Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
*The electrical wiring or cables shall be laid in a separate duct. The duct shall be
sealed at every alternate floor with non –combustable materials having the same
fire resistance as that of the duct.
*Water mains, telephone lines, intercom lines, gas pipes or any other service line
shall not be laid in the duct for electric cables.
*The inspection panel door and any other opening in the shaft shall be provided
with air tight fire doors having a resistance of not less than 2 hrs.
*Medium and low voltage wiring running in shafts ,and within a false ceiling ,shall
run in metal conduits.
*An independent and well ventilated service room shall be provide on the ground
floor with direct access from the corridor for the purpose of termination of electric
supply cables. The door provided for the service room shall have fire resistance
of not less than 2 hrs.
*If the licensees agree to provide meters on upper floors the licensees cables
shall be segregated from consumers cables by a partition in the duct.Metre
rooms on upper floors shall not open into staircase enclosures an shall be
ventilated directly to open air outside.
*PVC cables should have an additional sheathing or protection provide by
compounds sprayed on after installation.
Substation:
What is a Substation?
An electrical substation is an electrical transmission and distribution
system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse
using transformer.
Transformation may take place in several stages in sequence, starting
at the generating plant where the voltage is increased for transmission
purposes and is then progressively reduced to the voltage required for
household or industrial use.
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while
decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer decreases the
voltage while increasing the current for domestic and commercial
distribution.
1)Transmission Substation:
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines.
The substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be
connected or isolated for maintenance.
Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small
"switching station" may be little more than a bus plus some circuit
breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover a large area
with multiple voltage levels, and a large amount of protection and control
equipments.
2)Distribution substation:
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission
system to the distribution system of an area.
It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the
high-voltage main transmission network, unless they use large
amounts of energy; so the distribution station reduces voltage to a value suitable for local
distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub transmission
lines.
The feeders will then run overhead, along streets (or under streets, in a city) and eventually power
the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises.
Besides changing the voltage, the job of the distribution substation is to isolate faults in either the
transmission or distribution systems.
3)Collector substation:
In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be required.
It somewhat resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction,
from many wind turbines up into the transmission grid.
The collector substation also provides metering and control of the wind farm.
Depending upon the location and mounting they are classified as:
SAFETY MEASURES:
The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram which
shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as well as the
incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines arranged on the page similar to
the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station.
Sufficient land area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for
electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers.
The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission additions.
Environmental effects of the substation must be considered, such as drainage, noise and road
traffic effects.
Grounding (earthing) and ground potential rise must be calculated to protect passers-by
during a short-circuit in the transmission system.
The substation site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served.
BY-LAWS FOR ELECTRIC
SUBSTATION
In every case of
development/redevelopment of any land,
building or premises, provision for electric
substations may be permitted as under, if
the requirement for the same is considered
necessary by the concerned power supply
authority:-
• Sr Plot area Maximum requirements depending on
• Land
• Plot upto 500sq.m. each One single transformer sub-station of
5m.x5m. And height of not more than
5m.
Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage all tie in to a common bus. This is
a number of thick metal bus bars, in most cases there are three bars, since three-phase electrical
power distribution is largely universal around the world. An electrical bus (sometimes spelled buss)
is a physical electrical interface where many devices share the same electric connection. ... Three
phase systems have 3 waveforms (usually carrying power) that are 2/3π radians (120
degrees,1/3 of a cycle) offset in time. ...
Substations that require additional reliability often have a double bus or even a double ring bus, in
which the bus system is actually duplicated, with each feeder (and all or most outgoers) having a
connection to each separate bus. Most substations will not have this, as it is mainly for reliability in
substations whose failure would bring down a substantial part of the system, or whose load is of
vital importance. Other compromises between a single and double bus can be found; for example,
the breaker-and-a-half setup.
Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be connected
between the voltage levels. These will again have a circuit breaker, much like transmission lines, in
case a transformer has a fault (commonly called a 'short circuit').
Along with this, a substation always has control circuitry needed to command the various breakers
to open in case of the failure of some component.
