uters

ova
ry

Uterus
In a uterus there is a development and a foetus food. It is a muscular organ. 3 covers -
mucous (endometrium), muscular (myometrium), serous (perimetrium). The epithelium
of the mucous is differentiated from mesonefral a duct. A connecting tissue, an is
smooth-muscular tissue - from a mesenchyma. A Mesothelium from a visceral leaf of a
splanchnotome.

The endometrium is formed by a single-layered prismatic epithelium and own plate. In an

epithelium 2 kinds of cells: ciliary epitheliocytes and secretory epitheliocytes. Own plate
is formed by a quaggy fibrous connecting tissue in it there are numerous uterine glands
(numerous, the tubular form, a diverticulum of own plate - cryptas). Their quantity, the
sizes, depth, activity of secretion depend on a phase of an ovarian-menstrual cycle.

In endometriums distinguish 2 layers: deep basal (it is formed by deep sites of an

endometrium) and functional.

The myometrium is formed by a smooth muscular tissue and consists of 3 layers:

• Submucosal layer of a myometrium (slanting locating)

 • Vascular layer (in it large blood vessels settle down) a slantwise-longitudinal
direction
• Over-vascular a layer (the slantwise-longitudinal direction opposite to a direction
of myocytes of a vascular layer) Structure of a myometrium depends on estrogen
(at its disadvantage the atrophy develops). Progesterone causes hypertrophic
changes.

Perimetrium. It is formed by 2 tissues: a plate of an is smooth-muscular tissue and a

single-layered flat epithelium of coelomic type mesothelium.

female reproductive system is characterised by recurrence of a structure and functions

which is defined by hormones.

Changes in ovaries and uterus - an ovarian menstrual cycle. Duration on the average 28
days. All period is sectioned into 3 phases:

• Menstrual (since the first day of a menses)

• Postmenstrual (proliferations)
• Premenstrual (secretions) the Menstrual phase approximately 4 days. During this
time there is a desquamation ( destruction) of tissues of a mucosa of a uterus, their
tearing away, and then epithelium neogenesis. Tearing away of all functional
layer to the deepest sites yes cryptas.

Ovaries
The ovaries are paired, oval organs located within the pelvic cavity lateral to the uterus.
In an adult, ovaries are slightly larger than an almond about 2 to 3 centimeters long, 2 cm
wide, and 1 to 1.5 cm thick. Their size usually varies during each menstrual cycle as well
as during pregnancy.

The ovaries are anchored within the pelvic cavity by special "cords" and sheets of
connection tissue. A double fold of peritonuem called the mesovarium, attaches to each
ovary at its hilum. The hilum is the anterior surface of the ovary where blood vessels and
nerves enter the ovary.

The mesovarium secures each ovary to a broad ligament, which is a drape of peritonuem
that hangs over the uterus. Each ovary is anchored to the posterior aspect of the broad
ligament by an ovarian ligament, which is the superior portion of the round ligament of
the uterus.

A suspensory ligament attaches to the lateral edge of each ovary and projects
superolaterally to the pelvic wall. The ovarian blood vessels and nerves are housed within
each suspensory ligament, and they join the ovary at its hilum.
Smooth muscle fibers within both the mesovarium and the suspensory ligament contract
at the time of ovulation to bring the ovaries into close proximity with the uterine tube
openings. Each ovary is supplied by an ovarian vein and artery. The ovarian arteries are
branches that come directly off the aorta immediately inferior to the renal vessel. The
ovarian veins exit the ovary and drain into either the inferior cava or one of the renal
veins.

Traveling with the ovarian artery and vein are autonomic nerves. Sympathetic axons
come from the T10 segments of the spinal cord whereas parasympathetic axons come
from CN X.

Female reproductive system

1. Pubic bone, 2.Clitoral hood, 3. Clitoris, 4. Labia majora, 5. Labia minora (enclosing
the Vaginal Opening), 6. Perineum.]] The human female reproductive system is a series
of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the pelvic region of a female
that contribute towards the reproductive process. The human female reproductive system
contains three main parts: the vagina, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm,
the uterus, which holds the developing fetus, and the ovaries, which produce the female's
ova. The breasts are also a reproductive organ during the parenting stage of
reproduction[citation needed]. However, in most classifications breasts are not considered to be
part of the female reproductive system.

