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SPM Form 4 – Terminology and Concepts: Chemical Formulae and Equations – Part 1
1. Relative atomic mass, Ar is the atomic mass of an atom when compared to a standard atom
2. Standard atom:
Hydrogen scale: hydrogen is the lightest atom of all and the mass of one hydrogen atom was
assigned 1 unit.
Helium scale: the second lightest atom of all and the mass of one helium atom was assigned 1
unit.
Oxygen scale: chose as the standard atom to compare the masses of atoms
3. Relative molecular mass, Mr of a substances is the average mass of a molecule (two or more
atoms) of the substances when compared 1/12 with of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
4. Relative formula mass, Fr is for ionic compound which is calculated by adding up the
relative atomic masses of all the atoms.
5. Example:
Try to solve some of the examples without looking at the answers. If you can understand this,
then stay tune and log in again for Part 2 of this topic’s notes. If you cannot understand the
examples, try and try and try and try and try again until you are good with it. Till then.
SPM Form 4 – Terminology and Concepts: Chemical Formulae and Equations (Part 2)
Berry Berry Scientist
Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro (Name at birth: Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro)
2. Atomic substances
3. Molecular substances
4. Ionic substances
5. Avogadro’s Law / Gas Law states that equal volumes of all gases contain the same number
of molecules under the same temperature and pressure.
• Example: equal volumes of molecular hydrogen and nitrogen would contain the same
number of molecules under the same temperature and pressure.
7. Room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.) = 24 dm3 mol-1 (25°C and 1 atm)
8. Standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p.) = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 (0°C and 1 atm)
Be sure to copy down all these formulae a few times on paper so that you will have a better
chance recalling it in the future. Copying them onto a card to bring around will be very helpful.
SPM Form 4 – Terminology and Concepts: Chemical Formulae and Equations (Part 3)
1. Empirical (simplest ratio of atoms of each element that present in the compound) and
molecular formulae (actual number of atoms of each element that are present in one molecule of
the compound) indicate:
n is a positive number
7. Meaning of prefixes
Prefix Meaning
Mono- 1
Di- 2
Tri- 3
Tetra- 4
Penta- 5
Hexa- 6
Hepta- 7
Octa- 8
Nona- 9
Deca- 10
Chemical Equation
2. Reactants are written in the left side of the reaction and products are written in the right side of
the reaction.
• Example 1:
Word equation: Sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid –> sodium sulphate + water
Chemical equation: NaOH + H2SO4 –> Na2SO4 + H2O
Balancing equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4 –> Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Complete chemical equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4 –> Na2SO4 + 2H2O
• Example 2:
Word equation: Aluminium + copper(II) oxide –> aluminium(III) oxide + copper
Chemical equation: Al + CuO –> Al2O3 + Cu
Balancing equation: 2Al + 3CuO –> Al2O3 + 3Cu
Complete chemical equation: 2Al + 3CuO –> Al2O3 + 3Cu
• Example 3:
Word equation: Nitrogen + hydrogen <–> ammonia
Chemical equation: N2 + H2 <–> NH3
Balancing equation: N2 + 3H2 <–> 2NH3
Complete chemical equation: N2 + 3H2 <–> 2NH3
• i) mass of reactants
• ii) volume of reacting gas
• iii) mass of products formed
• iv) volume of gas produced
• Example:
2 cm3 of lead (II) nitrate solution is added to excess of potassium iodide solution.
How many molecules of potassium nitrate will be formed?
[Relative atomic mass: N, 14; O, 16; K, 39; I, 127; Pb, 207; Avogadro's constant: 6.02 x
1023 mol-1]
In previous years, SPM Chemistry Paper 3 (2004-2009) has comprises of 2-3 questions with the
last question typically comprise of “Planning of Experiment). Detailed information can be found
from the list below:
• SPM 2003 – 3 questions (No.3 – Hardness of iron and steel or Resistance to rusting of
iron and steel)
• SPM 2004 – 3 questions (No.3 - Carbon Compound: Esters)
• SPM 2005 – 3 questions (No.3 – Choose one: Alloy or Rate of reaction)
• SPM 2006 – 2 questions (No.2 – Vulcanised and Unvulcanised rubber)
• SPM 2007 – 2 questions (No.2 – Electrochemical cell)
• SPM 2008 – 2 questions (No.2 – Group 1 – Periodic Table)
• SPM 2009 – 2 questions (No.2 – Salt – pH)
• SPM 2010 – 2 questions
Based on the analysis, the questions will be ask within the Form 4 or Form 5 syllabus (Can be
recommended PEKA experiments or not PEKA experiments) (It is not only Form 4 as
rumoured) The question will comprise of the following part such as:
a) Statement of the problem (2003, 2005, 2007, 2009)
b) Aim of experiment (2004, 2006, 2008)
c) All the variables (2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009)
d) Statement of the hypothesis (2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009)
e) List of substances and apparatus (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009)
f) Procedure of the experiment (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009)
g) Tabulation of data (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009)
From above analysis, the predicted SPM 2010 last question in Paper 3 is:
a) Aim of experiment
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of substances and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data
Each section the maximum marks will be 3 marks (3 x 6 = 18 marks). But the marks provided is
17 marks, so this would depend on the marking scheme either 1 mark will be an extra point or
one of the part (a) or (f) would be 2 marks.
a) Statement of the problem: It always must be a question and ended with question mark. Read
the question well and you will find it in the hint in the question. Start your statement of the
problem with ‘How does manipulated variable affect responding variable?’ or ‘Does
increasing/decreasing manipulated variable increase/decrease the responding variable?’
b) Aim of experiment: It always must be a statement and ended with full stop. Start your aim of
experiment with ‘To compare … / To investigate … / To study …
c) All the variables: List out all the variables and separate each variable in the following
sequence.
d) Statement of the hypothesis: It always must be a statement and ended with full stop. ‘The
manipulated variable, the higher/lower/increase/decrease responding variable’
Important note: Must follow the sequence (always start with manipulated variable and follow by
responding variable).
e) List of substances and apparatus: Always separate substance and apparatus even though this
is in one section. Must list everything completely to get 3 marks!
Important note: Solution: try to give the concentration of the solution (always in the range of
0.1 – 1.0 mol dm-3) and concentrated solution (>1.0 mol dm-3)
Example:
Apparatus: try to list as complete as possible (everything that can be reused in the experiment)
Example:
• Stop watch
• measuring cylinder
• beaker
• retort stand
• conical flask
• filter funnel
• trough
• forceps
• tongs …
f) Procedure of the experiment: This is the hardest part to get full marks (3 marks). You need
to write the procedure as complete as possible which means all steps are to be written in detail.
Berry Teacher would recommend the sentence should be written in passive form sentence (same
in PEKA) and it can be present or past tense (no penalty). And try to uniform it. From the
previous SPM Paper 3 record, there is no penalty if you write in active form sentence but not in
PEKA report!
g) Tabulation of data: This is the easiest part to get one mark, as long as you draw a table
(empty table / box), you will be given at least one mark. Remember to write unit in the
manipulated variable column and responding variable column!