Air Pollution Control Technology in JAPAN - Full

Source: Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC) - Ministry of the Environment of Japan - Website: http://gec.
jp/
Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment
PIPE FILTER (Exhaust Gas Processing Unit)

1. Purpose
Acidic and oil mist produced in various manufacturing processes are the causes of
various types of trouble. Public sentiments and lows and regulations against pollution
and environmental problems have become stricter over recent years, increasing
demands for exhaust gas treatment for factories.
The exhaust gas processing system using a pipe filter which we are now introducing
aims at processing floating mist and gases efficiently with a simple unit and with lower
maintenance and running costs.
2. Performance and Characteristics
Target exhaust gas:
Exhaust gases containing any type of mist except for strong alkali or hydrogen fluoride
Diameter of mist particles to be processed:
0.025 micro - m or over
Collecting efficiency: 95 - 100%

Pressure loss: 50 - 250 mmH2O
3. Features
The pipe filter consists of cylindrical layers of fine glass fibers would around a base
material, through which the original gases pass from the outside to the inside, and
collects mist using inertia collision, diffusion and contact.
Because the void ratio and the filtering area per filter is very large and the outer and
inner densities are diverse, all sizes of mist particles can be collected efficiently with
only a small pressure loss. Because of being made of glass, the filter is superior in
heat resistance and it does not swell nor change its shape.
The mist particles collected by the glass fiber layers are naturally coagulated to drop
and be discharged out through a drain. Even if the source gas includes insoluble
dust, those of particles diameter 1 micro-m or smaller flows with the collected fluid.
(Dust particles of 1 micro-m or larger should be processed in advance.) Such a self-
cleaning function allows stable performance for a prolonged period of time without
the need for maintenance, as well as having a simple structure; it can be installed
cheaper, it is compact, and operation and management are very easy.
Reedited by: Environmental Industry Development., JSC – No 42/117, Thai Ha str., Hanoi. 1
Source: Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC) - Ministry of the Environment of Japan - Website: http://gec.jp/
4. Applicable Gases
Mist and exhaust gases produced by various chemical devices and production
processes.
5. Example of Implementation
Treated gases:
Acid and alkali exhaust gases including fine metallic particles.

Gas volume to be processed: 15,000 m3N/h
Temperature of processed gas: 60 deg.C
The pipe filter is installed at the last process of the normal filling-layer type scrubber
to absorb gases and remove mist, resulting in a high processing efficiency. The
recirculating fluid lowers the processed gas temperature removing the smoke
generated by condensation caused by the temperature difference between the hot
exhaust gas from the exhaust pipe and the atmosphere.
Toxic substance removal technology

The flue gas treatment system of the municipal solid
waste incineration plant
1. Introduction
In Japan, municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration has outweighed others in the
intermediate treatment system because of its capabilities to sanitate and reduce
volume of waste. However, environmental pollutants such as dust, NOx, SOx, HCl,
dioxins and heavy metals are included in the flue gas from MSW incinerators. As
awareness to environmental preservation, high efficient flue gas treatment system is
being required to reduce these pollutants. In this term, advanced flue gas treatment
system using the bag house filter, and catalytic denitrification tower etc. is shown.
2. Constitution
Fig.1 Schematic flow diagram of flue gas system
Acid gas cleaning : Slaked lime powders or slurry

Dust collector : the bag house filter
Filter : A felt filter cloth
Cleaning method : Pulse jet
Additive : Activated carbon powders, etc.
DeNOx : Catalytic denitrification tower
Dioxins : Catalytic denitrification tower or
Activated coke packed tower
3. Characteristic
(1) Dioxins can be removed at high efficiency by the bag house filter followed by the
catalytic denitrification tower or the activated coke packed tower.
(2) Dioxins and NOx can be removed simultaneously by the catalytic denitrification
tower.
(3) In order to improve dioxins and Hg removal efficiency, the additives such as
activated carbon is fed.
(4) Dust, Heavy metals and acid gas such as HCl, HF, can be removed at high
efficiency by the bag house filter.
(5) The catalytic denitrification can be conducted effectively even at low temperature
using low temperature active catalyst which was developed.
4. Application field
Flue gas treatment of MSW and industrial waste incineration and melting furnace of
MSW incinerator ash.
5. Operation data and effect
Experimental data of flue gas treatment from existing fluidized bed incinerator of
MSW are shown below.
(1) Dioxins: <0.1 ngTEQ/m3N (Fig.3)
(the activated coke packed tower/denitrification catalyzer outlet)
Fig.2. Relationship between operating dioxins bag house filter outlet
Fig.3 Dioxins homologues and after activated coke packed tower
(2) NOx : < 50 ppm (denitrification catalyzer outlet)
Fig.4 Example of measured NOx at inlet and outlet of catalytic denitrification tower
(Catalyst temperature 170 deg.C, SV 1600h-1, NH3/NO.1.0)
(3) HCl : <20 ppm (semi-dry system)

(4) Heavy metals: Pb < 0.1 mg/m3N
Cd < 0.01 mg/m3N
Hg < 0.02 mg/m3N (below 170 deg.C )

(the bag house filter outlet)
Fig.5 Relationship between operating temperature and removal efficiency of Pb,

Cd, Hg
(5) HF : <0.2 mg/m3N (the bag house filter outlet)

(6) Dust : <10 mg/m3N (the bag house filter outlet)
WET TOXIC GAS REMOVAL SYSTEM

1. OUTLINE
This system is of wet type and removes acid gasses (HCl, SOx, HF) and mercury in
the combustion exhaust gas. This system consists of the following processes.
1) Toxic gas removal by absorption (alkaline reaction)
Reaction absorption by combination of the multistage spray tower and packed
tower
HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O
SOx + 2NaOH ->Na2SOx + H2O
2) Dehumidification of absorbed gasses
Direct cooling by means of packed tower and cooling tower
3) Re-heating of treated gas
Prevention of white smoke through humidity control
2. PROCESS FLOW CHART