TRANSFORMER
• The transformer is not a power source. It
functions like a lever to convert a small
voltage pushing a large electric current into
a large voltage pushing a small electric
current or vice versa. The power in an
electric circuit is equal to the voltage
multiplied by the current. For a perfect
transformer, all the power that enters comes
back out. If the transformer is not perfect, a
portion of the power that enters is converted
to heat. The transformer is intended for use
only with an alternating current while the
current induced in the power lines as a
result of space weather disturbances is a
direct current. The transformer, which
usually operates with 99% efficiency, begins
to malfunction. Magnetic flux ceases to be
concentrated inside the iron core of the
transformer and impinges on regions that
were not designed to withstand this. Power
begins to be converted into heat. The
transformer moans and creaks loudly and
overheats. Oil fires and melt-down of
transformer components can occur. This
happens not just to one transformer but at
the same time to all affected transformers
on the grid. Some transformers may burn
up. Others experience significantly
shortened lifetimes following damage during
magnetic storm events but don't fail outright.
TRANSFORMER
• ADVANTAGES
• THE TRANSFORMER IS A
STATIC MACHINERY AND
THERE IS NO WEAR AND TEAR
OF IT AND NO FRICTION
LOSSES
Materials Used
Feeder pillars are usually made of strong and weather proof materials.
Some of the materials used to make feeder pillars include:
-Galvanised sheet steel
-Stainless steel
Construction
The body of the feeder pillar is made of 2 mm thick Steel, specially treated and
power coated to last for years.
High quality Fiber Glass supports are used for Insulation throughout for longevity
and safety.
Neutral
The neutral Busbar is conveniently provided near the exit of the cables.
Incoming
A 400/600-Ampere, 80kA Switch Fuse Unit is provided in the front of the feeder
pillar for providing localized isolation and protection for all outgoing connections.
Busbars
High capacity copper busbars are pre-wired and pre-connected for 4 outgoing
connections.
Each busbar is colour coded by phase.
Outgoing
Each outgoing connection is though a 125 Ampere, 80kA Switch Fuse Unit.
This way, each connection can be
isolated individually if required and each phase of each connection gets adequate
protection.
Feeder pillars are usually earth stud and provided with backboard. They can be
Painted and finished as per requirement
Provided with fully enclosed switchgear.
They needs to be extended for the full pillar width and 600mm from the face of the
pillar.
They must be provided with a concrete foundation, which can be free standing,
along with necessary ducts for incoming and outgoing cables and sealed with
bitumen compounds
Switch Fuse Units are specially designed for industrial and commercial applications
where heavy on-load switching duties are required. They are also ideal and effective
for repeated switching operation for domestic purposes
• Applications
• UPS systems
• Motor control
• Isolated point-to-point communications
• Plasma TVs
• Operator interface controls
• Isolation
• Example circuit applications
WIRES AND CABLES
• BASICALLY THERE IS NO
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A
CABLE AND WIRE .
• THE TERM “CABLE” USED
FOR ALL HEAVY SECTION
INSULATE CONDUCTOR
• WHERE AS A “WIRE”MEANS
A THIN SECTION
INSULATED CONDUCTOR
USED FOR CARRYING
CURRENT FROM ONE
POINT TO ANOTHER POINT.
WIRES AND CABLES
• Two common single conductors are type THW and
type THWN/THHN. Both are rated for either dry
and wet locations and for temperatures up to 75
degrees Centigrade (167 degrees Fahrenheit).
Typically, you run these individual wires inside
protective metal or plastic conduit. You can buy
either solid-core or stranded wire; solid-core is
stiffer, which makes it more difficult to snake
through conduit, but it makes better connections.
Wire is usually sold by the foot and in 50- to 500-
foot spools.
Cable typically combines a neutral wire, one or two
"hot" wires, and a grounding wire inside a plastic or
metal covering. The individual conductors within a
cable are usually insulated from one another by a
color-coded thermoplastic material that doesn't
carry current (we say usually because a grounding
wire may be bare, particularly when it is contained
within a cable). White or gray insulation indicates
neutral wires, green is used for grounding wires,
and all other colors (black, red, blue, etc.) are used
to identify hot wires.
WIRES AND CABLES
• Several types of cable are shown here. Type NM (nonmetallic sheathed cable) is the standard
choice for most interior projects; it's sold by the foot or in boxes that house from 25 to 250 feet of
coiled cable. The current version, called NM-B, is rated for dry locations only and temperatures to
60 degrees Centigrade (140 degrees Fahrenheit)--even though it houses 90-degree conductors.
