080190005- Engineering Thermodynamic

Answer key for Nov/Dec2010

PART-A
1. Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions. It is
also defined as the energy possossed by a gas at a given temperature.

2. The portion of the energy supplied as heat can be converted into useful work by a
reversible engine is called as available energy.According to second law of
thermodynamics it is also called as useful energy.

3. If the process traces the same path during the process reversed is called as reversible
process.

4. A) All the reversible engines operating between the given thermal reservoirs with fixed
temperature have the same efficiency.

B) The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is
independent of the working nature of the working fluid and depends only on the
temperature of the reservoirs.

5. Triple point is the state at where all the three phases (solid,vapour,liquid) exist in
equilibrium. The triple point of water is

6. P1 =1000kpa, p2=100kpa T2 1200C from ateam table h2 = 2776.3 Kj/Kg

h2=h1

h1= hf1+xhfg1

hf1=908.6 KJ/Kg

hfg1 = 1888.7 KJ/Kg

2776.3 = 908.6+x1888.7

X= 0.989.

7. Any of a class of equations that relate the pressure P, volume V, and temperature T
of a given substance in thermodynamic equilibrium. For example, the equation PV
= nRT, where n is the number of moles of gas and R is the universal gas constant,
relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a perfect gas. Real gases, solids,
and liquids have more complicated equations of state.
8. We know that, perfect gas equation is pv=RT . But for real gas , a correction factor has to
be introduced in the perfect gas equation into account the deviation of real gas from the
perfect gas equqtion. This factor is known as compressibility factor(Z) and is defined by
Z=pv/RT

9. Specific humidity (ω) is the ratio of mass of water vapour(mv) to the mass of dry air in the
given volume of mixture. ω=mv/ma.
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10. The equilibrium temperature of adiabatic saturation process is known as adiabatic
saturation process is known asadiabatic saturation temperature of the thermodynamic
WBT.

11. using the 2nd law of thermodynamics

ΔQ+ΔW=ΔU where ΔW is the work done ON the gas
AND
ΔQ+ΔU=ΔW where ΔW is the work done BY the gas

12. A) There existsa propertyof a closed system such that a change in its value to the
difference between the heat supplied and the work done during any change of state.
B) The internal energy of a closed system remains unchanged if the system is isolated
from its surroundings.C) A perpetual motion machine of first kind (PMM-1) is
impossible.

13. Kelvin-Planck states that it is impossible to construct an engine working on an cyclic

process which converts all the heat supplied to it into equivalent amount of useful work.

14. a )Reversible adiabatic compression

b) Reversible isothermal heat addition
c) Reversible adiabatic expanision
d) Reversible isothermal heat rejection

15. At a given pressure , the temperature at which a liquid boils is called saturation
temperature . At the given temperature , the pressure at which the liquid boils is called as
saturation pressure. It is also called as vapour pressure.

16. Rankin cycle

17. Pure substance is a substance which has a fixed chemical composition throughout its mass
example water,nitrogen,carbon dioxide etc

18. Daltons law of partial pressure states that“The partial pressure of a mixture of gases is
equal to the sum of partial pressure exerted by individual gases if each one of them
occupied separately in the total volume of the mixture at total mixture
temperature“p=p1+p2+.........pk

19. PMM of the first kind delivers work continuously without any input.It violates the first
law of thermodynamics .It is impossible to construct an engine working under this
principle.

20. Main air conditioning applications require the mixing of two airstreams .This is
particularly true for buildings,most production and process plants,and hospitals which
require that the conditioned air be mixed with a certain fraction of fresh outside air before
it is routed into the living system.The mixing is done by simply merging the airstreams.

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 PART-B

21. A) STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION

Consider an open system through which the working substance flows as a steady rate
as shownin fig. The working substance entering the system at(1) and leaving the system at
(2).

Let,

P1=pressure of the working substance entering the system(N/m2)

V1=specific volume of the working substance entering the system in m3/kg

C1=velocity of the working substance entering the system

U1=specific internal energyof the working substance entering the system in J/kg

Z1=height above the datum level for inlet in m.