Flow Sheet
3. FEATURES
(1) Acid gas high removal efficiency is attained thanks to combination of multistage
spray tower and packed tower.
(2) White smoke emitted from the stack is reduced greatly by dehumidification and
re-heating of the treated gas.
(3) Stable operation is ensured by automatic control of pH and salt concentration in
the waste liquid.
4. APPLICATIONS
KAWASAKI has abundant experiences in treatments of combustion exhaust gas
emitted from municipal solid waste containing much HCl as well as SOx.
1) Gas volume : Free
2) Gas temperature : 150 - 300 deg.C
3) Acid gas removal rate : HCl Less than 15 ppm
SO2 Less than 10 ppm
Fig.1. Actual data of HCl removing performance of wet-type noxious gas removing
equipment
Desulfurization and Decyanization System (Fumaks Process

and Rhodacs Process)
1. Outline
Crude gas produced in the manufacture of coal gas (COG) contains hydrogen sulfide
and hydrogen cyanide. If it is released directly, it would contaminate air or cause
corrosion on industrial facilities. As city gas purification systems, Fumaks Process
and Rhodacs Process can remove hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide in the
crude gas efficiently and at low cost.
<Fumaks Process>
Solution of a small amount of picric acid in sodium carbonate solution, sodium

hydroxide solution or ammonious alkaline solution is circulated through the
desulfurizing tower, where hydrogen sulfide is absorbed. The solution then passes
through the regeneration tower, where hydrogen sulfide is oxidized by catalytic
reaction of picric acid. Sulfur is thus separated and recovered. Regenerated liquid is
recirculated to the desulfurizing tower. By means of Premix Nozzles, oxidation air
effectively contacts the liquid in compact regenerator at low air flow rate.
(Absorption-Regeneration Reaction: In case of NH3-alkaline)

Absorption Reaction NH4OH + H2S -> NH4HS + H2O
Regeneration Reaction NH4HS + (1/2)O2 -> NH4OH + S
<Rhodacs Process>
By scrubbing crude gas containing hydrogen cyanide with sulfur suspended alkalic
solution, hydrogen cyanide is removed in the form of thiocyanate which is non-toxic.
(Main Reaction: In case of NH3-alkaline)

Reaction of Ammonium Polysulfide Production
2NH3 + H2S + xS -> (NH4)2SX+1
Reaction of Ammonium Thiocyanate Production
(NH4)2SX+1 + HCN + NH3 -> NH4SCN + (NH4)2Sx
2. Schematic Diagram
An example of the flow sheet of Fumaks, Rhodacs and Compacs processes
3. Advantages
<Fumaks Process>
- Desulfurization efficiency can be adjusted in the design close to 100% according to
the customer's requirement. Stable efficiency can be maintained.
- Low cost of chemicals for desulfurization
- The absorption liquid can be circulated (recycled) under ambient temperature
without pressurization
- Efficient regeneration by premix nozzles
- Small land space and low installation cost
- Sulfur recovery efficiency is as high as 70 to 80%
<Rhodacs Process>
- Decyanization efficiency can be adjusted in the design up to 100% according to the
customer's requirement.
- When H2S, NH3 and HCN are contained simultaneously in the process gas, toxic
substances can be removed through chemical reactions of these compounds, thus
improving the process economy.
- Compact system
- Easy operation and maintenance
4. Treatment Capacity
The process is applied for plants with gas treatment capacity of 1,200 to
200,000Nm3/h.
5. Applications
Purification for coal gas or oil gas
6. Installations
Since 1960, there have been
23 installations with Fumaks Process,
8 installations with Rhodacs Process,
and 11 installations with combined Fumaks-Rhodacs Processes.
since 1960.
7. Treatment of the waste water from these Processes
There is a waste water burning process which can turn solid sulfur or sulfur
compounds into useful products. (See Page about "Compacs Process")
Acid gas purification techniques for CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Benfield Process
1. Outline
The Benfield Process is applicable to the removal of H2S and CO2 from gases, such
as natural gas, oil refinery off gas, reformed gas, etc. This process can be more
efficiently adapted to the requirements for treating a gas by a combination of typical
flow types provided for the removal of CO2 only, or CO2 and H2S, and for reducing
heat consumption.
Kobe Steel, Ltd. has obtained technical assistance from Union Cabide Corporation in
designing and constructing the plants shown in the Reference section.
2. Features
1) A very effective activator is used to lower the equilibrium partial pressure of acid
gases and accelerate the absorption rate.
2) The heat consumption for regeneration of the absorbing liquid is appreciably

reduced by the use of a steam ejector.
3) The HiPure Process is a good choice for high purification where H2S must be
removed to 1 ppm or less, and CO2 to only a few ppm.
4) No specific anti-corrosive material in needed for the equipment.
5) The absorbing liquid is nontoxic and no proprietary chemicals are used.
6) The absorbing liquid suffers no degradation and a reclaimer is not necessary.
3. Process Flow
The absorption and regeneration of acid gases in the Benfield Process are based on
the following reactions:
K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O = 2KHCO3 (1)
K2CO3 + H2S = KHS + KHCO3 (2)
In the HiPure Process, the reactions described below are added.
2R2NH + CO2 + H2O = (R2NH2)2CO3 (3)
(R2NH2)2CO3 + CO2 + H2O = 2R2NH2HCO3 (4)
2R2NH + H2S = (R2NH2)2S (5)
(R2NH2)2S + H2S = 2R2NH2HS (6)
The absorption and regeneration of acid gases are conducted in a similar way to that
of the conventional amine or carbonate processes. The gas to be treated is fed to the
bottom of the absorber and flows countercurrent to the absorbing liquid supplied at
the top of the absorber.
Acid gases are then absorbed by the absorbing liquid. The liquid that has absorbed
the acid gases is preheated and then supplied to the top of the regenerator where the
acid gases are stripped by steam for the regeneration of the liquid. The regenerated
liquid is precooled and recirculated to the absorber.
4. Benfield Process
Process Flow Diagram
Acid gas purification techniques for H2S (hydrogen sulfide) -

