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The data processing is very important activity and involves very careful planning. Usually, data
processing activity involves three basic activities.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
1. Input
It is the process through which collected data is transformed into a form that computer can
understand. It is very important step because correct output result totally depends on the input
data. In input step, following activities can be performed.
i) Verification
The collected data is verified to determine whether it is correct as required. For example, the
collected data of all B.Sc. students that appeared in final examination of the university is
verified. If errors occur in collected data, data is corrected or it is collected again.
ii) Coding
The verified data is coded or converted into machine readable form so that it can be processed
through computer.
iii) Storing
The data is stored on the secondary storage into a file. The stored data on the storage media will
be given to the program as input for processing.
2. Processing
After completing the processing step, output is generated. The main purpose of data processing is
to get the required result. Mostly, the output is stored on the storage media for later use. In output
step, following activities can be performed in a systematic manner. Some of the important
activities are:
i) Classification
The data is classified into different groups and subgroups, so that each group or sub-group of
data can be handled separately.
ii) Storing
The data is arranged into an order so that it can be accessed very quickly as and when required.
iii) Calculations
The arithmetic operations are performed on the numeric data to get the required results. For
example, total marks of each student are calculated.
iv) Summarizing
The data is processed to represent it in a summarized form. ft means that the summary of data is
prepared for top management. For example, the summary of the data of student is prepared to
show the percentage of pass and fail student examination etc.
3. Output
After completing the processing step, output is generated. The main purpose of data processing is
to get the required result. Mostly, the output is stored on the storage media for later user. In
output step, following activities can be performed.
i) Retrieval
Output stored on the storage media can be retrieved at any time. For example, result of students
is prepared and stored on the disk. This result can be retrieved when required for different
purposes.
ii) Conversion
The generated output can be converted into different forms. For example, it can be represented
into graphical form.
iii) Communication
The generated output is sent to different places. For example, weather forecast is prepared and.
sent to different agencies and newspapers etc. where it is required.
iv) Feedback
After generated output and performing all activities on the output, feedback about the generated
output is collected. It is very important activity It is used to improve performance of the data
processing system, so that better output can be generated in future.
The output phase also involves activity through which output result is tested. If the output result
is accurate, the data processing cycle is completed. If output result is not accurate, some of the
above-mentioned steps (or all steps) are repeated again and again until the accurate result is
achieved.
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
Regardless of the kind of data processed or the kind of device or equipment used, all data
processing systems involve at least three basic steps : Input, Processing, and Output. These three
steps constitute the data processing cycle.
1. INPUT=In this steps the initial data, or input data, are prepared in some convenient form of
processing. The form will defend on the processing machine.
2. PROCESSING= In this step the input data are changed, and usually combined with other
information, to produce data is more useful form. Thus, paychecks may be calculated from the
time cards, or a summary of sales for the month maybe calculated from the sales orders. The
processing step usually involves a sequence of certain basic processing operations.
3. OUTPUT= Here the results of the preceding processing steps are collected. The particular
form of the output data depends on the use of data.
The data processing cycle is the order in which data is processed. There are four stages;
1. Data collection
2. Data input
3. Data processing and storage
4. Data output
SCRIBD
(i) Input
The term input refers to the activities required to record data and to
make it
available for processing. The input can also include the steps
necessary to check,
verify and validate data contents.
(iii) Output
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Frequently, three more steps are added to the basic data processing cycle to obtain the expanded
data processing cycle.
1. Origination. Origination is a step which refers to the process of collecting the original data,
An original recording of the data is called a source document.
2. DISTRIBUTION. This step which refers to the distribution of the output data. Recordings of
the output data are often called report documents.
3. STORAGE. Storage is crucial in many data processing procedures. Data processing results
are frequently placed in storage to be used as input data for further processing at a later date. The
two flow lines between the processing box and the storage box indicate the interaction of these
two steps. A unified set of data in storage is called a file. Usually a file consist of a collection of
records, where each record contains similar data items, and a collection of related files called a
data base.