P2,v2,c2,u2and z2- correspondinfìg values for the the working substance leaving the system.

Q- heat supplied to the system in J/kg.

W- work delivered by the system in in J/kg.

Total energy entering the system = P.E+K.E+I.E+F.E+Heat energy

=gz1+c12/2+u1+p1v1+Q

Total energy leaving the system = P.E+K.E+I.E+F.E+work

=gz2+c22/2+u2+p2v2+W

Total energy entering the system = Total energy leaving the system

gz1+c12/2+u1+p1v1+Q=gz2+c22/2+u2+p2v2+W (h=u+pv)

gz1+c12/2+h1+Q=gz2+c22/2+h2+W

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The above equation is known as steady flow energy equation . The above equation represents
the energy flow rate per unit of mass of the working substance (J/kg). When the
equation is multiplied by the mass of the working substance through out , then all the
terms will represent the energy flow per unit time

Then the above equation becomes ,

m(gz1+c12/2+u1+p1v1+Q)=m(gz2+c22/2+u2+p2v2+W )

If all the values of Q and W in k J/kg, and h1 and h2 are substitued in kj,then the above
equation becomes,

m(gz1/1000+c12/2000+u1+p1v1+Q)=m(gz2/1000+c22/2000+u2+p2v2+W )

If Q and W are already in kW,and h1 and h2 are substituted in kJ,then the above equation
becomes,

m(gz1/1000+c12/2000+u1+p1v1)+Q=m(gz2/1000+c22/2000+u2+p2v2)+W

B) Nozzle is a device which increases the velocity or kinetic energy of the working
susbstance at the constant pressure drop,

1) There is no work done by the system (W=0)

2) There is no heat transfer taking place (Q=0)

3) There is no potential energy (z1=z2)

Applying steady flow energy equation to this system ,it may be written as

c12/2+h1 =2+c22/2+h2

c12/2- c22/2= h1- h2

This equation shows that increase in kinetic energy will result in increse in enthalphy.

From the above equation it may be written as,

c12-c22=2( h1- h2)

Final velocity, c2 = Ѵ(2( h1- h2)+ c12)

22. Given Data T2=7000C =973K

T1=500C =323K

T3=-250C =248K

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 Qs1=2500KJ

To Find Qs2= QR1 + QR2

Solution Efficiency max = (TH-TL)/TH

= (973-323)/973

= 66.8%

Efficiency max = W1/ Qs1

W1 = Efficiency max X Qs1

=2500*.066=1650KJ

W1= Qs1 - QR1

=2500-1650

QR1 = 850 KJ

Cof ref = TH/(TH-TL)=248/(323-248)=3.3

Also cop ref = QR2/ Qs1- QR1

QR2 /W2 =3.3

W1-W2=400KJ

W2=2500-400

W2=2100KJ

QR2 /2100 =3.3

QR2 = 6930KJ

W2 = Qs2 - QR2

2100= Qs2 – 6930

Qs2 = 9030 KJ

Result

i) 6930 KJ

ii) 9880KJ.

23.

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 V1 = 6 m/s

V2 = 5 m/s

M =0.5 kg/s

P1 = 1 bar

P2= 7 bar

Specfic volume u1=0.85 M3/ Kg

Specfic volume u2 = 0.16 m3/kg

Internal energy of air leaving 90kj/kg greater than that of air entering

Absorbs heat from the air 60 Kj/S.

Find i) the power required to drive the compressor.

iii) The cross sectional areas of inlet and output pipes.