Stretford Process
1. Outline
The Stretford Process is a wet-type desulfurization process used in various industries
in which hydrogen sulfide is removed from gas streams and sulfur is recovered.
About 100 plants have been constructed worldwide and have operated successfully
since this process was developed by the British Gas Corporation. It has become one
of the most widely used desulfurization processes with an excellent performance
record.
Kobe Steel, Ltd. first obtained technical assistance from the British Gas Corporation
in 1964. Since then we have designed and constructed the plants shown in the
Reference section.
2. Features
1) This process is applicable to any gas, such as coke oven gas, natural gas, oil
refinery, gas, reformed gas, coal gas, etc.
2) The hydrogen sulfide content in the treated tail gas can be reduced to less than
0.1 ppm at atmospheric and higher pressures.
3) Sulfur is recovered with a high purity of more than 99.5 wt.%
4) Hydrogen sulfide is selectively removed from gas streams containing a high
concentration CO2 with high efficiency.
5) Simple operation and energy savings can be achieved as the absorption and
regeneration are performed at moderate temperature (30 - 40 deg.C) .
6) The chemicals used in the process are stable, nontoxic and easily treated.
7) Several effluent treatment systems have been established. So there is no problem
of secondary pollution due to the effluent.
8) The absorbing solution is weakly alkaline (pH 8.5 - 9.0) and noncorrosive.
3. Reaction Mechanism
The absorption and regeneration are based on the socalled "Redox reaction" that
causes the catalyst effects of anthraquinone disulfonic acid (in short, ADA)and
vanadate in a weakly alkaline solution.
2H2S + 2Na2CO3 -> 2NaHS + 2NaHCO3 (1)
2NaHS + 4NaVO3 + 4NaHCO3 -> 2S + Na2V4O2 + 4Na2CO3 + 3H2O (2)
Na2V4O2 + 2Na2ADA + 2Na2CO3 + 3H2O ->
4NaVO3 + 2Na2ADA(Redured) + 2NaHCO3 (3)
2Na2ADA (Reduced) + O2 -> 2Na2ADA + 2H2O (4)
4. Process Flow
The gas to be treated flows countercurrent to the absorbing solution in the absorber
and H2S is removed by the reaction with the absorbing solution. The packings used
in the absorber are usually splash-type plates designed in a specific manner. The
absorbing solution is delayed at the bottom of the absorber and hydrogen sulfide in
the solution is converted to elemental sulfur as a result of the reaction. Then the
solution is sent to the oxidizer, where a supply of air is received to regenerate the
solution completely and to float elemental sulfur in the slurry. The froth of the sulfur
slurry is concentrated by a filter or a centrifuge to form sulfur cake, which is reslurried
with water and heated to recover molten sulfur of high purity from the sulfur
separator.
On the other hand, the solution regenerated in the oxidizer is sent to the balance pit
and then pumped up to the absorber.
5. Stretford Process
Flow Diagram
KAWASAKI LIME MOVING BED HYDROGEN CHLORIDE REMOVAL SYSTEM

(KALM SYSTEM)
1. OUTLINE
This is completely dry type cross flow moving bed system which removes acid gas
constituents effectively from the combustion exhaust gas. The quick lime (calcium
oxide) filled in the moving layer removes hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides
effectively according to the following reaction formula.
CaO + 2HCl --> CaCl2 + H2O

CaO + SOx --> CaSOx
Fig.1. Diagram of the Device Principle
Fig.2 Schematic of KALM
2. PROCESS FLOW CHART

CASE 1
CASE 2
3. FEATURES
(1) Because this is of completely dry type and uses no water, no white smoke is
generated and a trouble resulting from calcium ion accumulation does not occur.
(2) When installed at downstream of the dust collecting device, reaction products can
be separated from fly ashes ensuring remarkable utilization.
(3) It is possible to remove hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides effectively.
4. APPLICATIONS
1) Gas volume Free
2) Gas temperature 200 - 300 deg.C
3) Acid gas removal rate HCl Less than 50 ppm
(In case of MSW Incineration Plant)
SO2 Less than 10 ppm
(In case of MSW Incineration Plant)
WET TYPE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND SULFUR OXIDES REMOVAL

SYSTEM
1. Introduction
In this system, the exhaust gas is washed by water neutralized with caustic soda
(sodium hydroxide). This system is made up of a spray tower and a filling tower. A
dehumidifying layer should be added for plume prevention. This system has a high
efficiency of removing hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides.
The chemical reaction formulae as follow:
HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O

SO2 + 2NaOH + (1/2) O2 -> Na2SO4 + H2O
2. System outline
The exhaust gas from the incineration furnace passes through a dust collector (ESP
or baghouse) where its particulate is removed. It is then fed to the spray tower
(venturi scrubber) where its temperature is lowered to a saturated level. The exhaust
gas then goes into the filling tower. The washing water is neutralized with caustic
soda at a value of pH 7 or less.
Fig.1 shows the flowchart of the wet type hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides
removal system.
Fig.1 Wet type hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides removal system
3. Characteristics
The treatment allows for removing 95 to 98% of hydrogen chloride and 85 to 95% of
sulfur oxides. Water treatment process and plume preventive equipment are
necessary. The mercury elimination efficiency is 80 to 90%.
4. Capacity
This system has no limit on the treated gas volume.
5. Sphere of application
This system can be applied to any furnace exhaust gas, for example, one for
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration.
6. Actual results
Takuma has installed 30 wet type hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides removal
systems in MSW incineration furnaces in Japan.
SEMI-DRY TYPE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND SULFUR OXIDES

REMOVAL SYSTEM
1. Introduction
In this system, hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) slurry is injected into a quenching
reactor to reduce the gas temperature and to neutralize the acid gas contained in the
exhaust gas. Hydrated lime powder is injected into a dry venturi to enhance the
pollutant removal effect. A baghouse (fabric filter) is designed to allow a formation of
a thick dust cake layer on its surface. When the exhaust gas passes through the
baghouse, the unreacted hydrated lime contained in the cake layer contacts and
reacts with the acid gas in the exhaust gas, thereby improving removal effect.
The chemical reaction formulae are as follows:
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCl2 + 2H2O