The vagina meets the outside at the vulva, which also includes the labia, clitoris and
urethra; during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the Bartholin's
glands. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is
attached to the ovaries via the fallopian tubes. At certain intervals, typically
approximately every 28 days, the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the
fallopian tube into the uterus. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and
unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through a process known as menstruation.

Major secondary sexual characteristics include: a smaller stature, a high percentage of

body fat, wider hips, development of mammary glands, and enlargement of breasts.
Important sexual hormones of females include estrogen and progesterone.[5]

Sizing up
A human being's heart is about the size of that human being's fist. As the body develops,
the heart grows at the same rate as the fist. So an infant's heart and fist are about the same
size at birth. In the womb, however, that similarity was not always true. During the first
few weeks after conception, the fetal heart occupies most of the fetus' mid-section. The
heartsize to bodysize ratio is nine times greater in the fetus than in the infant. During
those first few weeks, the fetal heart lies high in the chest. Soon, it moves down to
occupy its position in the chest cavity.

There are several phases of the fetal heart's development. At first, the heart is just a tube.
It grows so fast that it needs more space, so it bends and twists back, forming the familiar
shape. During the next phase, the two atria are partly separate but there is just one big
ventricle. The next phase begins when the two atria are completely separate and the
ventricles are just beginning to separate. Finally, the ventricles separate completely and
the heart is developed.

During the fetal heart's developmental stages, the heart actually takes on several distinct
appearances. These heart structures resemble other animal hearts. During phase one, the
tube-like heart is much like a fish heart. The second phase, with two chambers, resembles
a frog heart. The three-chambered phase is similar to a snake or turtle heart. The final
four-chambered heart structure distinguishes the human heart.

View the structure of a preserved heart here.

The heart, like other body parts, needs oxygen in order to grow and develop properly.
During childhood, the body's years of rapid growth, the need for oxygen is greatest. The
heart's rate of pumping oxygen-rich blood is fastest in infancy, about 120 beats per
minute. As the child grows, the heart rate slows. A seven year old child's heart beats
about 90 times per minute. By the age of 18, the heart rate has stabilized to about 70 beats
per minute.

By adulthood, the heart is fully developed. Throughout life, the heart needs only to be
maintained and kept healthy in order to function. If you take care of your heart, by
following a prescription for a healthy heart, your heart should take care of you for the rest
of your life.

Band Pass Filters

The cut-off frequency or ƒc point in a simple RC passive filter can be accurately
controlled using just a single resistor in series with a non-polarized capacitor, and
depending upon which way around they are connected either a low pass or a high pass
filter is obtained. One simple use for these types of filters is in audio amplifier
applications or circuits such as in loudspeaker crossover filters or pre-amplifier tone
controls. Sometimes it is necessary to only pass a certain range of frequencies that do not
begin at 0Hz, (DC) or end at some high frequency point but are within a certain
frequency band, either narrow or wide.

By connecting or "cascading" together a single Low Pass Filter circuit with a High Pass
Filter circuit, we can produce another type of passive RC filter that passes a selected
range or "band" of frequencies that can be either narrow or wide while attenuating all
those outside of this range. This new type of passive filter arrangement produces a
frequency selective filter known commonly as a Band Pass Filter or BPF for short.

Band Pass Filter Circuit

Unlike a low pass filter that only pass signals of a low frequency range or a high pass
filter which pass signals of a higher frequency range, a Band Pass Filters passes signals
within a certain "band" or "spread" of frequencies without distorting the input signal or
introducing extra noise. This band of frequencies can be any width and is commonly
known as the filters Bandwidth. Bandwidth is defined as the frequency range between
two specified frequency cut-off points (ƒc), that are 3dB below the maximum centre or
resonant peak while attenuating or weakening the others outside of these two points.

