on the Moody diagram. Comment on the relative effects of pipe roughness
and the fluid viscosity on the head loss in this case.
(10 marks)

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Subject: CE2206 Hydraulics

Q2. (a) A pump with characteristics given in Table Q2 is used to lift water a vertical
distance of 10m through a pipeline of length 180m and diameter 0.125m.
Assume a constant friction factor λ of 0.028, and add 10% to the pipe length
to allow for local energy losses. Determine the rate of flow and the power
used by the pump.
(12 marks)

Discharge Q (m3/s) 0 0.012 0.018 0.024 0.03 0.036

Head H (m) 20.3 19.2 17.5 15.1 11.1 5.9
Efficiency η - 52 67 75 71 47

Table Q2

(b) In order to increase the discharge, a second identical pump must be installed.
Investigate whether the second pump should be installed in series or in
parallel with the original pump. For both cases, determine the resulting
discharge, total power required and the energy used per cubic metre, and
comment on the results.
(13 marks)

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Subject: CE2206 Hydraulics

Q3. (a) Water flows through a 300 m long rigid pipeline with a velocity of 3.5 m/s.
Ignoring friction losses, calculate the maximum surge pressure that will result
when a valve at the end of this pipeline is closed instantaneously.
(5 marks)

(b) Calculate how quickly in practice the valve in part (a) must be closed for this
to be considered as instantaneous.
(5 marks)

(c) Show from first principles with explanation, that the surge pressure ∆ p
resulting from complete slow closure in time interval ∆ t of a valve at the end of
a pipeline of length L, is given by:

ρLV
∆p =
∆t

where ρ is the density of the fluid flowing with velocity V prior to the closure.
(7 marks)

(d) Calculate for the pipeline in part (a) what the surge pressure would be if the
valve was closed in a time interval of 6 seconds. Justify the method selected
for use in the calculation.
(6 marks)

(e) Outline ways in which the surge pressure may be reduced from the values
calculated above.
(2 marks)

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Subject: CE2206 Hydraulics

Q4. (a) A rectangular channel of width 2.4 m has Manning’s n = 0.015 and a
longitudinal slope S = 0.0005. Calculate the velocity and discharge when the
channel flows with a depth of water of 1.2 m.
(5 marks)

(b) A circular pipe of diameter 2.4 m has Manning’s n = 0.015 and a longitudinal
slope S = 0.0005. Calculate the velocity and discharge when the pipe flows
half full of water.
(5 marks)

(c) Compare and explain the similarities and differences in the answers obtained
for parts (a) and (b).
(3 marks)

(d) Sketch a design chart for flow in part full circular pipes, with proportional depth
on the vertical axis, and proportional velocity and proportional discharge on the
same horizontal axis.
(6 marks)

(e) Using the chart sketched in part (d), or otherwise, find the velocity and
discharge in the pipe described in part (b) when the flow in the pipe is one
quarter full by depth.
(6 marks)

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Subject: CE2206 Hydraulics

Q5. (a) Given that flow over a broad crested weir passes through critical depth on the
crest, show that the discharge Q (m3/s) over a weir of width b (m) is given by
the formula:
Q = 1.705 Cd b H3/2

where H is the total energy head relative to the weir crest level.
(10 marks)

(b) A broad crested weir has an upstream water depth of 3.2 m and a crest
height above bed level of 2.0 m as shown in Figure Q5. The width of the weir
is equal to 10 m, and the discharge coefficient may be taken as Cd = 1.0.
Calculate an approximate value for the discharge over the weir, assuming
that the upstream velocity head is negligible. (4 marks)

(c) For the weir described in part (b), refine the answer for the discharge by taking
account of the upstream velocity head in the calculation, giving the answer in
m3/s correct to one decimal place. (7 marks)

(d) Compare the answers for parts (b) and (c) above, and determine the
percentage error that would arise in this case from ignoring the upstream
velocity head in the calculation. (2 marks)

(e) If the channel in which the weir is located has a mild slope with normal depth of
2.5 m, identify the gradually varied flow profile that will apply upstream of the
weir. (2 marks)

3.2 m
2.0 m

Figure Q5

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Subject: CE2206 Hydraulics

Hydraulics Data Sheet

λLV 2
Darcy formula hf =
2gD
0.5Vf2
Sudden contraction hL =
2g

Sudden expansion hL =
(Vi − Vf ) 2
2g

1  k 2.51 
Colebrook White formula = −2 log s + 
λ  3.7D Re λ 

1 2 / 3 1/ 2
Manning formula V = R S
n
3/5
 nq 
Wide channel y n ≈   where q is flow rate per unit width of channel
 S1/ 2 

VD
Reynolds number Re = (for non circular sections use 4R in place of D)
ν

V V
Froude number Fr = = for a rectangular channel
gA B gy

y2 1 
Hydraulic jump =  − 1 + 1 + 8Fr12  for a rectangular channel
y1 2  

q2
Critical depth yc = 3 for a rectangular channel
g

dy So − Sf
Gradually varied flow =
dx 1 − Fr 2

Broad crested weir Q = 1.705 Cd b H3/2 (metric units)

Power P = ρ gQH

Surge pressure ∆ p = ρ cV for instantaneous closure

Wave celerity c = K ρ

continued

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Subject: CE2206 Hydraulics

Density of water ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Gravity g = 9.81 m/s2

Kinematic viscosity of water ν = 1.14 x 10-6 m2/s at 15oC

Bulk modulus of water K = 2.1 x 109 N/m2

1000 litres = 1 m3

1 bar = 105 N/m2

2
Quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has solutions x = − b ± b − 4ac
2a

Newton-Raphson method:

If x = a is an approximate solution to f(x) = 0

f (a)
then generally a better solution is given by x = a −
f ′( a )

Additional design charts may also be provided if these are specifically required for a
numerical solution.

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 0.05
0.02

Relative Roughness k/D

0.01
Friction Factor λ

0.005
0.002
0.001
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
Subject: CE2206 Hydraulics

Reynolds Number Re