SO2 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaSO3 + H2O
CaSO3 + (l/2)O2 -> CaSO4
2. System outline
In the hydrated lime slurry tank, hydrated lime is mixed with water to form a slurry
and then fed into the quenching reactor. Hydrated lime slurry is sprayed with air by
dual fluid nozzles. Hydrated lime powder and a powder type special dose are injected
into the dry venturi by the blower. The exhaust gas containing hydrated lime powder,
special dose auxiliary and reaction products is then fed into the baghouse.
Fig.1 shows the flowchart of the semi-dry type hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides
removal system.
Fig.1 Semi-dry type hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides removal system
3. Characteristics
sulfur oxides. Water treatment process and plume preventive equipment are not
required. The mercury elimination efficiency is 50 to 70%.
The removing performance of the semi-dry type is largely dependent on the gas
temperature at the baghouse; the gas temperature should be controlled very
precisely by spraying hydrated lime slurry in the quenching reactor. At lower gas
temperatures, larger amounts of hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides are removed.
5. Capacity
7. Actual results
Takuma has installed 10 semi-dry type hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides removal
DRY TYPE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND SULFUR OXIDES REMOVAL SYSTEM

1. Introduction
In this system, hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) powder is injected into the exhaust
gas through a dry venturi to neutralize acid gases. A baghouse (fabric filter) is
designed to allow a formation of a thick dust cake layer on its surface. When the
exhaust gas passes through the baghouse, the unreacted hydrated lime contained in
the cake layer contacts and reacts with the acid gas in the exhaust gas, thereby
improving the removal effect.
The chemical reaction formulae are as follows:

SO2 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaSO3 + H2O
CaSO3 + (1/2)O2 -> CaSO4
2. System outline
Hydrated lime powder and a powder type special dose are injected into the dryventuri
by the blower. The exhaust gas containing hydrated lime powder, special dose
auxiliary and reaction products is then fed into the baghouse.
Fig.1 shows the flowchart of the dry type hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides removal
system.
Fig.1 Dry type hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides removal system
3. Characteristics
sulfur oxides. Water treatment process and plume preventive equipment are not
required. The mercury elimination efficiency is 50 to 70%.
The removing performance of the dry type is largely dependent on the gas
temperature at the baghouse; the gas temperature should be controlled very
precisely by spraying water at an upstream quenching cooler. At lower gas
temperatures, large amounts of hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides are removed.
4. Capacity
5. Actual results
Takuma has installed 15 dry type hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides removal
Catalytic Incinerator
1. Outline
This equipment catches malodorous gases with the platinum catalyst and
decomposes them by oxidation to harmless and odorless carbonic acid gas and
water. Compared with the direct combustion type, this equipment is capable of
treating malodorous gases at low temperature, so running cost is low. In case
concentration of malodorous substances is low in particular, it is advisable to install
Honeycomb Type Deodorization Equipment as a pre-treatment equipment to save
energy greatly.
2. Structure of the equipment
- Treating gas containing malodorous substances are pre-heated while it is passing
through the heat exchanger.
- Treating gas is heated to the predesigned temperature by the auxiliary heater
(generally to 300 deg.C ). Electricity, city gas, LPG, kerosene oil, etc. can be selected
as heat source.
- When heated treating gas passes through the catalyst-bed, malodorous substances
contained are decomposed by oxidation as they contact the catalyst.
- Purified gas is exhausted after passing through the heat exchanger where heat is
exchanged between purified gas and treating gas.
In combination with a steam heater:
In case electricity is used as heat source for the auxiliary heater, it is advisable to use
a steam heater together with it to reduce electric consumption greatly, which reduces
running cost.
3. Features
- Low running cost: Compared with the direct combustion system, this equipment is
capable of treating malodorous substance at low temperature, so fuel costs can be
reduced by under (1/3).
- No secondary air pollution is ensured.
- Low boiling organic solvents and wider ranges of malodorous substances can be
purified.
- Power source for auxiliary gas burner can be selected widely. Since the mixed type
gas burner is used, city gas, LPG, butane gas, etc. can be used as heat source with
the simple adjustment of the gas burner. Electric system is standardized for smaller
units.
4. Applied fields
Chemical industries, painting, printing, rubber and casting factories
5. Installation example of system
DRY TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM

1. PREFACE
Millions of tons of waste are produced worldwide every day; most of it is dumped in
landfills or discharged to rivers and sea without prior treatment. However, while the
demand for waste disposal capacities is increasing, the availability of suitable sites is
on the decline. Waste has become a critical problem for industrial society, particularly
in big cities and densely areas. Therefore, the need to avoid or reduce the generation
of waste and to recycle the waste produced will become an ever important political
and economic issue. However, disposal capacities will continue to decrease in spite
of the reduction in the volumes of waste produced. For this reason it is necessary to
coordinate and optimize waste management.
The future development of incineration as a waste disposal method will of course

depend mainly on whether optimum reductions in the total emissions of solid, liquid
and gaseous products from waste incineration plants can be ensured without leaving
environmental and economic aspects unconsidered. The prevailing trend can be
clearly seen from the changes in the European and Japanese emission limits for flue
gases from waste incineration plants.
HITACHI ZOSEN has been making every effort to research, develop and improve
flue gas cleaning systems to meet clean air standards which are getting progressively
more and more strict and severe in every countries in the world. This document
briefly introduces DRY TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM which is one of
typical types of flue gas cleaning system.
2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION
This system consists of the following equipment as shown on fig.1;
- Evaporative Type Cooler

- Bag Filter
- Storage and injection equipment for Lime and Supplemental agent
Fig.1 DRY TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT PROCESS

(Waste Heat Boiler Type Cooler)
Fig.1 is simplified flow chart of this DRY TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM
(Bag filter system). Flue gas from a refuse incinerator is fed to Evaporative Type
Cooler, in which the flue gas temperature is regulated by means of evaporation of
injected water. The flue gas temperature at the inlet of Bag Filter is controlled to be
appropriate for the reaction, which makes the removal of gaseous pollutants efficient
and prevents the filter cloth from clogging caused by melting of reaction products
(salt) such as CaCl2 and suffering heat damage.
After being temperature-conditioned, the flue gas is mixed with fine-grained Ca(OH)2
and supplemental agent which are supplied into the flue gas duct, where powdered
Ca(OH)2 reacts with gaseous pollutants such as SO2, SO3, HCl and HF (if any). In
simple terms, the following reactions take place;
2SO2 + 2Ca(OH)2 -> 2CaSO3.(1/2)H2O + H2O (1)
SO3 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaSO4.2H2O (2)