Then for widely spread frequencies, we can simply define the term "bandwidth", BW as
being the difference between the lower cut-off frequency ( ƒcLOWER ) and the higher cut-
off frequency ( ƒcHIGHER ) points. In other words, BW = ƒH - ƒL. Clearly for a pass band
filter to function correctly, the cut-off frequency of the low pass filter must be higher than
the cut-off frequency for the high pass filter.

The "ideal" Band Pass Filter can also be used to isolate or filter out certain frequencies
that lie within a particular band of frequencies, for example, noise cancellation. Band
pass filters are known generally as second-order filters, (two-pole) because they have
"two" reactive component within their circuit design. One capacitor in the low pass
circuit and another capacitor in the high pass circuit.

Frequency Response of a 2nd Order Band Pass Filter.

Fetal heart development

According to the medical community, development of the heart of a fetus is essential to

the full development of the unborn child. Early in pregnancy changes in size, appearance
and heartbeat take place rapidly. Due to advances in technology and science the average
person can become more informed about this important fetal organ.

Time Frame

o Fetal Heart Beat Chart

The heart begins to develop in the 22nd day after conception, or the fourth
week of pregnancy, which is the beginning of the embryonic period.
During the fifth week of pregnancy the heart begins to beat and by week
six the heart beat is regular. The heart is fully developed by week eight,
beating 150 times per minute---twice that of an adult. An ultrasound can
detect the heartbeat at week five and at week 20 a stethoscope can be used
to hear the heartbeat.

Read more: About Heart Development in Fetus | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/about_5130616_heart-development-fetus.html#ixzz1KpLA4Csq

Features

• Fetal development at 8 Weeks

The developing embryo needs blood and the heart is the organ that pumps the
blood so the heart is one of the earliest organs to form in the embryonic fetus. The
heart is completely formed about eight weeks after conception. Heart
development involves a number of complex steps that must occur at certain times.
The fetal heart continues to change during birth and immediately following birth
becoming its own independent entity.

Read more: About Heart Development in Fetus | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/about_5130616_heart-development-fetus.html#ixzz1KpLQYNiA

Size
 • Fetal Echocardiogram

During the first few weeks in the womb the heart occupies most of the fetus'
midsection. The size of the heart in comparison to the size of the body is nine
times larger in the fetus than in an infant. During these early weeks,
proportionally the heart is much larger than it will even be at any other time.

Read more: About Heart Development in Fetus | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/about_5130616_heart-development-fetus.html#ixzz1KpLUdeAL

Growth
• In the womb the heart grows from a simple tube to a four chambered pump.
Development is fast and the heart bends and twists back on itself in need of more
space. During the second phase of development the two atria are partly separated
and there is one large ventricle. Finally the ventricles separate completely and the
heart is fully developed.

Appearance
• As the fetal heart develops it has different appearances first resembling the heart
of a fish, frog, snake or turtle. During the final stages of development when four
heart chambers appear, the heart is clearly distinguished as a human heart.

Read more: About Heart Development in Fetus | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/about_5130616_heart-development-fetus.html#ixzz1KpLbvS2g

Misconceptions
• Before sonograms and ultrasounds some people believed that the gender of the
baby could be determined by the rate of the heart beat. Studies done to answer the
question, can the fetal heart rate predict the gender of the baby, concluded that it
can't. In 1990 and 1996 TJ Dubous conducted extensive studies and concluded
that "the fetal heart rate is not predictive of the gender of the neonate."

Read more: About Heart Development in Fetus | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/about_5130616_heart-development-fetus.html#ixzz1KpLo5dkt
Warning
• Some women who take insulin or anti-epileptic drugs or have a family history of
congenital heart disease might be at risk of having a baby with heart disease. The
American Heart Association recommends that these women have an echo
cardiogram in the early stages of fetal heart development. An echo cardiogram is
also recommended when the fetal heartbeat is abnormal or hard to detect.

Read more: About Heart Development in Fetus | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/about_5130616_heart-development-fetus.html#ixzz1KpLsD7na