Solution

W(u1+p1v1+(V12/2)+Z1g)+(dq/dt))=w(u2+p2v2+(v22/2)+Z2g)) + dw/dt

dw/dt =0.5(90+(6*0.85))- [0.5(5+1*0.16)+60)]

dw/dt= 47.55 -65.16

= -17.61 – ve external power given

Cross sectional area of output A1/A2= v1*V2/v2.V1

= .85*5/.16*6

=4.25/.96

= 4.427

24. Given data P1= 20 bar

P2 = 0.08 Bar

T1 = 3600C

Solution from steam table at 20 bar & 3600C

h1=299.51 KJ/ Kg s1=6.542 KJ/Kgk

at 0.08 bar

hf2= 137.8 KJ/Kg hg2=2423.8 KJ/Kg Sf2=0.476 Kj/Kgk Sfg2=7.920 KJ/Kgk

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 Vf2 =0.001005 M3/Kg

S1= S2 = 6.542 KJ/KgK

S2 = Sf2 +x2 *sfg2

X2= (s2-Sf2)/Sfg2=6.542-0.476/7.920

=0.766

Quality of steam = 0.766 dry.

H2=hf2=x2*hfg2=137.81 +0.766*2423.8

=1994.43

H3=hfg2=137.8 KJ/Kg

Qs = m(h1-h4) = 2(2998.1-140.3)

= 20.55X106 KJ/Kg

Work o/p w= m(h1-h2)

= 2001.34 Kw

Efficiencay =(h1-h2)-(h4-h3)/(h1-h4)

= 35%.

25. Given data

h1=3100Kj/Kg

h2=2100KJ/Kg

h3=125KJ/Kg

P1=3.2 Bar

P3 3.2 bar

h4 = 2500KJ/Kg

m=11,200 kg/hr

Power Developed =(h1-h2)/(h1-h3)

=(3100-2100)/(3100-125)

= 1000/ 2095

=48 Kj/K

Power devloped = 3.2* 48=124Kw.

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26. Given:

Dry bulb temperature=35°C

Wet bulb temperature=25°C

Atmospheric pressure=1.0132 bar

To calculate:

a ) Specific humidity b) Relative humidity c) Vapour density in air d) Dew point

temperature

Solution:

a) By using the Psychrometric chart ,specific humidity= 0.016kJ/kg

b) By using the Psychrometric chart , relative humidity=45%

c) By using the Psychrometric chart , Vapour density=0.15 kJ/kg

d) By using the Psychrometric chart , Dew point temperature=77 kJ/kg

27. a) Given data volume= 6m3

tow gas a 45% and 55%

R value in gas A = 0.288 kj/kg K.

R value in gas B = 0.295 kj/kg K.

Total weight = 2 kg

Find

The partial pressure

The total pressure

The mean value of R for the mixture.

Solution

Pv =mRT

P1=mRT/Vat 45%

P1= 2*0.288*100/(6*.45)
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P1=57.6/2.7

P1=21.33 bar

P2 =mRt/V at 55%

P2=2*.295*100/(6*.55)

= 59/3.3

=17.87 bar

Total pressure =p1+p2

= 21.33+17.87

=39.2 bar

The meen value of R two gas is 0.2915kj/kg k or 291j/kgk

B) Perpetual Motion Machine of Second Kind(PMM-2)

PMM-2 is the machine which receives heat energy from hot reservoir and converts it
into equivalent amount ofwork gives 100% efficiency. Therefore , it is impossible to
construct . This violates the second law of thermodynamics.

28 a)

Given data

T1 = 500K

W =7200Kj/Min

T2 = 1000K

T3=300K

Find

The entropy produced during heat transfer.

The decrease in avilable energy after heat transfer.

Solution.

Q= w+temperature difference

Q= 7200+(1000-500)

Q=7200+500

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 Q=7700kw

Avilable energy = w-q

=7700-((500-300))

=7500kw

B) Displacement of work in an isothermal process

In general for any process,

W=12ʃp.dV

Characteristic Gas equation is

pV/T=C

T=constant

pV=constant

pV= C ( p1v1= p2v2 )

p=C/V

Substituting the value of p

W=12ʃ C/V.dV

=C12ʃdV/v=C.[ln V]12

W= C .ln(V2/V1)

W=pV.ln(V2/V1)

W=mRT.ln(V2/V1) kJ

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