2HCl + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCl2 + 2H2O (3)
If HF is present in the flue gas,
2HF + Ca(OH)2-> CaF2 + 2H2O (4)
The powdered Ca(OH)2 reacts with the gaseous pollutants on its surface and core of
particle remains unused. The gas/solid mixture is fed into the Bag Filter, in which
solids (reaction product, unused Ca(OH)2 and flue gas dust) are effectively separated
from the flue gas through the filter cloth. The gaseous pollutants will come in contact
with unused Ca(OH)2 for further reaction.
The filtrate cake is periodically removed from the filter cloth by means of pulse jet of
compressed air injected into clean side of the bag house with a lance(on-line
cleaning).
Supplemental agent is added to the powdered Ca(OH)2 to facilitate the removal of

the cake and the above mentioned reaction, furthermore in case of special
supplemental agent supplying, it effects removal of another pollutants which are
Dioxins and Hg, due to carbon contained in the supplemental agent.
The relation between the flue gas temperature controlled, Equivalent of Ca(OH)2 to
HCl/SOx and the gaseous pollutants removal efficiency is shown on fig.2.
Fig.2 HCl and SO2 removal efficiency on a bag filter system
3. SYSTEM FEATURES
Nowadays this system has high performance of noxious gases removal at the same
as with the Wet Type Process on constant research and much experience on this
system (We at HITACHI ZOSEN has 44 plants of actual experience as of April,
1998).
This DRY TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM has main features as follows;
- High removal efficiency for noxious acid gases

- Simple and easy maintenance
- Stable and easy operation
- Low capital costs
WET TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM

1. PREFACE
HITACHI ZOSEN has been making every effort to research, develop and improve
flue gas cleaning systems to meet clean air standards which are getting progressively
more and more strict and severe in every countries in the world.
This document briefly introduces WET TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM
which is one of typical types of flue gas cleaning system.
This system consists of the following equipment as typically shown on fig.1;
- Scrubber and Water circulation pumps

- Hydrocyclone and Effluent Pump
- Cooling Tower and Gas Reheater
- Caustic soda storage and injection equipment
Fig. 1 WET TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT PROCESS
This process can be subdivided into the following steps;
(1) Flue gas cooling and scrubbing
Flue gas from a refuse incinerator is fed to Scrubber in which the flue gas is cooled to
saturation temperature and simultaneously contained gaseous noxious pollutants are
absorbed (removed) by contact with circulating water. The noxious pollutants
absorbed in the circulating water, reacts with caustic soda injected as follows;
SO2 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO3 + H2O (1)
SO3 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO4 + H2O (2)
HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O (3)
If HF is present in the flue gas,
HF + NaOH -> NaF + H2O (4)
(2) Absorbing and dehumidifying
The flue gas from the lower part (Cooling Part) rises to the upper part
(Dehumidification Part) of the Scrubber, where the gas is first distributed to the
packed bed and contact with circulating water efficiently for further absorption of
remained gaseous pollutants. Simultaneously the flue gas is supercooled
(dehumidified), because the circulating water is forced to be cooled through Cooling
Tower, and it effects prevention of white plume from the Stack.
(3) Hot air mixing and Treated flue gas reheating
The flue gas leaving this Scrubber is fed into Air/Gas Mixer where the flue gas is
mixed with heated air, thus the flue gas is heated up and its water content is reduced
to be under less than saturation point. After that the flue gas is fed into Gas Reheater
where it is heated up again to a temperature above 140 deg.C that is minimum

temperature for preventing corrosion trouble of the following metal-made equipment.
The condition of flue gas introduced to the Stack; its water content and temperature,
is settled for prevention not only of above mentioned corrosion trouble but also of
white plume exhausting from the stack.
(4) TDS concentration control of the circulating water
As is mentioned above, acid gas such as HCl and SOx contained in the flue gas is
neutralized with caustic soda injected into the circulating water, and as a result it
generate salt such as NaCl and Na2SO4. If this salt was not at all discharged, it is
possible to cause clogging of the flue gas entrance of the Scrubber by its drying-up
(Crystallising). Therefore, a part of the scrubbing water is withdrawn from the
Scrubber sump with adjusting concentration of salt-compounds (TDS) not more than
10% and is sent to Wastewater Treatment Plant. The Scrubber sump bottom is
withdrawn periodically and pumped up to Hydrocyclone in order to remove solids or
foreign materials which might cause clogging of Spray Nozzles for the circulating
water.
3. SYSTEM FEATURES
Flue gas introduced into Scrubber is very corrosive due to contained various acid
gases, and has a high temperature, therefore it is necessary for the Scrubber to be
specially considered to be protected from troubles such as its internal's corrosion and
burning out. The inside of this Scrubber is made completely corrosion-proof and
thermal resistant by employing firebricks, resin and resin lined material. And further
other assistant equipment is designed for keeping not only of its performance, but
also its stable operation, on our much experience on this system (We at HITACHI
ZONES has 29 plants of actual experience as of April, 1998). Thus this our WET
TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM has main features as follows:
- High efficiency of noxious pollutants removal

- Simple structure free from corrosion
- Stable and easy operation
- Very low pressure loss (This means economical)
EDV TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM

1. PREFACE
HITACHI ZOSEN has developed various kinds of innovative or improved
technologies in the field of environmental protection processes since we first
constructed a refuse incineration plant in 1964. In 1988, we introduced a new