A beefier, black- sheathed version, sometimes called large appliance cable, has stranded wires
to facilitate bending. Durable AC (armored cable) and its updated cousin, MC, are still used for
some interior jobs but are expensive.
In addition to type of use, cable is identified by the number and size of the conductors it contains.
For example, a cable with two #14 wires (one neutral and one hot) and a grounding wire is called
two-wire cable or, more specifically, 14-2 with ground. The number 14 is an American Wire
Gauge (AWG) designation that refers to the diameter of the metal conductor not including the
insulation. The larger the wire's diameter, the larger its current-carrying capacity, or ampacity,
and the lower its gauge number. These numbers appear on the cable sheathing, as well as on
the individual wires protected within.
Although copper is the best and most commonly used metal for conductors, aluminum and
copper-clad aluminum are also sometimes used. Because aluminum is not as efficient a
conductor as copper, an aluminum or copper-clad aluminum wire must be larger than a copper
wire in order to conduct the same amount of electricity. If you're considering one of these wires,
first check your local electrical codes.
WIRES AND CABLES
• TYPES OF WIRE
• 1)V. I. R.WIRES (VULCANISED INDIA RUBBLE): USED FOR
GENERAL ELECTRICAL WIRING EG. CONDUIT WIRING
• 2)C.T.S.\T.R.S. WIRE(CAB TYRE SHEATHED\ TOUGH RUBBLE
SHEATHED) THIS WIRES ARE MOISTURE PROOF THESE ARE
AVAILABLE SINGLE CORE, TWIN CORE, THREE CORE,
• 3)LEAD SHEATHED WIRE:THESE TYPES OF WIRES ARE SAME
AS T.R.S. , THESE WIRES USED FOR THE SNOWFALL AREA
• 4)P.V.C. WIRES(POLY VINYL CHLORIDE)IN THESE TYPE OF
WIRES CONDUCTOR ARE INSULATED WITH P.V.C.
INSULATION USED CASING CAPPING , CONDUIT WIRING
INSULATORS
• TYPES
• 1) COTTON :LARGELY USED FOR LOW VOLTAGE INSULATION
• 2)SILK:IT IS USED IN THE FORM OF SHEET
• 3)PAPER:MADE FROM FIBRES,WOOD PULP,COTTON RAGS
• 4) HARD FIBRE:USED FOR WASHERS
• 5)RUBBER:USED CHIEFLY FOR THE INSULATION OF LOW
VOLTAGE WIRE & CABLE.
• 6)MICA:IS A MINERAL CONSISTING CHIEFLY OF A DOUBLE
SILICATE OF ALUMINIUM &POTASSIUM
• 7)ASBESTOS:SEVERED AS A LINING & PARTITIONS IN SWITCH.
• 8)GLASS:IT HAS A HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY & CAN BE
OPPERATED AT HIGH TEMPERATION WITHOUT
DETERIORATION.
• STAIRCASE AND CORRIDOR LIGHTING
• The staircase and corridor lighting shall be on separate circuits and shall be
independently connected so that they could be operated by one switch
installation on the ground floor easily accessible to fire fighting staff at any
time irrespective of the position of the individual control of the light points, if
any.
• Staircase and corridor lighting shall also be connected to alternate supply as
defined in sub-regulation
• Double throw switches should be installed in a service room to terminate the
stand by supply.
• Emergency lights shall be provided in staircase/corridors for multi-storeyed
high rise.
• Small air handlers, for local use, are called terminal units,
and may only include an air filter, coil, and blower; these
simple terminal units are called blower coils or fan coil units.
• Blower/fan
• Heating and/or cooling elements
• Filters
• Humidifier
• Mixing chamber
• Controls
• Vibration isolators
An air handling unit; air flow is from the right to left in this case. Some AHU
components shown are:
1 - Supply duct
2 - Fan compartment
3 - Vibration isolator ('flex joint')
4 - Heating and/or cooling coil
5 - Filter compartment
6 - Mixed (recirculated + outside) air duct
Blower/fan
• Filter Change
After a period of 5 years, the status light on the user
control will flash red to indicate the filters require changing.
