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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement: ................................................................................2
Abstract ..................................................................................................3
Objective ................................................................................................3
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) .........................................................4
States of transistor: .............................................................................6
Active region: .............................................................................6
Cutoff region ..............................................................................6
Saturation region ........................................................................6
β & α ...................................................................................................6
Common Base Configuration .............................................................8
Circuit ..................................................................................................10
Calculation ...........................................................................................10
DC Analysis...................................................................................10
AC analysis:...................................................................................12
Hybrid-pi Model ............................................................................13
Discussion and conclusion ..................................................................16
References: ..........................................................................................19
Appendix: ............................................................................................20
2
Acknowledgement:
I would like to thank my lecturers, Mr, Karunanithi, for the unwavering support
and advices on doing this assignment and valuable time he has dedicated to check
each step of completion of it.
3
Abstract
The aim of this assignment is to design and construct an audio amplifier by using a NPN
- BJT transistor. In addition, I have briefly explained Bipolar Junction Transistor, their types,
application and functions. Moreover, I have attached the data sheet of the chosen transistor in
appendix section. Furthermore, I have done both calculations DC and AC analysis for this
audio amplifier. Also ,I have designed the circuit in Multisim software.
Objective
The objective of this assignment is to design and construct a low cost audio amplification
circuit for use in the budget segment of high fidelity (hifi) sets.
Methodology:
5. Construct the circuit in the lab to calculate the voltage gain and to display
both input and output waveforms.
4
A transistor is a semiconductor device which is made up of three layers. There are two
types of BJT transistors: PNP and NPN. PNP is made up of two p-type (positively charge)
and one n-type which is in between these two p-type material. For NPN is same theory
but the type of layers are vice versa. Since transistor is a three-layer semiconductor
material, it also has three terminals. Each terminal is connected to each layer, the middle
layer is called Base, and the side layer are called Emitter and Collector (as it is shown in
figure 1).
From figure above, it is obvious that the sandwiched layer Base is doped between the
other outer two layers. The outer layers have widths much greater than the sandwiched
layer. Again as it is obvious in each transistor two p-n junctions exist. Furthermore, one
of these p-n junctions always operates in forward bias and the other junction operates in
reversed bias which depends the voltage is applying on which side.
In figure above, in npn transistor, the positive side of VCC is connected to the Collector of
transistor which is n-type material. As in n-type material the number of free electrons are
more than p-type material, these electrons become attracted by the VCC, due to this the
depletion region between the p-n junction of collector and base increases. On the other side,
the negative side of VEE is connect the Emitter of transistor, in this case negative voltage
repels the free electrons in n-type layer, and because of this the depletion region between
emitter and base decreases, so the current flow through easily. Same theory is true for pnp
transistor.
States of transistor:
Active region:
In active region, the base –emitter junction is forward biased while the base-
collector region is reversed biased. This state is used for amplification function.
Cutoff region
In this region, both base-emitter junction and base-collector junction are
reversed biased.
Saturation region
In saturation region, both base-emitter junction and base-collector junction are
forward bias. Saturation region and cutoff region are used for switching
function.
β&α
In DC mode the level of IC and IE due the majority carriers between the two junctions
are related by a quantity called alpha. (Electronic devices and circuit theory)
IE is the sum of IB and IC, which clearly shows that IE is always greater than IC.
Transistors are mostly used for either amplifying or switching. In operation, transistor as
I mentioned before has three states such as: active region, cut off region and saturation
region. Normally the switching function of transistor happens in saturation region and cut off
region. However the amplification happens in active region of transistor. There are different
transistor configurations which each of them has its own features. Such as common emitter,
common emitter with resistor, common base, and common collector.
In table 1, we can see that the voltage gain for only common base is high and there is no
phase shift. So it exactly matches the requirements of the objective. Before we go for
calculation part there are a few points that I should mention.
Furthermore, in AC analysis there are some factors which are important such as Earlier
voltage (vA), Trans conductance (gm), Input resistor (rπ), Output resistor (ro).
Normally Earlier voltage is given in data sheet of transistors. However if it is not given
it can be get by two methods:
First one is drawing the IC-VCE Graph and extending the knee point of the base
current until all these extended line intersect the VCE axis in negative side.
⁄
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Circuit
In above design the base of transistor is grounded the emitter terminal is connected to AC
power source with the value of .0707v (RMS value) in series with a capacitor, and a resistor
in series with a DC power source. The collector terminal is connected to a resistor in series
with a DC power source and a capacitor which is parallel with the resistor and the DC power
source. The output voltage is shown as Vo.
Calculation
DC Analysis
In DC analysis, capacitor become open circuit, as it is shown in figure below:
KVL at BE loop:
β:
Minimum: 100
Maximum: 300
( )
( )
KVL at CE loop:
IB :
⁄
12
AC analysis:
In AC analysis capacitors and DC power sources become short circuit.
In order to find IS(saturation current) , I have assumed VCE is equal to zero (saturation
region VCE is equal to zero) Therefore ICS:
(( ) )
(( ) )
Therefore:
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Hybrid-pi Model
( ( ))
( )
Therefore, in order to find the voltage amplification, I need find the relation between Vπ
and VS from the hybrid-pi model.
Noting that VS and voltage across the emitter resistor are in parallel and voltage in parallel is
same. Therefore the total voltage of VS and VRE:
Since VS = VRE
Therefore:
15
( )
( )
Since
gm= 7.108
VS= 0.2vp-p
rc = 30kΩ
ro = 33.304 kΩ
Therefore:
( )
Figure 12: wave form of input and output taken from Multisim, divisions are highlighted
16
Input voltage:
Each division is 100mV. In below I have shown its specification which the oscilloscope
provide:
Output voltage:
Each division is set to 5V , therefore the pick to pick of signal is in four divisions, which will
be 20V.
At the end, the problem which I faced was when I measured the output voltage by DMM, the
voltage was varying in range of 5 to 7, and also the waves which were showing in
oscilloscope was clipping while I was measuring the voltage.
In conclusion, by this assignment I have learnt more about common base configuration
and its feature and important factors that have effect on it. Common base configuration has
no phase shift and high voltage gain which is suitable to use for audio amplifier. Furthermore,
I have understood the operation of common base configuration. The forward bias on emitter-
base junction and reverse bias on collector-base junction due to the DC power sources across
them. Moreover, I have learnt more the effect of important factors in AC analysis and
amplification such as early voltage, internal resistance trans conductance.
18
Digital storage oscilloscope to take measure and snap shots were taken of
19
References:
Floyd, T.L. 2006, Digital Fundamentals, 9th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Singapore.
Hollister.A,. 2009., Physics, SPICE Parameters & Transistor Models [online]. Available
from: http://www.allenhollister.com/allen/files/physics.pdf [accessed on 10th of April]
Kenneth R. Laker,. 2008. Early Effect and BJT Biasing[online],. Available from:
http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ese319/Lecture_Notes/Lec_4_BJTBias1_08.pdf [Accessed
on 12th of April]
20
Appendix:
DATA SHEET