technology from LAB. S. A. in France, which treats dedusting and toxic gas
absorption simultaneously. This technology is called Electrodynamic Venturi (EDV)
Process.
This process consists of the following units;
(1) Dedusting unit
Flue gas is fed to the top of Dedusting Column from a refuse incinerator, where the
flue gas is quickly cooled down and comparatively large particles of dust and
gaseous pollutants such as HCl and HF are removed by contact with circulating
water sprayed by LAB-G nozzles. Effluent from the bottom of this Dedusting Column
is circulated to the top of this Column by a water circulation pump. A part of
circulating water is withdrawn and is fed back after sludge removing via Hydrocyclone
and Thickener, and the wastewater contains the sludge is sent to Wastewater
Treatment System. This circulating water is injected with hydrated lime milk as an
absorbent and thus its pH value is controlled to be 1.5 - 2.5.
(2) Venturi dust collector unit
From the Dedusting Column, the flue gas is introduced to Venturi-type Dust Collector.
In this equipment, small particles of dust and water mist which is unable to be
removed in previous dedusting, are removed. At both inlet and outlet of this Venturi-
type Dust Collector, LAB-F nozzle is equipped which were developed by LAB.S.A.
The dust is covered by condensate through adiabatic expansion and collected by
sprayed water which is circulated via Circulation Tanks installed at inlet and outlet of
this Venturi-type Dust Collector respectively.
(3) Absorber unit
From the Venturi-type Dust Collector, the flue gas is fed to lower part of Absorber
where gaseous sulphur oxides are removed by contact with circulating water sprayed
through LAB-G nozzles. And here the gas can be dehumidified simultaneously, if the
circulating water is cooled through a cooling tower. It is effective to prevent white
plume exhausting from the Stack.
(4) Electrofiltering module unit
Flue gas saturated with water from the Absorber is introduced to the following
Electrofiltering module via Mist separator where entrained mist is removed. The
Electrofiltering module is one of venturi and it removes very small particles of micron
size(organic and inorganic chlorine compounds, heavy metals, etc.) which are
contained in the flue gas. The small particles are collected by the filtered water film
by means of electromagnetism.
(5) Chemical dosing unit
Hydrated lime is supplied in powdered form to Lime Silo by lorries. This hydrated lime
is fed to a desolving tank where it is adjusted as slurry of concentration of approx. 5 -
10%, and after that it is injected into circulating water of the Dedusting Column.
Further caustic soda of approx. 10% concentration is injected into circulating water of
the Absorber.
3. SYSTEM FEATURES
This process has the following advantages;
(1) Compact, simple and small space required
This process has two functions, that is, dust collection and absorption of gaseous
pollutants such as HCl, SOx, HF. This process is compact and simple compared with
one which treats functions separately.
(2) LAB-G nozzle for slurry
LAB-G nozzle developed by LAB. S. A. has an original structure which is suitable for
a high density slurry with less blockage, erosion and damage.
(3) Low chemical cost
This process uses hydrated lime or limestone as an absorbent. The chemical cost is
very low, approximately one third that of the conventional process, which uses
caustic soda.
(4) High small-particulate collection efficiency
This process effectively collects small particulates of micron size including organic or
inorganic chlorine compounds and heavy metals in the last unit, i.e., Electrofiltering
modules.
(5) No heavy metal in the effluent
This process does not discharge any metals in the effluent and so it will be suitable
for the stricter effluent limits of the near future.
We are very glad if this EDV TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM would be of
service for worldwide clean air protection.
Fig.l EDV PROCESS
NIPPON SHOKUBAI'S Catalytic Incineration System

1. Principle of Catalytic Incineration System
The catalytic incineration method is to convert exhaust-gases into harmless and
odorless by complete catalytic oxidation.
Basic reaction scheme is expressed as follows;
CmHn + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + Reaction Heat
On the contrary, in the direct incineration system, exhaust-gases are burnt up in

direct contact with a burner flame at higher temperatures of 700~900 deg.C. If a
catalyst is used in this process, its excellent catalytic performance will bring about the
same effect with that of the direct system at far lower temperatures of 200 ~ 400
deg.C.
2. Basic System
The exhaust-gas containing organic compounds is sucked into the heat exchanger
for preheating, and further heated in the gas heater before entering into the reactor.
After the exhaust-gas is decomposed and purified by the catalyst in the reactor,
treated gas is recycled into the heat exchanger to recover the reaction heat and
finally discharged from the stack into the atmosphere.
Depending on the contents and other conditions of exhaust-gas and the design of
heat exchanger, the system provides an energy-saving operation which decreases or
does not require auxiliary fuels.
3. Excellent Features of Catalytic Incineration System for Exhaust-Gas
Treatment
Among NIPPON SHOKUBAI's waste gas control systems, the catalytic incineration
system employing catalyst of NIPPON SHOKUBAI's own development provides
complete oxidation of pollutants and odorous substances at low temperatures
converting them harmless and odorless.
It has many excellent features as anti-pollution and energy-saving equipment.

- Most suitable design
- Low Running Cost
- Perfect Treatment
- Easy Operation
4. Wide Range of Applications
Application
- Paint and Ink Manufacturing
- Solvent, Adhesives and Synthetic Resin Manufacturing
- Chemical Manufacturing
- Food Manufacturing
- Industrial Wastes Handling
- Odor Substances Handling etc.
An Organic Halogen-Gas Purification System:

The "HALOCAT" Catalytic-Incineration Exhaust-Gas
Treatment Apparatus
1. Introduction
This exhaust gas treatment system provides the effective purification of the organic
exhaust gas containing halogenated organic compounds by employing catalysts of
Nippon Shokubai's own developed (STH-catalyst).
Organic exhaust gas containing halogenated organic compounds can be

decomposed by catalytic incineration and is converted into CO2, H2O and hydrogen
halogenide.
Then the hydrogen halogenide is neutralized by alkalied solution in the scrubber.
Therefore the above-mentioned exhaust gas can be purified without generating

hazardous exhaust gas and waste water.
2. Outline of this system
3. Excellent feature of this system

1) Organic exhaust gas even containing halogenated organic compounds can be
converted effectively into harmless substance.
2) Low running cost.
3) Purification of various kinds of halogenated organic compounds at low
temperature.
4) No hazardous waste water is generated.
5) No hazardous by-product such as CO and halogen gas is generated.
6) As the catalyst is a honeycomb form, the pressure drop thereof is low.
7) A catalyst to be used keeps its stable effect for a long span of life-time.
8) Easy operation (can be operated with an automatic control requiring no
manpower) and easy maintenance.
4. Purification efficiency of chlorinated organic compounds
THE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM OF THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