• To change the filters, isolate the power supply and
remove
Voltage:
230V 1phase 50Hz
Consumption:
130W (max)
Fuse rating:
3 Amp
BYE-LAWS
• Air-conditioning
• (a)Escape routes like staircases, common corridors, lift lobbies etc. shall not be used as return air
passages.
• (b)The ducting shall be constructed of substantial gauge metal in accordance with IS:655-1963
Metal Air Ducts(Revised).
• (c)Whenever the ducts pass through fire-walls or floors, the opening around the ducts shall be
sealed with fire-resisting materials such as asbestos rope or vermiculite concrete glass wool.
• (d)As far as possible, metallic ducts shall be used even for the return air instead of space above the
false ceiling.
• (e)The materials used for insulating the duct system (inside or outside) shall be of non-combustible
materials such as glass wool,spun glass with neoprene facing.
• (f)Area more than 750 sq.m on an individual floor shall be segregated by a fire wall and automatic
fire dampers for isolation shall be provided where the ducts pass through fire walls.
• (g)Air ducts serving main floor areas, corridor etc. shall not pass through the stairecase enclosure.
• (h)The air handling units shall as far as possible be separate for each floor and air ducts for every
floor shall be separate and in no way interconnected with the ducting of any other floors.
• (i)Automatic fire dampers shall be provided at the inlet of the fresh air duct and the return air duct of
each compartment on every floor.
• (j)If the air handling unit serves more than one floor , the requirements given above shall be
complied with in addition to the conditions given below-
• -When the automatic fire alarm operates, the respective air handling units of the air-conditioning
system shall automatically be switched off.
• -The air filters of air-handling units shall be of non-combustible materials.
• -The air handling unit room shall be not used for storage of any combustible materials.
• -Ispection panels shall be provided in main trunking to facilitate the cleaning of the duct of
accumulated dust and to obtain access for maintenance of fire dampers.
• -No combustible material shall be fixed nearer than 15cm.to any duct unless such duct is properly
enclosed and protected with non-combustible material at least 3.2 mm. thick and which does not
readily conduct heat.
• -Materials used for false ceiling, runners and suspenders shall be of non-combustible type.
CCR
CENTRAL CONTROL ROOM
What is Central Control Room(CCR)?
• Central Control Room(CCR) functions as a
‘Building Management System’ (BMS)
• It controls and monitors all utilities and
services present in the mall.
• It is predominantly handled by the IT
department of Inorbit Mall.
LOCATION
• Central control station room is located on the
Ground floor of the mall with a door leading
into the parking lot.
• The room is accessible directly from the
basement.
• The central control station room is a restricted
area.
• Unauthorised entry is prohibited
• Entry only by showing of access card
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
EQUIPMENT
TYPES
•Fixed Dome Camera unit
•MONOCHROME CAMERA - ‘C/CS’ MOUNT
Mini-Dome Camera
•These systems are used to record the video images which are
taken by the cameras.
•A DVR have the capacity to keep record of maximum 16
cameras.
•provide multiplexed field recording of upto sixteen
monochrome video inputs.
•The unit shall provide a user-programmable twelve character
title for each camera and shall also record time and date with
each video image.
TYPICAL DEPLOYMENT SCHEME FOR DVR SYSTEM
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM
• All voice evacuation and public address systems shall
operate from the Information Desk 1 (ID1) situated
near the CCR on the Ground floor.
WORKING
•When the computer send out the data, the binary data will be encoded to
radio frequency and transmitted via wireless router.
•The receiving computer will then decode the signal back to binary data.
•wireless hotspot, means that location is equipped with wireless devices
for you and others to join the network.
•The two main components are wireless router or access point and
wireless clients.
PURPOSE OF WI-FI
• The purpose of Wi-Fi is to provide wireless access to digital content.
This content may include applications, audio and visual media,
Internet connectivity, or other data. Wi-Fi generally makes access to
information easier, as it can eliminate some of the physical
restraints of wiring; this can be especially true for mobile devices.
• Routers which incorporate a DSL-modem or a cable-modem and a
Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises,
provide Internet-access and internetworking to all devices
connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. One can also connect
Wi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without
a router. Wi-Fi also enables places which would traditionally not
have network to be connected, for example bathrooms, kitchens
and garden sheds.
ROUTER
Types of routers