INCINERATION PLANT
1. Introduction
The exhaust gas generated from the incineration of municipal solid waste contains
harmful substances that cause air pollution, such as dust, acid gases (SOx, HCl, NOx)
and heavy metal particles (Pb, Zn, Cu, etc.).
This device removes wide range of these harmful substances with high efficiency.
2. Process outline
The exhaust gas from the municipal solid waste incinerator is cooled to a
temperature of 180 to 200 deg. C by the gas cooler, and then enters the mixing
chamber located at the inlet of the bag filter.
Filtration agency and hydrated lime transported by air from those silos are injected
into the mixing chamber. When mixed with the exhaust gas, the hydrated lime reacts
with hydrogen chloride and sulphur oxides, forming solid matter, which is collected by
the bag filter.
These chemical reactions are as follows:

SOx + Ca(OH)2 -> CaSOx + H2O
The surface of the bag filter is also coated with filtration agency and hydrated lime,
and this coating effectively collects dust and heavy metal particles.
Fig. 1 shows the flowchart of exhaust gas treatment system.
Fig. 1 Flowchart of exhaust gas treatment system.
3. Process features
1) The device uses dry-type processing which does not affect the exhaust gas
temperature directly. Therefore, no corrosion or dust adhesion trouble occurs in the
equipment.
2) The filtering effect of the filtration agency and hydrated lime prevents clogging of
the filter cloth, providing stable plant operation without an increase in the filtering
pressure loss.
3) The filtering effect of the filtration agency and hydrated lime removes dust and
microscopic heavy metal particles effectively.
4. Processing capacity
1) Gas volume : no limitation
2) Gas temperature :160 to 220 deg.C
5. Application range
This device is designed mainly for the treatment of exhaust gas generated by the
incineration of municipal solid waste. However, it can also be used to process gases
produced from various types of furnace.
6. Performance measurement result
Table 1 shows an example of performance measurement.
Table 1 Example of performance measurement
NKK LIMAR - Bag System (Dry type)

1. Introduction
The system is used for removing hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulfur oxides (SOx)
contained in the flue gas. Slaked lime in the powder form is injected into the flue gas
to cause contact reaction with HCl and SOx. The system is further provided with bag
filters. As the flue gas passes through the dust layers created on the surface of bag
filter cloth, unreacted slaked lime reacts with HCl and SOx contained in the flue gas,
resulting in a very high removal rate.
The reaction formula is given below.
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + 2H2O
2. Process Flow
Since slaked lime is injected in the powder form, the system simple.
According to the flow described above, HCl can be removed as low as 40 ppm (in
terms of 12% O2), but when removing HCl to less than 40 to 25 ppm (in terms of 12%
O2), reaction assistant agent has to be injected together with slaked lime as shown in
the figure below:
3. Characteristics
(1) Equipment is simplified.
(2) Lowering the inlet flue gas temperature of bag filter permits higher removal
efficiency. However, when the temperature drops below 140 degrees C, low
temperature corrosion is generated in the ducts and casing. Therefore, the system
should be operated at temperatures above 150 degrees C to prevent the corrosion.
(3) The reaction assistant agent which would be injected in order to raise the reaction
efficiency, is an extremely porous particles so as to promote the depositing of
reaction products on the bug filter cloth dust layers. This arrangement also promotes
better permeability and it also aids in increasing the chances of contacting unreacted
slaked lime contained in the reaction products.
Relation between reaction temperature, Ca(OH)2 ratio and HCl removal efficiency
4. Results
NKK LIMAR-Bag System (Semi-Dry Type)

1. Introduction
The system is used for removing hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) and sulfur oxides (SOx)
from flue gas to a low concentration of 20 ppm, respectively (in terms of 12% O2).
Slaked lime is dissolved in water, and the slurry is refined with an atomizer for
injecting into flue gas. HCl and SOx contained in the flue gas are dissolved in droplets
containing slaked lime, reacts with slaked lime in the droplet, forms calcium chloride
(CaCl2), and stabilizes as solid salt. In the next instance, solid salt is completely dried
and formed into a spherical porous reaction products. The unreacted slaked lime
proceeds to slowly react with HCl and SOx contained into the flue gas. This reaction
occurs at bag filters.
The reaction process is shown in the figure below. Electronic microscopic photos of
reaction products are also shown below.
Reaction Process
2. Process Flow
Slaked lime is atomized into flue gas by dissolving it in water and forming a slurry.
3. Characteristics
(1) Since the system uses low cost slake lime and high reaction efficiency, the
operating cost is low.
(2) Since secondary reaction is present by the use of bag house, a very high
removal efficiency is obtained. This is made possible by the porous particles of
reaction products captured at the bag filter. As the flue gas slowly passes through the
reaction product particles and the dust layers on the bag filter cloth, the chances of
unreacted slake lime reacting with HCl and SOx are increased.
4. Removal Efficiency
HCl removal efficiency
Example of measurement
ABB FILSORPTION SYSTEM for controlling toxic elements in

flue gas
1. ABB Filsorption System
ABB Filsorption System stands for simultaneous Filtration and Sorption of flue gases
and their contaminants by means of a ABB Fabric Filter acting as both filter and
chemical reactor. The system can for example be installed after wet scrubbers in
Waste to Energy plants for the final removal of dioxins and heavy metals. It also acts
as a polishing filter for dust and acidic gases. The ABB technique with injection of a
mixture of lime and activated coke or carbon upstream of the fabric filter for
absorption of these contaminants is a safe and proven technology which gives
extremely low emission levels.
ABB pioneered the Filsorption technology and has now more than 15 years
comprehensive operating experience from extremely tough and demanding
applications. ABB has also developed the technique of feeding, conveying, collecting
and handling the Filsorption product to an impressive level of reliability.
With plants in commercial operation for more than one decade, ABB has gained
extensive experience from installing Filsorption Systems. Over 90 fabric filter
installations in Waste to Energy plants clean safely and effectively more than
11,000,000 m3 of flue gas every hour.
Pollutants in flue gases
2. The fabric filter

The fabric filter used in this application is the wellproven Optipulse filter. This
application has a uniform sorbent distribution over the bags, producing a constantly
low dust emission. In the Filsorption System the fabric filter acts as a fixed-bed
reactor where the flue gases pass the absorbent layer formed on the bags.
The filter bags are cleaned by means of compressed air pulses which are directed
down through the bag openings. The compressed air expands the bag with a
stepped acceleration so that a fraction of the dust on the outside of the bag is
detached in a carefully controlled manner.
3. The technology
Activated coke or carbon with its high surface area is known to be effective in
collecting high molecular weight organic and mercury compounds. In the Filsorption
System a mixture of lime and activated coke or carbon is carefully distributed in the
gas stream by means of ABB compact reactor. The even distribution over the filter
area provides extensive contact between gas and sorbent, which is a prerequisite for
efficient cleaning. The lime enables the removal of acidic gases such as HCl, SO2
and SO3 in addition to the removal of mercury and organics by the coke/carbon.
The excellent collection characteristics of the fabric filter ensures extremely low
particulate emission levels.
The end product from the Filsorption System is normally fired in the waste furnace
where the lime acts as an absorbent contributing to a pre-separation of acidic gases
from the flue gas. Other methods are glassification or for neutralization of waste
water.
The Filsorption system - reactor and filter - is designed with vertical or very steep
walls in the ducts and hoppers, making the dust discharge very effective.
Consequently all problems with dust deposits and sticking dust are eliminated.
4. Performance
By using the ABB Fabric Filter as a fixed bed absorption reactor the total particulate
emission is kept extremely low. This also allows the use of a fine-grained coke or
carbon while still maintaining a very low dust emission. The fine-grained coke or
carbon creates a very large contact area with excellent absorption for a given amount
of coke or carbon.
The ABB Fabric Filter offers an optimal collection capacity of sob-micron particles
thereby ensuring very low emission levels of heavy metals.
The even distribution of sorbent over the bag surface is an inherent feature of the
ABB design - a small deficit of sorbent anywhere on the surface will decrease local
flow resistance. This in turn leads to increased gas flow and due to the continuous
feed of sorbent, to immediate local cake repair. In this respect, the system is self-
balancing and automatically assures optimum sorbent/dust cake contact with the flue
gases.
Results from Installation
Waste Ozone Decomposition System

This system efficiently decomposes ozone in the waste gas with the catalyst
composed of metallic oxide. The catalyst is wear resistant and free from hazards of
combustion and explosion. As the ozone decomposing reaction using the catalyst is
performed even at low temperatures, the system can decompose the waste ozone
(low to high concentration) for a long time at low cost.
1. Features
1) Compact size.
2) Low and economical running cost.
3) Simple operation and easy maintenance.

4) Long catalyst life.
5) Excellent ozone decomposing complying with low concentration.
6) A large opening ratio and low pressure drop due to honeycomb structure.
2. Applications
Air cleaner (room, car and garbage deodorization)
Ozonizer Ozone sterilizer
High-concentration ozone treatment Semiconductor manufacturing process Water

supply and sewage water treatment Other fields requiring waste ozone treatment
3. System Flow
Quench tower
The Quench tower is designed and engineered for cooling high temperature exhaust
gases from incinerator, melting furnace, drying furnace, etc.
Exhaust gas from high temperature sources is cooled down with water vapor to the
saturation temperature of the gas by Quench tower. The Quench tower is used as a
pre-cooler for scrubbers, electoststic precipitators, etc.
Technical Information
Specification :
The Quench including spray headers and spray nozzles are made of corrosion
resistant materials, such as lining carbon steel, type 316L stainless steel, Hastily-C.
Uniform water spraying is made by special spray nozzles.
Both horizontal flow type and vertical flow type are available.
Advantages :
- No dioxins is generated in the Quench tower.

- The Quench tower can be as a simple scrubber.
- For corrosion resistance, lining type and wetted surface type are available.

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Source: Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC) - Ministry of the Environment of Japan - Website: http://gec.

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

PIPE FILTER (Exhaust Gas Processing Unit)

Diameter of mist particles to be processed:

0.025 micro - m or over

Collecting efficiency: 95 - 100%

Acid and alkali exhaust gases including fine metallic particles.

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

Toxic substance removal technology

Acid gas cleaning : Slaked lime powders or slurry

Fig.2. Relationship between operating dioxins bag house filter outlet

Fig.3 Dioxins homologues and after activated coke packed tower

(2) NOx : < 50 ppm (denitrification catalyzer outlet)

(3) HCl : <20 ppm (semi-dry system)

Hg < 0.02 mg/m3N (below 170 deg.C )

Fig.5 Relationship between operating temperature and removal efficiency of Pb,

(5) HF : <0.2 mg/m3N (the bag house filter outlet)

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

WET TOXIC GAS REMOVAL SYSTEM

2. PROCESS FLOW CHART

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

Desulfurization and Decyanization System (Fumaks Process

Solution of a small amount of picric acid in sodium carbonate solution, sodium

(Absorption-Regeneration Reaction: In case of NH3-alkaline)

(Main Reaction: In case of NH3-alkaline)

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

Acid gas purification techniques for CO2 (carbon dioxide)

2) The heat consumption for regeneration of the absorbing liquid is appreciably

Process Flow Diagram

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

Acid gas purification techniques for H2S (hydrogen sulfide) -

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

KAWASAKI LIME MOVING BED HYDROGEN CHLORIDE REMOVAL SYSTEM

CaO + 2HCl --> CaCl2 + H2O

Fig.1. Diagram of the Device Principle

Fig.2 Schematic of KALM

2. PROCESS FLOW CHART

(3) It is possible to remove hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides effectively.

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

WET TYPE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND SULFUR OXIDES REMOVAL

The chemical reaction formulae as follow:

HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

SEMI-DRY TYPE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND SULFUR OXIDES

The chemical reaction formulae are as follows:

2HCl + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCl2 + 2H2O

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

DRY TYPE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND SULFUR OXIDES REMOVAL SYSTEM

The chemical reaction formulae are as follows:

2HCl + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCl2 + 2H2O

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

DRY TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM

The future development of incineration as a waste disposal method will of course

- Evaporative Type Cooler

Fig.1 DRY TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT PROCESS

SO3 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaSO4.2H2O (2)

Supplemental agent is added to the powdered Ca(OH)2 to facilitate the removal of

Fig.2 HCl and SO2 removal efficiency on a bag filter system

- High removal efficiency for noxious acid gases

Exhaust Gas Treatment Equipment

WET TYPE FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM