Ecological Assessment 2

Kent and Medway Biological Records Centre
ANNEX 1
Our Reference: ENQ/11/057
Your Reference: 1155

report regarding
Land South of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay
on behalf of
Tom la Dell
Tom La Dell Landscape Architects
01/03/2011
This report is not a comprehensive ecological survey of the area in question, but can usefully form part of
desktop studies to assist competent persons in ecological assessments to determine species and/or habitats
reasonably likely to be present in a particular area.
This report was compiled using data held at KMBRC at the time of printing. The KMBRC takes data validation
seriously but cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of the data included in this report.
Enclosed within this report is the following information specific to the enquiry site :
Protected Species Inventory

Red Data Book Species Inventory
Biodiversity Action Plan Species Inventory
Bat List
Bird List
Designated Areas Map
Kent Habitat Survey Map
Biodiversity Action Plan Habitat Map
Bespoke Reports:

Brogdale Farm Office, Brogdale Road, Faversham, Kent. ME13 8XZ
Tel: (01795) 532386 Fax: (01795) 532386
E-mail: info@kmbrc.org.uk Web: www.kmbrc.org.uk
Kent & Medway Biological Records Centre Kent & Medway Biological Records Centre would
like to acknowledge the Kent Habitat Survey
Partnership 2003 for habitat data used in this map
Map showing Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) Priority habitats located
at land south of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay. 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometres This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material
with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the
Tom La Dell, Tom La Dell Landscape Architects. ENQ/11/057 01/03/2011 Controller of Her Majesty's Office © Crown Copyright.
Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and
may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings.
618000 619000 620000 621000 622000 623000 Kent County Council. 100019238 (©2011)
FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY.
NO FURTHER COPIES MAY BE MADE.
170000
170000
±
KEY
Study Area
County Boundary
Acid grassland
Beech and yew woodland
Calcareous grassland
Coastal saltmarsh
Fens
Grazing marsh
169000
169000
Heathland
Inland rock
Littoral chalk
Maritime cliffs
Lowland hay meadows
Mudflats
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! Orchards
! ! ! !
Reedbeds
Saline lagoons
Sand dunes
kkkkk
k k k k k Vegetated shingle
168000
168000
kkkkk
Wet woodland
! ! ! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Wood pasture and parkland
! ! ! ! !
167000
167000
166000
166000
618000 619000 620000 621000 622000 623000
Biodiversity Action Plan Species Inventory Brogdale Farm Office, Brogdale Road, Faversham ME13 8XZ
Tel: (01795) 532385
Fax: (01795) 532386
E-Mail: info@kmbrc.org.uk
Web: www.kmbrc.org.uk
Area requested - Land south of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay

Enquiry on behalf of Tom La Dell, Tom La Dell Landscape Architects
01/03/2011 ENQ/11/057
Search done by 1km squares - TR1866-69, TR1965-69, TR2065-69, TR2166-69, TR2266-69
Scientific Name Common Name Species Status Recorder Date Grid Ref. Location
Carex divisa Divided Sedge IUCN_V, UKBAP_P Eric Philp 1991 - 1999 TR26I Chislet Marshes
Puccinellia fasciculata Borrer's Saltmarsh-Grass IUCN_V, UKBAP_P Eric Philp;Jim Bevan 02/09/2000 TR26E Bishopstone
Illecebrum verticillatum Coral Necklace IUCN_V, UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Ostrea edulis Flat Oyster UKBAP_P Eric Philp 26/07/1987 TR2169 Bishopstone
Cupido minimus Small Blue UKBAP_P, WCA5(p) MH Davies 1989 - 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Lasiommata megera Wall UKBAP_P Richard Moyse 29/08/2005 TR2068
Lasiommata megera Wall " MH Davies 1989 - 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Coenonympha pamphilus Small Heath UKBAP_P Melvyn Crow 26/06/1983 TR207687 Bishopstone Glen
Coenonympha pamphilus Small Heath " MH Davies 1989 - 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Hepialus humuli Ghost Moth UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 09/06/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Agrotera nemoralis Beautiful Pearl UKBAP_P F Solly 25/05/2002 TR16X Canterbury, East Blean Wood
Agrotera nemoralis Beautiful Pearl " F Solly 01/06/2002 TR16X Canterbury, East Blean Wood
Malacosoma neustria Lackey UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Hemistola chrysoprasaria Small Emerald UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 09/07/2005 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Hemistola chrysoprasaria Small Emerald " PAL (Tony) Millard 14/07/2005 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Hemistola chrysoprasaria Small Emerald " Tony Millard 20/07/2007 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Timandra comae Blood-Vein UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 09/09/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Timandra comae Blood-Vein " PAL (Tony) Millard 13/07/2005 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Scopula marginepunctata Mullein Wave UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Dark-Barred Twin-Spot
Xanthorhoe ferrugata UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Carpet
Scotopteryx chenopodiata Shaded Broad-Bar UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Epirrhoe galiata Galium Carpet UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 27/08/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Epirrhoe galiata Galium Carpet " PAL (Tony) Millard 29/08/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Epirrhoe galiata Galium Carpet " PAL (Tony) Millard 16/08/2005 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Pelurga comitata Dark Spinach UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Eulithis mellinata Spinach UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 31/07/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Minoa murinata Drab Looper UKBAP_P F Solly 21/07/2002 TR16X Canterbury, East Blean Wood
Semiothisa clathrata Latticed Heath UKBAP_P Laurence Clemons 14/08/1984 TR192685 Beltinge Cliff
Ownership of this data remains with the original recorder whilst copyright of this material remains the property of the Kent Medway Biological Records Centre. Reproduction is prohibited. Page 1 of 3
Chiasmia clathrata subsp.
Latticed Heath " PAL (Tony) Millard 03/08/2004 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
clathrata
Semiothisa clathrata subsp.
Latticed Heath " MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
clathrata
Ennomos erosaria September Thorn UKBAP_P Tony Millard 25/07/2007 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Diloba caeruleocephala Figure of Eight UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Arctia caja Garden Tiger UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Spilosoma lubricipeda White Ermine UKBAP_P Tony Millard 15/07/2007 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Spilosoma luteum Buff Ermine UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 09/07/2005 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Spilosoma luteum Buff Ermine " Tony Millard 13/06/2007 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Spilosoma luteum Buff Ermine " MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Tyria jacobaeae Cinnabar UKBAP_P Judith Shorter 26/07/2008 TR214691 Reculver
Tyria jacobaeae Cinnabar " Laurence Clemons 11/08/1984 TR216687 Bishopstone
Tyria jacobaeae Cinnabar " MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Euxoa tritici White-line Dart UKBAP_P Tony Millard 15/06/2007 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Euxoa nigricans Garden Dart UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 12/07/2004 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Diarsia rubi Small Square-Spot UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Xestia castanea Neglected Rustic UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 26/07/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Melanchra persicariae Dot Moth UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 15/07/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Melanchra persicariae Dot Moth " PAL (Tony) Millard 27/07/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Melanchra persicariae Dot Moth " MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Aporophyla lutulenta Deep-brown Dart UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 06/09/2004 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Aporophyla lutulenta Deep-Brown Dart " MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Agrochola lychnidis Beaded Chestnut UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 26/09/2005 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Agrochola lychnidis Beaded Chestnut " MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Acronicta psi Grey Dagger UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 02/08/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Acronicta rumicis Knot Grass UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 02/04/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Acronicta rumicis Knot Grass " PAL (Tony) Millard 07/04/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Amphipyra tragopoginis Mouse Moth UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Apamea remissa Dusky Brocade UKBAP_P Tony Millard 17/06/2007 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Apamea remissa Dusky Brocade " PAL (Tony) Millard 31/07/2006 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Apamea remissa Dusky Brocade " MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Mesoligia literosa Rosy Minor UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Hydraecia micacea Rosy Rustic UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Celaena leucostigma Crescent UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 30/09/2004 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Celaena leucostigma Crescent " PAL (Tony) Millard 25/07/2005 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Rhizedra lutosa Large Wainscot UKBAP_P PAL (Tony) Millard 18/09/2004 TR199667 Herne Bay, Broomfield
Rhizedra lutosa Large Wainscot " MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Hoplodrina blanda Rustic UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Caradrina morpheus Mottled Rustic UKBAP_P MH Davies 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park
Cerceris quadricincta Cerceris quadricincta UKBAP_P B.E. Woodhams 22/07/2009 TR2068 Bishopstone Glen
Bombus ruderatus Large Garden Bumble Bee UKBAP_P Laurence Clemons 14/08/1984 TR192685 Beltinge Cliff
Bombus ruderarius Red-tailed Carder Bee UKBAP_P G.H.L. Dicker 14/08/1984 TR1968 Herne Bay
Bombus ruderarius Red-tailed Carder Bee " G.H.L. Dicker 14/08/1985 TR1968 Herne Bay
Bombus ruderarius Red-tailed Carder Bee " G.H.L. Dicker 1984 TR2169 Bishopstone cliffs; Reculver
Bombus sylvarum Shrill Carder Bee UKBAP_P Richard Moyse 29/08/2005 TR20626873 Beltinge cliff
October
Bufo bufo Common Toad* UKBAP_P, WCA5(p) K Ball TR197667 Ladyfields, Canterbury
2005
Field behind Osborne gardens, Herne
Anguis fragilis Slow-worm* UKBAP_P, WCA5(p) Suzanne Stebbings 23/09/2005 TR202678
Bay
Anguis fragilis Slow-worm " Mike Tilley August 2008 TR2269
Lacerta vivipara Viviparous Lizard* UKBAP_P, WCA5(p) Suzanne Stebbings 23/09/2005 TR202678
Bay
Lacerta vivipara Viviparous Lizard " Richard Moyse 29/08/2005 TR2068
Natrix natrix Grass Snake* UKBAP_P, WCA5(p) Mr Fowler 07/10/2003 TR188684
Vipera berus Adder* UKBAP_P, WCA5(p) Suzanne Stebbings 2003 TR202678
Bay
CITES, ECH II NP,
Tursiops truncatus Bottle-Nosed Dolphin ECH IV, Bern II, Bonn Unknown 27/07/2004 TR2269 Reculver
II, UKBAP_P, WCA5
Erinaceus europaeus Hedgehog UKBAP_P G Swift 09/07/1965 TR1866 Herne Bay
Erinaceus europaeus Hedgehog " K Ball 17/08/2004 TR196667
Erinaceus europaeus Hedgehog " M J Newcombe 20/05/1979 TR1967 Beltinge
Erinaceus europaeus Hedgehog " M J Newcombe 20/05/1979 TR2268 Reculver
Micromys minutus Harvest Mouse IUCN_LR, UKBAP_P Hazel Ryan 15/03/2006 TR16X East Blean Wood
Micromys minutus Harvest Mouse " G Theobald 09/03/1968 TR2268 Little Grays
ECH IV, UKBAP_P,
Muscardinus avellanarius Common Dormouse Hazel Ryan June 2005 TR16X East Blean Wood
WCA5
Lepus europaeus Brown Hare UKBAP_P Hazel Ryan March 2006 TR16X East Blean Wood
Lepus europaeus Brown Hare " Tim Hodge 2004 TR2268 Reculver
Lepus europaeus Brown Hare " E G Philp 24/05/1993 TR26D Highstead
* The prominent herpetological dataset is in the enclosed report from the Kent Reptile & Amphibian Group (KRAG)
Kent & Medway Biological Records Centre This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material
Known Bat Roost Locations at land south of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the
Controller of Her Majesty's Office © Crown Copyright.
Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright
Tom La Dell, Tom La Dell Landscape Architects. and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings.
ENQ/11/057 01/03/11 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometres Kent County Council. 100019238. (© 2011)

FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY.
NO FURTHER COPIES MAY BE MADE.
618000 619000 620000 621000 622000 623000
±
KEY
170000
170000
Roost Type
G Hibernating Bat
_ Maternity Roost
Roost (unknown type)
G
169000
169000
Study Area
G
This map should be used in conjunction
with the accompanying bat records report.
To convert from the eastings and northings

grid shown to a standard OS grid reference,
G
use the first digit from the easting to
determine the 10km square: a 5
G
G
corresponds to TQ and a 6 to TR. The

second and third digits from the easting
G 168000
168000
and northing give the rest of the grid
reference for the 1km square.
G
For example, coordinates (602000,158000)
tell you the grid square is TR0258.
G
G
Kent
Bat
G
167000
167000
G
Group
__
G
G
G
G
166000
166000
G
_
G
618000 619000 620000 621000 622000 623000

G
G
G
Kent & Medway Biological Records Centre
This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material
with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the
Controller of Her Majesty's Office © Crown Copyright.
Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright
Map showing designated statutory and non-statutory sites at and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings.
Kent County Council. 100019238. (© 2011)
land south of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay. FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY.
Tom La Dell, Tom La Dell Landscape Architects. NO FURTHER COPIES MAY BE MADE.
ENQ/11/057 01/03/2011 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometres

Kent & Medway Biological Records Centre would like to
acknowledge, where appropriate: Natural England for
618000 619000 620000 621000 622000 623000
Ramsar, SAC, SPA, NNR, SSSI, Higher Level Stewardship
±
and Ancient Woodland data; Kent County Council for AONB,
Heritage Coast, LNR, Country Park and County Boundary
170000
170000
data; Kent Wildlife Trust for LWS, RNR and Reserve data;
Kent RIGS group for RIGS data; and the National Trust,
the RSPB and the Woodland Trust for Reserve data
used in this map.
Margate and Long Sands pSAC
KEY
Study Area
Outer Thames Estuary pSPA
Ramsar Site
Thanet Coast & Sandwich Bay SPA
Special Protection Area
Potenial Marine SPA
Thanet Coast & Sandwich Bay Ramsar
Potential SAC
169000
169000
Thanet Coast SSSI
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Local Wildlife Site
Local Nature Reserve
Country Park
m
n m
n m
n
Ancient Woodland
Bishopstone Cliffs LNR Reculver Country Park
168000
168000
167000
167000
166000
166000
618000 619000 620000 621000 622000 623000
Brogdale Farm, Brogdale Road, Faversham. ME13 8XZ
Kent Tel: (01795) 532385
Fax: (01795) 532386
Bat E-Mail: info@kmbrc.org.uk
Group
Area requested - Land South of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay

Enquiry on behalf of Tom la Dell, Tom La Dell Landscape Architects
01/03/2011 ENQ/11/057
5km radius search surrounding TR203679
10 species of bat, of the 15 species recorded in Kent, have been recorded in this area.
Only 10 of the 15 species found in Kent have been recorded more than a few times.
Number of
Designation Summary Nearest Date of
Common Name Latin Name
See supporting information for further information. Non-Roost Roost Location Nearest
Records Records
Serotine Bat Eptesicus serotinus HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; KRDB3 7 1 TR204648 19/07/2000
Alcathoe Bat Myotis alcathoe 0 0
Bechstein's Bat Myotis bechsteinii 0 0
Brandt’s Bat Myotis brandtii 0 0
Daubenton’s Bat Myotis daubentonii HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5 1 0 TR202658 09/06/2010
Greater Mouse-Eared Bat Myotis myotis 0 0
Whiskered Bat Myotis mystacinus HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; KRDB1 0 5 TR174650 04/06/2009
Natterer’s Bat Myotis nattereri HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; KRDB2 1 2 TR223661 04/06/2010
Leisler’s Bat Nyctalus leisleri HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; KRDB1 1 0 TR173676 09/05/1990
Noctule Bat Nyctalus noctula HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; BAP; S41; WCA5; KRDB2 7 0 TR202658 26/06/2010
Nathusius’ Pipistrelle Bat Pipistrellus nathusii HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5 0 1 TR179683 11/09/2004
Pipistrelle Bat (45kHz) Pipistrellus pipistrellus HabDir:A4; Berne:A3; Bonn:A2; WCA5 64 6 TR205678 29/07/2007
Pipistrelle Bat (55kHz) Pipistrellus pygmaeus HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; BAP; S41; WCA5 13 7 TR215684 08/06/1999
Long-eared Bat Brown Plecotus auritus HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; BAP; S41; WCA5; KRDB2 5 13 TR188675 11/04/1994
Long-Eared Bat Grey Plecotus austriacus 0 0
Note that all bats have at least the following designations: HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5
Brogdale Farm, Brogdale Road, Faversham. ME13 8XZ
Tel: (01795) 532385
Kent Fax: (01795) 532386
Bat E-Mail: info@kmbrc.org.uk
Group
Area requested - Land South of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay

Enquiry on behalf of Tom la Dell, Tom La Dell Landscape Architects
01/03/2011 ENQ/11/057
5km radius search surrounding TR203679
Grid Grid Distance

Common Name Record Type Count ID Method Date
Square Reference (km)
4.5 Roost (unknown Sight Record and
TR1566 TR159668 Bat 38 31/07/1987
(4.4 - 4.7) type) Bat Detector
4.7 Pipistrelle Bat
TR1567 TR157671 Grounded Bat 1 Examined in Hand 26/08/1994
(4.6 - 4.8) (45kHz)
4.6
TR1567 TR158671 Pipistrellus species Maternity Roost 43 Examined in Hand 06/07/1989
(4.5 - 4.7)
4.5 Pipistrellus (45 or
TR1567 TR159671 Maternity Roost 43 Examined in Hand 07/07/1989
(4.4 - 4.6) 55kHz) species
4.4 Pipistrelle Bat
(4.3 - 4.5) (45kHz)
4.4 Pipistrelle Bat
TR1567 TR159679 Grounded Bat 1 Examined In Hand 16/07/2007
(4.3 - 4.5) (45kHz)
4.4 Pipistrelle Bat Flying Bat Sight Record and
TR1568 TR159681 2 16/07/2007
(4.3 - 4.5) (45kHz) Feeding Bat Detector
5.0 Long-Eared Bat
TR1664 TR167645 Dead Bat 1 Examined in Hand 10/04/2001
(4.8 - 5.1) Brown
4.0 Pipistrellus (45 or Flying Bat Sight Record and
TR1665 TR169658 2 24/06/2004
(3.9 - 4.1) 55kHz) species Feeding Bat Detector
4.0 Sight Record and
TR1665 TR169658 Serotine Bat Flying Bat 1 24/06/2004
(3.9 - 4.1) Bat Detector
4.4 Roost (unknown
TR1666 TR160669 Bat 1 Sight Record Only 19/02/1988
(4.3 - 4.5) type)
TR1666 TR160669 Hibernating Bat 1 Examined in Hand 20/02/1988
(4.3 - 4.5) 55kHz) species
4.2 Pipistrellus (45 or Roost (unknown
TR1667 TR161678 1 Examined in Hand 27/07/1990
(4.1 - 4.3) 55kHz) species type)
3.9 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.8 - 4.0) (45kHz)
3.9 Pipistrelle Bat
TR1667 TR165670 Flying Bat Bat Detector Only 14/05/2004
(3.8 - 4.0) (45kHz)
3.8 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.7 - 4.0) (45kHz)
TR1667 TR166672 Flying Bat 1 Sight Record Only 23/04/2003
(3.6 - 3.9) 55kHz) species
3.5
TR1667 TR168677 Natterer’s Bat Grounded Bat 1 Examined In Hand 11/10/2008
(3.4 - 3.6)
TR1668 TR163682 Flying Bat 2 Sight Record Only 28/08/2003
(3.9 - 4.1) 55kHz) species
TR1763 TR172638 1 04/06/2007
TR1764 TR173640 2 04/06/2007
Grid Grid Distance
TR1764 TR174648 1 07/07/2006
4.1 Long-Eared Bat Roost (unknown
(4.0 - 4.2) Brown type)
TR1765 TR174650 3 Close Observation 14/09/1997
(4.0 - 4.2) Brown type)
(4.0 - 4.2) Brown type)
(4.0 - 4.2) Brown type)
4.1 Long-Eared Bat Roost (unknown Sight Record and
TR1765 TR174650 1 04/06/2001
(4.0 - 4.2) Brown type) Bat Detector
(4.0 - 4.2) Brown type)
(4.0 - 4.2) Brown type)
(4.0 - 4.2) Brown type)
TR1765 TR174650 6 Sight Record Only 10/08/2004
(4.0 - 4.2) Brown type)
4.1
TR1765 TR174650 Myotis species Flying Bat 1 Bat Detector Only 04/06/2001
(4.0 - 4.2)
4.1 Pipistrelle Bat Roost (unknown Sight Record and
TR1765 TR174650 8 03/06/2001
(4.0 - 4.2) (45kHz) type) Bat Detector
TR1765 TR174650 14 04/06/2001
4.1 Pipistrelle Bat Sight Record and
TR1765 TR174650 Flying Bat 2 15/09/2002
(4.0 - 4.2) (45kHz) Bat Detector
4.1 Pipistrelle Bat
TR1765 TR174650 Flying Bat 2 Bat Detector Only 28/08/2003
(4.0 - 4.2) (45kHz)
TR1765 TR174650 4 10/08/2004
4.1 Pipistrelle Bat Flying Bat
TR1765 TR174650 2 Bat Detector Only 31/08/2005
(4.0 - 4.2) (45kHz) Feeding
TR1765 TR174650 Flying Bat 2 07/07/2006
TR1765 TR174650 3 08/07/2006
TR1765 TR174650 1 30/07/2006
TR1765 TR174650 Maternity Roost 42 13/06/2007
4.1 Pipistrelle Bat Roost (unknown
(4.0 - 4.2) (45kHz) type)
TR1765 TR174650 3 04/06/2009
TR1765 TR174650 Flying Bat 2 04/06/2001
4.1 Pipistrellus (45 or Sight Record and
TR1765 TR174650 Flying Bat 1 14/09/1997
(4.0 - 4.2) 55kHz) species Bat Detector
4.1 Pipistrellus (45 or Roost (unknown Sight Record and
TR1765 TR174650 1 02/06/1998
(4.0 - 4.2) 55kHz) species type) Bat Detector
4.1 Whiskered / Brandt’s Roost (unknown
(4.0 - 4.2) Bat type)
(4.0 - 4.2) Bat type)
(4.0 - 4.2) Bat type)
4.1 Whiskered / Brandt’s Sight Record and
(4.0 - 4.2) Bat Bat Detector
Grid Grid Distance
4.1 Whiskered / Brandt’s Sight Record and
(4.0 - 4.2) Bat Bat Detector
4.1 Roost (unknown
TR1765 TR174650 Whiskered Bat 1 Close Observation 08/09/1999
(4.0 - 4.2) type)
4.1 Roost (unknown
(4.0 - 4.2) type)
4.1 Roost (unknown
TR1765 TR174650 Whiskered Bat 4 Sight Record Only 10/08/2004
(4.0 - 4.2) type)
4.1 Roost (unknown
(4.0 - 4.2) type)
4.1 Sight Record and
TR1765 TR174650 Whiskered Bat Maternity Roost 17 04/06/2009
(4.0 - 4.2) Bat Detector
3.6 Roost (unknown
TR1766 TR173660 Bat Droppings Only 14/11/1986
(3.4 - 3.7) type)
TR1766 TR174669 3 02/06/2004
TR1766 TR174669 1 02/06/2004
3.0
TR1767 TR173676 Leisler’s Bat Grounded Bat 1 Examined in Hand 09/05/1990
(2.9 - 3.1)
2.9 Roost (unknown
TR1767 TR175673 Bat Sight Record Only 04/06/1993
(2.7 - 3.0) type)
2.9 Pipistrelle Bat
(2.7 - 3.0) (45kHz)
(2.7 - 2.9) (45kHz) Feeding
2.9 Pipistrelle Bat
(2.3 - 3.5) (45kHz)
2.6 Roost (unknown
TR1767 TR179670 Bat 13 Sight Record Only 05/06/1993
(2.4 - 2.7) type)
2.4 Nathusius’ Pipistrelle Roost (unknown
(2.3 - 2.5) Bat type)
TR1863 TR189631 Maternity Roost Droppings Only 08/07/2007
(4.9 - 5.1) 55kHz) species
TR1865 TR182656 Flying Bat 1 26/08/1998
TR1865 TR182658 Flying Bat 2 05/07/2004
3.2 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.1 - 3.3) (45kHz)
TR1865 TR183654 Flying Bat 2 07/06/1999
3.0 Long-Eared Bat
(2.9 - 3.2) Brown
TR1865 TR183656 Flying Bat 1 26/08/1998
3.3 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.2 - 3.4) (55kHz)
2.8 Roost (unknown
TR1865 TR188655 Bat Sight Record Only 01/09/1987
(2.7 - 3.0) type)
TR1866 TR180661 24 21/09/1994
TR1866 TR180662 Flying Bat 1 03/09/1999
2.7 Long-Eared Bat
(2.6 - 2.9) Brown
Grid Grid Distance
2.7 Pipistrelle Bat
(2.5 - 2.8) (55kHz)
(2.5 - 2.8) 55kHz) species
(1.9 - 2.2) 55kHz) species
2.3 Roost (unknown
(2.1 - 2.4) type)
(2.0 - 2.2) Brown type)
2.0 Roost (unknown
TR1867 TR185671 Bat 26/04/2001
(1.8 - 2.1) type)
TR1867 TR1867 10/06/1989
(1.3 - 2.6) 55kHz) species
(1.5 - 1.7) 55kHz) species
1.6 Long-Eared Bat
TR1867 TR188675 Hibernating Bat 1 Examined in Hand 11/04/1994
(1.4 - 1.7) Brown
2.2 Long-Eared Bat
(2.1 - 2.4) Brown
1.9 Pipistrelle Bat
(1.8 - 2.1) (45kHz)
1.9 Pipistrelle Bat
(1.8 - 2.1) (45kHz)
1.9
TR1868 TR1868 Bat Flying Bat 1 Sight Record Only 28/04/1990
(1.3 - 2.6)
TR1963 TR196636 Droppings Only 15/08/2000
(4.2 - 4.5) Bat type)
TR1964 TR193643 Flying Bat 1 27/06/1997
1.9 Pipistrelle Bat
(1.8 - 2.1) (55kHz)
1.8 Pipistrelle Bat
(1.6 - 1.9) (55kHz)
1.5 Pipistrelle Bat
(1.3 - 1.6) (45kHz)
1.2 Pipistrelle Bat
(1.1 - 1.3) (45kHz)
TR1967 TR194676 Flying Bat 20 03/07/2000
1.3 Pipistrelle Bat
(1.2 - 1.5) (45kHz)
1.2 Pipistrelle Bat
(1.1 - 1.4) (45kHz)
3.5
TR2064 TR202644 Noctule Bat Flying Bat 1 Bat Detector Only 22/07/2006
(3.4 - 3.6)
3.5
(3.4 - 3.6)
3.5
(3.4 - 3.6)
3.5 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.4 - 3.6) (45kHz)
TR2064 TR202644 1 22/07/2006
3.5 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.4 - 3.6) (55kHz)
(3.4 - 3.6) 55kHz) species
Grid Grid Distance
3.5
TR2064 TR202644 Serotine Bat Flying Bat 1 Bat Detector Only 05/07/2006
(3.4 - 3.6)
TR2064 TR202646 1 12/07/2009
3.3 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.2 - 3.4) (45kHz)
(3.6 - 3.8) (45kHz) Feeding
(3.6 - 3.8) (45kHz) Feeding
3.7 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.6 - 3.8) (45kHz)
3.7 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.6 - 3.8) (45kHz)
TR2064 TR203642 1 12/07/2009
3.7 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.6 - 3.8) (45kHz)
(3.6 - 3.8) 55kHz) species
3.7
(3.6 - 3.8)
3.2 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.1 - 3.3) (45kHz)
3.2 Roost (unknown
TR2064 TR204647 Long-Eared species 0 Droppings Only 16/03/2005
(3.1 - 3.3) type)
3.1 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.0 - 3.2) (45kHz)
TR2064 TR204648 1 13/07/2004
TR2064 TR204648 2 24/07/2004
3.1 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.0 - 3.2) (45kHz)
3.1
(3.0 - 3.2)
3.6 Roost (unknown Feeding Remains
TR2064 TR205643 Long-Eared species 20/06/2002
(3.5 - 3.7) type) Only
3.8 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.7 - 3.9) (45kHz)
(3.7 - 3.9) (45kHz) Feeding
3.8 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.7 - 3.9) (45kHz)
3.8 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.7 - 3.9) (55kHz)
3.2
(3.1 - 3.3)
TR2064 TR206647 1 12/07/2009
(3.7 - 3.9) (45kHz) Feeding
3.8 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.7 - 3.9) (45kHz)
3.8 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.7 - 3.9) (45kHz)
TR2064 TR207641 1 12/07/2009
3.8 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.7 - 3.9) (45kHz)
Grid Grid Distance
3.8
(3.7 - 3.9)
3.8 Flying Bat
TR2064 TR207641 Serotine Bat 1 Bat Detector Only 24/07/2004
(3.7 - 3.9) Feeding
3.5
(3.4 - 3.6)
(3.4 - 3.6) (45kHz) Feeding
(3.4 - 3.6) (45kHz) Feeding
3.5 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.4 - 3.6) (45kHz)
TR2064 TR207644 1 12/07/2009
3.2
(3.1 - 3.4)
3.2
(3.1 - 3.4)
3.2
(3.1 - 3.4)
3.2
(3.1 - 3.4)
3.2 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.1 - 3.4) (45kHz)
3.2 Pipistrelle Bat
(3.1 - 3.4) (45kHz)
TR2064 TR208647 1 12/07/2009
3.2
(3.1 - 3.4)
(3.0 - 3.3) (55kHz) type)
2.1 Flying Bat Sight Record and
TR2065 TR202658 Daubenton’s Bat 1 09/06/2010
(2.0 - 2.2) Feeding Bat Detector
2.1 Flying Bat Sight Record and
TR2065 TR202658 Noctule Bat 1 09/06/2010
(2.0 - 2.2) Feeding Bat Detector
2.1 Flying Bat
TR2065 TR202658 Noctule Bat 1 Bat Detector Only 26/06/2010
(2.0 - 2.2) Feeding
TR2065 TR203652 Flying Bat 1 27/06/1997
2.7 Long-Eared Bat
(2.6 - 2.8) Brown
(2.1 - 2.3) Brown type)
0.2 Pipistrelle Bat
(0.1 - 0.4) (45kHz)
(0.5 - 0.7) 55kHz) species
0.5 Roost (unknown
(0.4 - 0.6) type)
0.4 Roost (unknown
TR2068 TR205683 Bat 1 Droppings Only 01/11/1987
(0.3 - 0.6) type)
TR2068 TR205689 Droppings Only 26/08/2006
5.6 Roost (unknown
TR2162 TR2162 Serotine Bat 8 Examined in Hand 14/09/1984
(4.9 - 6.2) type)
Grid Grid Distance
(1.5 - 1.7) Brown type)
(0.8 - 1.1) 55kHz) species
TR2168 TR215684 Flying Bat 2 08/06/1999
2.9 Pipistrelle Bat
(2.8 - 3.1) (55kHz)
(2.8 - 3.1) (55kHz) type)
2.7 Roost (unknown
TR2266 TR223661 Natterer’s Bat 1 Droppings Only 04/06/2010
(2.5 - 2.8) type)
2.8 Roost (unknown
TR2266 TR224661 Natterer’s Bat 3 Close Observation 02/07/2005
(2.6 - 2.9) type)
TR2269 TR228694 Flying Bat 5 08/04/1999
Kent Bird Records Summary Brogdale Farm, Brogdale Road, Faversham. ME13 8XZ
Tel: (01795) 532385
Fax: (01795) 532386

01/03/2011 ENQ/11/057
This search area contained 3 sensitive breeding bird records which are not included below. For further details, please contact KMBRC.
Number Recent Recent

Date of Confirmed
Common Name Scientific Name Designation of Summer Winter Nearest Location
Nearest Breeding?
Records (Apr-Jul) (Aug-Mar)
Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber;
Bishopstone
Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; 172 07/05/2006 04/11/2009 26/10/2007 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
KRDB3; WCA1
BAP; Berne:A2;
Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica BoCC3:Amber; Bonn:A2; 65 04/11/2009 Reculver (TR2269) 04/11/2009 N
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1
Great Northern Diver Gavia immer 28 07/04/1996 15/11/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 15/11/2008 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; WCA1
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2;
Diver species Gavia spp. 2 20/10/2003 Reculver (TR2269) 20/10/2003 N
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1
Brook Farm
Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 388 31/07/2007 29/03/2008 (Reculver) CBC Area 17/04/2006 Y
(TR2268)
Brook Farm
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus Berne:A3 130 24/04/2006 04/11/2009 04/10/2007 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)
Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena 16 26/04/2006 02/11/2006 Reculver (TR2269) 02/11/2006 N
Bonn:A2
Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Brook Farm
Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auritus 20 26/12/2006 26/02/1995 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2268)

Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis 6 11/04/1995 02/11/2006 10/12/1995 N
WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2268)
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Bishopstone
Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 124 28/07/2007 17/09/2007 01/09/2002 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea Berne:A3; BirdsDir:A1 4 16/06/1991 20/10/2003 Reculver (TR2269) 20/10/2003 N
Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus BoCC3:Amber 30 27/09/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 27/09/2007 N
Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 45 02/06/2001 26/09/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 26/09/2007 N
BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red;

Balearic Shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus 11 21/08/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 21/08/2007 N
Bonn:A1; S41
Storm Petrel Hydrobates spp 7 05/10/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 05/10/2008 N
BirdsDir:A1
Leach's Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa 33 16/09/2005 Reculver (TR2269) 16/09/2005 N
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1
Petrel species Hydrobates spp Berne:A2 1 21/10/1970 Reculver (TR2269) 21/10/1970 N
Herne Bay Downs
Gannet Morus bassanus Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 255 25/07/2008 20/01/2008 (Herne Bay) 03/01/2008 N
(TR190685)
Berne:A3; BoCC3:Green Bishopstone

Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 297 26/04/2008 04/11/2009 26/04/2008 N
(subsp. Amber); KRDB3 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 36 15/04/2000 04/11/2009 16/12/1993 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Brook Farm
Bittern Botaurus stellaris Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; S41; 3 11/01/2003 11/01/2003 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)
WCA1
Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Bishopstone

Little Egret Egretta garzetta 493 25/07/2008 04/11/2009 11/06/2006 N
ECCITES:A; BirdsDir:A1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
May Street Heronry

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Berne:A3 395 30/07/2007 12/09/2008 (Reculver) 01/06/2006 Y
(TR206675)
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2;
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 5 21/06/2002 07/08/1999 Reculver (TR2269) 21/06/2002 N
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; Bishopstone
White Stork Ciconia ciconia 3 29/04/2005 01/01/2002 09/04/1995 N
BirdsDir:A1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Brook Farm
Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 8 14/07/2004 07/03/1994 03/04/2001 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Mute Swan Cygnus olor 275 14/06/2007 28/09/2008 Highstead (TR2166) 14/05/2002 Y
BirdsDir:A2.2
BAP; Berne:A2; Brook Farm
Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus BoCC3:Amber; Bonn:A2; 13 29/12/2007 (Reculver) CBC Area 11/02/2006 N
BirdsDir:A1; S41; WCA1 (TR2268)
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus 12 12/10/2004 Reculver (TR2269) 12/10/2004 N
Bean Goose Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber; Brook Farm

Anser fabalis 9 25/01/1997 07/11/1993 N
(Unidentified) Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.1 (Reculver) (TR2268)
Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus 10 13/10/2007 Broomfield (TR1966) 29/02/1996 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2
BAP; Berne:A3;
BoCC3:Green (subsp. Red); Bishopstone
White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons 57 05/05/1989 03/01/2008 08/02/1992 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; (Reculver) (TR2068)
KRDB3; S41
Lesser White-fronted Berne:A2; Bonn:A1;

Anser erythropus 1 01/04/1995 Reculver (TR2269) 01/04/1995 N
Goose BirdsDir:A1
Greylag Goose Anser anser 43 10/05/2006 23/12/2007 01/04/2006 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Snow Goose Anser caerulescens Berne:A3; Bonn:A2 2 28/12/1995 Reculver (TR2269) 28/12/1995 N

Canada Goose Branta canadensis 20 20/04/2006 30/03/2006 30/03/2006 N
BirdsDir:A2.1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis 13 18/04/2006 24/12/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 24/12/2007 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1
BAP; Berne:A3;
Bishopstone
Brent Goose Branta bernicla BoCC3:Amber (subsp. Red); 375 26/04/2007 04/11/2009 24/03/2006 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; S41
Pale Bellied Brent Goose Branta bernicla hrota Berne:A3; Bonn:A2 12 24/03/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 24/03/2008 N
BAP; Berne:A3;
Bishopstone
Black Brant Branta bernicla BoCC3:Amber; Bonn:A2; 28 25/02/2007 24/03/2006 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
BirdsDir:A2.2; S41
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus 3 12/04/2004 15/02/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 15/02/2007 N
ECCITES:C
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2;
Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea 1 14/08/1992 Reculver (TR2269) 14/08/1992 N
BirdsDir:A1
Shelduck Tadorna tadorna 329 11/07/2008 17/10/2008 23/04/2007 Y
Bonn:A2 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata Berne:A3; Bonn:A2 4 06/04/2006 24/09/2004 29/04/1992 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber; Herne Bay Downs

Wigeon Anas penelope Bonn:A2; ECCITES:C; 212 04/04/2004 03/01/2008 (Herne Bay) 03/01/2008 N
BirdsDir:A2.1 (TR190685)
Gadwall Anas strepera Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.1; 284 20/05/2007 28/02/2008 (Reculver) CBC Area 17/04/2006 Y
KRDB3 (TR2268)
Teal Anas crecca Bonn:A2; ECCITES:C; 351 18/06/2007 24/03/2008 (Herne Bay) 03/01/2008 N
BirdsDir:A2.1; KRDB1 (TR190685)
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 278 26/04/2008 04/11/2009 TR16 (TR16Y) 01/06/1994 Y
Brook Farm
Bonn:A2; ECCITES:C;
Pintail Anas acuta 78 08/04/2006 11/10/2007 (Reculver) CBC Area 22/03/2006 N
BirdsDir:A2.1; KRDB3;
(TR2268)
WCA1(II)
Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; Brook Farm
Garganey Anas querquedula 34 31/07/2006 01/08/2006 01/08/2006 N
BirdsDir:A2.1; KRDB1; (Reculver) (TR2268)
WCA1
Blue-winged Teal Anas discors Berne:A3; Bonn:A2 1 12/12/1998 Reculver (TR2269) 12/12/1998 N
Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber; West Brook Valley
Shoveler Anas clypeata Bonn:A2; ECCITES:C; 213 18/06/2007 24/03/2008 (Reculver) 06/01/2006 Y
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina 2 01/01/2002 Reculver (TR2269) 01/01/2002 N
BirdsDir:A2.2
Pochard Aythya ferina Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.1; 159 16/07/2006 28/02/2008 Broomfield (TR1966) 01/02/1998 N
KRDB3
Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 313 21/06/2008 24/03/2008 Broomfield (TR1966) 01/02/1998 Y
Brook Farm
Scaup Aythya marila Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; S41; 23 25/12/2005 21/12/1995 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)
WCA1
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber Herne Bay Downs
Eider Somateria mollissima (subsp. Red); Bonn:A2; 104 10/07/2006 03/01/2008 (Herne Bay) 03/01/2008 N
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis 10 09/11/2001 Reculver (TR2269) 09/11/2001 N
BirdsDir:A2.2; WCA1
Common Scoter Melanitta nigra Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; S41; 226 25/07/2008 22/03/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 25/07/2008 N
WCA1
Velvet Scoter Melanitta fusca Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; 22 15/04/2004 17/11/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 17/11/2007 N
WCA1
Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; 12 27/01/2006 Reculver (TR2269) 27/01/2006 N
WCA1(II)
Smew Mergus albellus 1 12/01/1997 Reculver (TR2269) 12/01/1997 N
Herne Bay Downs
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator 70 20/04/2006 03/01/2008 (Herne Bay) 03/01/2008 N
BirdsDir:A2.2
(TR190685)
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Goosander Mergus merganser 12 30/04/1994 27/01/2006 Reculver (TR2269) 27/01/2006 N
BirdsDir:A2.2
Brook Farm
Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis Berne:A3; Bonn:A2 55 31/07/2006 01/09/2006 01/09/2006 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)
Bishopstone
Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 7 10/05/2008 05/10/2006 22/05/2006 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1

Black Kite Milvus migrans 2 26/04/2008 11/07/1993 N
ECCITES:A; BirdsDir:A1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Beltinge (near Herne
Red Kite Milvus milvus Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 9 27/05/2009 07/08/2007 30/07/1999 N
Bay) (TR2068)
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1
Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 364 22/07/2007 04/11/2009 07/03/2008 N
Bay) (TR2068)
BirdsDir:A1; KRDB1; WCA1
Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red;
Hillborough (near
Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 80 02/05/2006 04/11/2009 30/11/2006 N
Herne Bay) (TR2168)
BirdsDir:A1; S41; WCA1
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 32 22/05/2008 25/08/2006 22/05/2008 N
Bay) (TR2068)
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1
Harrier species Circus spp. Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; WCA1 1 14/05/1993 Reculver (TR2269) 14/05/1993 N
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Goshawk Accipiter gentilis 3 09/02/1997 Reculver (TR2269) 09/02/1997 N
ECCITES:A; WCA1
Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus 288 27/04/2007 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 Y
ECCITES:A (Reculver) (TR2068)
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2; Beltinge (near Herne

Common Buzzard Buteo buteo 69 14/04/2007 22/09/2006 20/03/1999 N
ECCITES:A Bay) (TR2068)
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus 5 27/10/1994 Reculver (TR2269) 27/10/1994 N
ECCITES:A
Buzzard species Buteo / Pernis spp Bonn:A2 2 13/09/1993 Reculver (TR2269) 13/09/1993 N
Bishopstone
Osprey Pandion haliaetus Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 18 11/05/2006 14/09/2006 05/09/2006 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1

Kestrel Falco tinnunculus 193 18/07/2007 15/11/2007 31/10/2007 Y
Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A (Reculver) (TR2068)
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2;
Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus 1 21/06/1970 Reculver (TR2269) 21/06/1970 N
ECCITES:A
Bishopstone
Merlin Falco columbarius Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 157 18/04/2006 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1

Hobby Falco subbuteo 130 16/07/2008 23/09/2007 24/04/2007 N
ECCITES:A; KRDB3; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Berne:A2; BoCC3:Green
(subsp. Amber); Bonn:A2; Bishopstone
Peregrine Falco peregrinus 138 15/04/2006 29/11/2007 07/10/2007 N
ECCITES:A; BirdsDir:A1; (Reculver) (TR2068)
KRDB1; WCA1
Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa Berne:A3; BirdsDir:A2.1 19 28/04/2004 06/12/2005 TR26 (TR26D) 01/06/1994 Y
BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Grey Partridge Perdix perdix 161 21/05/2007 11/10/2007 01/09/2002 Y
BirdsDir:A2.1; KRDB2; S41 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Quail Coturnix coturnix Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; 14 07/07/2002 25/08/2006 Broomfield (TR1966) 31/05/1964 N
KRDB1; WCA1
Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Berne:A3; BirdsDir:A2.1 39 10/07/2007 11/10/2007 TR16 (TR16Y) 01/06/1994 Y
West Brook Valley
Berne:A3; BirdsDir:A2.2;
Water Rail Rallus aquaticus 39 15/04/2006 11/03/2007 (Reculver) 06/12/2005 N
KRDB3
(TR220680)
Brook Farm
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 109 14/06/2007 11/10/2007 (Reculver) CBC Area 01/06/1994 Y
BirdsDir:A2.2
(TR2268)
Brook Farm
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Coot Fulica atra 302 23/06/2007 15/02/2008 (Reculver) CBC Area 06/12/2005 Y
BirdsDir:A2.1
(TR2268)
Hillborough (near
Crane Grus grus Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 1 30/04/2006 30/04/2006 N
Herne Bay) (TR2168)
BirdsDir:A1
Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus 228 25/07/2008 04/11/2009 Reculver (TR2269) 04/11/2009 Y
BirdsDir:A2.2
Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; 17 25/04/2006 01/11/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 01/11/2008 N
KRDB3; WCA1
BAP; Berne:A2;
BoCC3:Amber (subsp. Red);
Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus 2 14/04/1984 Reculver (TR2269) 14/04/1984 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; S41;
WCA1
Pratincole species Glareola spp. Berne:A2; Bonn:A2 1 06/10/1962 Reculver (TR2269) 06/10/1962 N
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; KRDB1;
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 49 18/04/2006 09/09/2004 Highstead (TR2166) 30/05/2002 N
WCA1
Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula 170 21/07/2008 04/11/2009 Reculver (TR2269) 31/05/2002 Y
Bonn:A2
Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA1 2 15/04/2006 18/08/1986 Reculver (TR2269) 15/04/2006 N
Dotterel Charadrius morinellus 15 04/05/1992 24/08/2006 Reculver (TR2269) 24/08/2006 N

Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria 244 26/07/2006 24/11/2007 25/02/2006 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1&A2.2 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 176 16/07/2008 04/11/2009 Highstead (TR2166) 14/05/2002 N
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Hawthorn Corner
Lapwing Vanellus vanellus 247 30/07/2007 04/11/2009 (Hillborough) 03/01/2003 Y
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; S41
(TR217672)
Knot Calidris canutus Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; 57 25/04/2008 11/10/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 25/04/2008 N
KRDB3
Bishopstone
Sanderling Calidris alba Berne:A2; Bonn:A2 94 26/07/2007 04/11/2009 09/01/2006 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Little Stint Calidris minuta Berne:A2; Bonn:A2 12 30/07/2006 11/08/2006 29/11/1993 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii 9 19/05/2004 10/08/2004 Highstead (TR2166) 13/05/2002 N
Bonn:A2; WCA1
White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis Berne:A3; Bonn:A2 1 03/10/1977 Reculver (TR2269) 03/10/1977 N
Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Berne:A2; Bonn:A2 10 30/07/2004 10/08/2007 Highstead (TR2166) 31/05/2002 N

Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima 23 07/04/1997 15/12/2007 15/12/2007 N
Bonn:A2; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Dunlin Calidris alpina 185 29/07/2007 29/10/2008 Highstead (TR2166) 16/03/2003 N
Ruff Philomachus pugnax Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1&A2.2; 31 07/04/2006 24/08/2007 Highstead (TR2166) 15/01/2001 N
WCA1
West Brook Valley
Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus 24 07/04/2006 29/11/2003 (Reculver) 17/03/1990 N
(TR220680)
Hillborough (near
Snipe Gallinago gallinago Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.1; 131 30/07/2006 24/03/2008 17/11/2002 N
Herne Bay) (TR2168)
KRDB1
Bishopstone
Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.1; 43 02/04/2006 12/11/2007 14/01/1985 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
KRDB3

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; 20 01/07/2008 24/08/2007 Highstead (TR2166) 22/05/2002 N
KRDB1; S41; WCA1
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica 88 02/05/2007 08/08/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 08/08/2008 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1&A2.2
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; 133 16/07/2008 20/09/2008 19/07/2006 N
Bay) (TR2068)
WCA1
Dark-rumped Whimbrel
Numenius sp. Bonn:A2 1 02/10/2005 Reculver (TR2269) 02/10/2005 N
sp.
BAP; Berne:A3;
Brook Farm
Curlew Numenius arquata BoCC3:Amber; Bonn:A2; 167 28/07/2007 23/12/2007 26/12/2006 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)
BirdsDir:A2.2; S41
Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus 25 20/06/2008 14/10/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 20/06/2008 N
Redshank Tringa totanus Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A2.2; 250 16/07/2008 04/11/2009 Highstead (TR2166) 16/03/2003 Y
KRDB3
Berne:A3; Bonn:A2;
Greenshank Tringa nebularia 136 20/04/2008 15/10/2007 Highstead (TR2166) 18/04/2003 N
BirdsDir:A2.2; WCA1
Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus 197 26/06/2007 24/03/2008 31/08/1978 N
Bonn:A2; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola 34 08/07/2004 20/08/2004 Highstead (TR2166) 12/05/2002 N
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 179 26/07/2007 15/09/2007 Highstead (TR2166) 22/05/2002 N
Bonn:A2
Turnstone Arenaria interpres 222 26/04/2008 04/11/2009 Reculver (TR2269) 04/11/2009 N
Bonn:A2
BAP; Berne:A2; BoCC3:Red; Brook Farm
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus 1 16/09/2001 16/09/2001 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2268)
Bishopstone
Grey Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius Berne:A2; Bonn:A2 9 02/11/2006 26/11/1980 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Herne Bay Downs

Pomarine Skua Stercorarius pomarinus Berne:A3 56 03/01/2008 (Herne Bay) 03/01/2008 N
(TR190685)
Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red 166 30/07/2006 07/10/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 07/10/2007 N
Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius longicaudus Berne:A3 46 27/09/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 27/09/2007 N
Great Skua Stercorarius skua Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 123 10/04/1994 23/11/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 23/11/2007 N
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Skua species Stercorarius spp. 1 02/01/2002 Reculver (TR2269) 02/01/2002 N
Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; 79 15/07/2007 15/09/2007 (Herne Bay) 08/07/2007 N
KRDB1; WCA1 (TR190685)

Little Gull Larus minutus 116 25/07/2008 29/10/2008 30/06/2006 N
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Sabine's Gull Larus sabini Berne:A2 22 13/09/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 13/09/2008 N

Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 148 28/07/2007 13/10/2007 10/10/2005 N
Common Gull Larus canus 73 27/07/2007 22/03/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 22/03/2008 N
BirdsDir:A2.2; KRDB1
Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus BoCC3:Amber; BirdsDir:A2.2 102 15/07/2007 22/03/2008 27/05/2007 Y
Bay) (TR2068)
BAP; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Herring Gull Larus argentatus 148 13/05/2008 24/03/2008 20/02/2004 N
BirdsDir:A2.2; S41 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis BoCC3:Amber 11 16/07/2008 06/03/2005 Reculver (TR2269) 16/07/2008 N
Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides BoCC3:Amber 2 23/05/1993 14/12/1968 Reculver (TR2269) 23/05/1993 N
Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus BoCC3:Amber 6 22/03/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 22/03/2008 N
Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus BoCC3:Amber; BirdsDir:A2.2 78 01/07/2007 08/12/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 08/12/2008 N
Herne Bay Downs
Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla 105 22/07/2006 22/03/2008 (Herne Bay) 03/01/2008 N
KRDB3
(TR190685)
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2;
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica 1 16/06/1960 Reculver (TR2269) 16/06/1960 N
BirdsDir:A1
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2;
Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 1 01/06/1975 Reculver (TR2269) 01/06/1975 N
BirdsDir:A1
Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; 255 30/07/2007 07/10/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 07/10/2007 N
KRDB3
Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; S41; 8 29/06/2006 06/08/1986 Reculver (TR2269) 29/06/2006 N
WCA1

Common Tern Sterna hirundo 189 28/07/2007 07/10/2007 05/07/2006 N
Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1 (Reculver) (TR2268)
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea 41 28/04/1993 04/10/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 04/10/2007 N
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2;
Common/Arctic Tern Sterna spp. 3 23/09/2001 Reculver (TR2269) 23/09/2001 N
BirdsDir:A1
Little Tern Sterna albifrons Bonn:A2; BirdsDir:A1; 41 01/05/2007 04/08/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 04/08/2008 N
KRDB3; WCA1
Black Tern Chlidonias niger 52 07/05/2006 17/09/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 17/09/2007 N
Guillemot Uria aalge Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 56 08/05/2006 08/12/2006 Reculver (TR2269) 08/12/2006 N
Razorbill Alca torda Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 19 20/05/1993 07/10/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 07/10/2007 N
Guillemot/Razorbill Uria / Alca spp. 33 09/05/2004 17/11/2005 Reculver (TR2269) 17/11/2005 N
Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 3 01/11/2006 Reculver (TR2269) 01/11/2006 N
Bishopstone
Little Auk Alle alle Berne:A3 41 12/11/2007 03/11/2006 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Puffin Fratercula arctica Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 12 07/12/2006 Reculver (TR2269) 07/12/2006 N

Berne:A3; ECCITES:A;
Feral Pigeon Columba livia 82 27/07/2007 10/09/2007 TR16 (TR16Y) 01/06/1994 Y
BirdsDir:A2.1
Stock Dove Columba oenas 114 25/07/2008 11/10/2007 01/09/2002 Y
Bishopstone
Wood Pigeon Columba palumbas BirdsDir:A2.1 135 21/07/2007 11/10/2007 24/07/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Berne:A3; BirdsDir:A2.2 46 01/05/2007 13/10/2007 24/07/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)

Bishopstone
Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur Bonn:A2; ECCITES:A; 144 31/07/2007 15/09/2007 20/09/2000 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
BirdsDir:A2.2; KRDB2; S41
Brook Farm
Ring-necked Parakeet Psitacula krameri Berne:A3; ECCITES:C 5 24/04/2000 15/03/1997 24/12/1995 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)

Cuckoo Cuculus canorus 129 22/06/2007 02/09/2004 16/07/1986 Y
S41 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Barn Owl Tyto alba 27 10/07/2007 31/08/2006 TR26 (TR26D) 01/06/1994 N
ECCITES:A; WCA1
Dark-breasted Barn Owl Tyto alba guttata Berne:A2; WCA1 1 26/09/1984 Reculver (TR2269) 26/09/1984 N
Little Owl Athene noctua Berne:A2; ECCITES:A 18 01/06/1994 07/02/2008 TR16 (TR16Y) 01/06/1994 Y

Tawny Owl Strix aluco Berne:A2; ECCITES:A 6 05/05/1998 19/02/1998 19/02/1998 Y
Bay) (TR2068)

Long-eared Owl Asio otus Berne:A2; ECCITES:A 42 10/05/1998 01/11/2007 11/12/1991 N
Bay) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus ECCITES:A; BirdsDir:A1; 111 16/04/2005 03/11/2007 19/10/1994 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
KRDB1

Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus 1 17/05/1997 Herne (TR1866) 17/05/1997 N
BirdsDir:A1; KRDB2; S41
Bishopstone
Swift Apus apus Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 132 29/07/2007 24/08/2007 26/04/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Alpine Swift Apus melba Berne:A2 2 02/05/1993 Reculver (TR2269) 02/05/1993 N

Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 216 15/07/2007 12/09/2008 31/08/2007 N
Bee-eater Merops apiaster Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA1 2 23/05/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 23/05/2007 N
Hoopoe Upapa epops Berne:A2; WCA1 5 19/04/2000 16/08/1980 Herne (TR1866) 15/05/1989 N
Wryneck Jynx torquilla 23 04/05/2004 01/10/2004 04/05/2004 N
Bishopstone
Green Woodpecker Picus viridis Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 122 31/07/2007 20/01/2008 14/09/2007 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Great Spotted Berne:A2; BoCC3:Green Bishopstone

Dendrocopus major 163 31/07/2007 15/11/2007 31/10/2007 N
Woodpecker (subsp. Amber) (Reculver) (TR2068)
Lesser Spotted BAP; Berne:A2; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Dendrocopus minor 23 13/06/1999 01/01/1999 24/10/1987 Y
Woodpecker KRDB3; S41 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
BAP; Berne:A3;
Bishopstone
Woodlark Lullula arborea BoCC3:Amber; BirdsDir:A1; 9 19/05/2005 13/10/2007 19/05/2005 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
KRDB1; S41; WCA1

Skylark Alauda arvensis 121 28/04/2007 15/11/2007 24/07/2006 Y
Shore Lark Eremophila alpestris 86 05/05/2007 16/03/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 05/05/2007 N
WCA1
Bishopstone
Sand Martin Riparia riparia Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 218 26/07/2007 17/09/2007 30/03/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Swallow Hirundo rustica Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 257 21/05/2007 24/09/2008 30/03/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Swallow x House Martin hybrid 1 25/09/2004 Reculver (TR2269) 25/09/2004 N
Bishopstone
Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica Berne:A2 1 22/10/1987 22/10/1987 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
House Martin Delichon urbica Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 100 08/05/2007 15/09/2007 24/07/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Richard's Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Berne:A2 5 08/11/1994 Reculver (TR2269) 08/11/1994 N
Bishopstone
Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris Berne:A2; BirdsDir:A1 9 28/04/1990 02/10/1993 09/09/1990 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Brook Farm
Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis 35 25/04/2006 27/09/2006 (Reculver) CBC Area 23/04/2006 N
KRDB3; S41
(TR2268)
Bishopstone
Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 224 26/04/2008 08/11/2008 08/11/2008 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Herne Bay Downs

Rock Pipit Anthus petrosus 114 15/04/2006 24/03/2008 (Herne Bay) 18/12/1999 N
(subsp. Amber); KRDB1
(TR190685)
Scandinavian Rock Pipit Anthus petrosus littoralis Berne:A2 12 17/03/2005 Reculver (TR2269) 17/03/2005 N
Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 3 20/11/2006 Reculver (TR2269) 20/11/2006 N
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava 250 01/05/2008 15/09/2007 01/09/2002 Y
West Brook Valley

Blue-headed Wagtail Motacilla flava flava Berne:A2 15 16/07/2007 10/08/1998 (Reculver) 02/05/1999 Y
(TR220680)
Grey-headed Wagtail Motacilla flava thunbergi Berne:A2 5 07/05/1989 Reculver (TR2269) 07/05/1989 N
Bishopstone
Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 161 11/06/2006 12/09/2008 13/10/2004 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba yarrellii 165 21/06/2008 25/09/2008 TR16 (TR16Z) 01/06/1994 Y
(subsp. Amber)
Brook Farm
White Wagtail Motacilla alba alba Berne:A2 31 05/05/2006 20/03/2008 (Reculver) CBC Area 03/04/2006 N
(TR2268)
Brook Farm
Alba Wagtail Motacilla alba alba Berne:A2 37 19/04/2004 04/10/2005 11/04/2004 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)

Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus Berne:A2 22 10/04/1996 18/11/2005 10/04/1996 N
Bay) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Wren Troglodytes troglodytes Berne:A2 47 24/07/2006 15/11/2007 24/07/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
BAP; Berne:A2; Bishopstone

Dunnock Prunella modularis 65 15/04/2007 07/12/2008 07/12/2008 Y
BoCC3:Amber; S41 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Robin Erithacus rubecula Berne:A2; Bonn:A2 74 08/07/2006 28/09/2008 10/10/2005 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Beltinge (near Herne

Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos 19 21/04/2007 05/08/2006 18/05/2000 N
Bonn:A2; KRDB3 Bay) (TR2068)
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2;
Bluethroat Luscinia svecica 3 10/10/1998 Reculver (TR2269) 10/10/1998 N
BirdsDir:A1; WCA1
Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Beltinge (near Herne
Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros 135 03/04/2009 24/03/2008 03/04/2009 N
Bonn:A2; KRDB1; WCA1 Bay) (TR2068)

Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus 49 16/04/2006 03/10/2007 15/09/1996 N
Bonn:A2; KRDB1 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Whinchat Saxicola rubetra 102 23/05/2007 15/09/2007 11/05/1991 N
Bishopstone
Stonechat Saxicola torquata Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; KRDB1 294 29/07/2007 04/11/2009 31/10/2007 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe 274 30/07/2007 24/03/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 30/03/2006 N
Bonn:A2; KRDB1
Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka Berne:A2; Bonn:A2 1 19/10/1986 Reculver (TR2269) 19/10/1986 N
Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti Bonn:A2 2 05/12/2003 Reculver (TR2269) 05/12/2003 N

Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus 54 27/04/2007 15/10/2007 26/04/2005 N
Bishopstone
Blackbird Turdus merula Berne:A3; BirdsDir:A2.2 165 20/04/2008 25/11/2007 24/07/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Fieldfare Turdus pilaris 90 17/04/2006 15/11/2007 03/11/2006 N
BirdsDir:A2.2; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2068)

Song Thrush Turdus philomelos 95 28/04/2006 13/10/2007 24/10/2004 Y
Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Redwing Turdus iliacus 109 04/04/2004 23/01/2010 20/03/2008 N
BirdsDir:A2.2; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2068)

Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus 49 23/04/2007 12/10/2006 30/03/2006 Y
West Brook Valley

Cetti's Warbler Cettia cetti Berne:A2; KRDB1; WCA1 82 25/07/2007 24/03/2008 (Reculver) 17/04/2006 N
(TR220680)

Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia 41 29/07/2007 20/09/2005 20/09/2005 Y
KRDB1; S41 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Brook Farm
Acrocephalus
Sedge Warbler Berne:A2 80 14/06/2007 25/09/2007 (Reculver) CBC Area 01/06/1994 Y
schoenobaenus
(TR2268)
Bishopstone
Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus Berne:A2; KRDB3 67 14/06/2007 15/09/2007 01/09/2002 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Bishopstone
Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina Berne:A2 2 25/08/1994 25/08/1994 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Brook Farm
Melodious Warbler Hippolais polyglotta Berne:A2 2 30/08/2003 11/08/1997 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)

Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata 13 04/12/2005 29/10/1999 N
Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans Berne:A2 1 05/05/1988 Reculver (TR2269) 05/05/1988 N

Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria Berne:A2; BirdsDir:A1 4 18/10/1994 Reculver (TR2269) 18/10/1994 N
Bishopstone
Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Berne:A2 97 03/07/2007 25/08/2007 25/08/2007 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Whitethroat Sylvia communis Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 166 31/07/2007 15/09/2007 24/07/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Garden Warbler Sylvia borin Berne:A2 23 26/04/2006 17/08/2007 25/04/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla Berne:A2 162 10/06/2007 11/10/2007 23/04/2007 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides Berne:A2 3 30/08/2003 17/09/1989 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis Berne:A2 2 07/10/1996 07/10/1996 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Pallas's Warbler Phylloscopus proregulus Berne:A2 14 26/10/2007 13/11/2004 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus Berne:A2 50 23/10/2007 16/10/2005 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Hume's Warbler Phylloscopus humei Berne:A2 1 18/10/1999 Reculver (TR2269) 18/10/1999 N
Bishopstone
Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus Berne:A2 8 29/10/2007 29/10/2007 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Brook Farm
Western Bonelli's Warbler Phylloscopus bonelli Berne:A2 1 02/10/1988 02/10/1988 N
(Reculver) (TR2268)

Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix 8 02/05/1998 05/08/2006 27/04/1997 N
Bishopstone
Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita Berne:A2 357 09/04/2008 12/09/2008 09/04/2008 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
West Brook Valley

Phylloscopus collybita
Chiffchaff (P.c.tristis) Berne:A2 1 31/12/1998 (Reculver) 31/12/1998 N
tristis
(TR220680)
Phylloscopus collybita
Chiffchaff (P.c.abietinus) Berne:A2 2 23/10/1993 Reculver (TR2269) 23/10/1993 N
abietinus
Bishopstone
Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber 132 23/04/2007 04/10/2007 23/04/2007 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Goldcrest Regulus regulus Berne:A2; KRDB3 177 09/05/2004 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)

Firecrest Regulus ignicapillus 145 26/04/2006 03/11/2008 03/11/2008 N
KRDB1; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2068)

Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata 50 05/05/2006 13/09/2006 23/09/1995 Y
Bonn:A2; KRDB2; S41 (Reculver) (TR2068)

Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva 5 25/10/1999 25/10/1999 N
BirdsDir:A1 (Reculver) (TR2068)

Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca 64 03/05/2006 15/09/2007 25/08/2007 N

Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicus 21 06/04/1995 11/10/2007 06/04/1995 N
KRDB3; WCA1 (Reculver) (TR2268)

Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus 139 29/07/2007 12/09/2008 04/10/2007 Y
(subsp. Amber) (Reculver) (TR2068)
Willow Tit Parus montanus 1 22/06/1991 Reculver (TR2269) 22/06/1991 N
KRDB3; S41
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Coal Tit Parus ater 16 05/04/1995 27/10/2007 27/10/2007 Y

Blue Tit Parus caeruleus 50 07/07/2006 11/10/2007 16/10/2005 Y
Bishopstone
Great Tit Parus major Berne:A2 43 08/07/2006 11/10/2007 16/10/2005 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Nuthatch Sitta europaea Berne:A2 3 04/04/1998 09/01/1999 04/09/1988 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)

Treecreeper Certhia familiaris 5 04/07/1998 09/01/1999 24/03/1996 Y

Short-toed Treecreeper Certhia brachydactyla 1 29/07/1990 29/07/1990 N
West Brook Valley

Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus 12 31/05/2007 (Reculver) 25/06/1990 N
KRDB1; WCA1
(TR220680)

Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio 9 20/05/1993 01/09/2006 19/10/1994 N
Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor Berne:A2 3 26/10/2007 Reculver (TR2269) 26/10/2007 N
Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator Berne:A2 1 22/04/2004 Reculver (TR2269) 22/04/2004 N
BoCC3:Green (subsp. Bishopstone

Jay Garrulus glandarius 112 17/07/2006 24/11/2007 10/10/2005 Y
Amber); BirdsDir:A2.2 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Magpie Pica pica BirdsDir:A2.2 40 08/07/2006 29/01/2008 10/10/2005 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Jackdaw Corvus monedula BirdsDir:A2.2 32 08/07/2006 25/03/2006 TR16 (TR16Y) 01/06/1994 Y

Rook Corvus frugilegus BirdsDir:A2.2 33 10/04/2006 28/02/2006 30/09/2000 Y
Bay) (TR2068)
Bishopstone
Carrion Crow Corvis corone corone BirdsDir:A2.2 159 21/07/2008 04/11/2009 24/07/2006 Y
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Bishopstone
Hooded Crow Corvus corone cornix 11 05/04/2005 03/11/1999 05/04/2005 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Raven Corvus corax Berne:A3 1 10/06/1994 Herne (TR1866) 10/06/1994 N

BAP; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone
Starling Sturnus vulgaris 167 12/04/2008 04/11/2009 20/02/2004 Y
BirdsDir:A2.2; S41 (Reculver) (TR2068)
Rose-coloured Starling Sturnus roseus Berne:A2 1 18/09/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 18/09/2008 N
BAP; BoCC3:Red; KRDB3; Bishopstone

House Sparrow Passer domesticus 125 26/04/2008 15/09/2007 24/07/2006 Y

Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 36 08/07/2006 17/10/2008 07/12/1993 Y

Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs 157 01/04/2008 05/11/2008 10/10/2005 Y
Bishopstone
Brambling Fringilla montifringilla Berne:A3; WCA1 91 01/04/2008 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Serin Serinus serinus 8 11/04/2005 09/11/1993 Reculver (TR2269) 11/04/2005 N
WCA1
Greenfinch Carduelis chloris 127 08/07/2006 06/10/2008 10/10/2005 Y

Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 226 18/07/2007 08/12/2008 08/11/2008 Y
Bishopstone
Siskin Carduelis spinus Berne:A2; KRDB1 105 25/04/2008 24/11/2007 26/10/2007 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)

Linnet Carduelis cannabina 299 21/07/2008 04/11/2009 30/03/2006 Y
Twite Carduelis flavirostris 10 17/03/2004 Reculver (TR2269) 17/03/2004 N
S41
Lesser Redpoll Carduelis cabaret 69 08/05/2006 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 N
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Bishopstone
Common (Mealy) Redpoll Carduelis flammea Berne:A2; KRDB3 4 29/10/1995 29/10/1995 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)

Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra Berne:A2; WCA1 10 05/07/2008 27/10/2007 05/07/2008 N
Bay) (TR2068)
BAP; Berne:A3;
Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula 44 16/05/2006 04/01/2007 TR16 (TR16Y) 01/06/1994 Y
BoCC3:Amber; KRDB2; S41
Coccothraustes BAP; Berne:A2; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Hawfinch 7 22/04/1978 03/10/2007 06/10/2005 N
coccothraustes KRDB3; S41 (Reculver) (TR2068)

Lapland Bunting Calcarius lapponicus 56 22/11/2005 09/11/1991 N
Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis 262 02/04/2006 24/11/2009 Reculver (TR2269) 14/11/2004 N
WCA1
Brook Farm
Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella 73 17/07/2006 11/10/2007 (Reculver) CBC Area 01/06/1994 Y
KRDB3; S41
(TR2268)
Bishopstone
Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana Berne:A3; BirdsDir:A1 5 01/05/1972 27/08/2000 30/08/1987 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Brook Farm
BAP; Berne:A2;
Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus 119 03/04/2008 24/03/2008 (Reculver) CBC Area 01/06/1994 Y
BoCC3:Amber; KRDB2; S41
(TR2268)
Black-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala Berne:A2 1 19/08/1973 Reculver (TR2269) 19/08/1973 N

Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra 103 13/05/2007 15/11/2007 11/04/2001 Y
Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus 1 20/09/1993 Reculver (TR2269) 20/09/1993 N

Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus 1 30/09/2004 Reculver (TR2269) 30/09/2004 N
Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria 1 24/04/2000 Reculver (TR2269) 24/04/2000 N
Bishopstone
Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea 1 14/06/2000 14/06/2000 N
(Reculver) (TR2068)
Red Bishop sp. Euplectes spp. 1 10/11/2000 Reculver (TR2269) 10/11/2000 N

Grey-headed Bullfinch Pyrrhula erythaca erythaca 1 21/04/2004 Reculver (TR2269) 21/04/2004 N
Date of Confirmed
Nearest Breeding?
Berne:A2; Bonn:A2;
Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea 1 14/08/1992 Reculver (TR2269) 14/08/1992 N
BirdsDir:A1

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Kent Red Data Book Species Inventory Brogdale Farm Office, Brogdale Road, Faversham ME13 8XZ
Tel: (01795) 532385
Fax: (01795) 532386

01/03/2011 ENQ/11/057
Potamogeton friesii Flat-Stalked Pondweed KRDB3 Eric Philp 1991 - 1999 TR26I Chislet Marshes
Doug. Grant;Eric
Rumex maritimus Golden Dock KRDB3 22/08/2002 TR26I Chislet Marshes
Philp
Phyllonorycter insignitella Phyllonorycter insignitella RDB3, KRDB1 JR Langmaid 12/09/1985 TR2068 Herne Bay
UKBAP_P,
Agrotera nemoralis Beautiful Pearl NERC_S.41, RDB1, F Solly 25/05/2002 TR16X Canterbury, East Blean Wood
KRDB2
Agrotera nemoralis Beautiful Pearl " F Solly 01/06/2002 TR16X Canterbury, East Blean Wood
UKBAP_P, RDB1,
Cerceris quadricincta Cerceris quadricincta B.E. Woodhams 22/07/2009 TR2068 Bishopstone Glen
KRDB2
Andrena alfkenella Andrena alfkenella RDB3, KRDB1 K.M. Guichard 17/05/1936 TR2269 Reculver
Nb, UKBAP_P,
Bombus ruderatus Large Garden Bumble Bee Laurence Clemons 14/08/1984 TR192685 Beltinge Cliff
KRDB2
Nb, UKBAP_P,
Bombus sylvarum Shrill Carder Bee Richard Moyse 29/08/2005 TR20626873 Beltinge cliff
KRDB2
Vipera berus Adder* Bern, WCA5, KRDB2 Suzanne Stebbings 2003 TR202678
Bay
Neomys fodiens Water Shrew KRDBK D F Richards 07/08/1988 TR26D Chislet Marshes
Micromys minutus Harvest Mouse KRDBK Hazel Ryan 15/03/2006 TR16X East Blean Wood
Micromys minutus Harvest Mouse " G Theobald 09/03/1968 TR2268 Little Grays
ECH, Bern, WCA5,
UKBAP_P, RDB
Lepus europaeus Brown Hare UKBAP_P, KRDB2 Hazel Ryan March 2006 TR16X East Blean Wood
Lepus europaeus Brown Hare " E G Philp 24/05/1993 TR26D Highstead
Protected Species Inventory Brogdale Farm Office, Brogdale Road, Faversham ME13 8XZ
Tel: (01795) 532385
Fax: (01795) 532386

01/03/2011 ENQ/11/057
Hyacinthoides non-scripta Bluebell WCA8 Eric Philp 1991 - 1998 TR16X East Blean Wood
Hyacinthoides non-scripta Bluebell " Fred Booth;Joyce Pitt 26/03/1989 TR206688 Bishopstone Glen
Hyacinthoides non-scripta Bluebell " Eric Philp 1991 - 1999 TR26D Hawthorne Corner
Ruscus aculeatus Butcher's-Broom ECH_V Eric Philp 1991 - 1998 TR16X East Blean Wood
Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted-Orchid CITES Judith Shorter 25/06/2006 TR214691 Reculver
Euphorbia amygdaloides Wood Spurge CITES Eric Philp 1991 - 1998 TR16X East Blean Wood
Brian Woodhams;Eric
Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge CITES 29/09/1999 TR16X East Blean Wood
Philp
Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge " Eric Philp 19/05/1995 TR16Y Broomfield
Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge " Eric Philp 1991 - 1995 TR26C Hoath
Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge " Eric Philp;Jim Bevan 10/06/2000 TR26I Chislet Marshes
Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge CITES Eric Philp 1991 - 1998 TR16X East Blean Wood
Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge " Eric Philp 19/05/1995 TR16Y Broomfield
Doug. Grant;Eric
Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge " 15/04/2004 TR16Z Beltinge Cliff
Philp
Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge " Eric Philp 1991 - 1995 TR26C Hoath
Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge " Eric Philp 1991 - 1999 TR26E Bishopstone
Doug. Grant;Eric
Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge " 22/08/2002 TR26I Chislet Marshes
Philp
Papilio machaon Swallowtail WCA5 Mark Ashton 31/05/2007 TR209687 Bishopstone garden
Cupido minimus Small Blue WCA5(p) MH Davies 1989 - 1990 TR218689 Reculver Country Park ... Butterflies.
Lissotriton vulgaris Smooth Newt* Bern_III, WCA5(p) J.F.D. Frazer 11/06/1990 TR2166 Highstead
October
Bufo bufo Common Toad* WCA5(p) K Ball TR197667 Ladyfields, Canterbury
2005
January
ECH_V, Bern_III,
Rana temporaria Common Frog* Joy Hinds 2004 - April TR192665 65, Broomfielf Rd.. Herne Bay
WCA5(p)
2004
January
Jean Greenhill -
Rana temporaria Common Frog " 2004 - April TR192683
Jeffery
2004
Rana temporaria Common Frog " K Ball 17/08/2004 TR196667
January
Rana temporaria Common Frog " Sharon Mumford 2004 - April TR202684
2004
Anguis fragilis Slow-worm* Bern_III, WCA5(p) Suzanne Stebbings 23/09/2005 TR202678
Bay
Anguis fragilis Slow-worm " Mike Tilley August 2008 TR2269
Lacerta vivipara Viviparous Lizard* Bern_III, WCA5(p) Suzanne Stebbings 23/09/2005 TR202678
Bay
Natrix natrix Grass Snake* Bern_III, WCA5(p) Mr Fowler 07/10/2003 TR188684
Vipera berus Adder* Bern_III, WCA5(p) Suzanne Stebbings 2003 TR202678
Bay
ECH_IV, Bonn_II,
Tursiops truncatus Bottle-Nosed Dolphin Bern_II, WCA5, Unknown 27/07/2004 TR2269 Reculver
CRoW
ECH_IV, Bonn_II,
Pipistrellus Pipistrellus# June Care 29/06/2004 TR207683 Garden
Bern_II, WCA5
Meles meles Badger† Bern_III, Badger Act Tim Hodge 05/05/2006 TR215676 Maystreet, Reculver
Meles meles Badger " M Waite 30/11/1983 TR2166 Broomfield
Meles meles Badger " E G Philp 24/05/1993 TR26D Highstead
ECH_IV, Bern_III,
WCA5, CRoW
#
The prominent bat dataset is displayed in the enclosed Kent Bat Group Bat Report.
†
The prominent badger dataset is held with another recording group, please refer to cover sheets for further details.
BAP Priority Habitats
Acid grassland
Lowland acid grassland typically occurs on free-draining, nutrient poor soils, often forming a mosaic with
dwarf shrub heath. Characteristic species include heath bedstraw (Galium saxatile), sheep`s-fescue
(Festuca ovina), common bent (Agrostis capillaris), sheep`s sorrel (Rumex acetosella), and tormentil
(Potentilla erecta). The 2003 Kent Habitat Survey shows 375Ha of acid grassland in the county, with half
of this area occurring in small blocks of 4Ha or less.
For more information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=149.
Beech and Yew woodland

Beech and Yew woodland occurs on both acidic and calcareous, waterlogged, and freely draining soils.
In Kent, it is found in the High and Low Weald, and on the chalk scarps of the North Downs. The Kent
Habitat survey indicates 570Ha of this habitat present in Kent in 2003, clearance and replanting with
non-native species having contributed to a decline in the last 50 years. For more information, go to
www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=147.
Calcareous grassland
Calcareous grassland is defined by the presence of characteristic lime-loving plants. It is a biodiverse
habitat, rich in flora and associated fauna. Kent supports many nationally rare calcareous grassland
species at the edge of their northern European range. The Kent Habitat Survey 2003 recorded 1 658Ha
of lowland calcareous grassland, which represents around 5% of the total area of this habitat in the UK.
It is thought that the UK holds half of the global extent of calcareous grassland. For more information, go
to www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=148.
Coastal saltmarsh
Saltmarsh is classified as ‘the upper, vegetated portions of intertidal mudflats, lying approximately
between mean high water neap tides and mean high water spring tides.’ It is threatened by ‘coastal
squeeze’ as sea-level rises and land is lost to development. There are clear zones of vegetation in
natural saltmarsh systems, defined by the frequency of inundation. As well as contributing to flood
management, saltmarshes in Kent are an internationally important resource for wintering and passage
waders and waterfowl and nationally important for a range of specialist invertebrates. The Kent Habitat
Survey 2003 recorded 1,450 Ha of coastal saltmarsh, approximately 3% of the UK resource. For more
information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=142.
Fens
Fens are formed on peaty substrates receiving water and nutrients from rivers and streams. They may
be nutrient-rich or nutrient-poor, and frequently support a high diversity of species. They are particularly
important for many plant species, aquatic beetles, dragonflies and other invertebrates. The Kent Habitat
Survey 2003 records less than 70Ha of fen, scattered throughout the county. Fens in Kent are mostly
nutrient-rich and generally small in area. For more information, go to
Grazing marsh
Grazing marshes often occur as a component of a wetland habitat mosaic. They may be fresh or
brackish, either periodically-inundated pasture, or meadow with ditches to maintain water level.
Depending on management, grazing marsh can support a diverse range of plants and invertebrates,
including many nationally threatened species, and is often also of international importance for waders
and wintering wildfowl. Kent’s coastal grazing marsh is of particular importance for the water vole
(Arvicola terrestris). 6,900Ha grazing marsh has been identified by the 2003 Kent Habitat Survey. For
more information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=141.
Heathland
Heathland forms on acidic substrates, such as sand and gravel, and is maintained through grazing or
cutting. The occurrence and numbers of characteristic species are important indicators of habitat quality.
Lowland heath should be a mosaic of different habitats, with some areas dominated by heather species,
some by gorse, patches of scrub, areas of bare ground and there may also be areas of wet heath, bog
and open water. It is a rare and threatened habitat in the UK as a whole and this is reflected in Kent. An
80% decline in area of heath in Kent has taken place since the mid-1940’s, with only around 85Ha
present in the county today. For more information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=152.
Inland rock
Defined as naturally or artificially exposed rock surfaces away from the sea, inland rock tends to be
lacking in vegetation. However, some species have adapted to living in these exposed environments,
and the habitat is particularly important for some specialist mosses, lichens, liverworts and the
invertebrates that they support. They can also provide sites free from disturbance, important for ledge-
breeding birds. The 2003 Kent Habitat Survey recorded
1,225Ha of inland rock, including inland cliffs, quarry sites, screes, caves and ledges. For more
information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/broad/view/?hap=247.
Littoral chalk
Chalk is a sedimentary rock laid down in the Upper Cretaceous period. Littoral chalk is found between
the high tide and low tide marks. Soft and easily eroded, it creates unique habitats, supporting a
characteristic marine flora and fauna. Littoral communities include rock-boring invertebrates and unique
algal communities. Kent holds approximately 418Ha of littoral chalk, which is 35% of the UK total. In a
European context, the UK is very important for this habitat as it holds 57% of the continental resource.
For more information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=146.
Lowland hay meadows

Unimproved lowland meadows cut for hay are a nationally scarce habitat, largely due to changing
agricultural practices. However, they can be very species rich and are important for a number of rare
plant species. The Kent Habitat Survey 2003 recorded 71Ha of lowland hay meadow. For more
information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/broad/view/?hap=252 and
Maritime cliffs
Maritime cliffs may be vertical or sloping, and formed of hard or soft rock through slippage and/or sea
erosion. The character of maritime cliff communities depends largely on the underlying geology and the
degree of exposure to sea spray and wind. The cliff habitat includes the landward zone of the cliff top
extending up to the limit of maritime influence, and maritime cliff vegetation therefore often shows a
transition from maritime to terrestrial communities. Kent’s Maritime cliffs are regionally important for
breeding birds, bats, rare invertebrates and rare plants such as wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea),
Nottingham catchfly (Silene nutans var. nutans), oxtongue broomrape (Orobranche picridis) and early
spider orchid (Ophrys sphegodes). The Kent Habitat Survey recorded 127Ha of maritime cliff and slope
in 2003. For more information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=154.
Mudflats
Mudflats are highly productive habitats which are formed in sheltered coastal areas from sedimentary
deposition. They may be dependent on, or linked to other habitats, such as soft cliffs or saltmarsh and
can also form effective flood defences and barriers to erosion through the dissipation of wave energy.
Mudflats are important nursery grounds for several fish species, and support internationally valuable
populations of migrant and wintering waterfowl. They are also important for populations of predatory
birds and fish. There is 8,408Ha of intertidal mudflat in Kent (Kent Habitat Survey 2003) mostly found in
the Thames, Swale and Medway estuaries. For more information, go to
Orchards
Kent has long been associated with the growing of fruit and there are orchards scattered throughout the
county. This priority habitat type refers to ‘traditional’ orchards which in most cases are no longer
commercially managed. Apple, pear, plum and cherry orchards and Kentish cobnut platts are all
included. Traditional orchards are often important for birds, bats, small mammals, invertebrates, fungi,
lichens and bryophytes, as well as the preservation of old and rare varieties of fruit trees. There is some
uncertainty over the area of traditional orchard left in the county, but it is somewhere in the region of
200Ha. For more information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=158.
Saline lagoons
Saline lagoons are waterbodies partially separated from the sea, which retain some salinity at low tide. In
Kent, they are largely artificial, created through leakage and overtopping of hard sea defences. Saline
lagoons are an important habitat for a variety of indigenous and specialist species. They support several
unique invertebrates, for example the lagoon cockle (Cerastoderma glaucum). They are also important
for waterfowl, marshland birds and seabirds. There are 242 hectares of saline lagoons in Kent, which
represents 16% of the total resource for England. For more information, go to
Sand dunes
Coastal sand dunes are a nationally rare habitat. They are created where there are onshore winds and
enough sediment which dries out at low tide. Sand is trapped by plants such as marram grass
(Ammophila arenaria), and gradually builds up, creating a series of zones with different associated flora
and fauna. The valleys, or ‘slacks’, between dune peaks often have high biodiversity. 233 Ha of coastal
sand dunes have been recorded in Kent (Kent Habitat Survey, 2003), two-thirds of which occur at
Sandwich Bay. 80% (185 Ha) of the habitat is notified as SSSI. For more information, go to
Vegetated shingle
Coastal vegetated shingle is a globally rare habitat, which develops on high energy coasts. It is often a
mobile habitat and this is reflected in the flora and fauna that it supports. Several rare plants and
invertebrates can be found on shingle and it is also important for breeding birds. Kent supports more
than 40% of the coastal vegetated shingle occurring in the UK. For more information, go to
Wet woodland
Wet woodland can occur on poorly drained or seasonally wet soils, often in a mosaic with other
woodland habitats and more open habitats such as fen. The predominant tree species tend to be alder,
willow and birch. Otters are particularly associated with wet woodland, and it is also an important habitat
for bryophytes and invertebrates. The 2003 Kent Habitat Survey estimates 231Ha of wet woodland in
Kent. For more information, go to www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats/view/?hap=164.
Wood pasture and parkland

Wood pasture is derived from the historical grazing of livestock in woodland. Characteristically, it
consists of scattered large pollarded trees growing in a grazed grassland or heathland matrix, frequently
supporting woodland floras. These large pollards are often important veteran trees, supporting a rich
biodiversity of species including specialised lichens and fungi, many invertebrates, bats and various
hole-nesting birds. The Kent Habitat Survey 2003 estimates an area of 3,240 Ha of lowland wood-
pasture and parkland. It is often found in the grounds of old manor houses. For more information, go to
References:
UK BAP habitat action plans, http://www.ukbap.org.uk/habitats.aspx JNCC
Kent BAP, http://www.kentbap.org.uk/habitats Kent County Council, 2004
Kent Bat Records
What is the Kent Bat Database Inventory?

The Kent Bat Database (KBD) has been created as a result of collaboration between the Kent Bat
Group, Natural England and the Kent and Medway Biological Records Centre, to store and provide
information about location/distribution of bats in the county, to aid developers, conservationists and land
managers.
The Data Search

The KBD was searched for records within a 5km radius of the reference supplied. This wider search
was necessary because bats are very mobile and use a large area to fulfil their roosting and feeding
requirements. However, the bulk of the records are in the built -up areas as these are where residents
are more likely to be aware that bats are present.
Please note the following:

• All British bats and their roosts are protected by law under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
and the Conservation (Natural Habitats, etc.) Regulations 1994. This makes it illegal to kill, injure,
capture or disturb bats or obstruct access to, damage or destroy bat roosts. Under the law, a
roost is any structure or place used for shelter or protection. As bats tend to reuse the same
roosts, the roost is protected whether the bats are present at the time or not.
• The UK is a signatory to the Agreement of the Conservation of Bats in Europe, set up under the
Bonn Convention. The Fundamental obligations of Article 3 of this Agreement require the
protection of all bats and their habitats, including the identification and protection from damage or
disturbance of important feeding areas for bats. Where development is involved, a license is
required from the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) if the work
is likely to affect a bat roost.
• Bats use many roost sites and feeding areas through the year. These vary according to the bats
age, condition, sex and species, as well as season and weather. The lack of a record at a
particular site does not mean bats are not present, as a surveyor may not have visited it, or may
only have visited when bats were elsewhere. Every building and mature tree is a potential bat
roost.
• Even records of many years ago may still be valid, as bats of all species tend to be faithful to
both their roosting and foraging sites.
For each bat record, the distance of the record from the site centroid is given in km, together with an
indicative range. For example, a bat recorded at 1km precision at TR0059 is estimated as being
approximately 0.2km from a site centroid of TR006596 with a range of 0.0-1.0km (as it is impossible to
know whereabouts in the square the bat was recorded). Please note that this does not take into account
any additional spatial inaccuracy in the grid reference recorded.
The Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
This intergovernmental treaty aims to protect populations of migrating species and the habitats they use
from the threat of degradation or destruction. There are two main categories of species, listed below.
Please note that some species, particularly on Appendix II, are shown as having this designation
because the family they belong to is listed, but the species may be non-migratory and so the convention
does not apply. If in any doubt please consult the convention documentation directly at www.cms.int.
Appendix II
This appendix lists vulnerable migratory species, i.e. those species that will easily become endangered
without appropriate action. Species on this list have international agreements set up to benefit their
conservation, and any plans are agreed by all signatories
The Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
This Convention is designed to protect important populations of listed wild species and their habitats. It
incorporates the principle of sustainable development and particular emphasis is given to endangered
and vulnerable species, especially those species that are endemic. For further information, please see
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/104.htm .
Appendix II
This appendix lists strictly protected fauna. The Bern Convention places particular emphasis on
migratory species and their breeding and resting sites (see also Bonn Convention below). Listed fauna
are required to be strictly protected against deliberate killing, capture, damage/destruction of breeding
and nesting sites, disturbance, taking of eggs, trading (including parts and derivatives), etc. Various
exceptions can be invoked to avoid, for example, inappropriate situations arising over species that,
although listed, are common and widespread.
Appendix III
Listed in this appendix are nearly all vertebrates not on Appendix II whose populations are required to be
protected from exploitation (indiscriminate mass killing, trading and any means of causing local
disappearance or serious disturbance to a species) and managed to keep them out of danger. The only
bat species that appears on Appendix III rather than Appendix II is the 45kHz Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus
pipistrellus.
The EC Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora
(Habitats Directive)
This Directive is primarily designed for the protection of natural habitats, thus automatically protecting
any species within those habitats. Along with the Birds Directive, the Habitats Directive forms part of
Natura 2000, which links a network of sites throughout the EU (Special Protection Areas and Special
Areas of Conservation). For further information, please see:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm.
Annex II
This Annex lists animal and plant species of community interest whose conservation requires the
designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). These have the highest level of protection within
this Directive. Bat species on Annex II include Bechstein’s Bat.
Annex IV
This Annex lists animal and plant species (not birds) of community interest in need of strict protection.
With regards animals, this prohibits deliberate capture, killing, disturbance (especially during breeding
period), destruction or taking of eggs from wild, and destruction or deterioration of breeding sites or
resting places. Regarding plants, this prohibits deliberate picking, collecting, uprooting, cutting,
destruction, and trade in entire plants or parts, at all stages of life. All British bat species are listed under
Annex IV.
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (and later amendments) is split into different Schedules defining
different levels of protection; those related to bats are outlined below. For further information on the WCA
1981, please see www.naturenet.net/law/wcagen.html and www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1377.
Schedule 5
It is an offence (subject to exceptions) to intentionally kill, injure, take, possess, or trade (including parts
or derivatives) in the animals listed under Schedule 5, and to interfere with places used for shelter or
protection, or intentionally disturbing Schedule 5 animals occupying such places. The Act also prohibits
certain methods of killing, injuring, or taking wild animals. Section 9 details the protection of species
listed on Schedule 5, outlined below:
• S9(1) - prohibits the intentional killing, injury or taking
• S9(2) - protection is limited to protecting and controlling
• S9(4a) - prohibits the damaging, destroying or obstructing access to any place used by the
animal for shelter or protection
• S9(4b) - prohibits disturbing the animal while it is occupying any structure or place which it uses
for shelter or protection.
• S9(5) - prohibits the selling, offering for sale, possessing or transporting for purpose of sale, or
advertising for sale, any live or dead animal, or any part of, or anything derived from such an
animal.
All bats are listed on Schedule 5 and have full protection under all parts of Section 9 listed above.
UK Biodiversity Action Plan
The UK List of Priority Species and Habitats contains 1150 species that have been listed as priorities for
conservation action under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP). Starting in 2005, the old UK BAP
priorities were reviewed and a new list called the UK List of Priority Species and Habitats was published
in 2007 after adoption by the Governments of all four UK administrations. The species and habitats on
this list help guide conservation actions being taken by the four countries in the UK as part of the UK
contribution to the Convention on Biological Diversity. For further information please see
www.ukbap.org.uk.
Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006

Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 require the listing of species “of
principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity” and therefore need to be taken into
consideration by a public body when performing any of its functions with a view to conserving
biodiversity. These are the species found in England which have been identified as requiring action
under the UK BAP. For further information please see
www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/biodiversity/protectandmanage/habsandspeciesimportance.aspx
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has for four decades been assessing the
conservation status of species, subspecies, varieties and even selected subpopulations on a global
scale in order to highlight taxa threatened with extinction, and therefore promote their conservation.
Species have been evaluated using categories and criteria to determine the relative risk of extinction,
and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a
higher risk of global extinction (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable).
All species listed on these lists are also listed in the relevant national (i.e. UK) Red Data Book. The IUCN
Red List also includes information on taxa that are categorized as Extinct or Extinct in the Wild. For more
information, please see http://www.iucnredlist.org. IUCN has also compiled a European red list using the
same criteria; for more information please see
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist/index_en.htm .
Categories under which bats are listed

• Vulnerable - a species is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets
any of the IUCN criteria for Vulnerable and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of
extinction in the wild.
• Near Threatened - a species is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria
but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to
qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
• Least Concern - a species is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and
does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened.
Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
• Data Deficient – a species is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a
direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population
status.
Kent Red Data Book Species

All bat species have been included on the KRDB list; the criteria being based upon the national criteria
outlined in the UK Bat Action Plan (Hutson, 1993). These are as follows:
• KRDB1 - E (Endangered): species in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if those
factors responsible continue to operate
• KRDB2 - V (Vulnerable): species believed likely to move into the ‘Endangered’ category in the
near future if those factors responsible continue to operate
• KRDB3 - R (Rare): species with a small population that is not at present ‘Endangered’ or
‘Vulnerable’ but is at risk
Bat Conservation Trust UK Status

The National Bat Monitoring Programme Annual Report (Bat Conservation Trust, 2010) lists the status of
each UK Bat species in a population trends summary table. These are given at the end of each species
status summary in the table below.
References
Bat Conservation Trust (2010) The National Bat Monitoring Programme – Annual Report 2009. Bat Conservation
Trust, London. (Available at www.bats.org.uk/pages/nbmp_reports.html.)
Hutson, A.M., 1993, Action Plan for the Conservation of Bats in the United Kingdom, The Bat Conservation Trust
Status of Individual Bat species
Summaries of the statuses of individual species are outlined below, with a key to the statuses over the
page. A summary of statuses is also provided on the summary sheet for the report (excluding IUCN red
list and Bat Conservation Trust statuses). Follow the hyperlinks for more information on each species.
Common Name Latin Name Species Status
Bat (species not

Chiroptera HabDir:A4; Berne:A3; Bonn:A2; WCA5
determined)
Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae spp. HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5
Barbastella HabDir:A2&4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; BAP; S41; WCA5; GBL_NT;
Barbastelle Bat
barbastellus EU_VU; Rare
HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; KRDB3; GBL_LC; EU_LC;
Serotine Bat Eptesicus serotinus
Uncommon, restricted to Southern England
Myotis species Myotis spp. HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5
Alcathoe Bat Myotis alcathoe HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; GBL_DD; EU_DD
HabDir:A2&4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; BAP; S41; WCA5; GBL_NT;
Bechstein's Bat Myotis bechsteinii
EU_VU; Very Rare
Brandt’s Bat Myotis brandtii
Common in N&W England, rare elsewhere
Daubenton’s Bat Myotis daubentonii HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; GBL_LC; EU_LC; Common
Greater Mouse-Eared HabDir:A2&4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; GBL_LC; EU_LC; Status
Myotis myotis
Bat Unconfirmed
Whiskered Bat Myotis mystacinus
Common in N&W England, rare elsewhere
Natterer’s Bat Myotis nattereri
Common
Myotis mystacinus,
Whiskered / Brandt’s
brandti or HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5
/ Daubenton’s Bat
daubentoni
Whiskered / Brandt’s Myotis mystacinus or HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; KRDB1; Common in N&W
Bat brandti England, rare elsewhere
Whiskered / Brandt's Myotis mystacinus or
HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5
/ Alcathoe Bat brandti or alcathoe
Nyctalus species Nyctalus spp. HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; KRDB2
Leisler’s Bat Nyctalus leisleri
Scarce
HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; BAP; S41; WCA5; KRDB2; GBL_LC;
Noctule Bat Nyctalus noctula
EU_LC; Uncommon
Table continues overleaf.

Common Name Latin Name Species Status
Pipistrellus species Pipistrellus spp. HabDir:A4; Berne:A3; Bonn:A2; WCA5

Nathusius’ Pipistrelle
Pipistrellus nathusii HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; GBL_LC; EU_LC; Rare
Bat
Pipistrelle Bat Pipistrellus
HabDir:A4; Berne:A3; Bonn:A2; WCA5; GBL_LC; EU_LC; Common
(45kHz) pipistrellus
Pipistrelle Bat HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; BAP; S41; WCA5; GBL_LC; EU_LC;
Pipistrellus pygmaeus
(55kHz) Common
Pipistrellus (45 or
Pipistrellus spp. HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; Common
55kHz) species
Long-Eared species Plecotus spp. HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5

Long-eared Bat HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; BAP; S41; WCA5; KRDB2; GBL_LC;
Plecotus auritus
Brown EU_LC; Common
Long-Eared Bat Grey Plecotus austriacus HabDir:A4; Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; WCA5; GBL_LC; EU_LC; Very Rare
Codes and Abbreviations used in the Kent Bat Records report (see above for more information)
• BAP – priority species listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (August 2007).
• Berne:A2; Berne:A3 – protected under Annex II or III respectively of the Bern Convention on
the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats.
• Bonn:A2 – protected under Annex II of the Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals.
• EU_DD; EU_LC; EU_VU – considered Data Deficient, of Least Concern or Vulnerable under
European IUCN assessment respectively.
• GBL_DD; GBL_LC; GBL_NT – considered Data Deficient, of Least Concern or Near
Threatened under global IUCN assessment respectively.
• HabDir:A4; HabDir:A2&4 – protected under the EC Council Directive on the Conservation of
Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (Habitats Directive) Annex IV and Annexes II and
IV respectively.
• KRDB1; KRDB2; KRDB3 – Considered endangered, vulnerable or rare in Kent respectively,
according to the Kent Red Data Book county criteria.
• S41 - Species which are of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity in England,
listed according to Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006.
• WCA5 - species listed on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
FURTHER USEFUL INFORMATION
Please visit http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/guidanceforprofessionals.html for up-to-date guidance on bats,

including downloadable leaflets on Bats in Bridges; Bats and Buildings; Bats, Development and Planning
in England; Bats and Trees in England; Bats Underground; and Bats and the Law.
Planning Policy Statement 9
The Kent Bat Group has requested that KMBRC brings attention to the Planning Policy Statement 9:
Biodiversity and Geological Conservation (PPS9). This seeks to replace PPG9, and sets out the
Government’s vision for conserving and enhancing biological diversity and geological features. There are
certain key principles drawn from this Statement, paraphrased below:
i. Planning decisions should be based on up-to-date environmental information
ii. Planning decisions should seek to maintain, enhance or add to biodiversity and geological
conservation interests, and appropriate weighting should be given to designated sites and the
wider environment
iii. Plan policies should recognise the contributions individual sites and areas make to conserving
biodiversity and geological interests within the wider environment
iv. Subject to other planning considerations, developments seeking to conserve or enhance
biodiversity or geological conservation interests of the area and/or immediate locality should be
permitted
v. Local authorities should consider whether proposed developments can be accommodated
without causing harm to biodiversity and geological conservation interests. Where there may be
significant harmful effects, local authorities will need to be satisfied that any alternative sites that
would result in reduced harm have been fully considered.
vi. Where development will result in unavoidable and significant adverse impacts on biodiversity and
geological conservation, planning permission for it should only be granted where adequate
mitigation measures are put in place.
vii. Development policies should promote opportunities for the incorporation of beneficial biodiversity
and geological features within the design of development.
For further information, please see

http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/pps9
Great Crested Newts and Built
Development
Introduction
This leaflet has been prepared by Kent Reptile and Amphibian Group, Kent Wildlife Trust and English Nature as
information for anyone dealing with development proposals which might affect great crested newts. The leaflet
provides background on the legal status of the great crested newt, and a checklist by which any proposed survey
or mitigation work may be assessed.
Background
The great crested newt Triturus cristatus is a protected
species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as
amended) and the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c)
Regulations 1994 (also known as the Habitats
Regulations). Under this legislation, it is illegal to:
• Intentionally kill, injure, or capture great crested newts or their young; (this includes the eggs of great
crested newts);
• Intentionally or recklessly damage, destroy or obstruct access to areas used by great crested newts for shelter
or protection (which is taken to include water bodies used by the newts); or
• Intentionally or recklessly disturb great crested newts while they are occupying a structure or place which is
used by them for shelter or protection.
This high level of protection reflects the species’ vulnerable conservation status in Europe as a whole. Great
crested newts are widespread in Kent, and may be found in water bodies throughout the county.
The protected status of the great crested newt means that it is a material consideration in planning. Regulation
3(4) of the Habitats Regulations also places an obligation upon all competent authorities (including planning
authorities) to give consideration to great crested newts (and other European protected species) in the exercise of
their functions. It is considered best practice for survey work for protected species (including great crested newt)
to be carried out prior to any planning application. Where a development is subject to the Environmental Impact
Assessment Regulations, it is a legal requirement that planning authorities assess the potential impact of
development upon great crested newts before issuing planning permission.
The great crested newt is also a priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, in which there are targets to
• Maintain the geographical range of the great crested newt; and
• Maintain the viability of existing great crested newt populations.
In part this is to be achieved by
• Promoting favourable management on all key sites where this species is known to occur; and
• Seeking to maintain the number and distribution of occupied sites through habitat restoration or creation of
sufficient new sites near existing ones to compensate for local losses.
The following checklist identifies the steps which must be followed in any planning application in order to
conform with current legislation. Any report which accompanies a planning application and which deals with
great crested newts must be accompanied by
• A survey, which identifies presence/likely absence; relative population size, etc.;
• An assessment of the development’s impact on great crested newts; and
• A mitigation strategy.
The report should clearly show that
• All necessary steps detailed below have been followed, and
• Work for great crested newts has been carried out in accordance with English Nature’s Great crested newt
mitigation guidelines (available as a free download from English Nature’s website www.english-
nature.org.uk).
Great Crested Newts and Built Development - Kent Reptile & Amphibian Group; Kent Wildlife Trust; English Nature October 2003
The Checklist
Has consideration been given to protected species?

• For all developments where an ecological appraisal or statement is considered necessary, this should give
consideration to protected species, including great crested newt.
Has there been a search for existing records?

• Kent Reptile and Amphibian Group should be contacted for any existing records of great crested newt in a
search area which extends for at least 500m beyond the boundary of the development site.
Is there a need for a survey for great crested newts?

• There should be a dedicated survey for great crested newts if:
o There are existing records from within 500m of the boundary of the development site;
OR
o There is a water body within the development site, with the exception of rivers or streams with a
noticeable flow-.
OR
o There is any water body within 500m of the boundary of the development site, with the exception of
rivers or streams with a noticeable flow.
• Sometimes a report may refer to the Habitat Suitability Index for great crested newts. This is a method for
identifying potential breeding ponds for great crested newt. However
o The Habitat Suitability Index only gives an estimate of the likelihood that a pond could be used by
great crested newts;
o It works only with ponds, and is not suitable for use with lakes, ditches or running waters;
o It cannot be used to determine presence or likely absence of great crested newts; and
o It cannot be used as a replacement for a full survey.
Has the survey covered the appropriate area?

• If any survey is carried out, it should include:
o All appropriate water bodies within the development site;
AND
o All appropriate water bodies within 500m of the boundary of the development site.
• Notes
o Water bodies with fish should not be excluded from consideration. Great crested newts may be even
found in carp ponds.
o Amphibians will cross even apparently inhospitable habitats, such as arable fields, under suitable
weather conditions.
o Amphibians will readily cross roads, though the frequency with which roads may successfully be
crossed decreases with the width of the road. Motorways, or trunk roads of equivalent size may
therefore represent a barrier to amphibian dispersal, but narrower roads may not.
Has the survey effort been adequate?

• To determine presence or likely absence of great crested newt in a water body, there should be a minimum
of FOUR survey visits between mid-March and mid-June, with at least TWO of these visits falling in the
period mid-April to mid-May.
• To allow a relative population estimate to be made, there should be a minimum of SIX survey visits between
mid-March and mid-June, with at least THREE of these visits falling in the period mid-April to mid-May.
Has an appropriate methodology been used?
• The most important survey methods for detecting great crested newts in water bodies are
o Bottle trapping;
o Torching (using a torch of at least 50 000 candlepower, and preferably 100 000 candlepower); and
o Egg searching.
• More detailed information describing these survey techniques can be found in Great crested newt mitigation
guidelines and the leaflet Surveying for (great crested) newt conservation.
Have the results been presented properly?

• Reports on great crested newt surveys should present
o The raw data obtained from each survey method used; and
o The maximum number of adult newts found in any one water body on any one night. Note that
survey results for ponds within 250 m of each other can be pooled, since animals breeding in each
pond are likely to belong to the same population. Results for ponds separated by dispersal barriers
should not be pooled.
• If there were at least SIX survey visits between mid-March and mid-May, with at least THREE of these
visits falling in the period mid-April to mid-May, then populations can be classed as ‘small’, ‘medium’ or
‘large’ according to the criteria set out in section 5.8.3 of Great crested newt mitigation guidelines.
Otherwise, no judgement about population size should be made.
Have the main impacts been assessed?

• The impacts of any proposed development should be assessed according to the guidelines and table in
section 6 of Great crested newt mitigation guidelines.
Have all relevant habitats been included in the impact assessment?

• In assessing the impact of development on great crested newts, all habitat types should be considered. Even
amenity grassland or sheep pasture may be used as foraging habitat by newts.
Has a recommendation been made regarding the need for a DEFRA licence?
• The survey report should indicate whether or not a DEFRA licence is required for work on the site. If great
crested newts are present, a licence will be required for any proposed mitigation work as well as for any
proposed development.
• The decision as to whether a licence is required for a particular activity is matter for the professional
judgement of the herpetological consultant involved. A precautionary approach should be taken, and a
license should be sought where the consultant believes it is reasonably likely that an offence would
otherwise be committed, not just where it is certain that an offence would otherwise be committed.
Has appropriate mitigation been proposed?

• Mitigation should follow the advice given in section 8 of Great crested newt mitigation guidelines.
• Where development proposals will reduce the habitat available to great crested newts, there should normally
be at least a like-for-like replacement in terms of habitat type, quality and area.
Has appropriate monitoring been proposed?

• All mitigation projects should be subject to at least medium-term monitoring to ensure they are achieving
their aims.
• Summary results of monitoring programmes should be made available at the end of each season to all
interested parties, including Kent Reptile and Amphibian Group and Kent Wildlife Trust.
Great Crested Newt Distribution in Kent
The plan below shows all records of great crested newt held by Kent Reptile and Amphibian Group. It must be
recognised that the county has not been comprehensively surveyed, and there are likely to be many more sites
for great crested newt than are shown here. Absence of a record, or absence of a recent record, should therefore
not be taken to mean that great crested newts are absent from a particular site.
Kent Reptile and Amphibian Group Kent Wildlife Trust

c/o DICE Tyland Barn
University of Kent Sandling
Canterbury Maidstone
Kent CT2 7NS Kent ME14 3BD
kragrecorder@btopenworld.com 01622 662012
info@kentwildlife.org.uk
English Nature Kent Team
The Countryside Management Centre www.kentwildlife.org.uk
Coldharbour Farm Charity no. 239992
Wye
Ashford
Kent TN25 5DB
01233 812525
kent@english-nature.org.uk
www.english-nature.org.uk
KEY NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SITE DESIGNATIONS
RAMSAR
Ramsar sites are designated under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially
as Waterfowl Habitat. Wetlands are designated, protected and promoted in order to stem the
progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands, which are broadly defined to include marsh, fen,
peatland and water. There are 5 Ramsar sites in Kent, and as with all Ramsar sites, they are also
designated as SSSIs.
For further information please contact:
Natural England, International House, Floor 9, Dover Place, Ashford, Kent TN23 1HU
Tel: 0300 060 4797 Email: enquiries.southeast@naturalengland.org.uk
Special Area of Conservation

Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) are sites designated by Member States under the EC Habitats
Directive. The aim is to establish a European network of important high quality sites that will make a
significant contribution to conserving habitats and species considered to be most in need of conservation
at a European level. There are 12 SAC sites in Kent.
For further information please contact: Natural England (details above)

Special Protection Areas (SPA) are designated under the EC Birds Directive, to conserve the habitat of
certain rare or vulnerable birds and regularly occurring migratory birds. Any significant pollution or
disturbance to or deterioration of these sites has to be avoided. There are 6 SPA sites in Kent, and as
with all SPA sites, they are also designated as SSSIs.
National Nature Reserve

National Nature Reserves (NNR) are statutory reserves established for the nation under the Wildlife and
Countryside Act, 1981. NNRs may be owned by relevant national body (e.g. Natural England in
England) or established by agreement; a few are owned and managed by non-statutory bodies (e.g. the
Kent Wildlife Trust). NNRs cover a selection of the most important sites for nature conservation in the
UK. There are 11 NNRs in Kent.
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) are nationally important landscapes that are not National
Parks, but have been designated by the Countryside Agency to aid their protection and management.
An AONB cannot be included in a simplified planning zone and it is not promoted for active recreation in
the same way as a National Park. The conservation of the two AONBs within Kent is the responsibility of
the following associated bodies:
The High Weald AONB - High Weald Unit, Corner Farm, Hastings Road, Flimwell, East Sussex, TN5
7PR. Tel: 01580 879500 Email: info@highweald.org
The North Downs AONB – Kent Downs AONB Unit, West Barn, Penstock Hall Farm, Canterbury
Road, East Brabourne, Ashford, Kent TN25 5LL. Tel: 01303 815170
Email: mail@kentdowns.org.uk
Environmentally Sensitive Area

The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) Scheme was introduced in 1987 to offer incentives to
encourage farmers to adopt agricultural practices which would safeguard and enhance parts of the
country deemed to have particularly high landscape, wildlife or historic value. The ESA scheme
encourages farmers to help protect these areas by having them voluntarily enter into 10-year
management agreements with DEFRA, under which they receive an annual payment on each hectare of
land under agreement.
For further information please visit:
http://www.defra.gov.uk/erdp/schemes/esas/stage3/northkentmarshes.htm
Local Nature Reserve
Local Nature Reserves (LNR) are areas of land owned, leased or managed by Local Authorities and
designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act. They are sites of nature
conservation value that are managed for educational objectives and so have no need for SSSI status.
Some reserves are managed by a non-statutory body (e.g. Kent Wildlife Trust). Local authorities have
the power to pass bylaws controlling, for example, access, special protection measures. There are 27
LNRs in Kent.
For further information please contact the Local Authority for the area in which the LNR is located
Regionally Important Geological and Geomorphological Sites (RIGS)

RIGS are non-statutory Earth Science sites designated by locally based RIGS Groups. Individual RIGS
Groups are voluntary organisations, controlled by an annually elected committee, that draw upon both
professional and interest groups to identify sites using a methodical and rational approach. RIGS are
considered to be important as an educational, research, historical or recreational resource using locally
developed criteria. The RIGS notification to landowners and local authorities is one way of recognising
and thereby protecting these important Earth Science and/or landscape features for the future. There are
currently 30 RIGS sites in Kent.
If you wish to visit a RIGS site on private land, the onus is on you to make arrangements with the land
owner. Due to the nature of some sites, special care and attention is required regarding Health and
Safety issues and leaders of groups should carry out their own Risk Assessments.
For further information please contact the Kent RIGS Group:

Secretary, Diana Franks Email: kentrigs@leighbridge.com Tel: 01622 890283
Web: www.kentrigs.org.uk
Kent Wildlife Trust Reserves

KWT Reserves may be owned, leased by, or have management agreements with KWT and are always
managed by them. Management is principally for conservation, but some are also used for education
and public amenity. They are usually areas of high biodiversity, threatened habitat, or sites of
threatened species. Areas adjoining protected areas may also be included within reserves, in attempts
to increase size and reduce habitat fragmentation. Many KWT Reserves are also covered in part, or full,
by other designations (e.g. SACs, SSSIs). There are about 55 KWT Reserves in Kent
For further information, please contact:
Kent Wildlife Trust, Tyland Barn, Sandling, Maidstone ME14 3BD Tel: 01622 662012
Roadside Nature Reserves

Roadside Nature Reserves (RNR) are a network of roadside verges that have been identified through
the Road Verge Project (a partnership between Kent County Council, Kent Highways and Kent Wildlife
Trust) as containing scarce or threatened habitats or species. Due to their linear nature they also act as
important wildlife corridors, enabling species to travel between other habitats. They are managed by
Kent Wildlife Trust. There are 134 RNRs in Kent
For further information, please contact:
Gill Tysoe, Kent Wildlife Trust, Tyland Barn, Sandling, Maidstone ME14 3BD Tel: 01622 662012
Ancient Woodland
Ancient Woodland refers to areas that have been continuously wooded for at least 400 years. It is not a
statutory designation and Ancient Woodland is largely privately owned and poorly protected, despite
being one of our most important and richly biodiverse habitats. Some Ancient Woodland may be
remnants of the original Wildwood cover. In the last century, much Ancient Woodland has been lost to
building, agriculture and forestry, or degraded through lack of proper management and conifer planting.
Particular species are associated with Ancient Woodland as they are slow, or unable, to colonise more
recent woods. These species, known as ‘Ancient Woodland indicators,’ are often uncommon as a result.
The amount of Ancient Woodland can not be increased. Approximately 10% of the Ancient Woodland
left in England is found in Kent.
For further information, please contact: Natural England (details above).
Biodiversity Action Plan Species Inventory
In simple terms, biodiversity is the variability found between all living organisms on the planet, regardless
of geographical and political borders. No organism exists in isolation, and the impact of humans is
increasingly upsetting the equilibrium.
What is a Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP)?
In 1992, world leaders met in Rio de Janeiro for the “Earth Summit” (commonly referred to as the Rio
Convention) to discuss sustainable development, a key outcome of which was the Convention of
Biological Diversity, which currently has 168 signatories.
The first of its kind, the treaty aimed to establish a legal framework to support biodiversity conservation,
consisting of three main goals:
• the conservation of biological diversity,
• the sustainable use of its components, and
• the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources, ensuring that it is
for everyone’s benefit.
Designations
The UK Biodiversity Group originally published three lists of species, known as the short, middle and
long lists. The long list is now known as the Species for Conservation Concern. From the Species for
Conservation Concern list, the UK BAP priority species were selected according to the middle and short
list criteria. Each species has a published action plan. The species selection criteria are as follows:
Species of Conservation Concern - Species which qualify for one or more of the following are species
of conservation concern:
• threatened endemic and other globally threatened species
• species where the UK has more than 25% of the world or appropriate biogeographical population
• species where numbers or range have declined by more than 25% in the last 25 years
• in some instances where the species is found in fewer than 15 ten kilometre squares in the UK
• species listed in the EC Birds or Habitats Directives, the Bern, Bonn or CITES Conventions, or
under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the Wildlife Order (Northern Ireland) 1985
UK BAP Priority Species - Species which qualify for one or more of the following are priority species:
• species which are globally threatened
• species which are rapidly declining in the UK, i.e. by more than 50% in the last 25 years
Why a Kent BAP?

Article 6 of the Convention obliges the signatories to develop a national strategy or framework to
implement the key issues of the Convention. In response to this, the UK government consulted in
excess of 300 organisations, and the UK Biodiversity Steering Group was established. The Steering
Group established criteria for identifying the relevant species and habitats of concern, and as well as
national priorities, Local Authorities are responsible for protecting species of both national and regional
importance.
What are the Aims of the Kent BAP?

The Kent BAP reflects the UK BAP and has the following specific aims and objectives:
Goal: To conserve and enhance biological diversity in Kent and to contribute to the conservation of
national and global diversity.
Objectives:
1) To maintain and enhance:
• Overall populations and natural ranges of native species, and the quality and range of wildlife
habitats and ecosystems
• Internationally and nationally important and threatened species, habitats, and ecosystems,
• species, habitats and natural and managed ecosystems characteristic to Kent
• the biodiversity of natural and semi-natural habitats where this has diminished over recent
decades.
2) To increase public awareness of and involvement in conserving biodiversity.
3) To identify priorities for habitat and species conservation in Kent and set realistic targets and
timescales for these.
Part of this overall plan is Habitat Action Plans (HAPs) and Species Action Plans (SAPs), which detail
specific actions and targets. Further information can be obtained from the UK BAP document (see
www.ukbap.org.uk/), which is scheduled to be reviewed every 5 years.
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (and later amendments)

For details on the WCA 1981, please refer to the explanation on the cover sheet for the ‘Protected
Species Inventory’, or refer to www.naturenet.net/law/wcagen.html or www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1377
For details on the Bern Convention, please refer to the explanation on the cover sheet for the ‘Protected
Species Inventory’, or refer to www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/nature/Bern/default_en.asp.

For details on the Bonn Convention, please refer to the explanation on the cover sheet for the ‘Protected
Species Inventory’, or refer to http://www.cms.int/documents/convtxt/cms_convtxt.htm.
The EC Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (Habitats
Directive)
Species Inventory’, or http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
The EC Directive on Wild Birds (Birds Directive)

Although species listed on the Birds Directive are automatically listed on the UK BAP list, no birds are
listed in this section of the report. For details of UK BAP bird species, please refer to the Kent Bird
Report section of this report.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
Species Inventory’, or refer to www.cites.org/.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has for four decades been assessing the
conservation status of species, subspecies, varieties and even selected subpopulations on a global
scale in order to highlight taxa threatened with extinction, and therefore promote their conservation.
Species have been evaluated using categories and criteria to determine the relative risk of extinction,
and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a
higher risk of global extinction (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable).
The IUCN Red List also includes information on taxa that are categorized as Extinct or Extinct in the
Wild. For more information, please see www.redlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-
criteria/2001-categories-criteria
Categories
• Extinct - there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual of a species has died. A taxon is
presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate
times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual.
Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.
• Extinct in the Wild - a species is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a
naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct
in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times
(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual.
Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.
• Critically Endangered - a species is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence
indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see
www.redlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria/2001-categories-criteria), and it is
therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
• Endangered - a species is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets
any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see www.redlist.org/technical-documents/categories-
and-criteria/2001-categories-criteria), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk
of extinction in the wild.
• Vulnerable - a species is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets
any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see www.redlist.org/technical-documents/categories-
and-criteria/2001-categories-criteria), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of
extinction in the wild.
• Near Threatened - a species is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria
but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to
qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
• Least Concern - a species is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and
does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened.
Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
References
UK Biodiversity Action Plan website - www.ukbap.org.uk
Convention of Biological Diversity website – www.biodiv.org.uk
KCC website – www.kent.gov.uk
Joint Nature Conservation Committee – www.jncc.gov.uk
Codes and Abbreviations used in the BAP species inventory

• Bern I - protected under Appendix I of the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European
Wildlife and Natural Habitats
• Bern II - protected under Appendix II of the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European
• Bonn I - protected under Annex I of the Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals
• Bonn II - protected under Annex II of the Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals
• CITES - protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora
• ECH II NP - protected under Annex II of the European Communities Council Directive of the
Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild Fauna and Flora (Habitats Directive) - Non-priority
species
• ECH II P - protected under Annex II of the European Communities Council Directive of the
Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild Fauna and Flora (Habitats Directive) - Priority species
• ECH IV - protected under Annex IV of the European Communities Council Directive of the
Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild Fauna and Flora (Habitats Directive)
• IUCN_CE - listed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of
Threatened Species as critically endangered
• IUCN_E - listed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened
Species as endangered
• IUCN_LR - listed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of
Threatened Species as least concern (lower risk)
• IUCN_V - listed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened
Species as vulnerable
• IUCN_X - listed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened
Species as extinct
• IUCN_XW - listed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of
Threatened Species as extinct in the wild
• NRM - Nationally rare marine species
• NSM - Nationally scarce marine species
• UKBAP_P - Priority Species listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan
• WCA5 - species protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (animals
other than birds)
• WCA5(p) - species only partially protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act
1981 (animals other than birds)
• WCA8 - species protected under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (plants and
fungi)
Kent Bird Records
The Kent Ornithological Society database holds the majority of bird records for Kent. This database was
searched for records within the search area and due to the large number of records in the database a
summary of the search results is provided by default; details of individual records are available on request.
A search is done for all bird species, since:
• A site with a high density of common bird species may well represent an important site, and have a
greater conservation value than a site with a rare or protected bird species present, but with poor
species diversity.
• The inclusion of a full range of species’ records will provide an indication of the recording status of
the site in question. For example an area with a wide range of, not only species records, but also
recording dates, will indicate that the site is relatively well recorded.
It is very important to note that whilst a protected bird species have been recorded in a
particular area, this does not indicate that the species is still present. Equally, the absence
of a protected bird species from a list does not signify that it is not there, only that it has not
been recorded. Also, the following summary of legislation is designed purely as a basic
guide, and if any action be taken regarding any of the protected species listed, then it is
imperative that the full relevant legislation be consulted.
Bird species are usually the most recorded of all taxonomic groups, as many are easily identified, highly
visible / audible, and easily attracted to peoples’ gardens. Because of the great interest in birds, they have a
relatively high political profile, and consequently a number of species have high levels of protection. Many
species are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (WCA 1981), the Bern Convention 1979,
the Bonn Convention 1979, the Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna (CITES) 1975, and the EC Birds Directive 1979. It should be noted that not all species listed in the
above mentioned acts are equally protected; some species have higher status than others due to their rarity,
or the rarity of their habitat. For further information on species protection, please see www.defra.gov.uk and
www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1359.

This intergovernmental treaty aims to protect populations of migrating species and the habitats they use
from the threat of degradation or destruction. There are two main categories of species, listed below. Please
note that some species, particularly on Appendix II, are shown as having this designation because the
family they belong to is listed, but the species may be non-migratory and so the convention does not apply.
If the designation is for a sub-species that occurs in Kent then the designation is shown at species level. If in
any doubt please consult the convention documentation directly at www.cms.int.
Appendix I
This appendix lists endangered migratory species. Parties to the convention strive to protect species on this
list and they can only to be taken from the wild under a strict set of guidelines. Habitats that are used by
these species are to be protected (and restored if possible), obstacles preventing migration should be
removed or minimised, and any factors contributing to further endangerment of the species should be
controlled.
Appendix II
conservation, and any plans are agreed by all signatories
The EU Wildlife Trade Regulations (EC Cites)
Since 1984, the European Union (then the European Economic Community) has been implementing the
provisions of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) through the EC (EU) Wildlife Trade Regulations. CITES is aimed at controlling the international
trade on all species listed, which includes all parts or derivatives of those species. The provisions in the EU
Wildlife Trade Regulations go beyond CITES in a number of respects. There are four Annexes (A, B, C and
D) to the EU wildlife trade regulations, with Annex A giving the highest protection. Annexes A, B and C
largely correspond to Appendix I, II and III of CITES, but also contain some non-CITES-listed species that
are protected under EU internal legislation. For further information see www.cites.org and
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/home_en.htm.
incorporates the principle of sustainable development and particular emphasis is given to endangered and
vulnerable species, especially those species that are endemic. For further information, please see
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/104.htm.
Appendix II
This appendix lists strictly protected fauna. The Bern Convention places particular emphasis on migratory
species and their breeding and resting sites (see also Bonn Convention below). Listed fauna are required to
be strictly protected against deliberate killing, capture, damage/destruction of breeding and nesting sites,
disturbance, taking of eggs, trading (including parts and derivatives), etc. Various exceptions can be invoked
to avoid, for example, inappropriate situations arising over species that, although listed, are common and
widespread.
Appendix III
disappearance or serious disturbance to a species) and managed to keep them out of danger. The appendix
includes nearly all bird species not mentioned in Appendix II; only ‘pest’ species are not protected.
The EC Directive on Wild Birds (Birds Directive)

In 1979, the European Community adopted Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds
(the ‘Birds Directive’), in response to the 1979 Bern Convention on the conservation of European habitats
and species (the ‘Bern Convention’). The Directive sets broad objectives for a wide range of activities,
although the precise legal mechanisms for their achievement are at the discretion of each Member State (in
the UK delivery is via several different statutes). This Directive concerns the protection of not only wild birds,
but also their habitats. There are two Annexes (outlined below) which offer different levels of protection. For
further information on the Birds Directive, please see
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm.
Annex I
This Annex lists bird species that are either in danger of extinction, vulnerable to specific changes to their
habitat, considered rare due to small populations or restricted local distribution, or require attention due to
their specific nature of habitat. The Directive prohibits
• deliberate killing or capture
• deliberate destruction of, or damage to, their nests and eggs, or removal of their nests
• taking their eggs in the wild and keeping these eggs even if empty
• deliberate disturbance of these birds, particularly during the breeding and rearing period and keeping
birds belonging to species which may not be hunted or captured.
The EC Directive on Wild Birds (Birds Directive) - Continued
Annex II
This Annex lists bird species that may be hunted under national legislation, although not during the breeding
season. The hunting must not jeopardise conservation efforts, and the Directive bans all means,
arrangements or methods used for large-scale or non-selective capture or killing of birds, which may lead to
the local disappearance of a species.
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (and later amendments) is split into different Schedules defining
different levels of protection; those related to birds are outlined below. For further information on the WCA
1981, please see www.naturenet.net/law/wcagen.html and www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1377.
Schedule 1
Schedule 1 species are rare, endangered, declining or vulnerable species, and the Schedule is divided into
two parts. Part I lists 79 birds which receive special protection at all times. These birds receive additional
protection from disturbance at the nest. Part II lists only 3 birds that receive the same level of special
protection, but only during the breeding season. Note that Greylag goose is only protected under Schedule I
Part II in parts of Scotland, so the designation does not appear on KMBRC reports.
Schedules 2, 3 & 4
Birds on these lists do not have the protection of those species listed in Schedule 1, and so these
designations are not given in the Kent Bird Records report. Schedule 2 lists birds which may be killed or
taken outside the close season. Schedule 3 lists birds which may be sold under specific conditions.
Schedule 4 lists birds that must be ringed if kept in captivity. Please refer to the legislation for further details.
UK Biodiversity Action Plan

The UK List of Priority Species and Habitats contains 1150 species that have been listed as priorities for
conservation action under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP). Starting in 2005, the old UK BAP
priorities were reviewed and a new list called the UK List of Priority Species and Habitats was published in
2007 after adoption by the Governments of all four UK administrations. The species and habitats on this list
help guide conservation actions being taken by the four countries in the UK as part of the UK contribution to
the Convention on Biological Diversity. For further information please see www.ukbap.org.uk.
Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006

Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 require the listing of species “of
principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity” and therefore need to be taken into
consideration by a public body when performing any of its functions with a view to conserving biodiversity.
These are the species found in England which have been identified as requiring action under the UK BAP
(note that taxa such as Greenland white-fronted Goose which do not regularly occur in England are not
included). In addition, the Hen Harrier has also been included on the list because without continued
conservation action it is unlikely that the Hen Harrier population will increase from its current very low levels
in England. For further information please see
www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/biodiversity/protectandmanage/habsandspeciesimportance.aspx
Birds of Conservation Concern 3 (Red and Amber Lists)
The UK’s leading bird conservation organisations worked together to produce the third quantitative review of
the population status of regularly occurring British birds in 2009, updating the previous review in 2002.
Species were assessed against the objective criteria below; 52 species met at least one of the Red list
criteria and were placed on the Red list, 126 met at least one of the Amber list criteria and were placed on
the Amber list and the remaining 68 species were placed on the Green list. Species on the Green list are
those of low conservation concern, whereas those within the Red and Amber lists are of high and medium
conservation concern respectively. Assessment was also taken of regularly occurring races, an approach
that allows conservation action below the level of species. The race designation is indicated in addition to
the species designation for races occurring in Kent where the race has a higher conservation concern than
the parent species.
Red list criteria
• Globally threatened according to IUCN criteria.
• Historical population decline in UK during 1800-1995.
• Severe (≥50%) decline in UK breeding population over last 25 years or since 1969.
• Severe (≥50%) decline in UK non-breeding population over last 25 years or since 1969.
• Severe (≥50%) contraction of UK breeding range over last 25 years or since 1969.
Amber list criteria
• Species of European Conservation Concern (SPEC).
• Historical population decline during 1800-1995, but recovering; population size has more than
doubled over last 25 years.
• Moderate (25≥p<50%) decline in UK breeding population over last 25 years or since 1969.
• Moderate (25≥p<50%) decline in UK non-breeding population over last 25 years or since 1969.
• Moderate (25≥p<50%) contraction in UK breeding range over last 25 years or since 1969.
• UK breeding population of <300 pairs or non-breeding population or <900 individuals.
• ≥50% of UK breeding or non-breeding population found on ≤10 sites
• ≥20% of European breeding or non-breeding population found in the UK
For further information please see www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/status_explained.aspx or consult:
Eaton MA, Brown AF, Noble DG, Musgrove AJ, Hearn R, Aebischer NJ, Gibbons DW, Evans A and Gregory RD (2009) Birds of
Conservation Concern 3: the population status of birds in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. British Birds
102, pp296–341. Available at www.britishbirds.co.uk/BoCC3final.pdf.
Kent Red Data Book Species

The Kent Red Data Book (KRDB) is a list of species that are rare or threatened in Kent. The standard
criteria used in KRDB species determination was deemed unsuitable for bird records due to their ecology.
Kent Ornithological Society were consulted with the aim of identifying those species that are rare or
localised in the county, and those for which Kent holds a significant proportion of wider populations, while
also taking species’ national status into account. Further information on the status of each species within
Kent can be found by consulting the book, available at www.kent.gov.uk/publications/environment/kent-red-data-
book.htm.
For breeding birds, the KRDB list includes:
• species for which Kent holds >15% of the British population
• species that breed in 20 or fewer 2km tetrads in Kent
• county rare species (25 or fewer breeding pairs in Kent)
• nationally rare species (<1000 breeding pairs in Britain)
• nationally localised species (breeding in <15% of hectads (10km x 10km squares) in Britain
• Red list Birds of Conservation Concern (RSPB, 1996)
• BTO high alert species (Crick, 1998)
Kent Red Data Book Species - Continued
For wintering birds, the KRDB list includes:
• species for which Kent holds >20% of the British population
• species for which Kent holds >4% of the relevant international population (Western Europe or East
Atlantic flyway)
The KRDB list excludes:
• occasional breeding species (species that have bred in fewer than half of recent years)
• wintering species with small national populations (e.g. Smew and Greenshank)
• non-native species (including feral Greylag Goose)
• Feral Pigeon (unreliable data)
Grading has been carried out as follows:

• KRDB1 - breeding species with 25 pairs or fewer in Kent
• KRDB2 - breeding species with more than 25 pairs in Kent but red-listed for their breeding decline
(RSPB, 1996) - but not the ‘high-alert’ species
• KRDB3 - the remaining species on our KRDB list (including the ‘high-alert’ species and wintering
KRDB species)
Codes and Abbreviations used in the Kent Bird Records report (see above for more information)
• BAP – priority species listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (August 2007).
• Berne:A2; Berne:A3 – protected under Annex II or III respectively of the Bern Convention on the
Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
• BoCC3:Red; BoCC3:Amber – Species of High or Medium Conservation Concern respectively
• Bonn:A1; Bonn:A2 – protected under Annex I or II respectively of the Bonn Convention on the
Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
• ECCITES:A; ECCITES:B; ECCITES:C – trade restricted according to EC Wildlife Trade Regulations
under Annex A, B or C respectively.
• BirdsDir:A1 – protected under the EC Council Directive of the Conservation of Wild Birds (Birds
Directive) Annex I.
• BirdsDir:A2.1; BirdsDir:A2.2 – managed hunting permitted under the EC Council Directive of the
Conservation of Wild Birds (Birds Directive) Annex II in all member states (2.1) and some member
states (2.2) with respect to national legislation.
• KRDB1; KRDB2; KRDB3 – Considered endangered, vulnerable or rare in Kent respectively,
according to the Kent Red Data Book county criteria.
• S41 - Species which are of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity in England, listed
according to Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006.
• WCA1 - species listed on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
Kent Red Data Book Species Inventory
Information contained on the Inventory

The Kent Red Data Book (KRDB) (Waite, 2000) was compiled by Kent Wildlife Trust, Kent County Council,
Natural England (Kent Team), Maidstone Museum and local specialist recorders. Hard copies of this book
are no longer available to purchase, but it is available as a pdf download from the Kent County Council
website (see below for details). Hard copies are available for viewing at the Kent Wildlife Trust
Headquarters, Local Authority Offices, and Local Libraries.
It was envisaged that the main users of the book would be professional ecologists, land managers,
interested amateur naturalists and planning authorities. As the book contains the Kent distribution and
status of nationally and locally rare species, the Kent and Medway Biological Records Centre decided to
provide details of occurrences of these species within a specified search area upon request.
Species on the inventory include all those located within Kent that are listed on the UK Biodiversity Action
Plan, national Red Data lists, nationally ‘Notable’ and ‘Scarce’ species, the Bern Convention, the Bonn
Convention, the EC Birds Directive, the EC Habitats Directive, or are considered a local rarity by local
naturalists. In the past, it has been the practice to determine the status of vascular plants by the number of
2km x 2km National Grid squares (or ‘tetrads’) in which they occur in the county. A county rarity was a plant
that occurred in 10 or fewer of the 1044 tetrads which comprise the county of Kent. It was decided to extend
this rationale to other species, whilst appreciating the need to take into account other factors, such as rate of
decline (or spread), the dependence of a species on a threatened habitat, or species with limited
distribution. County status has therefore been given as :-
• KRDB1 - species that have been recorded in 1-2 tetrads only
• KRDB2 - species that have been recorded in 3-5 tetrads or, if more than this, where the species is
considered to be undergoing a significant decline
• KRDB3 - species that have been recorded in 6-10 tetrads
• KRDBK - species known to be rare in Kent, but where insufficient information is available to enable
any further division
Bat Records
As with birds, the standard criteria for KRDB selection was deemed unsuitable for bat records due to the
amount of information on bat populations. All British bats and their roosts are protected by law under the
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the Conservation (Natural Habitats, etc.) Regulations1994.
Consequently, all bat species have been included on the KRDB list; the criteria being based upon the
national criteria outlined in the UK Bat Action Plan (Hutson, 1993). These are as follows:
• KRDB1 - E (Endangered): species in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if those
factors responsible continue to operate
• KRDB2 - V (Vulnerable): species believed likely to move into the ‘Endangered’ category in the near
future if those factors responsible continue to operate
• KRDB3 - R (Rare): species with a small population that is not at present ‘Endangered’ or ‘Vulnerable’
but is at risk
Of all records located on the KRDB species inventory, certain species may be very localised and well
known. Consequently, the number of records within a certain area may be relatively high, and thus only the
most recent record will be displayed on a list produced for an area.
References
- Crick, H., 1998, The BTO’s Danger List: warning to Government about 40 species, BTO News, 218:16
- Hutson, A.M., 1993, Action Plan for the Conservation of Bats in the United Kingdom, The Bat Conservation Trust
- KCC Website - www.kent.gov.uk/environment/careenv/safeguarding/biodiversity/redbook.html
- RSPB, 1996, Birds of Conservation Concern in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man, Royal Society
for the Protection of Birds, Sandy
- Waite, A. (ed.), 2000, The Kent Red Data Book: A Provisional Guide to the Rare and Threatened Flora and Fauna of
Kent, Kent County Council
Codes and Abbreviations used in the KRDB species inventory
• Bern - protected under the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural
Habitats
• Bonn - protected under the Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild
Animals
Fauna and Flora
• End. - species endemic to UK and/or Kent
• ECB - protected under the European Communities Council Directive of the Conservation of Wild
Birds (Birds Directive)
• ECH - protected under the European Communities Council Directive of the Conservation of Natural
Habitats and Wild Fauna and Flora (Habitats Directive)
• KRDB1 - county criteria: Endangered in Kent (see above for further details)
• KRDB2 - county criteria: Vulnerable in Kent (see above for further details)
• KRDB3 - county criteria: Rare in Kent (see above for further details)
• KRDB4 - (flies only) species which have been assigned RDB1, 2, 3, or K status nationally and which
are now known from more than 10 discrete sites within Kent
• KRDBK - species of county importance: no further breakdown has been possible
• KRDBX - species considered to be extinct in Kent
• N - nationally notable, but not separated into ‘A’ or ‘B’
• Na - Notable A species (occurring in fewer than 30 10km squares nationally)
• Nb - Notable B species (occurring in fewer than 100 10km squares nationally)
• NR - nationally rare species (occurring in 15 or fewer 10km squares)
• NS - nationally scarce (occurring in 16-100 10km squares)
• pRDB - species provisionally to be included in national RDB updates
• pRDBEN - Provisional Red Data Book Endangered status (IUCN threat categories)
• pRDBLRnt - Provisional Red Data Book Lower Risk nationally threatened status (IUCN threat
categories)
• pRDBVU - Provisional Red Data Book Vulnerable status (IUCN threat categories)
• RDB - species listed in the relevant national RDB
• RDB1 - species listed in the relevant RDB: endangered
• RDB2 - species listed in the relevant RDB: vulnerable
• RDB3 - species listed in the relevant RDB: rare
• RDBCR - Red Data Book: Critically Endangered (IUCN threat categories)
• RDBEN - Red Data Book: Endangered (IUCN threat categories)
• RDBI - Red Data Book: Indeterminate (known to be RDB; not separated into category)
• RDBK - Red Data Book (insufficient information to enable a further breakdown)
• RDBLRns - Red Data Book: Lower Risk nationally scarce (IUCN threat categories)
• RDBLRnt - Red Data Book: Lower Risk near threatened (IUCN threat categories)
• RDBVU - Red Data Book: Vulnerable (IUCN threat categories)
• RDBX - listed in the relevant RDB: believed extinct
• UKBAP P - Priority Species listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan
• WCA1 - species listed on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Birds)
• WCA5 - species listed on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (animals other than
birds)
• WCA8 - species listed on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (plants and fungi)
LOCAL WILDLIFE SITES AND ROADSIDE
NATURE RESERVES IN KENT
REQUEST FOR COPIES OF SITE SCHEDULES
Kent Wildlife Trust maintains detailed schedules for each of the Local Wildlife Sites (LWS, previously known as Sites
of Nature Conservation Interest or SNCIs) in Kent and Medway. Each schedule consists of a site map, background
information on the site name, location and status, and a description of the site and its special interest. An information
sheet on LWSs can be down loaded from our website. We are also able to supply the schedules for the 140+ Roadside
Nature Reserves (RNRs) in Kent.
Copies of Local Wildlife Site or Roadside Nature Reserve schedules can be made available upon receipt of a completed
Request Form, either by post, fax or e-mail with an electronic signature (addresses below). Before filling out the form,
you are advised to read the accompanying information. Please note that no detailed biological records can be made
available by post, and, in accordance with Data Protection legislation, we are unable to supply personal information
relating to landowners. The Local Wildlife Site schedules are available as PDF files as well as paper copies.
Schedules can be supplied for specific sites, where names, locations or site reference codes are known. The Kent
County Council web site www.kent.gov.uk/klis may help you find which of the sites you require but please beware the
LWS site boundaries shown are not always the latest updates. We are also able to undertake a search of any delimited
area within the county and supply schedules for any Local Wildlife Sites which fall within the area. In the latter case,
you will be contacted prior to the supply of any schedules in order to confirm (a) the number of Local Wildlife Sites
concerned, and (b) the fee payable for supplying all relevant schedules.
In order to cover the costs of maintaining and administering the systems, and providing copies of site schedules, a fee is
charged for each schedule supplied or where the customer requires a letter confirming that there are no sites within a
search area. This fee may, in exceptional circumstances, be reduced or waived at the discretion of the Kent Wildlife
Trust. The current fee for each LWS schedule or letter is £30 plus VAT and for each RNR schedule it is £10 plus VAT.
You will be invoiced for payment, and no money should be sent in advance.
Applicant’s name: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Organisation: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Address: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC):
Margate and Long Sands
SAC Selection Assessment
Version 2.5
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Margate and Long Sands SAC Selection Assessment: Version 2.5 Page 1 of 24
06/08/2010
Version Control
Version date Amendments made Issued to and date

th
2.5 06/08/2010 Text amendment for pSAC to Submission to Europe (9 August
cSAC status 2010).
th
2.4 14 May 2010 Minor text amendments Natural England Executive Board
th
14 May 2010
th
2.3 29 April 2010 New map and text amendments Director of Marine and Director of
External Affairs; 10 May 2010
th
2.2 27 April 2010 Text Amendments Internal review
th
2.1 26 April 2010 Text amendments Internal review
2.0 April 2010 Text amendments following Internal review
consultation
1.0 December 2009 Drafted for Exec Board and Publically available at start of
submission to Defra for approval informal dialogue July 2009;
for formal consultation. formal consultation November
2009.
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1. Introduction
This document provides detailed information about the Margate and Long Sands candidate SAC
(cSAC) and evaluates its interest features according to the Habitats Directive selection criteria and
guiding principles.
The advice contained within this document is produced to fulfil requirements of Natural England
under the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, relating to the conservation of
natural habitat types and species through identification of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in
UK waters. Under these Regulations, Natural England is required to provide advice to Defra to
enable the Secretary of State and Competent Authorities to fulfil their obligations under the
Regulations.
Sites eligible for designation as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) are selected on the basis of
the criteria set out in Annex III (Stage 1) to the Habitats Directive and relevant scientific
information. SACs are considered only if they host a Habitats Directive Annex I habitat or Annex II
species. Socio-economic factors are not taken into account in the identification of sites to be
proposed to the European Commission1.
In addition to information on the Annex I habitats, this document contains i) a chart of the site, ii)
its name, location and extent, iii) the data resulting from application of the criteria specified in
Annex III (Stage 1) to the Habitats Directive and iv) a glossary of terms mentioned in the text.
Natural England has adhered to the format established by the Commission for providing site
information. This format is set out in the „Natura 2000 Standard data form‟ (Commission of the
European Community, 1995) (prepared by the European Topic Centre for Biodiversity and Nature
Conservation on behalf of the European Commission to collect standardised information on SACs
throughout Europe).
1
Following European Court of Justice „First Corporate Shipping‟ judgement C-371/98 (7 November 2000)
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2. Margate and Long Sands: SAC Selection Assessment
1. Site name 2. Site centre location

Degrees and minutes 1° 22' 12"E 51° 33' 55"N
Margate and Long Sands Decimal degrees 1.37011 ° E 51.56536°N
(Datum: WGS84)
3. Site surface area 4. Biogeographic region
64914 ha; 649 sq km Atlantic

(UTM Zone 31 Northern
hemisphere WGS84)
3. Interest feature(s) under the EU Habitats Directive
This site is listed for the features set out below. For further information please see European
Commission, DG Environment, (2007): Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats. EUR 27,
July 2007:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/docs/2007_07_im.pdf
1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time
1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide (non qualifying).
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4. Map of candidate SAC boundary2
2
Larger copies of maps are available on request from Natural England, Regulatory Services, Floor 1 West, Northminster House,
Peterborough. PE1 1UA
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06/08/2010
Point No Lat Long
1 51º 50' 55'' 1º 40' 24''
2 51º 48' 42'' 1º 42' 40''
3 51º 44' 6'' 1º 39' 40''
4 51º 41' 48'' 1º 33' 23''
5 51º 39' 1'' 1º 32' 2''
6 51º 33' 8'' 1º 25' 20''
7 51º 27' 37'' 1º 25' 11''
8 51º 27' 34'' 1º 25' 56''
9 51º 27' 22'' 1º 27' 2''
10 51º 26' 56'' 1º 28' 15''
11 51º 26' 15'' 1º 28' 15''
12 51º 25' 38'' 1º 26' 33''
13 51º 25' 24'' 1º 24' 21''
14 51º 25' 22'' 1º 21' 58''
15 51º 23' 53'' 1º 22' 2''
16 51º 23' 8'' 1º 9' 49''
17 51º 28' 14'' 1º 8' 6''
18 51º 29' 45'' 1º 7' 50''
19 51º 30' 24'' 1º 3' 44''
20 51º 30' 44'' 1º 3' 37''
21 51º 34' 1'' 1º 12' 43''
22 51º 34' 12'' 1º 14' 8''
23 51º 36' 33'' 1º 18' 57''
24 51º 36' 41'' 1º 20' 20''
25 51º 41' 23'' 1º 28' 4''
26 51º 42' 26'' 1º 28' 46''
27 51º 46' 53'' 1º 34' 11''
5. Site summary
Margate and Long Sands starts to the north of the Thanet coast of Kent and proceeds in a north-
easterly direction to the outer reaches of the Thames Estuary. It contains a number of
Annex I Sandbanks slightly covered by seawater at all times, the largest of which is Long Sands
itself. The sandbanks are composed of well-sorted sandy sediments, with muddier and more
gravelly sediments in the troughs between banks, and the upper crests of some of the larger banks
dry out at low tide (see section 7.2). The banks are tidally-influenced estuary mouth sandbanks,
the southern banks aligned approximately east-west in the direction of tidal currents entering the
Thames Estuary from the English Channel whereas Long Sand is aligned in a north east - south
west orientation with influence from the North Sea. In common with all sandbanks the structure of
the banks is dynamic and there have been significant movements of the bank edges over time.
The fauna of the bank crests is characteristic of species-poor, mobile sand environments, and is
dominated by polychaete worms and amphipods. Within the troughs and on the bank slopes a
higher diversity of polychaetes, crustacea, molluscs and echinoderms are found. Mobile epifauna
includes crabs and brown shrimp, along with squid and commercially important fish species such
as sole and herring. Although this site is being put forward for designation on the basis of the
presence of Sandbank Annex I interest feature, there is a significant amount of the reef-forming
ross worm (Sabellaria spinulosa) at this site, which when formed as a reef qualifies as an Annex I
habitat (biogenic reef). However, the available data indicate that the distribution of S. spinulosa is
patchy, or that the aggregations form crusts rather than reefs. Areas of high S. spinulosa density
support a diverse attached epifauna of bryozoans, hydroids, sponges and tunicates, and additional
fauna including polychaetes, bivalves, amphipods, crabs and lobsters. These diverse communities
are usually found on the flanks of the sandbanks and towards the troughs.
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5.1 Margate and Long Sands cSAC Annex I Habitat Comparison
This site is located within the Southern North Sea Regional Sea (Defra, 2004). Listed below (Table
5.1) are existing SACs and cSACs within the same area that also contain sandbanks as a
qualifying Annex I habitat. A brief summary of the type of sandbank at each location is included. A
number of sites for sandbanks in the Southern North Sea Regional Sea are proposed for
designation in order to ensure sufficient sandbank habitat is represented with the Natura 2000
network of sites for the UK, and because sandbank habitat in UK waters is located primarily in the
southern North Sea and Irish Sea. Several sites are proposed also to ensure representation of the
range of sub-types of this habitat within the SAC network. The different sites represent different
sub-types of sandbank habitat, from sheltered estuarine and sandbanks, vegetated sandbanks, to
different physiographic types associated with headlands, and offshore shelf sandbanks. Each has
a slightly different range of sediment types, salinity and exposure to tides and wave action which
results in different ranges of associated biological communities.
Table 5.1 Regional SACs comprising sandbank habitat
Site Description of relevant qualifying features

The Wash and North One of the largest expanses of inshore sublittoral sandbanks in the UK,
Norfolk Coast SAC and representative example of this habitat type on the more sheltered
east coast of England. Headland associated, estuary mouth sandbanks
and sandy mounds are all found at this site. The sandbanks vary in
composition from coarse gravely sand to muddy sand, and some support
eelgrass beds. Salinity is variable/reduced and coastal influence is
strong. Benthic communities on sandflats in the deeper, central part of the
Wash are particularly diverse (brittlestar beds, polychaete Lanice
conchilega, and the bivalve Angulus tenuis are present). The banks also
provide nursery grounds for commercial fish species.
Essex Estuaries SAC Estuary mouth sandbanks in variable/reduced salinity and subject to
strong coastal influence. These subtidal sandbanks are unvegetated and
composed of gravely and muddy sand.
Humber Estuary SAC Estuary mouth sandbanks in variable/reduced salinity and subject to
strong coastal influence. These subtidal sandbanks are unvegetated and
composed of muddy sand.
North Norfolk The North Norfolk Sandbanks are the most extensive example of the
sandbanks and Saturn offshore linear ridge sandbank type in UK waters (Graham et al, 2001).
reef cSAC They are subject to a range of current strengths which are strongest on
the banks closest to shore and which reduce offshore (Collins et al, 1995).
The outer banks are the best example of open sea, tidal sandbanks in a
moderate current strength in UK waters. The banks support communities
of invertebrates which are typical of sandy sediments in the southern
North Sea.
Dogger Bank pSAC The Dogger Bank is the largest single continuous expanse of shallow
sandbank in UK waters and was formed through glacial processes and
submergence through sea-level rise. Its location in open sea exposes the
bank to substantial wave energy and prevents colonisation of the sand by
vegetation. Sediments range from fine sands containing many shell
fragments on top of the bank to muddy sands at greater depths
supporting invertebrate communities characterised by polychaete worms.
Sand eels are an important prey resource found at the bank supporting a
variety of species including fish, seabirds and cetacean.
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Inner Dowsing, Race The site contains a number of alternating ridge headland associated
Bank and North Ridge sandbanks. Inner Dowsing to the west of the site is a single large
sandbanks cSAC sandbank whereas the Race Bank/North Ridge to the east forms a series
of sinuous sandbanks. A significant amount of Sabellaria spinulosais
found in the troughs of these sandbanks along with a high diversity of
attached epifauna such as bryozoans, hydroids, sponges and tunicates.
This site is also being recommended for biogenic reef (Sabellaria
spinulosa) interest feature.
Haisborough, The main sandbank ridge is composed of alternating ridge headland
Hammond and associated sandbanks in a characteristic S-formation. The sandy
Winterton cSAC sediments within the site are very mobile in the strong tidal currents.
Infauna of the sandy bank tops are consequently impoverished, and made
up of communities which are able to withstand dynamic sediment
environments. On the flanks of the banks, and towards the troughs,
sediments tend to be slightly more stable and gravelly and are dominated
by diverse infaunal and epifaunal communities.
6. Site boundary and feature characterisation
6.1. Sandbanks
The Margate and Long Sands sandbanks were mapped initially based on work carried out for
Natural England by Entec (Entec UK LTD, 2008a) based on data obtained from sources such as
windfarm and aggregate surveys, some dedicated survey, and modelling.
After this work new data become available from SeaZone Digital Survey Bathymetry (DSB),
digitised through funding from the Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (MALSF) Regional
Environmental Characterisation (REC) studies (SeaZone Solutions Ltd, 2009). Other new sources
of information included surveys from aggregate licence areas.
The DSB datasets from SeaZone provided good spatial coverage of Margate and Long Sands
cSAC. From this data, a more accurate delineation of Annex I sandbank features was possible by
undertaking a slope analysis in GIS. Guidance by Klein (2006) on delineating sandbanks was
followed (the „Klein methodology‟ was also used by Germany and the JNCC to identify sandbank in
the Dogger Bank). This involved using a slope angle of 0.5° for delineating the edges of the bank
features. The main bank structures themselves were easily identifiable by viewing the 1° slope
layer alongside the 0.5° slope layer. Once identified, these sandbank features were cross-
referenced with sedimentological data to confirm that they consisted of sandy sediment, as defined
in the Annex I sandbank definition (Commission of the European Community, 2007).
The slope analysis for this site showed that Long Sands Head extends out further north east than
previously modelled (Entec UK LTD, 2008a). The eastern side of Long Sands bank was better
delineated after reference to the DSB data. Tizard Bank and Knob Shoal were found to be part of
the main Long Sands bank and have extended the site boundary further inshore. The banks either
side of Princes Channel were better defined using the slope analysis showing them joining up to
the east and extending further east than previously modelled. Margate Sands was also better
delineated and was shown to extend further east than previously modelled. The crescent shaped
bank that was previously modelled by Entec UK LTD (2008a) to the east of Margate Sands was
not mapped with the slope analysis, nor were a number of small banks previously modelled by
Entec on Kentish Flats. The new data showed that these were not topographically distinct from the
seabed and therefore not sandbanks.
6.2. Mapping the site boundary
The site boundary was delineated by following the JNCC guidance for boundary setting (JNCC,
2008, Appendix 1). The key parts of this guidance are that the site boundary should be defined as
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simply as possible with a minimum number of straight lines, and should include the minimum area
necessary to ensure protection for the Annex I habitat of interest. More complex shapes drawn
more tightly around feature of interest are favoured over simple square/rectangular boundaries, to
reduce the area of „non-interest-feature‟ included within the site boundary. Where it is justified to
protect the features of the site from the effects of mobile gear on the seabed at some distance from
a vessel on the surface, a margin in proportion to the water depth may be added to the extent of
the feature when defining the site boundary. The cSAC contains Annex I sandbanks at depths of
predominantly <25m BCD. Therefore, a margin of 100m was used around each sandbank feature
except where a straight line between two points was the more sensible option to avoid an
overcomplicated boundary following the guidance.
In the Margate and Long Sands site, the boundary line has been drawn to include the flanks of the
banks and the intervening troughs as well as the area of Annex I habitat sandbank. The flanks and
troughs have been included as they are important for the structure and function of the section of
sandbank. The boundary encloses the main Margate Sand and Long Sand sandbank as well as a
number of smaller Annex I sandbanks in the vicinity. Princes Channel has been included within
the site boundary as it forms a narrow divide between the southern banks and Long Sand, but is
not considered to be of qualifying interest, but important in terms of maintaining structure of the
sandbanks.
Further information on the mobility of Long Sands Head was contained in recent reports from the
Crown Estate and the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (Burningham & French, 2009; UKHO
2009, 2010). These indicated that the northern extent of Long Sands Head had increased by 4.5
km over 180 years up to 2003 and, most recently, the rate of increase has been much higher; a
550m extension in the four years between 2005 and 2009.
To account for this, the current rate of extension has been assumed to continue for the next ten
years, after which it is assumed that the historical rate will resume. The boundary margin in the
region of Long Sands Head has, therefore, been set at 2.5km. Margate Sands is also moving east
(Burningham & French, 2009) and the boundary has been drawn to allow for this movement. It is,
therefore, considered that the sandbanks are sufficiently stable to remain within the defined
boundary line for the foreseeable future.
7. Assessment of interest feature(s) against selection criteria
A full explanation of the application of the site selection criteria can be found on JNCC‟s website at
www.jncc.gov.uk/page-4165.
7.1 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time
Annex III selection criteria (Stage 1A):
7.1.1 Representativity (a)
Margate and Long Sands encompasses a number of non-vegetated sublittoral estuary mouth
sandbanks which lie broadly parallel to the north coast of Kent (Dyer & Huntley, 1999). The
structure of the banks are influenced by North Sea and English Channel tides entering the Thames
estuary, although are likely to receive inputs from the north Kent coast. The banks are
predominantly composed of sand, with more gravelly and silty sediments towards the edges and in
the troughs. The banks are in full salinity water. Trough areas between the sandbanks lie in
approximately 10-20m depth of water, and some crest areas are exposed above chart datum. The
position of the sandbanks appears to be relatively stable over time (UKHO, 2007; Burningham &
French 2009); although Long Sand demonstrates a more dynamic sediment environment with
sediment moving in a clockwise direction around the bank with ripples and sandwaves present
(UKHO, 2006).
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The fauna of the sandbanks is generally low diversity polychaete-amphipod communities which are
typical of mobile sandy sediments. This is particularly true of the shallower sections of bank crests,
although slightly higher diversity communities are found on the deeper sections of the banks. In
the gravelly substrates in the troughs, more diverse communities of infauna and epifauna are
present. Troughs between sandbanks, particularly the Queens Channel, support richer
communities of echinoderms, crustacea and bivalve molluscs, as well as abundant infauna and
aggregations of ross worm (Sabellaria spinulosa). These aggregations do not appear to form
distinct reef structures. The area is known to be a spawning and nursery ground for a number of
species of fish, including sole (Solea solea) and herring (Clupea harengus).
The sandbanks present in the Wash and North Norfolk Coast SAC are the only other
representatives of estuary mouth associated sandbanks in English territorial waters within this
region of the Southern North Sea. The Outer Thames Estuary associated sandbanks such as
Margate and Long Sands differ from the Wash sandbanks as a result of being weakly influenced
by coastal erosional-based inputs. They are also comprised of more mobile, sandy sediments than
those within The Wash and its approaches. These considerations mean that the Margate and
Long Sand demonstrate high representativity of this sub-type of sandbank, estuary mouth
associated banks.
The Margate and Long Sands site is graded A (excellent representativity)
7.1.2 Area of habitat (b)
The area of Margate and Long Sands Annex I sandbank habitat within the site, based on slope
analysis, occupies 41,017 ha. The majority of this habitat area is in waters shallower than 20m.
The evaluation of relative surface area is approximate as it is not possible to calculate an accurate
total extent figure for Annex I shallow sandbank habitat for UK waters. A best minimum estimate,
based on the mapped area of sandy sediments in less than 20m water depth, of 1,720,000
hectares has been used to assess area of habitat, as these areas will always be part of the Annex I
habitat. This figure gives the following thresholds for the grades of this criterion (CEC, 1995):
A – extents between 258,000 and 1,720,000 ha (15-100% of total resource)

B – extents between 34,400 and 258,000 ha (2-15% of total resource)
C – extents less than 34,400 ha (0-2% of total resource)
Margate and Long Sands Annex I sandbank habitat occupies a minimum area of 40,008 ha (based
on the area of sandy sediments within the 20m contour, Chart Datum). This value is equivalent to
2.32% of the UK total resource (based on the area of sandy sediments within the 20m contour,
CD) and is graded B.
The actual area of sandbank feature can extend below the 20m depth contour (CEC, 2007).
Therefore an additional maximum estimate of UK sandbank resource has been calculated based
on the mapped area of sandy sediments in less than 50m water depth that adjoin areas of sandy
sediment in less than 20m water depth. This figure of 8,010,000 hectares is an over-estimate used
to provide an additional assessment of area of habitat, and is under review. This figure gives the
following thresholds for the grades of this criterion (CEC, 1995):
A – extents between 1,201,500 and 8,010,000 ha (15-100% of total resource)

B – extents between 160,200 and 1,201,500 ha (2-15% of total resource)
C – extents less than 160,200 ha (0-2% of total resource)
Margate and Long Sands Annex I sandbank habitat occupies a maximum area of 41,017 ha
(based on the actual area of Annex I sandbank habitat, which extends deeper than 20m). This
value is equivalent to 0.51% of the UK total resource (based on the area of sandy sediments within
the 50m contour, CD) and is graded C.
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06/08/2010
As the majority (98%) of the Margate and Long Sands Annex I sandbank habitat is present within
the 20m depth contour then it is deemed appropriate to use the minimum UK total resource figure
for the site selection assessment.
The site therefore contains between 2-15% of the national Annex I sandbank resource, and
is graded B.
7.1.3 Conservation of structure and functions (c)
Degree of conservation structure

There are a number of activities occurring in the area which may affect the physical and biological
structure of sandbanks within the site boundary. These activities are described further in Entec
(2008b).
One of the primary anthropogenic modifications to the physical structure of these sandbanks is
dredging activity conducted to keep channels navigable. Princes Channel was deepened in two
phases between 2003 and 2006 (Port of London Authority, 2007), and is one of the main approach
channels to the Port of London from the south. This operation was found to cause localised
changes to hydrodynamic properties of the areas immediately adjacent to the Channel, but will not
affect areas outside (Port of London Authority, 2004). Around 60% of vessel movements related to
the Port of London travel through this channel, including cargo vessels, aggregate dredgers, cross-
channel ferries and small tankers (Port of London Authority, 2004). There may be a requirement
for ongoing maintenance dredging in Princes Channel, the impact of which is unknown, but is
envisaged to be localised. There is also a sand placement site in the deeper water of North
Edinburgh Channel where dredged material from Princes channel was placed in 2006 and 2008.
An offshore windfarm has planning consent for construction on part of Long Sands. The
installation and operation of this wind farm could possibly result in modification to the structure of
the sandbank as a result of the piling of turbine bases and the installation of cabling. The onshore
cable route would run through the Queens Channel and Knock Deep. The area of sandbank
occupied by the windfarm compared to the entire extent of the sandbanks will be very small
(0.001% of Long Sand area in total (RPS Group PLC, 2005)) and the Environmental Statement
deemed construction activities not to have a significant impact on the sandbank habitat (RPS
Group PLC, 2005).
Licensed aggregate extraction areas are located off the northern tip of the site outside of the
boundary and partially within the site at the north east. The area of coincidence between the
licence area and sandbank could result in a direct impact associated with extraction. However the
aggregate dredging activity is focussed on gravel extraction and any migration of sandbank across
the gravel resource will exclude the extraction operations (this can be verified via observations of
dredging activity using electronic vessel monitoring system). The nature of the extraction may
cause a sediment plume on to the site, creating turbidity increases on benthic communities within
the site. However the sandbank communities are adapted to frequent erosion and accretion of
sediment, and their sensitivity to such turbidity changes is considered to be low and the turbidity is
unlikely to exceed natural background suspended sediment concentrations (Hitchcock &
Drucker,1996; Newell et al, 1998; CIRIA, 2000; Newell et al, 2002).
Fishing activity within the Margate and Long Sands boundary includes set and drift-net
trammelling, drift gill netting, and a limited amount of beam trawling for sole (primarily carried out at
in the troughs between banks and on the slopes of banks, as the bank crests are generally too
shallow to allow trawling) (RPS Group PLC, 2005, Wiggins & Griffiths, 2006). Suction dredging for
cockles is carried out on mudflats off the Kent coast and is not considered to have a long term
impact on the structure of the sandbanks and the communities which they support due to the
mobile nature of the sandbanks, being resilient to the re-suspension of sediment (Bell & Walker,
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2005; Elliott et al, 1998). Trawling intensity within the Margate Sands area is considered to be
medium to low (BMT Cordah, 2003), and much of the Long Sands area is too shallow to allow
trawling, although it is known to occur in the deeper channels (RPS Group PLC, 2005).
The Margate and Long Sands site is graded III (average or partly degraded structure).
Degree of conservation of functions

Apart from the north east extension of long sands head (Burningham & French 2009, UKHO 2009,
2010) there is no evidence for the migration of the sandbanks within the Margate and Long Sands
site in any one particular direction over time (RPS Group PLC, 2005). In the absence of
anthropogenic disturbance the physical structure of the sandbank system is likely to change
slightly, but it is not likely that the sandbank will lose its Annex I characteristics. The biological
communities on the sandbank are adapted to a highly mobile sediment environment, and are
therefore not likely to be affected by long-term natural changes in the sandbank structure. The
functioning of the site may be affected by maintenance dredging of Princes Channel. Maintenance
dredging is recognised as essential to the safety and continued operation of ports, harbours and
marinas, and has been going on for many years in most locations and European sites were, in
many cases, designated with these operations already taking place (Defra, 2007). The prospects
of this feature to maintain its structure in the future, taking into account known pressures and
management of activities through appropriate mechanisms, are good (e.g. Defra, 2007).
The Margate and Long Sands site is graded II (good prospects).
Restoration possibilities
Margate Sand has not been damaged according to the assessment criteria. The Long Sands
sandbank has not been demonstrated to be excessively damaged. Restoration methods on Long
Sands would be likely to focus on appropriate management of activities assessed to be causing
damage to the sandbanks structure and function. Overall it is considered that the prospects of
habitat restoration are good. Given that Long Sands is influenced by tidal currents from the North
Sea, and acts as a sink for tidally-carried sediments, the possibility of renewing the physical
structure of the banks, and associated benthic communities is good.
The site is graded II (restoration possible with average effort).
Overall (synthesis) grade

Margate and Long Sands has been graded a score of III for the conservation of structure sub-
criterion, a score of II for the conservation of function sub-criterion and a score of II for the
restoration possibilities sub-criterion.
The overall grade for the conservation of structure and function criterion is grade C
(average or reduced conservation).
7.1.4 Global assessment (d)
Overall the site has intermediate grades for criteria 1A (a), 1A (b) and 1A(c). It represents an area
of sandbank area which is of good and high quality, and representative of a highly dynamic tidally-
influenced estuary mouth sandbank. It is also representative of sandbanks within the Thames
Estuary which are influenced by currents from the North Sea (this group includes Sunk Sand,
Gunfleet Sand and Kentish Knock). The biological communities on the bank are representative
both of the North Sea and of the greater Thames Estuary sandbank system. The site is currently
modified by human activity, and with construction of the London Array offshore wind farm (planned
to commence in 2011) this activity is likely to increase.
The site is graded B for the global assessment criterion (site holds excellent stands of
Annex I habitat, but of somewhat lower value than grade A sites).
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7.2 Summary of scores for Stage 1A criteria
Representativity Relative surface Structure and Global

(a) (b) function (c) assessment (d)
Margate and Long
A B C B
Sands
7.3 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide
Non-qualifying Annex I habitats
Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide
This habitat has been included within the boundary as a non-qualifying feature simply because it
describes the tops of the sandbanks which are uncovered at low tide, and these areas are not
considered to be particularly representative of this habitat type. For this reason these sections of
Annex I habitat have been graded D (non-significant presence) for the Stage 1A representativity
criterion. Current guidance states that no further assessment of these features against site
selection criteria is required (Commission of the European Community, 1995).
Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide cover 3215 ha, which is approximately
5% of the total site area.
8. Sites to which this site is related
The site boundary overlaps with the Outer Thames potential Special Protection Area for the Annex
1 species red throated diver.
9. Supporting scientific documentation
Scientific information on the topography, habitats and species present within the Margate and Long
Sands site boundary is available from a number of sources (Table 9.1).
Table 9.1 Sources of data within the Margate and Long Sands cSAC boundary.
Reference Description
BURNINGHAM H & FRENCH J, 2009. Seabed mobility in the Historical data on the movements of
greater Thames Estuary. The Crown Estate. sandbanks.
EMU LTD, 2004. Edinburgh Channel Development: Marine Benthic survey for Port of London
Biological Survey. Report No. 04/J/1/03/0609/0521. Authority trawl sampling.
EMU LTD, 2006a. Benthic Survey of the Outer Thames Investigative benthic survey grabs, trawl
Estuary Sandbank System. Final Report. Report & dredge sampling.
06/J/1/03/0837/0572 for English Nature.
EMU LTD, 2006b. Kentish Flats Windfarm Development Survey for windfarm EIA including grab
Macrobenthic Ecology Study – 2005. Final Report June 2006 sampling.
Report No. 05/J/1/03/0772/0510.
ENTEC UK PLC, 2008. SAC Selection Assessment: Greater Survey to specifically identify Annex I
Thames Estuary. interest features grab sampling, drop-
down video.
MARINE ECOLOGICAL SURVEYS Ltd, 2002. Fish and Biological survey for Port of London
Epibenthic Invertebrate Resources, Princes Channel, Outer Authority trawl sampling.
Thames Estuary. Vols 1-2.
RPS GROUP PLC, 2005. Environmental Statement. Volume Survey for windfarm EIA including grab
1: Offshore Works. London Array Ltd. sampling.
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Reference Description
SeaZone Digital Survey Bathymetry

(DSB), digitised through funding from
SEAZONE SOLUTIONS LTD, 2009. Digital Survey the Marine Aggregate Levy
Bathymetry for the Thames REC study area. Sustainability Fund (MALSF) Regional
Environmental Characterisation (REC)
studies.
UKHO, 2009. Thames Estuary Long Sands Head: Acoustic survey of the movement
Assessment on the analysis of routine resurvey area TE5A around Long Sands Head.
from the 2008 survey.
UKHO, 2010. Thames Estuary Long Sands Head: Summary Acoustic survey of the movement
assessment on the analysis of routine resurvey area TE5A around Long Sands Head.
from the 2009 survey.
10. Site overview and conservation interest
10.1 Sediment Conditions and Bathymetry
Margate and Long Sands contains a series of sandbanks, the largest of which is Long Sand itself.
Long Sand is the largest of the linear banks in the outer Thames estuary, lying in a north east -
south west orientation along the line of the tidal flows entering the estuary from the North Sea. The
bank stretches approximately 45km from Long Sand Head at the northern end to Prince‟s Channel
at the southern end. The bank is bordered on the east by Knock Deep, and on the West by Black
Deep and is asymmetric; the western edge is much steeper than the gently-sloping eastern face.
The bank extends at its south west tip to include Tizard Bank and Knob Shoal. The bank varies in
width from 2.5km to 8km, with crest depths varying from +1.7m to -3.6m CD (RPS, 2005). The
„Margate‟ sandbanks within the boundary include Margate Sand, Margate Hook and Tongue
Sands. These banks are mainly orientated east-west, approximately along the line of the
predominant tidal flow in the southern part of the estuary which comes from the English Channel.
All of the sandbanks have sections which are uncovered at low tide.
A number of channels cross the banks, some of which are naturally formed. Of these, the most
important is Fisherman‟s Gat, which is the main shipping route through Long Sand. Shallower
channels include Foulger‟s Gat and the South Edinburgh Channel. Princes Channel runs east to
west at the southern tip of Long Sands and, Queens Channel runs between Margate Sand and the
Tongue Sands/Pan Sand banks. These channels are two of the main approach routes into the
Port of London, yet only Princes Channel has been dredged for the first time between 2003 and
2006. It has been suggested that Long Sands forms a barrier between the influences of tides from
the North Sea and the English Channel. As the timing of these tides is slightly different, the
channels may play an important role in balancing out the water flows across the bank (RPS Group
PLC, 2005).
In common with the majority of the Outer Thames area, Margate Sands is characterised by shallow
water, high tidal current streams and mobile substrates. The site contains shallow sandbanks
arranged in a linear formation and aligned along the axis of the principal tidal flow. There is little
evidence of sandwave fields but isolated sandwaves are present around the edges of banks
(UKHO, 2007).
Net sediment transport around the banks is predominantly in a clockwise direction (HR Wallingford
et al, 2002, UKHO, 2006), and the banks are largely fed with sediment arriving from the east,
which is carried into the Thames Estuary from the North Sea along a pathway to the south of
Kentish Knock. Long Sands, Margate Sand and Tongue Sand are considered to be sediment
sinks within the greater Thames estuary for sediments arriving from the English Channel (H R
Wallingford et al, 2002; RPS Group PLC, 2005). Routine resurvey work by the UK Hydrographic
Office in the area of Margate Road between 1998 and 2006 (UKHO, 2007) gives an indication of
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the stability of the sandbank system around Margate Sand itself. These data show that in this 9
year period there has been little change to the limits of Margate Road, and that Margate Sand has
retained its position (although the indentation in the south side of the bank has moved
approximately 500m westwards). However, the un-named narrow bank to the north of South
Channel has moved approximately 100m south and extended eastwards. This eastwards
extension is considered to be a long term trend caused by the westward flow of sediment along the
south of the bank, and there is evidence of a 1.3km movement in the 60 year period between 1947
and 2006 Entec, 2008a). The northernmost end of the Long Sand shows the most movement:
Long Sand Head has extended north eastwards by 4.5km over the last 180 years up to 2005
(Burningham & French, 2009). More recently, this head extension has increased to a rate of
around 550m in the last 4 years (UKHO, 2009, 2010). Along the eastern margin of Long Sands,
the northern section has advanced eastwards towards Knock Deep at a rate of approximately
12m/yr between 1978 and 2002, while the southern section has receded by up to 25m/yr (Entec,
2008a). The bank is encroaching on Foulger‟s Gat from the south west, and this channel may
close in the future. Similarly the Edinburgh Channel is getting shallower, and there is evidence that
the Fisherman‟s Gat is taking over the role of balancing water flows; recently the South Edinburgh
Channel has „sealed‟ and the Fisherman‟s Gat has opened further in response (Entec, 2008a).
Sediments within the site boundary are predominantly sand, with some areas of muddy sand and
gravelly sand. In shallower areas at the top of the banks, sediments are mainly well-sorted sand
with low silt content. In the troughs the sediments contain more silt and gravel, and there are
patchy areas covered in dead bivalve shells. In the Queens Channel there is some visual
evidence of patchy anoxic sediment, characteristic of increasing silt, sediment stability, and organic
content (Entec, 2008a; Emu, 2006a). At the edge of the Kentish Flats, on the western part of the
boundary area, the sediment is mainly sand with some gravelly sand (Emu 2006a). Long Sand
exhibits tidal current induced sediment bedforms such as sand ripples, megaripples and sand
waves occur throughout the area, reaching heights of up to 5m in some areas. The ripples are
generally orientated north-west to south-east and occur primarily on the slopes and crests of the
sandbanks. Sediments at Foulger‟s Gat and Fisherman‟s Gat consist of sand, blending to sandy
gravel towards the bank margins. (RPS Group PLC, 2005). The South Edinburgh channel
comprises mainly poorly sorted sandy silt with some anoxic clay and patches of dead oyster shells
(Crassostrea gigas) (Emu, 2006a). Long Sands Head is composed of gravelly sand, which
becomes muddier to the north (RPS Group PLC, 2005).
10.2 Benthic Invertebrate Communities
The benthic fauna of the Margate and Long Sands area is typical of a stressed, mobile sediment
environment, a habitat typically found in this area of the North Sea. Mobile sediment is a
continually disturbed environment where the substrate is subjected to tidal or wave driven
movement. The number of invertebrate species recorded at each site is highly variable across the
survey area reflecting the variability in the substrate type. In areas where well-sorted sand
predominates, namely the crests of sandbanks, species diversity and abundance are low. This
increases between the sandbanks, where silt content increases and the sediment is less well-
sorted.
The Nepthys cirrosa and Bathyporeia spp. in infralittoral sand biotope (SS.SSa.IFiSa.NcirBat
Connor et al, 2004) is the most widespread biotope within the boundary site, occurring on most of
the shallower sandbanks and extending into 10 – 20 m depth. This can be species-poor in some
areas, especially in the shallower parts of Long Sand. These areas resemble the relatively barren
biotope „Infralittoral Mobile Clean Sand with Sparse Fauna‟ (SS.SSa.IFiSa.IMoSa), which occurs
on most mobile sands, but overall there is sufficient fauna to justify retaining most of these areas
within the NcirBat biotope (RPS Group PLC, 2005; Emu, 2006a).
At the edge of the Kentish Flats and Long Sand, annelid worms account for the largest number of
species and biomass, followed by crustaceans. The Spionid bristleworms Magelona johnstoni, and
Spiophanes bombyx are the dominant species found. The trumpet worm, Lagis koreni, is also
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widely recorded throughout the site. Crustaceans also account for a considerable amount of
biomass. Other abundant species are the sea spider Nymphon brevirostre, and various ribbon
worms (nemerteans) (Emu, 2006a).
Species richness and abundance is higher in the Queens Channel compared to the other
sandbanks. The reef building ross worm Sabellaria spinulosa accounts for the majority of the
polychaete abundance. S. spinulosa is found in areas predominantly with gravelly muddy sand,
although it is even found in muddy sandy gravel and muddy sand. However, even though S.
spinulosa abundances are high, the worm was found in patches rather than a definable reef. Other
abundant polychaetes are the tube worm Owenia fusiformis, the bristleworm Spiophanes bombyx,
the trumpet worm, Lagis koreni, and the sand mason worm Lanice conchilega (Entec, 2008a)
Molluscs are also widely distributed on the slopes, and have the second highest abundance after
polychaetes. Species identified included those typically associated with sands and sandy gravels.
These included, but were not limited to, burrowing bivalves, such as Abra alba and Ensis arcuatus,
sessile epibenthic bivalves, such as blue mussel Mytilus edulis, and sediment dwelling gastropods.
In the deeper parts of the Queens Channel there are many molluscs that live on the surface of the
sea bed (epifauna). These include the mobile Queen Scallop Aequipecten opercularis, sea slug
Acanthodoris pilosa, and mobile scavenging gastropods, such as the common whelk Buccinum
undatum. Overall, the abundance of epifaunal species is considered to be low compared to more
sheltered, coastal areas (Emu, 2006a).
Crustaceans are also widespread across the site. The most common crustacean is the brown
shrimp Crangon crangon with the common hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus as the next most
common species found. Other species widely recorded were the crabs Macropodia rostrata and
Liocarcinus holstatus, and the pink shrimp Pandalus montagui (Emu, 2006a). Echinoderm species
are widespread across the Long Sands but with a relatively low diversity of species and
abundance. Species include the common starfish Asterias rubens, the green sea-urchin
Psammechinus miliaris, and the brittlestars Ophiura albida and O. ophiura. Other species
recorded are the encrusting bryozoans (e.g. Conopeum reticulum) and hydroids (e.g. Vesicularia
spinosa and Hydractinia echinata living on the shells of hermit crab), (RPS Group PLC, Emu,
2006a). The European common squid Loligo vulgaris was also frequently recorded.
10.3 Fish
Long Sands is a nursery ground for a wide variety of fish, such as sole Solea solea, plaice
Pleuronectes platessa, dab Limanda limanda, herring Clupea harengus, whiting Merlangius
merlangus, pout Trisopterus luscus, pogge Agonus cataphractus, horse mackerel Trachurus
trachurus, sprats Sprattus sprattus, sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and a variety of rays. Fish of
high importance as food items for other fish and birds include sprats and herrings, gobies (mainly
sand gobies Pomatoschistus minutus and transparent gobies Aphia minuta), sand eels,
Ammodytes spp., and flatfish of various species (RPS Group PLC, 2005; Emu, 2006a). Margate
Sands site is likely to be of particular importance as a spawning area for herring, and possibly for
sandeel (BMT Cordah, 2003).
The Long Sands area is fished using set and drift net trammelling, drift gill netting and beam
trawling, although the beam trawling only occurs on the deeper slopes and troughs as the tops of
the banks are too shallow for trawling (RPS Group PLC, 2005).
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11. References
B MT CORDAH, 2003. Offshore Wind Energy Generation: Phase 1 Proposals and Environmental
Report For Consideration by the Department of Trade and Industry. Available online at
http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/Wind_R2/offshore_wind_SEA_final.PDF
BELL C M & WALKER P, 2005. Desk study to assess the impact of cockle suction
dredging on The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site. English Nature
Research Reports, No 670.
BROWN A E, BURN A J, HOPKINS J J & WAY S F (eds) (1997) The Habitats Directive: selection
of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report 270,
Peterborough, 295pp.
BURNINGHAM H & FRENCH J, 2009. Seabed mobility in the greater Thames Estuary. The
Crown Estate.
CIRIA, 2000. Scoping the assessment of sediment plumes arising from dredging. Prepared by
Posford Duvivier Environment and HR Wallingford, March 2000. London: CIRIA.
COLLINS M B, SHIMWELL S J, GAO S, POWELL H, HEWITSON C & TAYLOR J A, 1995. Water

and sediment movement in the vicinity of linear sandbanks: the Norfolk Banks, southern North
Sea. Marine Geology, 123, 125-142.
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (CEC), 2007. Guidelines for the establishment
of the Natura 2000 network in the marine Environment. Application of the Habitats and Birds
Directives. [online]. Brussels: European Commission DG Environment.
Available from:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/marine_guidelines.pdf
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (CEC), 1995. Natura 2000 Standard Data
Form: Explanatory Notes. European Commission DG Environment, Brussels, 32 pp.
CONNOR D W, ALLEN J H, GOLDING N, HOWELL K L, LIEBERKNECT L O, NORTHEN K O &

REKER J B, 2004. The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05. JNCC
Peterborough. Available online at www.jncc.gov.uk/MarineHabitatClassification.
DEFRA, 2004. Review of Marine Nature Conservation. Working Group Report to Government
[online]. London: Defra. Available from: http://www.defra.gov.uk/marine/pdf/biodiversity/rmnc-
report-0704.pdf [Accessed March 2007].
DEFRA, 2007. Maintenance Dredging & The Habitats Regulations 1994. A Conservation
Assessment Protocol for England [online]. London. Defra. Available from:
http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/ewd/ewd09.htm#mdp
DYER K R & HUNTLEY DA, 1999. The origin, classification and modelling of sandbanks and
ridges. Continental Shelf Research 19:1285-1330.
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ELLIOTT M, NEDWELL S, JONES N V, READ S J, CUTTS N D, HEMINGWAY K L, 1998.
Intertidal Sand and Mudflats & Subtidal Mobile Sandbanks (volume II). An overview of dynamic
and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association
for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project).
EMU ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 2004. Edinburgh Channel Development: Marine Biological Survey.
Report No. 04/J/1/03/0609/0521.
EMU LTD, 2006a. Benthic Survey of the Outer Thames Estuary Sandbank System. Final Report.
Report 06/J/1/03/0837/0572 for English Nature.
EMU LTD, 2006b. Kentish Flats Windfarm Development Macrobenthic Ecology Study – 2005.
Final Report June 2006 Report No. 05/J/1/03/0772/0510.
ENTEC UK LTD, 2008a. Greater Thames Site Summaries. Report to Natural England as part of
Contract FST20-18-030, January 2008.
ENTEC UK LTD, 2008b. Stakeholder Identification - Greater Thames Estuary. Report to Natural
England as part of Contract FST20-18-030, in preparation.
GRAHAM C, CAMPBELL E, CAVILL J, GILLESPIE E & WILLIAMS R, 2001. JNCC Marine

Habitats GIS Version 3: its structure and content. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report,
CR/01/238. UK: British Geological Survey.
HITCHCOCK D R & DRUCKER B R, 1996. Investigation of benthic and surface plumes

associated with marine aggregates mining in the United Kingdom. In the Global Ocean - towards
operational oceanography. Proceedings of Conference on Oceanology International. Spearhead
Publications, Surrey Conference Proceedings 2, 221-84.
H R WALLINGFORD, CEFAS/UEA, POSFORD HASKONING & D‟OLIER B, 2002. Southern

North Sea Sediment Transport Study. Report Produced for Great Yarmouth Borough Council.
JNCC, 2008. UK guidance on defining boundaries for marine SACs for Annex I habitat fully
detached from the coast. Available from
http://www.jncc.gov.uk/pdf/SACHabBoundaryGuidance_2008Update.pdf
KLEIN A, 2006. Identification of submarine banks in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea with the aid
of TIN modelling. In: VON NORDHEIM, H., BOEDEKER, D. & KRAUSE, J.C. (Eds.). Progress in
Marine Conservation in Europe. Natura 2000 Sites in German Offshore Waters. Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg, New York, pp. 97-110.
MCLEOD C R, YEO M, BROWN A E, BURN A J, HOPKINS J J & WAY S F (eds) (2005). The
Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn. Joint Nature
Conservation Committee, Peterborough. www.jncc.gov.uk/SACselection
MARINE ECOLOGICAL SURVEYS LTD, 2002. Fish and Epibenthic Invertebrate Resources,
Princes Channel, Outer Thames Estuary. Vols 1-2.
NEWELL R C, SEIDERER L J & HITHCOCK D R, 1998. The impact of dredging works in coastal
waters: A review of the sensitivity to disturbance and subsequent recovery of biological resources
on the sea bed. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 36: 127-178.
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NEWELL R C, SEIDERER L J, SIMPSON N M & ROBINSON J E, 2002. Impact of marine
aggregate dredging and overboard screening on benthic biological resources in the central North
Sea: Production license Area 408. Coal Pit. Marine Ecological Surveys Limited. Technical Report
No. ER1/4/02 to the British Marine Aggregate Producers Association (BMAPA). 72pp.
PORT OF LONDON AUTHORITY, 2004. Princes Channel Development: Phase II Dredging

Environmental Assessment Report. River Engineering and Environment.
PORT OF LONDON AUTHORITY, 2007. Environmental Report 2006-2007.
RPS GROUP PLC, 2005. Environmental Statement. Volume 1: Offshore Works. London Array
Ltd.
SEAZONE SOLUTIONS LTD,2009. Digital Survey Bathymetry for the Thames REC study area.
UK HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, 2006. T hames Estuary - Fisherman‟s Gat. Assessment on the

analysis of routine resurvey area TE19 from the 2005 survey. March 2006.
UK HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, 2007. Thames Estuary - Margate Road. Assessment on the

analysis of routine resurvey area TE15 from the 2006 survey. June 2007.
UK HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, 2009. Thames Estuary Long Sand Head: Assessment on the
analysis of routine resurvey area TE5A from the 2008 survey. The United Kingdom Hydrographic
Office, 25pp.
UK HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, 2010. Thames Estuary Long Sand Head: Summary assessment
on the analysis of routine resurvey area TE5A from the 2009 survey. The United Kingdom
Hydrographic Office, 7pp.
WIGGINS J & GRIFFITHS R, 2006. A compilation of all cockle surveys carried out within Kent and
Essex sea fisheries district in 2006.
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12. Glossary
Abiotic Devoid of life
Amphipods are shrimp-like crustaceans ranging from 1 mm to 140mm in length Marine

amphipods may be pelagic (living in the water column) or benthic (living on the seabed). Pelagic
amphipods are eaten by seabirds, fish, and marine mammals.
Banner Banks are generally only a few kilometres in length with an elongated pear-shaped form
(Dyer and Huntley, 1999). They commonly lie in the lee of fixed obstacles such as headlands,
islands, submerged rock shoals and gaps in rock ridges. They are sometimes paired on either
side of the obstacle, with one larger than the other indicating a net direction of sand transport
(Stride, 1982). Banner banks may also occur in areas with rapid deepening of water away from the
coast and are less evident off coasts with a low offshore slope (Dyer and Huntley, 1999).
Examples occur in the English Channel, Irish Sea and North Sea.
Bedforms Ripples moulded by a flow of water. Bedforms range in size from ripples in the sand, a
few centimetres apart, to „dunes‟ tens of metres in length.
Benthos Those organisms attached to, or living on, in or near the seabed.
Biotic Relating to, produced by, or caused by living organisms.
Biotope The physical habitat with its biological community; a term which refers to the combination
of physical environment and its distinctive assemblage of conspicuous species.
Bivalves A class of molluscs which are laterally flattened and have a shell made of two hinged
valves.
Bryozoans are tiny colonial animals that generally build stony skeletons of calcium carbonate,
superficially similar to coral (although some species lack any calcification in the colony and instead
have a mucilaginous structure).
Crinoids A class of echinoderms having a cup-shaped body with feathery arms, attached to the
substratum, sometimes by a stalk.
Crustaceans A class of invertebrates which includes crabs, shrimps and barnacles.
Crustose Forming a thin crust on the substratum.
Dredging plumes
 Fishing Dredging stirs up the sediment at the bottom of the sea. The suspended solid
plumes can drift with the current for tens of kilometres from the source of the trawling.
These plumes introduce turbidity which decreases light levels through the water column.
 Aggregate dredge plumes Marine aggregate extraction can result in increased sediment
concentrations in the water column – dredge plumes - either from the disturbance of the
seabed by or through the return of excess water and associated suspended sediment from
the dredging vessel itself through either overspill returns or screening. The most significant
input will result from overspill/screening returns, however because the sediments being
dredged are relatively coarse the majority of suspended sediment concentration will settle
out relatively quickly – typically within 200m of the point of return. The remaining fine
sediment component, along with associated organic matter, can extend considerably
further, however the concentrations of these will also dissipate over time and distance.
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Epifauna Animals living on the surface of the seabed.
Epilithic Growing on the surface of a living plant (but not parasitic on it).
Estuary mouth Dyer and Huntley (1999): “…in general linear sand ridges are associated with the
mouths of macro-tidal estuaries (wide mouth), and tidal deltas are associated with meso-tidal or
micro-tidal estuaries (narrow mouth).” The banks are generally “aligned with the tidal current flow
and migrate away from their steeper face.” Examples include Long Sand and Gunfleet Sand (in
the Thames Estuary) and banks in The Wash.
Foliose Bearing leaves or leaf-like structures.
Fauna Animal life in an area.
GIS Geographic Information System.
Habitat The place in which a plant or animal lives.
Headland associated sandbanks Dyer and Huntley (1999): “Tidal eddies produced by headlands
can create „banner banks, but when the headland is retreating „alternating ridges‟ can be formed
which can become isolated from the coast as it recedes.” “With very slow retreat the surplus sand
will accumulate as a banner bank in a position of convergence. With coastline retreat, a series of
alternating banks will result with each successive one more distant from the shoreline.” Banner
banks are only a few km in size and have an elongated pear-shaped form with the broad end being
orientated towards the tip of the headland. Alternating ridges may be linear or V or S shaped.
Hydroids Solitary and colonial animals with a cylindrical; body which is closed at one end with a
mouth surrounded by tentacles at the other.
Infauna Bethic animals which live within the seabed.
Linear Sandbanks are elongated banks which can be up to tens of kilometres long and less than
ten kilometres wide. They lie generally parallel or at a slight angle to peak tidal currents. They can
be found in open seas but are also common in large estuaries such as the Thames Estuary.
Long lining A commercial fishing technique that uses hundreds or even thousands of baited
hooks hanging from a single line.
Maerl Twig-like unattached (free living) calcareous red algae, often a mixture of species and
including species which form a spiky cover on loose small stones.
Maintenance dredging Required to maintain water depths in areas where sedimentation occurs,
particularly shipping channels to maintain a safe depth for the passage of vessels. It involves the
removal of recent unconsolidated sediments, such as mud, sand and silt.
Megaripple Mounds or ridges of sand which are asymmetrical, and are produced under water by
flowing water. The external morphology is similar to the smaller „ripple‟ and larger „sandwave, with
a gently sloping, upstream side, and a steeper downstream side.
Nemerteans A phylum of invertebrate animals also known as ribbon worms or proboscis worms.
Open shelf ridge - Dyer and Huntley (1999): „Nearly all shallow tidal seas, where currents exceed
about 05m s-1 and where sand is present, have ridges. These can be up to 80km long, and
typically average 13km width and tens of metres in height. Their spacing tends to be proportional
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to their width. The bank crests are flat in shallow water, but are sharp when water depth is large
enough to limit wave effects.‟ Examples include South Falls and Indefatigables.
Polychaete A class of marine annelid worms.
Potting The setting of traps (pots) on the seabed to fish for lobsters, crabs etc.
Sand wave A large, ridge-like structure resembling a water wave on the upper surface of a
sedimentary bed that is formed by water currents. Also known as sand ridge.
Sandy mounds Distinct sandbanks (i.e. elongated, rounded or irregular „mound‟ shapes) which
cannot be categorised as any of the other types.
Seagrass(es) Higher plants (angiosperms) that are adapted to living submerged in seawater.
Shoaling localized shallowing of water.
Sinuous Banks are „S‟ or „V‟ shaped sandbanks and are common off the Norfolk coast and in the
southern North Sea. They are large scale features and may occur in extensive groups which can
include linear banks.
Sinusoidal having a succession of waves or curves .
Static gear Any gear which is set in position and not moved during the fishing process. Examples
include:
 Gill nets which are set at or below the surface, on the seabed, or at any depth in-between.
 Setting pots on the seabed to capture lobsters and crabs.
 Long lining when a single line is set to capture cod, skate, bass and whiting.
Submarine cables Cables which are laid beneath the seabed to carry telecommunications or
power to offshore installations or different countries.
Trawling Towing equipment behind a vessel for commercial fishing principally for cod, plaice and
sole. Bottom trawls collect demersal (living on or near the seabed) species and mid-water trawls
collect pelagic (living in the water column) species. Examples of towed gears include beam trawls,
dredges and trawl nets.
Turbidity This is a measure of the attenuation of light in the water column and can be caused by
the light adsorption properties of the water, plankton, suspended particulate organic matter and
dissolved colour.
______________________________________________________________________________________
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Appendix 1
Guidelines on drawing boundaries (taken from JNCC, 2008)
1 Introduction
Previous UK guidance on defining SAC boundaries states that “as a general principle, site
boundaries have been drawn closely around the qualifying habitat types … for which the sites have
been selected, taking into account the need to ensure that the site operates as a functional whole
for the conservation of the habitat type… and to maintain sensible management units”. Further
“the seaward boundaries of the sites have been drawn as straight lines, to ensure ease of
identification on charts and at sea” (Brown et al, 1997; McLeod et al, 2005). The guidance
presented below is an expansion of previous guidance on defining boundaries for marine SACs,
specifically for sites which are not connected to the coastline, and which may be in deep water
(200m to more than 1000m).
2 Guidance
Actual site boundaries will be determined on a site specific basis, following the general guidance
set out below.
2.1. The habitat area of interest will be identified and mapped. In many cases in waters away
from the coast, this will involve some form of modelling, such as use of seabed geological data
(interpolated from seismic tracks and samples), interpreted sidescan sonar, acoustic and/or
bathymetric data.
2.2 The minimum area necessary in order to ensure the essential level of protection for the
Annex I habitat of interest will be defined. More complex site shapes drawn more tightly around
feature of interest are favoured over simple square/rectangular boundaries (to reduce the area of
„non-interest-feature‟ included within the site boundary). However, boundaries should still be as
simple as possible, using a minimum number of straight lines and vertices. Contrary to previous
JNCC boundary guidance (JNCC, 2004) site boundary co-ordinates do not have to be defined by
whole degrees and minutes. It is recommended that site boundary coordinates will be provided in
degrees, minutes, seconds.
2.3 Where habitat of interest occurs in a number of separate „pieces‟ with „non-interest-feature‟
habitat between, the preference is to include all „pieces‟ within a site boundary to enable effective
conservation of the feature of the site and to maintain its ecological function. However, where
small, isolated instances of habitat occur at some distance from the main location of the habitat,
these may be excluded from the site if their inclusion would result in large areas of „non-interest-
feature‟ being included within the site boundary.
2.4 The area defined under 2 above may then be extended if necessary in the following
circumstances:
i). to ensure an essential level of protection from potentially damaging activities at the site,
taking into account water depth at the site and possible location of mobile gear on the seabed
in relation to location of a vessel at the sea surface. Activities which are location specific,
always subject to prior consent and have clear reliable methods of enforcement are already
controlled under existing procedures such as licensing of these activities. Mobile activities
which may affect seabed habitats, such as fishing and anchoring, are not subject to prior
consent procedures and therefore need special consideration. The length of warp used by
boats when trawling is largely determined by water depth. The following table gives the
appropriate distance beyond the seabed extent of the habitat by which the site boundary at
the sea surface may be extended (based on generalised trawl warp lengths, SERAD, 2001):
______________________________________________________________________________________
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Water Depth Ratio warp Approx. length of trawl Boundary
length: depth warp extension to be
added to the
habitat area of
interest
Shallow waters 4:1 100m at 25m depth 4 * actual depth
(≤ 25m)
Continental shelf 3:1 600m at 200m depth 3 * actual depth
(50-200m)
Deep waters (200 2:1 2000m at 1000m depth 2 * actual depth
to over 1000m)
Note that the margin is incorporated as a minimum measure to reduce the likelihood of
habitat damage from demersal fishing. However, these boundaries are SAC boundaries, not
management boundaries. Ultimately Competent Authorities are responsible for considering
which management actions might need to be taken under the Offshore Marine Conservation
(Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations to reduce the risk of damage to the features associated
with human activities, whether within or outside the site boundary. As a consequence, future
management measure may have different boundaries to the SAC site boundary.
ii). For mobile habitats (for example, sandbanks), to ensure the minimum area necessary to
allow conservation of the structure and functions of the habitat. Such extension will be
determined on scientific understanding of the structure and functions of the habitat.
______________________________________________________________________________________
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DEPARTMENTAL BRIEF:
OUTER THAMES ESTUARY
Natural England
Northminster House
Peterborough
PE1 1UA
Joint Nature Conservation Committee

Monkstone House
City Road,
Peterborough
Cambs PE1 1JT
MAY 2010
Outer Thames Estuary SPA Departmental Brief version 2.0 Page 1 of 21

10/05/2010
CONTENTS
SUMMARY 3
1 SITE STATUS AND BOUNDARY .......................................................................... 4
1.1 Boundary of the SPA.....................................…............………....……… ................. 4
2 LOCATION AND HABITATS.................................................................................. 5

2.1 Commercial activities in the Outer Thames Estuary .............................................. 6
3 ASSESSMENT OF ORNITHOLOGICAL INTEREST ............................................. 8

3.1 Survey Information ................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Methodology for density analysis ........................................................................... 8
3.3 Red-throated diver – Gavia stellata ...................................................................... 10
3.4 Interest which do not currently met the SPA selection criteria .............................. 12
4 ASSESSMENT AGAINST SPA SELECTION GUIDELINES ................................ 12

4.1 Stage 1 ................................................................................................................ 12
4.2 Stage 2 ................................................................................................................ 13
5 COMPARISON WITH OTHER SITES IN THE UK ............................................... 14
6 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 15
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Summary of qualifying ornithological interest in Outer Thames Estuary SPA
Table 2 Assessment of the bird interest against stage 2 of the SPA selection Guidelines
Table 3 Comparison with other UK SPAs that support wintering red-throated divers
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Site map and table of boundary coordinates
Appendix 2 Draft SPA citation

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SUMMARY
The Outer Thames Estuary SPA qualifies for the following reason:
 The site regularly supports more than 1% of the GB population of one

species listed in Annex 1 of the EC Birds Directive - see table 1.
Table 1. Summary of qualifying ornithological interest in Outer Thames Estuary SPA
Species Count period % of Interest type

population
Red-throated diver 6,466 individuals – wintering
Gavia stellata 1989 – 2006/07 38% GB Annex 1

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1. SITE STATUS AND BOUNDARY
The criteria for the selection of sites as SPAs within the UK are set out within the
SPA selection guidelines published by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee
(JNCC 1999). JNCC selected about 50 Areas of Search around the whole UK –
areas that were known or suspected to be internationally important for various
species of water bird – and conducted surveys in all of them in order to identify the
most suitable territories for these species.
The Outer Thames Estuary has been identified by Natural England as potentially
qualifying as a Special Protection Area, based on data collected from aerial surveys
during the period from January 1989 to winters of 2005/06 and 2006/07 and analysed
by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Seabirds and Cetaceans Team.
These data demonstrate that the SPA regularly supports wintering red-throated
divers Gavia stellata in numbers of European importance (>1% of the GB population
of this species).
JNCC has determined a protocol whereby data describing the distribution of red
throated divers can be analysed and a boundary drawn that represents the optimal
solution between protecting a significant proportion of the population in a wider area
(given their distribution) and avoiding the inclusion of areas which are apparently of
lesser importance to the species (see section 3.3). As a result of the relatively high
abundance of red throated diver in the Outer Thames, and their distribution across
the wider area, the boundary setting protocol has resulted in the density threshold
used in the Outer Thames (0.62 birds km-2) being high compared to other sites
selected for this species in the UK (i.e. Liverpool Bay: 0.21 birds km-2) and elsewhere
in Europe. However, while this process may result in markedly different numbers and
indeed different average densities of birds within different SPAs, the boundaries have
been defined consistently across sites using the same method.
The total area of the Outer Thames Estuary SPA is 379,268.14 ha.
1.1 Boundary of the SPA
The boundary of the SPA (see map at Appendix 1) has been proposed using the
analyses of aerial survey data carried out by the Joint Nature Conservation
Committee (JNCC) Seabirds and Cetaceans Team.
The SPA is divided into three areas: the main part of the site is the outer part of the
estuary (east of a line north from Sheerness, Kent to Shoebury Ness, Essex); a
separate area extending south along the coast of E Norfolk (from Caister-on-Sea) to
Woodbridge, Suffolk and lying mainly within the 12 nautical mile zone, except for two
small areas which extend slightly into the 12 nm zone offshore from about Lowestoft;
and a third area lying slightly further north and partly within 12 nm, but also with a
larger area extending well beyond the 12 nm zone).
Within the two areas that are adjacent to the coast, on the basis of the aerial survey
data, along most of its length the landward boundary of the SPA will follow the Mean
Low Water mark or the seaward boundaries of existing SPAs, whichever is the
furthest seaward. Exceptions to this occur in near shore areas where aerial survey
data were lacking or analysis of the aerial survey data indicated that diver density
was low, and there was supporting evidence of low diver abundance in the land-
based counts of red throated diver collected under the Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS)

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scheme. These exceptions occurred along the coast between Sales Point, at the
north end of Dengie Flats, and circa Walton on the Naze (turning points 39 and 46 –
see Appendix 1) and across the mouth of the River Crouch between Foulness Point
and Holliwell Point (turning points 65 and 66 – see Appendix 1).
Consequently, the landward boundary of the Outer Thames Estuary SPA will directly
abut the seaward boundaries of (from north to south), North Denes SPA, Benacre to
Easton Bavents SPA, Minsmere – Walberswick SPA, Alde-Ore Estuary SPA,
Orfordness – Havergate SPA, Dengie SPA, Foulness SPA, Southend and Benfleet
Marshes SPA, Thames Estuary and Marshes SPA, Medway Estuary and Marshes
SPA and The Swale SPA (see http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-2599). Intertidal mud banks
and sandbanks separated from the mainland coast by subtidal areas at mean low
water are within the SPA boundary, except where they are within the boundaries of
existing SPAs or SPAs.
2. LOCATION AND HABITATS
The Thames Estuary is located in the southern part of the North Sea on the east
coast of England, between the counties of Essex (on the north side) and Kent (on the
south) and extends as a broad opening into the North Sea. The SPA boundary
extends from a central point mid-river just east of Southend on the Essex side and on
the Kent side from a point just east of Sheerness to approximately just east of Herne
Bay. To the north of this area two separate parts of the site extend southwards along
the coasts of east Norfolk and Suffolk and offshore from the Lowestoft area. The
seaward boundary of the SPA lies partly within the 20m depth contour and marginally
(along the outer eastern edge) within the 20-50 m depth contour.
The Outer Thames Estuary SPA consists of areas of shallow and deeper water, high
tidal current streams and a range of mobile sediments. Large areas of mud, silt and
gravelly sediments form the deeper water channels, the main ones of which form the
approach route to the ports of London and as such are continually disturbed by
shipping and maintenance dredging. Sand in the form of sandbanks separated by
troughs predominates in the remaining areas and the crests of some of the banks are
exposed at mean low water. In the northern part of the site the main sandbanks are
(north to south) Middle Cross Sand, Scroby Sands, Helm Sand, Newcombe Sand,
Aldeburgh Napes, Aldeburgh Ridge, North Ship Head and Bawdsey Bank; in the
southern part of the site the main sandbanks are Red Sand, Kentish Flats, West and
East Barrow, Sunk Sand, Shingles, Long Sand, Margate Sand and Kentish Knock.
The seabed in the area of the Norfolk and Suffolk coast is of a similar composition to
that in the main estuary with large shallow areas of mud, sand, silt and gravely
sediments but, in the absence of main port areas within this area, there is
consequently less disturbance through shipping or dredging.
Tidal currents
The Thames Estuary is subject to two distinct tidal influences. North Sea tides enter
the estuary from the northeast and are responsible for the formation of sandbanks
running in a northeast – southwest direction in the northern part of the estuary. The
second tidal influence is from the English Channel, these tides enter the southern
part of the estuary around the north Kent coast and influence the formation of banks
lying in an east – west orientation in the southern part of the estuary.

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The tidal current off Norfolk and Suffolk flows parallel to the coast and there is a net
southerly movement of sediment.
Water temperature.
During winter periods the waters of the southern North Sea are some of the coldest
areas of the UK. However, sea-surface temperatures increase southwards from 5 to
7˚C in February. This is the result of a current of relatively warmer water extending
up from the English Channel and prevents water temperatures from dropping below
5˚C. In August, temperatures range from 14 to 16.5˚C, reflecting the site‟s proximity
to the warm European landmass. At this time of year the water within the estuary is
well mixed and shows no stratification whereas further out into the North Sea
temperatures are 2-3˚C lower than the surface temperatures in the estuary.
Fish species
The estuary supports populations of fish of commercial importance, the most
important are: thornback ray Raja clavata, sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, Dover sole
Solea solea, plaice Pleuronectes platessa, Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, herring
Clupea harengus, whiting Merlangius merlangus, horse mackerel Trachurus
trachurus and sprat Sprattus sprattus. The sandbanks of the Thames estuary provide
important nursery and feeding grounds for many fish species including, herring,
whiting, plaice and sprat and, on the outer banks, Atlantic cod and sand eels
Ammodytes sp. The Thames estuary is an important spawning and/or nursery
ground for herring, plaice, sole, sea bass and sprat. Herring and sprat are amongst
the most frequently recorded prey species of red-throated divers, these together with
gobies (Gobiidae), sand eels and various flatfish form the bulk of the diet of the
wintering diver population.
2.1 Commercial activities in the Thames Estuary.
Commercial fishing
The Thames Estuary supports important commercial fisheries, as well as estuarine
and marine recreational angling. Approximately 180 commercial fishing boats
operate within the area of the estuary, fishing for species such as sole, cod, bass,
ray, sprats, plaice, herring and eels. The most important commercially fished species
in the Thames is the Dover Sole Solea solea, although the Greater Thames,
including Medway and Blackwater estuaries, supports a herring Clupea harengus
fishery that is recognised as distinct to this region. Sole and herring have spawning
grounds within the estuary, and rays, particularly thornback rays or roker Raja
clavata migrate from deeper waters into the Thames Estuary to spawn in the
summer. There is also a well-established cockle industry, believed to be the largest
in the UK. Other shellfish species harvested in the estuary include mussels and
native and Pacific oysters and parts of the estuary are designated Shellfish Waters.
Shipping and ports

The Port of London is one of the UK's largest ports, serving 30% of the UK
population. Over 80 terminals situated along the Thames are geared to handle every
type of cargo for import and export, including container cargo and bulk cargo. The
Port of London Authority (PLA) is the body with responsibility for ensuring safe
navigation in the tidal Thames. It plays a regional, national and international
economic role by providing a gateway for trade with Continental Europe and the rest
of the world. Part of the PLA‟s operations is to ensure that shipping channels and
berths are maintained or, in some limited cases, created. This either requires
occasional maintenance dredging of existing channels that have suffered from

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siltation or capital dredging where a new channel or berth is required. These activities
extend out into the deep water approach channels in the outer estuary. The main
approach channels from the north east are via Barrow Deep or Black Deep and the
Knock John Channel. From the east, vessels can cross Long Sand through
Fisherman‟s Gat, entering the Black Deep, or can pass to the south of Long Sand
through Princes Channel. The proposed approach channel to the consented London
Gateway Port (Dubai Ports World) will pass through the site.
The port of Felixstowe is the UK‟s largest container port and is capable handling the
world‟s largest container ships. It is currently undergoing considerable expansion,
with construction under way at Felixstowe South and consent granted for new
capacity on the opposite bank at Bathside Bay. These developments will serve to
reinforce the Port of Felixstowe‟s dominance as a hub port that serves the UK and
northern European trans-shipment trades and competes with continental ports such
as Antwerp, Rotterdam and Zeebrugge. It is served by an approach channel that is
capable of accommodating vessels with a draught of 14 metres although as vessels
increase in size it is possible that the channel will have to be deepened further. The
approach channels are maintained by Harwich Haven Authority which recycles some
of the dredged sediment to maintain the mudflats and saltmarshes of the Stour and
Orwell Estuaries SPA and Ramsar Site. Some dredged spoil is, however, deposited
offshore at its Inner Gabbard disposal site. Access to the Port of Ipswich is also
facilitated through this dredged channel. The Port of Lowestoft a little further up the
coast serves as a major centre for servicing the offshore oil and gas industry, and the
construction and shipment of wind-energy turbines. New port capacity at Great
Yarmouth is currently under construction and is expected to accommodate container
traffic in various forms.
Along the north Kent coast the boundary of the proposed SPA also includes parts of
the navigation channels to the Medway ports which are not part of the Port of
London, these include the ports of Sheerness and Thamesport container terminal.
Aggregate extraction
Aggregate extraction from the sea bed occurs from a number of licensed areas within
the greater Thames region and offshore from Great Yarmouth (Anglian Offshore
Region). The Thames licence areas are situated to the north east of the greater
Thames site boundary and towards the southern part of the Suffolk site boundary.
The Anglian Offshore Region aggregate licence areas are located east of the
northern part of the Suffolk site boundary, extending eastwards into the offshore
component of the site. The marine minerals licenses within and adjacent to the
whole site are held by five extraction companies.
Windfarms
The Outer Thames Estuary contains a number of offshore windfarm sites. Kentish
Flats has been operational since July 2005 and there are a number of proposed sites
under development. These are: Gunfleet Sands I and II (currently under construction
2008/09), London Array (construction expected to commence 2011), Thanet
(construction expected to commence spring 2009) and Greater Gabbard
(construction expected to start summer 2009). All of these sites will also have
submarine cables laid down and connected to the National Grid. In addition to this,
there is a possibility that some subsea tele-communications cables may cross the
site. Off the Norfolk Coast Scroby Sands Wind Array, comprising 30 turbines, has
been operational since 2004. The southern end of the wind farm is within the SPA
area.

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Coastal industry
There are no industries along the coastline bordering the area of search with
significant discharges directly into the sea. However, direct discharge into the sea
comes from treated sewage outfalls. Along the Kent coastline, these are operated by
Southern Water and along the Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk coastline they are operated
by Anglian Water.
Discharge in the form of a thermal plume arises from Sizewell B nuclear power
station. Bradwell nuclear power station in Essex was decommissioned in 2002.
Recreational use
The coastal areas of the Thames Estuary and the Suffolk and Norfolk coasts are
predominantly flat and low lying, with numerous small villages and towns which have
built up around the coastal economies of fishing, boat building, yachting and tourism.
The area attracts large numbers of visitors and tourists each year, who along with
some of the local population, engage in a number of marine activities including
sailing, boat trips, bird watching, sea angling, water sports and scuba diving. The
majority of these activities are restricted to the inshore waters of the estuaries and
coast, although there are a large number of yacht clubs within the site which use
waters further offshore.
3. ASSESSMENT OF ORNITHOLOGICAL INTEREST
3.1 Survey Information
This section includes details of the surveys undertaken and results of qualifying
species numbers and distribution.
Aerial survey data collected using standard methods by the Nature Conservancy
Council, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust and the
Natural Environmental Research Institute in the Greater Thames were analysed in
order to assess whether the site might qualify as a Special Protection Area under the
EU Birds Directive (1979) for its aggregations of inshore waterbirds. Existing
guidelines for selecting sites for inshore waterbird aggregations were used to make
this assessment (Webb & Reid 2004).
3.2 Red-throated Diver - Gavia stellata
Although not regarded as threatened within the EU, the conservation status of this
species is regarded as unfavourable because of declines in the European breeding
population between 1970-1990. The population is now considered stable though
depleted.
The Great Britain population of wintering red-throated diver was previously estimated
to be around 4,850 birds (Danielsen et al. 1993). A more recent estimate has been
derived from shore-based observations together with more specific aerial and boat
surveys (O‟Brien et al. 2008). These surveys from boats and planes have been
responsible for identifying much larger numbers wintering in British coastal waters
than previously known. The Great Britain wintering population is now estimated to be
around 17,000 individuals although the true number of red-throated divers wintering
around the UK is likely to be higher (O‟Brien et al. 2008).

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The GB wintering population is aggregated in substantial numbers in several areas,
from the Moray Firth in the north to NE Norfolk to Kent in the south and almost 50%
of this population occurs in the wider Outer Thames Estuary. It is considered that the
wintering population is largely made up of birds which breed in the UK, Greenland,
Iceland and Scandinavia. There is little indication that breeding birds from northwest
Russia winter in British waters.
Lack (1986) found the distribution to be fairly even along the east coast, with perhaps
slightly fewer in the south compared to the north. The species is less abundant
around western coasts and has a patchy distribution, though it is still common,
especially off western Scotland (Moser et al., 1986; Stone et al., 1995).
Concentrations have been recorded in Cardigan Bay, the Moray Firth, the Clyde and
Forth Estuaries, the Aberdeenshire coast, the Suffolk/Essex coast, as well as close
to Tiree (Moser et al., 1986; Barrett & Barrett 1985; Pollitt et al. 2000; Thorpe, 2002).
Aerial and boat transect surveys in 2002/3 identified a significant concentration in the
Outer Thames Estuary (Percival et al., 2004). Shore-based observations from the
North Norfolk Coast have identified winter (December-January) peaks during 1992-
1995 of up to 820 individuals (Taylor et al., 1999) and this is may be indicative of a
further significant concentration.
In the UK, wintering red-throated divers are associated with shallow (between 0-20m
deep (less frequently in depths of around 30m)) inshore waters, often occurring
within sandy bays, firths and sea lochs, although open coastline is also frequently
used (Skov et al., 1995; Stone et al., 1995). There is some evidence of association
with areas of salinity change (e.g. where low salinity river water meets higher salinity
level sea water). Such areas tend to fluctuate with state of tide, volume of river flow
and wind conditions. Their diet is principally small fish of a variety of species
(particularly of the cod family, herring and sprats) and there is evidence to suggest
that in some areas, the higher numbers of birds are associated with shoals of sprats.
Red-throated divers moult their flight feathers during September and October when
they may become flightless for a short period and are vulnerable to oil pollution at
this time. They are an extremely shy species and the initial results of monitoring from
some operational offshore wind farms has shown displacement of 80-100% of divers
from the development footprint and surrounding buffer area. This displacement is
thought to be due to disturbance caused by the turbines and boat-based
maintenance activities. Inappropriately sited developments could displace significant
numbers of the GB wintering population. In a review of the sensitivity of 26 species of
„seabird‟ to the development of offshore windfarms, Garthe & Huppop (2004) found
that the red-throated divers had the second highest species sensitivity index score.
Other forms of renewable energy, such as tidal barrages, could impact on the
species wintering numbers and distribution. Red-throated Divers are especially
sensitive to disturbance at sea (Garthe & Huppop 2004) and usually avoid boats.
Entanglement in static fishing gear is one of the main causes of death in NW
European and GB waters (Okill 2002, Erdmann et al. 2005). Impacts on the prey
species of sediment dredging and dumping activities could be detrimental although
this requires more research to determine the scale of impact.
Consents for developments which are likely to have a significant effect on the SPA
such as those resulting in increased pollution, removal and disturbance of substrate
and turbidity leading to difficulty in locating and catching prey would be subject to

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appropriate assessment and the tests of the Conservation of Habitats and Species
Regulations 2010. The same provisions would also assist in the regulation of the use
of types of fishing gear likely to cause significant mortality.
Although the wintering population is clearly aggregated in a discrete number of areas

around the UK coast, these aggregations are, in comparison with other species,
loose and spatially extensive. It has been argued that SPAs are not an appropriate
mechanism for protecting wintering populations of this species. However, in view of
the aggregated nature of the discrete populations and their vulnerability to
disturbance together with the scale of development proposals affecting the main
wintering areas, it can be concluded that SPA classification to protect these wintering
populations is an appropriate and necessary special conservation measure.
During the surveys of the Greater Thames Estuary area, five species and three
unidentified species of inshore waterbird comprised the overwhelming majority of
species recorded. Other species or unidentified species groups were represented
only by fewer than five individuals and are not considered here. Very large numbers
of red-throated and unidentified divers were estimated to occur in the region, and
peak seasonal counts ranged between 937 in January 1989 and 11,089 in January
2003, with a mean of peak estimated counts of 8,130 individuals or 48% of the GB
wintering population. Red-throated divers occurred throughout the entire area of the
Outer Thames Estuary, but at greatest density and with greatest frequency off the
coast of Suffolk and over sandbanks in the centre of the estuary and those extending
toward the coast of south Essex and part of north Kent.
A large number of divers (7201) were recorded as „unidentified diver‟ rather than to
species level. Apart from eight great northern divers and eight black-throated divers,
all positively identified divers were red-throated divers. In the absence of any clear
reason as to why there might be a different bias between species composition within
the identified and unidentified components of the dataset, it was judged that the
sample of positively identified divers reflects the balance within the unidentified
portion. Consequently, analyses were performed on combined red-throated and
unidentified diver records and assumed to pertain to red-throated divers; the small
amount of error (0.7%) relating to other diver species among the unidentified divers
was deemed acceptable. Other waterbird species were found within the estuary
occasionally in large numbers, but numbers did not exceed qualifying levels for Stage
1 of the UK SPA selection guidelines
Wintering red-throated divers occur throughout the Outer Thames SPA. Red-throated
divers use the SPA in wintering numbers of national importance (6,466 individuals,
38% of the GB population, 1989 – 2006/07).
3.3 Methodology for boundary setting
Identifying most suitable territories for birds at sea presents particular challenges, in
particular the absence of distinct physical features or habitat boundaries which can
be used to delineate possible areas. Identification of potential SPAs at sea therefore
relies on defining areas on the basis of where the birds themselves are distributed.
The basic principle is that the areas where the birds occur at the highest average
densities or the greatest frequency are the „most suitable territories‟. Where the
distribution of a given species in a given area varies continuously from the maximum
density to zero, without obvious breaks or a cut-off point, defining areas of sufficiently

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high density to be included in a potential SPA requires a density threshold to be
defined.
The boundary for red-throated diver within the Outer Thames SPA is based on
identifying a density threshold using data from 37 days of survey over the Greater
Thames from between January 1989 and March 2005 and analysed by Webb et al.
(2005). Additional aerial surveys were carried out during the winters of 2005/06 and
2006/07, covering previously surveyed areas and new areas, beyond the possible
SPA seaward boundary.
Raw density data for red-throated diver was combined from all aerial surveys, and a
smoothed grid of red-throated diver density was generated using a mathematical
technique known as Kernel Density Estimation. This method results in a grid of
relative density (rather than absolute density), the grid values in each cell were
adjusted by the same amount so that their sum equalled the known population size
for each survey area and an estimated or predicted number of birds in each cell is
generated. This grid of predicted bird numbers was used as the basis to examine the
relationship between the number of grid cells (area) that might be included within the
SPA boundary and the number of birds that would be protected within that area.
Starting with the cell with the highest estimated number of birds, cells were
considered in a sequence of descending order according to the number of birds that
they were predicted to contain until all the cells had been selected. A graph was
drawn showing the relationship between the cumulative number of birds and the
number of cells considered as more and more cells were added to the total. Having
derived the cumulative curve, the next stage is to find the point on the graph which
represents the optimum balance between number of cells (i.e. area selected) and
number of birds.
Although the curve is smooth, it is not an even curve. A „Maximum Curvature‟

method (MC) was applied, using a mathematical description of the relationship
between number of birds and area to find the point where the relationship between
number of birds and area changes at the greatest rate as the cells are progressively
added, that is to find the point where the graph curves at the greatest rate. The point
of maximum curvature was taken as the optimum density in the relationship between
number of birds and the size of the area selected. The point of maximum curvature is
found by fitting a mathematical model to the curve of predicted number of birds and
area of the grid cells used. The best fit was always obtained from a double
exponential model. The curvature at each point was calculated using the second
differentials of the increase in number and the increase in area. The density at the
point of maximum curvature could then be read from the resulting table of outputs.
Only the cells selected up to this point were included within the proposed site. A
boundary was then drawn to enclose those cells. In order to produce a boundary
without too many “turning points”, which would be difficult to map and to use, some
subjective judgement was required to simplify the boundary and reduce the number
of turning points, striking a balance between ensuring that all selected cells are
included while minimising the inclusion of additional areas.
The boundary has been drawn in order to optimise the number of birds within the site
in relation to the size of the sea area. To encompass all of the sea areas that have
been shown by the aerial surveys to support any birds would have resulted in an
even larger site. As it stands, the boundary represents an attempt to maximise the

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population afforded protection while excluding additional areas where bird density is
lower and the conservation gain from affording protection is less clear.
The Maximum Curvature method is scale-independent and makes no assumptions
about the relative value of number of birds and size of area; it only describes the
curvature. However, the method is affected by the total number of grid squares in the
area of search, so the grid squares used in the analysis were also constrained by
excluding squares with zero bird density and those outwith the maximum limit of
sightings in the raw data. A full account of the methodology by which the boundary
was defined is set out in JNCC Marine SPA Team (2009).
3.4 Interests which do not currently meet the SPA selection criteria
Breeding little Sterna albifrons, sandwich S. sandvicensis and common terns S.

hirundo are classified or potentially qualifying features of the Alde-Ore Estuary SPA,
Benacre to Easton Bavents SPA, Blackwater Estuary SPA, Breydon Water SPA,
Colne Estuary SPA, Foulness SPA, Great Yarmouth North Denes SPA, Hamford
Water SPA, Medway Estuary and Marshes SPA and Minsmere-Walberswick SPA, all
of which are near or adjacent to the Outer Thames SPA. From what is known about
the general feeding ecology of these species it is likely that some of these birds feed
within the site as currently proposed. Furthermore, there is some evidence including
land-based observation of terns feeding, and evidence (for little tern) from survey
work undertaken for the Scroby Sands offshore wind farm (Econ 2008).
There is also some evidence that non-breeding Little gull also exceeds the qualifying
threshold in the Outer Thames area. However, further data are needed before it can
be determined whether qualifying numbers of these species use the SPA either
during the breeding season or while on passage, whether there is sufficient regularity
of site usage, and the locations of „hotspots‟ within (or beyond) the current SPA
boundary.
It is common practice in the UK to identify the main component species that

characterise a waterfowl assemblage (as well as those species that are of European
importance in their own right and selected under stages 1(1) or 1(2) of the SPA
selection guidelines (JNCC, 1999)). Such species are identified under stage 1(3) of
the SPA selection guidelines (JNCC, 1999) because they are regularly occurring
migratory species present in numbers exceeding 1% of the GB population or 2,000
individuals (Stroud et al, 2001). Aside from red-throated diver Gavia stellata, at this
time no such species have been identified as particularly important components of
the assemblage of waterfowl that uses the Outer Thames SPA in the non-breeding
season.
A programme of further data collation, collection and assessment regarding the
populations of these other species within the Outer Thames SPA is both necessary
and anticipated. This will improve the evidence base upon which future decisions
regarding amendments to the qualifying features of the SPA can be made.
4. ASSESSMENT AGAINST SPA SELECTION GUIDELINES
4.1 Stage 1.
Under stage 1 of the SPA selection guidelines (JNCC, 1999), sites eligible for
selection as a potential SPA must demonstrate one or more of the following:
1) an area used regularly by 1% or more of the Great Britain population of a

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species listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive (79/409/EEC as amended) in
any season;
2) an area used regularly by 1% or more of the biogeographical population of a

regularly occurring migratory species (other than those listed in Annex I) in
any season;
3) an area used regularly by over 20,000 waterfowl (waterfowl as defined by the

Ramsar Convention) or 20,000 seabirds in any season is eligible for selection
as a potential SPA.
The Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention has defined the
term „regularly‟ as used in the Ramsar site selection criteria, and this definition also
applies to the SPA selection guidelines (JNCC, 1999). A wetland regularly supports
a population of a given size if:
i) the requisite number of birds is known to have occurred in two-thirds of

the seasons for which adequate data are available, the total number of
seasons being not less than three; or
ii) the mean of the maxima of those seasons in which the site is
internationally important, taken over at least five years, amounts to the
required level (means based on three or four years may be based on
provisional assessments only).
The Outer Thames Estuary SPA qualifies under stage 1(1) because it regularly
supports greater than 1% of the GB population of one species (red-throated diver)
listed in Annex I. The JNCC Marine SPA Team (2009) estimated from aerial survey
data from surveys between January 1989 and winter 2006/07 that the Outer Thames
Estuary SPA supported an average peak of 6,466 individual red-throated divers in
winter.
4.2 Stage 2.
Under Stage 2 of the SPA selection guidelines, the Outer Thames Estuary SPA is
assessed as follows:
Table 2. Assessment of the bird interest against stage 2 of the SPA selection
guidelines
Feature Qualification Assessment

1. Population  The Outer Thames Estuary SPA is the most important
size and wintering site in the UK for red-throated divers.
density
2. Species  The site is main wintering area in Great Britain for red-
range throated diver which occurs off all coasts of Great Britain
but there are no significant concentrations closer to this
site than Liverpool Bay or western Scotland.
3. Breeding - Not applicable as this site is selected only for its
success importance for birds in the non-breeding season.

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4. History of  Aerial surveys undertaken in recent years have shown
occupancy that significant numbers of red-throated divers have
been present in the estuary over a period of at least 15
years; also earlier records exist from shore-based
observers of small numbers: most birds are in areas
beyond the range of areas normally counted through
wetland bird surveys (WeBS).
5. Multi- - The site supports one qualifying species listed on Annex
species area 1 of the EC Birds Directive.
6.  As most of this site is beyond mean low water mark, the
Naturalness habitat within the SPA is likely to be in a relatively
natural state except for the localised impacts on areas
where maintenance dredging, oil and gas exploration,
wind farm construction and commercial fishing take
place.
7. Severe - No data are available to determine whether the site
weather functions as a severe weather refuge.
refuge
5. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SITES IN THE UK
A comparison of the Outer Thames Estuary SPA is made below against other SPAs
in the UK selected for wintering red-throated divers.
Table 3. Comparison with other UK SPAs that support wintering red-throated

divers
Site Mean peaks - Number % of population

and Period
Outer Thames Estuary SPA 6466 (1989 – 2006/07) 38%
Liverpool Bay SPA 922 (2001/2 - 2006/07) 5.4%
Footnote. An area of search within the Firth of Forth has also identified a figure of 88
red throated divers (count data from 1991/92 – 1995/96) i.e. 1.8% of the GB
wintering population.

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6. REFERENCES
Barrett, J. & Barrett, C.F. 1985. Divers in the Moray Firth, Scotland. Scottish Birds
13: 149-154.
Barton, T.R., Barton, C., Carter, I.C. & Webb, A. 1993. Seabird distribution in
inshore waters between Flamborough Head and Dungeness from aerial surveys in
1989. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. JNCC Report 182.
Cramp, S. & Simmons, K.E.L. 1977. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle
East, and North Africa: the Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 1: Ostrich-Ducks.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Cranswick, P.A., Hall, C., & Smith, L. 2003. Aerial surveys of birds in proposed
strategic areas for offshore windfarm development, round 2: preliminary report, winter
2002/03. The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge.
Danielsen, F., Skov, H., & Durinck, J. 1993. Estimates of the wintering population
of Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata and Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica in
northwest Europe. Proceedings of the Seventh Nordic Congress of Ornithology 1990:
18–24.
Econ. 2008. Scroby Sands Ornithological Monitoring - Assessing the Impacts of the
Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm upon Little Tern Sternula [sic] albifrons: Summary
of Monitoring Programme 2002 – 2006. Unpubl report.
EEC 1979 Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild
birds. Official Journal L103 (25.4.1979).
Erdmann, F, Bellebaum, J, Kube, J, Schulz, A. 2005. Losses of seabirds and

waterfowl by fisheries with special regards to the international important resting ,
moulting , and wintering areas in the coastal waters of Mecklenburg -Western
Pomerania. Final Report by LUNG, ILN Griefswald & IfAO 130pp.
Garthe, S. & Huppop, O. 2004. Scaling possible adverse effects of marine

windfarms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of
Applied Ecology 41 724-734
JNCC. 1999. The Birds Directive – selection guidelines for Special Protection Areas.
JNCC Peterborough.
JNCC. 2006. Marine Special Protection Areas for non-breeding aggregations of red-
throated diver and common scoter. Joint response of Countryside Council for Wales,
Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Natural England and Scottish Natural
Heritage.
JNCC. 2008a. Special Protection Areas for Red-throated Diver.
JNCC. 2008b. An additional boundary option for Common Scoter in Liverpool Bay:
Hotspot Analysis.

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JNCC. 2008c. Boundary options for a possible Special Protection Area for Common
Scoter in Liverpool Bay.
JNCC. 2008d. Refined SPA boundaries for Red-throated Divers in the Greater
Thames and Liverpool Bay.
JNCC Marine SPA Team. 2009. Defining draft SPA boundaries for common scoter
and red-throated divers using optimum density thresholds. Unpublished paper to UK
Conservation Agency Chief Scientists‟ Group, April 2009.
Kershaw, M. & Cranswick, P.A. 2003. Numbers of Wintering Waterbirds in Great

Britain and the Isle of Man, 1994/1995 – 1998/1999): I. Wildfowl and selected
waterbirds. Biological Conservation 111: 91 – 104.
Kirby, J.S., Evans, R.J. & Fox, A.D. 1993. Wintering seaducks in Britain and
Ireland: populations, threats, conservation and research priorities. Aquatic
Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3: 105-117.
Lack, P. 1986. The Atlas of Wintering Birds in Britain and Ireland. T & A D Poyser,
Calton.
McSorley, C.A., Webb, A., Dean, B.J. & Reid, J.B. 2005a. Inshore marine Special
Protection Areas: a methodological evaluation of site selection and boundary
determination. JNCC Report No.344.
McSorley, C.A., Webb, A., Dean, B.J. & Reid, J.B. 2005b. UK Inshore Special
Protection Areas: a methodological evaluation of site selection and definition of the
extent of an interest feature using line transect data. JNCC Report 344.
Moser, M.E., Broad, R.A., Dennis, R.H. & Madders, M. 1986. The distribution and
abundance of some coastal birds on the west and north-west coasts of Scotland in
winter. Scottish Birds 14: 61-67.
O’Brien, S.H., Wilson, L.J., Webb, A. & Cranswick, P.A. 1998. Revised estimate of
numbers of wintering Red-throated Divers Gavia stellata in Great Britain. Bird Study
55: 152-160.
Okill, D. 2002. Red-throated diver. In: C. Wernham, M. Toms, J. Marchant, J. Clark,

G. Siriwardena & S. Baillie. The migration atlas. Movements of the birds of Britain
and Ireland. T & AD Poyser, London pp 109 – 111.
Percival, S., Cranswick, P., Hartley, C., Ford, J., Harding, I., Dodds, P. &
Percival, T. 2004. Thames Estuary proposed offshore wind farm. Progress report on
ornithological surveys August 2002 – December 2003. Ecology Consulting, Durham.
Pollitt, M., Cranswick, P., Musgrove, A., Hall, C., Hearn, R., Robinson, J. &
Holloway, S. 2000. The Wetland Bird Survey 1998-99: Wildfowl and Wader Counts.
Slimbridge: BTO, WWT, RSPB & JNCC.
Skov, H., Durinck, J., Leopold, M.F. & Tasker, M.L. 1995. Important Bird Areas for
Seabirds in the North Sea including the Channel and the Kattegat. Cambridge,
BirdLife International.

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Stone, C.J., Webb, A., Barton, C., Ratcliffe, N., Reed, T.C., Tasker, M.L.,
Camphuysen, C.J. & Pienkowski, M.W. 1995. An atlas of seabird distribution in
north-west European waters. Peterborough, JNCC.
Stroud, D.A., Chambers, D., Cook, S., Buxton, N., Fraser, B., Clement, P., Lewis,
P., McLean, I., Baker, H. & Whitehead, S. 2001. The UK SPA network: its scope
and content. Volumes 1-3. JNCC, Peterborough.
Taylor, M., Seago, M., Allard, P. & Dorling, D. 1999. The Birds of Norfolk. Sussex,
Pica Press.
Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Strindberg, S., Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T.,
Borchers, D.L., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Hedley, S.L., Pollard, J.H. &
Bishop, J.R.B. 2004. Distance 4.1. Release 2. Research unit for Wildlife population
Assessment, University of St. Andrews, UK. http://www.ruwpa.st-and.ac.uk/distance/
Thorpe, R.I. 2002. Numbers of wintering seaducks, divers and grebes in North
Cardigan Bay, 1991 – 1998. Welsh Birds 3: 155 – 170.
Webb, A., McSorley, C.A., Dean, B.J., Reid, J.B., Cranswick, P.A., Smith, L. &
Hall, C. 2004. An assessment of the numbers and distribution of inshore
aggregations of waterbirds using Liverpool Bay during the non-breeding season.
JNCC Report No.373, Peterborough.
Webb, A., McSorley, C.A., Dean, B.J., O’Brien, S., Reid, J.B., Cranswick, P.A.,
Smith, L. & Hall, C. 2005. An assessment of the numbers and distribution of inshore
aggregations of waterbirds using the Greater Thames during the non-breeding
season. JNCC Report No.374, Peterborough.
Webb, A. & Reid, J.B. 2004. Guidelines for the selection of marine SPAs for
aggregations of inshore non-breeding waterbirds. Unpublished consultation paper.
JNCC. http://www.jncc.gov.uk/PDF/comm04P05.pdf
Wetlands International. 2002. Waterbird population estimates – third edition.

Wetlands International Global Series No. 12, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

10/05/2010
Appendix 1

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Point No Latitude Longitude Point No Latitude Longitude
1 52º 39' 15'' 1º 43' 57'' 34 52º 20' 18'' 2º 16' 18''
2 52º 39' 15'' 1º 53' 48'' 35 52º 25' 12'' 2º 9' 36''
3 52º 29' 36'' 1º 53' 48'' 36 52º 25' 12'' 2º 0' 0''
4 52º 22' 27'' 1º 48' 18'' 37 52º 30' 6'' 2º 0' 0''
5 52º 22' 27'' 2º 2' 12'' 38 52º 30' 6'' 2º 7' 24''
6 52º 23' 36'' 2º 7' 60'' 39 51º 44' 38'' 0º 57' 29''
7 52º 22' 24'' 2º 10' 18'' 40 51º 44' 38'' 1º 1' 9''
8 52º 19' 12'' 2º 10' 18'' 41 51º 41' 15'' 1º 6' 15''
9 52º 19' 12'' 2º 1' 60'' 42 51º 41' 15'' 1º 7' 54''
10 52º 15' 0'' 1º 56' 42'' 43 51º 43' 54'' 1º 10' 18''
11 52º 13' 36'' 1º 58' 54'' 44 51º 47' 24'' 1º 10' 18''
12 52º 12' 0'' 1º 58' 54'' 45 51º 47' 24'' 1º 16' 30''
13 52º 10' 18'' 1º 55' 60'' 46 51º 50' 30'' 1º 16' 36''
14 52º 10' 18'' 1º 52' 36'' 47 51º 50' 30'' 1º 21' 12''
15 52º 11' 36'' 1º 50' 42'' 48 51º 52' 60'' 1º 25' 42''
16 52º 11' 36'' 1º 46' 54'' 49 51º 52' 60'' 1º 29' 54''
17 52º 7' 18'' 1º 46' 54'' 50 51º 49' 0'' 1º 29' 54''
18 52º 3' 42'' 1º 41' 30'' 51 51º 49' 0'' 1º 37' 30''
19 51º 58' 36'' 1º 41' 30'' 52 51º 45' 36'' 1º 47' 42''
20 51º 57' 0'' 1º 37' 60'' 53 51º 41' 18'' 1º 47' 42''
21 51º 59' 24'' 1º 34' 24'' 54 51º 32' 36'' 1º 37' 36''
22 51º 56' 36'' 1º 29' 24'' 55 51º 32' 36'' 1º 33' 0''
23 51º 56' 36'' 1º 26' 54'' 56 51º 34' 30'' 1º 30' 18''
24 51º 57' 48'' 1º 25' 6'' 57 51º 34' 30'' 1º 25' 60''
25 51º 59' 49'' 1º 25' 6'' 58 51º 31' 54'' 1º 25' 60''
26 52º 18' 47'' 1º 40' 30'' 59 51º 29' 54'' 1º 22' 18''
27 52º 18' 48'' 1º 40' 31'' 60 51º 27' 42'' 1º 27' 12''
28 52º 28' 18'' 1º 45' 22'' 61 51º 25' 0'' 1º 27' 12''
29 52º 28' 19'' 1º 45' 23'' 62 51º 23' 31'' 1º 26' 5''
30 52º 34' 20'' 1º 44' 18'' 63 51º 26' 28'' 0º 46' 24''
31 52º 34' 22'' 1º 44' 18'' 64 51º 30' 22'' 0º 46' 24''
32 52º 37' 60'' 2º 7' 24'' 65 51º 37' 18'' 0º 56' 36''
33 52º 37' 60'' 2º 18' 12'' 66 51º 37' 41'' 0º 55' 43''
The landward boundary of the Outer Thames Estuary follows Ordnance Survey
mean low water line, which is liable to change, or the seaward boundaries of Benacre
to Easton SPA, Minsmere – Walberswick SPA, Alde-Ore Estuary SPA, Dengie SPA,
Foulness SPA, Benfleet and Southend Marshes SPA, The Swale SPA and Thanet
Coast and Sandwich Bay SPA.
Points 30 – 31 are where a straight line crosses the entrance to Great Yarmouth
harbour
Points 28 – 29 are where a straight line crosses the entrance to Lowestoft harbour
Points 26 – 27 are where a straight line crosses the mouth of the River Blyth
Points 65 – 66 are where a straight line crosses the mouth of the Crouch Estuary
Points 63 – 64 are where a straight line crosses the River Thames

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Appendix 2
EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds

Special Protection Area (SPA)
Name: Outer Thames Estuary
Counties/Unitary Authorities: The SPA lies entirely in UK territorial waters adjacent

to the following counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex and Kent.
Boundary of the SPA: See SPA map. The landward boundary of the SPA generally
follows mean low water mark or the boundaries of existing and potential SPAs,
whichever is the furthest seaward. Intertidal mudbanks and sandbanks separated
from the mainland coast by subtidal areas at mean low water are within the SPA
boundary, except where they are within the boundaries of existing SPAs or SPAs..
The seaward boundary lies mostly within the 20m depth contour and marginally
along the eastern edge of the proposed boundary extends beyond the 20-50 m
contour.
Size of SPA: The SPA covers an area of 379,268.14 ha.
Site description: The Thames Estuary is located in the southern part of the North
Sea on the east coast of England, between the counties of Norfolk (on the north side)
and Kent (on the south) and extends as a broad opening into the North Sea. The
SPA boundary is divided into three areas: the main part of the site is the outer part of
the estuary (east of a line north from Sheerness, Kent to Shoebury Ness, Essex); a
separate area extending south along the coast of E Norfolk (from Caister-on-Sea) to
Woodbridge, Suffolk and lying mainly within the 12 nautical mile zone, except for two
small areas which extend slightly into the 12 nm zone offshore from about Lowestoft;
and a third area lying slightly further north and partly within 12 nm, but also with a
larger area extending well beyond the 12 nm zone). The seaward boundary of the
SPA lies partly within the 20m depth contour and marginally into the 20-50 m depth
contour.
The Outer Thames Estuary SPA consists of areas of shallow and deeper water, high
tidal current streams and a range of mobile sediments. Large areas of mud, silt and
gravelly sediments form the deeper water channels, the main ones of which form the
approach route to the ports of London and as such are continually disturbed by
shipping and maintenance dredging. Sand in the form of sandbanks separated by
troughs predominates in the remaining areas and the crests of some of the banks are
exposed at mean low water. In the northern part of the site the main sandbanks are
(north to south) Middle Cross Sand, Scroby Sands, Helm Sand, Newcombe Sand,
Aldeburgh Napes, Aldeburgh Ridge, North Ship Head and Bawdsey Bank; in the
southern part of the site the main sandbanks are Red Sand, Kentish Flats, West and
East Barrow, Sunk Sand, Shingles, Long Sand, Margate Sand and Kentish Knock.
The seabed along the coast of Norfolk and Suffolk coast is of a similar composition to
that in the main estuary with large shallow areas of mud, sand, silt and gravely
sediments but, in the absence of main port areas within this area, there is less
disturbance through shipping or dredging. The main sandbanks in this area are (from
north to south) Dunwich Bank, Sizewell Bank, Aldeburgh Napes, Aldeburgh Ridge
and Whiting Ridge.

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The seabed and waters of the site provide an important habitat in the non-breeding
season for red-throated divers Gavia stellata which visit the area to feed on the fish
populations.
Qualifying species:
The site qualifies under article 4.1 of the Directive (79/409/EEC) as it is used
regularly by 1% or more of the Great Britain population of the following species listed
in Annex I in any season:
Annex I species Count and season Period % of GB

population
Red-throated diver 6,466 individuals –wintering 1989 – 2006/07 38%
Gavia stellata peak mean
Principal bird data sources:
Cranswick, P.A., Hall, C., & Smith, L. 2003. Aerial surveys of birds in proposed
strategic areas for offshore windfarm development, round 2: preliminary report, winter
2002/03. The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge.
O’Brien, S.H., Söhle, I., Dean, B.J., Webb, A. & Reid, J.B. 2008. A further
assessment of the numbers and distribution of inshore waterbirds using the Greater
Thames during the non-breeding season using additional data from 2005-2007.
JNCC Report.
Percival, S., Cranswick, P., Hartley, C., Ford, J., Harding, I., Dodds, P. &
Percival, T. 2004. Thames Estuary proposed offshore wind farm. Progress report on
ornithological surveys August 2002 – December 2003. Ecology Consulting, Durham.
Webb, A., McSorley, C.A., Dean, B.J., O’Brien, S., Reid, J.B., Cranswick, P.A.,
Smith, L. & Hall, C. 2005. An assessment of the numbers and distribution of inshore
aggregations of waterbirds using the Greater Thames during the non-breeding
season. JNCC Report No.374, Peterborough.
Webb, A. & Reid, J.B. 2004. Guidelines for the selection of marine SPAs for
aggregations of inshore non-breeding waterbirds. Unpublished consultation paper.
JNCC. http://www.jncc.gov.uk/PDF/comm04P05.pdf

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Protected Reptiles and Built
Development
Introduction
This leaflet has been prepared by Kent Reptile and Amphibian Group, Kent Wildlife Trust and English Nature as
information for anyone dealing with development proposals which might affect reptiles. The leaflet provides
background on the legal status of British reptiles, and a checklist by which any proposed survey or mitigation
work may be assessed. It should be noted that the recommendations in this leaflet represent current best practice
and that they are not statutory requirements. However, following the recommendations will normally ensure
compliance with current legislation.
Background
Adder Vipera berus, grass snake, Natrix natrix, slow-worm Anguis fragilis and viviparous
lizard Lacerta vivipara all occur in Kent and are all protected, under the Wildlife and
Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), against intentional killing or injury. In practice, this
means that a developer would be expected to take all reasonable steps to prevent the killing
or injury of reptiles that might result from development work or from any associated
activities. This not only applies to sites where reptiles are already known to occur, but to
any site where they might reasonably be expected to occur.
Grass snake, slow-worm and viviparous lizard are all widespread and may even be
abundant in suitable habitats in Kent. Adder is a less common species, occurring in Kent
primarily on the North Downs but with scattered populations elsewhere in the county.
The following checklist identifies the steps which should be followed in any
planning application in order to ensure compliance with current best practice.
Any report which accompanies a planning application and which deals with
reptiles, or protected species in general, should clearly show that
• All necessary steps have been followed, and
• Work for reptiles has been carried out in accordance with the guidance
from Herpetofauna Groups of Britain and Ireland (HGBI) contained in
the leaflet Evaluating local mitigation/translocation programmes:
maintaining best practice and lawful standards.
Has consideration been given to protected species?

• Consideration should be given to protected species, including reptiles, in the assessment of any planning
application.
Has there been a search for existing records?

• Kent Reptile and Amphibian Group should be contacted for any existing records of reptiles within the site of
any proposed development and the local area.
Is there a need for a survey for reptiles?

• There should be a dedicated survey for reptiles if the development site, or land close to the site, supports any
suitable habitat. This would generally include any grassland (with the exception of closely mown amenity
grassland or closely grazed pasture), scrubby grassland, open scrub, open woodland, mature gardens, old
building bases, piles of fly tipping, and scrubby brownfield land adjacent to such habitats (including river
banks and grassy road verges).
Has the survey effort been adequate?

• To determine presence or likely absence of reptile species, there should be a minimum of SEVEN survey
visits between mid/late March and late June and/or between late August and late September during
appropriate weather conditions (see Foster & Gent, 1996 or Froglife Advice Sheet 10: Reptile Survey s for
Protected Reptiles and Built Development - Kent Reptile & Amphibian Group and Kent Wildlife Trust October 2003
guidance). Visits in late August/September are particularly useful to confirm whether breeding takes place
on the site, as young animals are most likely to be detected at this time.
• To allow a relative population estimate to be made, there should be a minimum of twenty survey visits
within the relevant period(s) and during appropriate weather conditions (see Foster & Gent, 1996 or Froglife
Advice Sheet 10: Reptile Survey s for guidance).
Has an appropriate methodology been used?

• The most important survey methods for detecting reptiles are
o Walk-over surveys in appropriate weather conditions;
o Searching natural or other existing refugia; and
o Searching artificial refugia placed in suitable locations for the purpose of survey.
• Artificial refugia should always be used unless the site suffers a high level of uncontrollable disturbance.
• Artificial refugia should be
o Made of a range of materials, not just roofing felt (as this may not attract adders or large adult grass
snakes);
o Be at least 0.5m2 (70cm by 70cm) in size, and ideally larger; and
o Be set out at a density of at least ten per hectare.
• More detailed information these survey techniques can be found in Froglife Advice Sheet 10: Reptile Survey
Have the results been presented properly?

• Reports on reptile surveys should ideally present
o The raw data obtained from each survey method used; and
o The maximum number of adults of each species found during any one visit.
• If there were at least twenty survey visits between mid/late March and late June and/or between late August
and late September, then populations can be classed as ‘low’, ‘good’ or ‘exceptional’ according to the
criteria set out on Page 9 of Froglife Advice Sheet 10: Reptile Survey s. Otherwise, no judgement about
population size should be made.
Have hibernation sites been identified?

• The impact of development on reptile hibernacula can be critical to their survival on a site. This is
particularly true of snakes, and especially of adders, which have high site fidelity. Survey reports should
therefore make at least some reference to known, suspected or potential hibernacula.
Have appropriate recommendations been made regarding the need for mitigation?
• Any proposals for mitigation should follow the guidance contained in Evaluating local
mitigation/translocation programmes: maintaining best practice and lawful standards.
• The level of capture effort proposed should be in accordance with Table 2 in Evaluating local
mitigation/translocation programmes: maintaining best practice and lawful standards.
• Capture depletion curves are sometimes used as a way of judging that most animals on a site have been
trapped and removed. Care is needed in the interpretation of these curves, as reptile activity is seasonal and
varies with weather conditions, and rates of capture would be expected to drop in midsummer and in autumn
and at other times when weather conditions are unsuitable.
• Where habitat creation is proposed to replace that lost to development, then this replacement should
normally be like-for-like and area-for-area as an absolute minimum. In some circumstances, it may be
acceptable to create an area of habitat smaller than that lost, but only if the replacement habitat is of higher
quality.
• Where animals are being translocated off site, the receptor site
o Must be a suitable habitat for the species concerned, in terms of available foraging habitat, refuges
and hibernacula;
o Must NOT have an existing population of the species concerned; AND
o Must be safe from any future development.
• In exceptional cases, it may be possible to translocate animals to a site which already supports a population
of the species concerned IF the site is only marginally suitable for that species AND is capable of being
improved in order to increase the carrying capacity for the species.
• Translocation of snakes is to be avoided where possible, as it appears that they will attempt to return to their
home sites.
• Particular care is required when dealing with adder, which is a scarce and threatened species in Kent.
Has appropriate monitoring been proposed?

• All mitigation projects should be subject to at least medium-term monitoring to ensure they are achieving
their aims. Appropriate monitoring will record the continued presence of translocated animals and record
breeding success for at least one full season following translocation.
• Summary results of monitoring programmes should be made available at the end of each season to all
interested parties, including Kent Reptile and Amphibian Group and Kent Wildlife Trust.
References
Foster, J and Gent, T (eds.) (1996) Reptile survey methods: proceedings of a seminar held on 7 November 1995
at the Zoological Society of London's meeting rooms, Regent's Park, London. English Nature Science Report no.
27. EN, Peterborough.
Evaluating local mitigation/translocation programmes: maintaining best practice and lawful standards. This
document can be downloaded from the HGBI website www.froglife.fsnet.co.uk/HGBI/HGBI.htm.
Froglife Advice Sheet 10: Reptile Survey. See the Froglife website www.froglife.fsnet.co.uk for details of how to
obtain this publication.
Kent Reptile and Amphibian Group Kent Wildlife Trust

c/o DICE Tyland Barn
University of Kent Sandling
Canterbury Maidstone
Kent CT2 7NS Kent ME14 3BD
kragrecorder@btopenworld.com 01622 662012
info@kentwildlife.org.uk
English Nature Kent Team www.kentwildlife.org.uk
The Countryside Management Centre
Coldharbour Farm Charity no. 239992
Wye
Ashford
Kent TN25 5DB
01233 812525
kent@english-nature.org.uk
www.english-nature.org.uk
Kent Protected Species Inventory
The Kent Protected Species Inventory (PSI) was developed to aid developers and land managers. There
are certain species and habitats which, although not rare, do have legal protection. The species listed in the
PSI are all protected under various Schedules of either the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (WCA 1981),
the Bern Convention, the Bonn Convention, the Habitat Directive, or the Convention in International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES). The WCA 1981 is the main source of legal protection for animals and plants
in the UK, which has also been strengthened by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CROW
2000).
It should be noted that not all species mentioned in the WCA 1981 feature in the PSI. This is because some
Schedules define species that are allowed to be destroyed at certain times of the year, or even at all times.
It is also very important to note that whilst a protected species have been recorded in a
particular area, this does not indicate that the species is still present. Equally, the absence
of a protected species from a list does not signify that it is not there, only that it has not
been recorded. Also, the following summary of legislation is designed purely as a basic
guide, and if any action be taken regarding any of the protected species listed, then it is
imperative that the full relevant legislation be consulted.
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (and later amendments)

As mentioned above, the WCA 1981 is split into different Schedules defining different levels of protection,
outlined below. For further information, see www.naturenet.net/law/wcagen.html or www.jncc.gov.uk/page-
1377
Schedules 1, 2, 3 & 4
These Schedules relate solely to bird species, and are therefore only mentioned on the ‘Kent Bird Records’
list.
Schedule 5
It is an offence (subject to exceptions) to intentionally kill, injure, take, possess, or trade (including parts or
derivatives) in the animals (not birds) listed under Schedule 5, and prohibits interference with places used
for shelter or protection, or intentionally disturbing animals occupying such places. The Act also prohibits
certain methods of killing, injuring, or taking wild animals. Under Schedule 5, the protection of some species
is limited to certain sections of the Act, outlined below:
• S9(1) - prohibits the intentional killing, injury or taking
• S9(2) - protection is limited to protecting and controlling
• S9(4a) - prohibits the damaging, destroying or obstructing access to any place used by the animal
for shelter or protection
• S9(4b) - prohibits disturbing the animal while it is occupying any structure or place which it uses for
shelter or protection.
• S9(5) - prohibits the selling, offering for sale, possessing or transporting for purpose of sale, or
advertising for sale, any live or dead animal, or any part of, or anything derived from such an animal.
Schedule 6
Schedule 6 lists animals which may not be killed or taken by certain methods (traps and nets, poisons,
automatic weapons, electrical devices, smokes/gases and various other methods). Even humane trapping
for research requires a licence. Note that bows, explosives, self-locking snares and live bird or mammal
decoys are generally prohibited for use against any wild animal, irrespective of this Schedule.
Schedule 8
Under Schedule 8, it is an offence (subject to exceptions) to intentionally pick, uproot, trade in, or possess
(for the purposes of trade) any plant on the list. It should be noted that under the Wildlife and Countryside
Act all wild plants are protected from intentional uprooting by an unauthorised person (but landowners, land
occupiers, persons authorised by either of these, or persons authorised in writing by the Local Authority for
the area are exempt). Under Schedule 8, the protection of some species is limited to certain sections of the
Act, outlined below:
• S13(2) - prohibits the selling, offering / advertising for sale, possessing or transporting for purpose of
sale, any living, dead, part of, or derivative of any listed plant.
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CRoW)
This Act is primarily designed to strengthen the protection of sites designated as Sites of Special Scientific
Interest (SSSI’s). However, in consultation with Natural England, the government drew up a list of habitats
and species of conservation importance. The ‘Biodiversity Strategy for England’ sets out the means by
which the Government will comply with its duty under Section 74 to take or promote the taking by others of
steps to further the conservation of the listed habitats and species, including through the continued
implementation of the Action Plans detailed under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. For further information,
please see www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/cl/index.htm.
incorporates the principle of sustainable development and particular emphasis is given to endangered and
vulnerable species, especially those species that are endemic. For further information, please see
www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/nature/Bern/default_en.asp.
Appendix I
This appendix lists flora specially protected against deliberate picking, collecting, cutting, uprooting,
possession, sale, etc.
Appendix II
This appendix lists strictly protected fauna. The Bern Convention places particular emphasis on migratory
species and their breeding and resting sites (see also Bonn Convention below). Listed fauna are required to
be strictly protected against deliberate killing, capture, damage/destruction of breeding and nesting sites,
disturbance, taking of eggs, trading (including parts and derivatives), etc. Various exceptions can be invoked
to avoid, for example, inappropriate situations arising over species that, although listed, are common and
widespread.
Appendix III
disappearance or serious disturbance to a species) and managed to keep them out of danger. The appendix
includes nearly all other birds, all other reptiles and amphibians and many other mammals. Some
invertebrates are also listed on the Appendix, including the Stag Beetle and the White-Clawed Crayfish.
Appendix IV
This appendix lists the prohibited means and methods of killing, capture and other forms of exploitation, and
therefore no individual species are listed.

As the title suggests, this Convention is designed to protect populations of migrating species (and related
habitats) from the threat of degradation / destruction. There are two main categories of species, listed
below. For further information, please see www.cms.int/documents/convtxt/cms_convtxt.htm.
Appendix I
This appendix lists endangered migratory species. Species on this list are only to be taken from the wild
under a strict set of guidelines, and are not to be killed, etc. Habitats that are used by these species are to
be protected (and restored if possible), obstacles preventing migration should be removed / minimised, and
any factors contributing to further endangerment of the species should be prevented / removed.
Appendix II
conservation, and any plans are agreed by all signatories.
The EC Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora
(Habitats Directive)
This Directive is primarily designed for the protection of natural habitats, thus automatically protecting any
species within those habitats. Along with the Birds Directive, the Habitats Directive forms part of Natura
2000, which links a network of sites throughout the EU (Special Protection Areas and Special Areas of
Conservation). A number of species are listed under various annexes within the Directive. For further
information see: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
Annex II
This Annex lists animal and plant species (not birds) of community interest whose conservation requires the
designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). These have the highest level of protection within this
Directive.
Annex IV
This Annex lists animal and plant species (not birds) of community interest in need of strict protection. With
regards animals, this prohibits deliberate capture, killing, disturbance (especially during breeding period),
destruction or taking of eggs from wild, and destruction or deterioration of breeding sites or resting places.
Regarding plants, this prohibits deliberate picking, collecting, uprooting, cutting, destruction, and trade in
entire plants or parts, at all stages of life.
Annex V
This Annex lists animal and plant species (not birds) of community interest whose taking in the wild and
exploitation may be subject to management measures. For specific measures, please refer to the Directive
(see website above)
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
This Convention is designed to control the international trade on all species listed, which includes all parts or
derivatives of those species. For further information, please see www.cites.org/. Trade in any species listed
on any of the three appendices is strictly controlled or prohibited. Those listed on Appendix I have the
highest protection, followed by those on Appendix II, and then Appendix III.
Protection of Badgers Act 1992
As the title suggests, this Act protects badgers and their setts against virtually all deliberate damage /
destruction, with certain exceptions outlined within the Act itself. For further information, please see
www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1992/Ukpga_19920051_en_1.htm
Badger data held by the Kent and Medway Biological Records Centre is not a complete dataset for Kent,
and for more accurate information, you should contact the relevant Badger Group overleaf:
East Kent Badger Group West Kent Badger Group
Martin Newcombe Barbara Wilkinson
Brackenhurst 28 Studley Crescent
Knoll Hill New Barn
Aldington Longfield
Ashford Kent
Kent DA3 7JL
TN25 7BZ (01474) 703948
(01233) 720229
Codes and Abbreviations used in the Protected species inventory

• Bern I - protected under Appendix I of the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European
• Bern II - protected under Appendix II of the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European
• Bern III - protected under Appendix III of the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European
• Bonn I - protected under Annex I of the Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species
of Wild Animals
• Bonn II - protected under Annex II of the Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species
of Wild Animals
Fauna and Flora
• CRoW - listed on the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000
• ECH II - protected under Annex II of the European Communities Council Directive of the
• ECH IV - protected under Annex IV of the European Communities Council Directive of the
• ECH V - protected under Annex V of the European Communities Council Directive of the
• WCA5 - species protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (animals other
than birds)
• WCA5(p) - species only partially protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act
1981 (animals other than birds)
• WCA8 - species protected under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (plants and
fungi)
RAMSAR CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL
IMPORTANCE ESPECIALLY AS WATERFOWL HABITATS
Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay (Kent)
The Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay Ramsar site includes a wide variety of coastal
habitats including areas of chalk cliff, rocky shore, shingle, sand and mudflats, saltmarsh
and sand dunes. As well as its value for breeding and wintering birds, the site supports
outstanding communities of terrestrial and marine plants species, a significant number of
rare invertebrate species, and is of considerable geological importance.
The site qualifies under Criterion 2a by supporting a very large number of rare species of
wetland invertebrates. A total of at 15 Red Data Book species associated with wetlands
have been recorded. These comprise three species listed as endangered: the weevil Lixus
vilis, the moth Stigmella reprentiella, and the beetle Bagous nodulosus. Two species
listed as vulnerable: the silver barred moth Deltote bankiana, the dancefly Poecilobothrus
ducalis. Ten species listed as rare: the groundbugs Emblethis verbasci and Pionosomus
varius, the damsel bug Nabis brevis, the dung beetle Euheptaulacus sus, the click beetle
Melanotus punctolineatus, the moth the dotted footman Pelosia muscerda, the only
British population of the woodlouse Eluma purpurescens, two digger wasps Ectemnius
ruficornis and Alysson lunicornis, the plantbug Orthotylus rubidus. A significant number
of non-wetland Red Data Book invertebrates occur, as well as a large number of other
notable and scarce wetland invertebrate species.
The site qualifies under Criterion 3c by regularly supporting an internationally important

wintering population of turnstone Arenaria interpres. In the five-year period 1986/87 –
1990/91, an average peak count of 1,300 turnstones was recorded, representing 2% of the
East Atlantic Flyway population and 3% of the British wintering population.
Notable also are a nationally important breeding population of little tern Sterna albifrons
turnstone Arenaria interpres (30 pais – 1% of the British population); and nationally
important wintering populations of the following species (average peak counts over the
five year period 1986/87 – 1990/91): ringed plover Charadius hiaticula (370 - over 1% of
the British wintering population), grey plover Pluvialis squatarola (530 - over 2% of
British), and sanderling Calidis alba (700 - over 5% of British). In addition large
numbers of migratory passerine birds pass through the site during the spring and autumn
migration periods. These migratory birds have been monitored since 952 by the
Sandwich Bay Bird Observatory.
RAMSAR citation (Montreux 1990 Criteria)

HTR/DAS June 1992.
EC DIRECTIVE 79/409 ON THE CONSERVATION OF Wild Birds:
Special Protection Area (SPA)
Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay (Kent)
The Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay Special Protection Area includes a wide variety of
coastal habitats including areas of chalk cliff, rocky shore, shingle, sand and mudflats,
saltmarsh and sand dunes. As well as its value for breeding and wintering birds, the site
supports outstanding communities of terrestrial and marine plants species, a significant
number of rare invertebrate species, and is of considerable geological importance.
The Thanet Coast qualifies under Article 4.1 by supporting in summer, a nationally
important breeding population of little tern Sterna albifrons (30 pairs – over 1% of the
British population).
The site also qualifies under Article 4.2 by supporting a nationally important wintering
population of golden plover Pluvialis apricaria. During the five-year period 1985/86 –
1989/90, an average peak count of 1,980 golden plover was recorded, representing 1% of
the British population.
The site qualifies under Article 4.2 by regularly supporting an internationally important
wintering population of turnstone Arenaria interpres. In the five year period 1986/87 –
1990/91, an average peak count of 1,300 turnstones was recorded, representing 2% of the
East Atlantic Flyway population and 3% of the British wintering population. The site also
supports nationally important wintering populations of a further four species (average
peak counts over the five year period 1986/7 – 1990/1): 370 ringed plover Charadius
hiaticula (over 1% of the British wintering population), 530 grey plover Pluvialis
squatarola (over 2% of British), 700 sanderling Calidis alba (over 5% of Britis), and 40
Lapland bunting Calcarius lapponicus (about 11% of British). In addition large numbers
of migratory passerine birds pass through the site during the spring and autumn migration
periods. These migratory birds have been monitored since 952 by the Sandwich Bay Bird
Observatory.
SPA citation
HTR/DAS June 1992.
COUNTY: KENT SITE NAME: THANET COAST
DISTRICT: CANTERBURY; THANET
Status: Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) notified under Section 28 of the
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
Local Planning Authority: CANTERBURY CITY COUNCIL, Thanet District

Council
National Grid Reference: TR 132675Ð Area: 818.7 (ha.) 2023.0 (ac.)

TR 394656
Ordnance Survey Sheet 1:50,000: 179 1:10,000: TR 16 NE, NW;

TR 26 NE, NW;
TR 36 NE, NW;
TR 37 SE, SW
Date Notified (Under 1949 Act): 1981 (part)
Date Notified (Under 1981 Act): 1984 (part) Date of Last Revision: 1990
1987 (part)
1989 (part)
Other Information:
Thanet Coast amalgamates four SSSIs: Bishopstone Cliffs Plumpudding Island
and North Thanet Coast previously notified under the 1981 Act, and North Cliff
Broadstairs notified under the 1949 Act. The site incorporates large extensions,
and part is managed by Canterbury City Council as a Country Park. Parts of this
site will also be noted in ÔA Geological Conservation ReviewÕ.
Reasons for Notification:

This site, extending almost uninterrupted from Swalecliffe to Ramsgate,
comprises mainly unstable cliff and foreshore (including shingle, sand and
mudflats), with smaller areas of saltmarsh, coastal lagoons, coastal gill woodland
and cliff-top grassland. There are a number of biological, geological and
geomorphological features of interest within the site.
Biological Interest
The Thanet Coast is particularly noted for its bird populations, supporting both
internationally and nationally important numbers of wintering birds, with one
species breeding in nationally important numbers. Associated with the various
constituent habitats of the site are outstanding assemblages of both terrestrial and
marine plant species, including communities of marine algae that are of limited
occurrence elsewhere in the British Isles. Invertebrates are also of interest and
there are recent records of three nationally rare** and one nationally scarce*
species.
The ornithological interest of the Thanet Coast is centred on the large numbers of
waders and wildfowl which use the area in winter and the many species of birds
that feed and rest during the spring and autumn passage. Turnstones Arenaria
interpres regularly overwinter in numbers of international importance, whilst
sanderlings Calidris alba and ringed plovers Charadrius hiaticula and grey
plovers Pluvialis squatarola are present in nationally important numbers. A
colony of little terns Sterna albifrons, a species specially protected by law and
listed on Schedule 1 of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act, breed in nationally
important numbers at Plumpudding Island.
The cliff section at Epple Bay is of considerable historic scientific interest, since
it is the type locality for one genus and six species of algae. It forms part of the
survey area where chalk cliff algal communities were first studied in Britain, and
the remaining natural cliff exemplifies this type of vegetation. Botany Bay and
White Ness exhibit a variety of geomorphological features such as stacks,
promontories, caves and a tunnel and arch formation which are no longer common
on Thanet, and which also support a variety of cliff algal communities. Of
particular interest are the cave communities of algae of the group Chrysophyceae;
these communities are not known from the caves in the harder rocks of western
Britain. The North Thanet cliff algal communities are complementary to those of
the chalk cliffs at Pegwell Bay, within the Sandwich Bay and Hacklinge Marshes
SSSI, the only other notable site for chalk cliff algal communities in south-east
England.
The littoral and subtidal plant and animal communities of Kent are generally
impoverished compared with other parts of Britain; this is principally attributed
to the extremes of sea and air temperatures, the turbid sea water and the soft,
unstable substrates which are prevalent. However, the foreshore at Fulsam Rock
is clean and silt-free, and supports a diverse fauna on the lower shore especially in
the laminarian zone, which has a well developed crevice fauna. The algal flora is
well developed, and includes species which have not been recorded elsewhere in
Kent, such as Chondria dasyphylla, Hecatonema maculans and Griffordia
secunda.
The shingle substrate occupying part of the foreshore has given rise, in places, to
a distinctive flora with species including yellow horned poppy Glaucium flavum,
viperÕs bugloss Echium vulgare and the nationally scarce* plants sea kale Crambe
maritima and sea pea Lathyrus japonica. The nationally rare** hogÕs fennel
Peucedanum officinale has also been recorded from the shingle at Swalecliffe.
Small areas of saltmarsh are dominated by sea purslane Halimione portulacoides
with sea aster Aster tripolium and sea worm Artesmia maritima also present,
whilst at Plumpudding Island the western coastal lagoon contains abundant
growth of the nationally scarce* aquatic plant, spiral tassel-weed Ruppia
cirrhosa.
The exposed cliffs themselves are of interest for terrestrial plants, supporting
populations of the nationally rare** hoary stock Matthiola incana and sea stock
Matthiola sinuata as well as the nationally scarce* wild cabbage Brassica oleracea
and sea heath Frankenia laevis.
Bishopstone Glen is a short steep-sided valley cut through the clays and sands of
Bishopstone and is the only feature of its kind on the North Kent Coast. The
sheltered head of the Glen is dominated by ash Fraxinus excelsior and field maple
Acer campestre woodland which is replaced further down the valley by hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna and blackthorn Prunus spinosa scrub. Young smooth-leaved
elm Ulmus minor is abundant throughout.
The exposed cliff top east of Bishopstone supports a large area of coastal
grassland. It is mown for hay and contains a wide range of species including early
hair grass Aira praecox, barren fescue Vulpia bromoides, meadow vetchling
Lathyrus pratensis, bulbous buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus and thrift Armeria
maritima.
Within this site strips of grassland along the seawalls are dominated by couches
Elymus species and fescues Festuca species. Other flowering plants include the
nationally rare** hogÕs fennel, found along the seawall at Plumpudding Island, and
some nationally scarce* species such as slender hareÕs ear Bupleurum
tenuissimum and sea clover Trifolium squamosum. Some of the more common
species recorded include spiny restharrow Ononis spinosa and grass vetchling
Lathyrus nissolia.
The drift line debris in the vicinity of Swalecliffe supports the only population of
the nationally rare** isopod (woodlouse) Eluma purpurescens on mainland
Britain, and the cliffs around Bishopstone support two nationally rare** digger
wasps Ectemnius ruficornis and Alysson lunicornis. It is likely that further survey
may reveal additional rare or scarce invertebrate species in the site. These
particular cliffs also support one of the two largest sand martin Riparia riparia
colonies in Kent.
Geological Interest
The section of coast between Beltinge and Reculver exposes the Thanet
Formation, the Woolwich and Reading Beds Formation, the Oldhaven Formation
and the London Clay Formation. It is the key on-land Palaeocene site in the
London Basin, and is one of BritainÕs most important palaeobotanical localities.
The Thanet Beds contain a range of plant organs including as-yet-undescribed

fruits and seeds. In addition, this section is the only locality to yield determined
wood from the Woolwich Beds and one of only two sites to have yielded plant
material from the Oldhaven Beds.
The clays here contain a substantial assemblage with two families, six genera and
numerous species unique to this site in the London Clay flora. Three genera
Palaeobruguier (mangrove), Shrubsolea (Rutaceae) and Jenkinsella
(Ceridiphyllaceae) are unique to this site.
A rich invertebrate and vertebrate fossil fauna also occurs within the site and the
section has been extensively studied over many years. The best exposures
currently occur on the foreshore, and many of the best are towards the Spring tide
and Low Water mark.
The stretch of coastline between Epple Bay and Ramsgate is the national
reference locality for the Santonian stage of the Upper Cretaceous chalk in
Britain.
The exposed sections at North Cliff together with the nearby Pegwell Bay
complement the Folkestone Warren and Dover to Kingsdown Cliffs SSSIs and
include several stratigraphically important marker beds such as BedwellÕs
Columnar Band and WhitakerÕs Three Inch Band. The top parts of the Santonian
stage are very fossiliferous and the Marsupites zone contains a distinctive and
famous band of the pyramidal-shaped sea urchin Echinocorys.
The North Cliff is also important for Quaternary studies. It provides

lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic evidence for environmental changes during
the Middle and late Devensian in SE England. The sequence of sediments exposed
in the cliff overlies frost-disturbed chalk and comprises: 1) Middle Devensian
Solifluction deposits; 2) Late Devensian loess and brickearths; 3) a series of Late-
glacial Solifluction deposits separated by fossil soil horizons considered to
represent the Bolling and Allerod Interstadials; 4) Postglacial hillwash.
Foreness Point is a key site for coastal geomorphology and an essential member
of the suite of chalk coastal sites. It is a classic cliff-shore platform system and
contains the most extensive intertidal chalk shore platform in Britain. It has been
studied in greater detail than most other cliff-platform sites and demonstrates
particularly well the links between cliff and platform erosion and beach
development. Cliff recession, historically at a rate of 0.3 m per year, contributes
flint and chalk pebbles to the beaches, which also contain locally important
accumulations of sand, much of it organic in origin. The cliffs and platform also
show interesting relationships with bedrock structure.
The cliffs at Walpole Bay and Grenham Bay consist of Upper Chalk, cut by a
swarm of closely-spaced, vertical extension joints, striking NW-SE. The joints,
which are well-developed here, are oblique to the main Thanet fold trend (E-W).
They are particularly good examples of fractures formed in the ÔLate Cenozoic
Stress DomainÕ, that is, structures formed as a result of extension related to late
Alpine plate collision.
* Nationally scarce species are those which occur in 16Ð100 10 km squares in

Great Britain.
** Nationally rare species are those which occur in 1Ð15 10 km squares in Great
Britain.
Operations likely to damage the special interest
Site name: Thanet Coast, Kent
O LD1003560
Ref. No. Type of Ope ration
1 Cultivation, including ploughing, rotovating, harrowing, and re-seeding.

2 Grazing.
3 Stock feeding.
4 Mowing or other methods of cutting vegetation and changes in the mowing or
cutting regime (including hay making to silage and cessation).
5 Application of manure, fertilisers and lime.
6 Application of pesticides, including herbicides (weedkillers).
7 Dumping, spreading or discharge of any materials.
8 Burning.
9 The release into the site of any wild, feral or domestic animal*, plant or seed.
10 The killing or removal of any wild animal*, including pest control.
11 The destruction, displacement, removal or cutting of any plant or plant remains,
including tree, shrub, herb, hedge, dead or decaying wood, moss, lichen, fungus,
leaf-mould, turf.
12 Tree and/or woodland management+ and changes in tree and/or woodland
management+.
13a Drainage (including the use of mole, tile, tunnel or other artificial drains).
13b Modification of the structure of watercourses (eg streams, springs, ditches, dykes,
drains), including their banks and beds, as by re-alignment, re-grading and dredging.
13c Management of aquatic and bank vegetation for drainage purposes.
14 The changing of water levels and tables and water utilisation (including irrigation,
storage and abstraction from existing water bodies and through boreholes).
15 Infilling of ditches, dykes, drains, ponds, pools, marshes or pits.
16a Freshwater fishery production and/or management, including sporting fishing and
angling.
16b Coastal fishing or fisheries management and seafood or marine life collection and
changes in coastal fishing practice or fisheries management and seafood or marine
life collection including the use of traps or fish cages.
17 Reclamation of land from sea, estuary or marsh.
18 Bait digging in intertidal areas.
19 Erection of sea defences or coast protection works, including cliff or landslip
draining or stabilisation measures.
20 Extraction of minerals, including shingle, sand and gravel, topsoil, subsoil, chalk,
lime, shells and spoil.
21 Construction, removal or destruction of roads, tracks, walls, fences, hardstands,
banks, ditches or other earthworks, or the laying, maintenance or removal of
pipelines and cables, above or below ground.
22 Storage of materials.
23 Erection of permanent or temporary structures, or the undertaking of engineering
works, including drilling.
24 Modification of natural or man-made features, (including cave entrances), clearance
of boulders, large stones, loose rock or scree and battering, buttressing or grading
rock-faces and cuttings, infilling of pits and quarries.
26 Use of vehicles or craft likely to damage or disturb features of interest.
27 Recreational or other activities likely to damage or disturb features of interest.
28 Game and waterfowl management and hunting practices.
* ‘animal’ includes any mammal, reptile, amphibian, bird, fish or invertebrate.

+ including afforestation, planting, clear and selective felling, thinning, coppicing,
modification of the stand or underwood, changes in species composition, cessation of
management.
A KENT WILDLIFE TRUST INFORMATION LEAFLET
LOCAL WILDLIFE SITES

IN KENT
What are Local Wildlife Sites? How are Local Wildlife Sites chosen?
Local Wildlife Sites are areas which are Local Wildlife Sites in Kent are selected by
important for the conservation of wildlife in the reference to a clear set of criteria, based on the
administrative areas of Kent and Medway. They importance of the sites for particular wildlife
may support threatened habitats, such as chalk habitats or wild species. The selection process
grassland or ancient woodland, or may be also draws on the expertise of some of the
important for the wild plants or animals which county’s most experienced and knowledgeable
are present. naturalists.
In Kent, there are over 450 Local Wildlife Sites, Information on sites is gathered from a range of
covering a total area of over 27000 ha (67500 ac) sources, including targeted site surveys, the
(roughly 7% of the county). They range from a county-wide Kent Habitat Survey, and specialist
0.13 ha (0.3 ac) churchyard important for its natural history organisations. Land Registry
orchids, to grazing marsh sites of over 1000 ha searches are used to identify owners so
(2500 ac). permission can be sought for surveys.
Local Wildlife Sites are not the same as Sites of Since 2005, land-owners and local authorities are
Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). SSSIs are also consulted before any land is designated as a
legally protected, and are nationally important Local Wildlife Site. This is to make sure that
for wildlife. Local Wildlife Sites are important at sites are only designated where there is a good
the county level, and have no statutory scientific basis for doing so, and to check the
protection. accuracy of the survey information, the proposed
Kent is not unique in having Local Wildlife site boundaries, and so on.
Sites. Most counties and unitary authorities have Kent Wildlife Trust manages the Local Wildlife
a similar system. Sites system in Kent, but the Kent Biodiversity
Local Wildlife Sites in Kent used to be known as Partnership Steering Group makes the final
Sites of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCIs). decision on the criteria by which sites should be
chosen, and on the selection of individual sites.
This steering group includes representatives
Why are Local Wildlife sites important?
from wildlife bodies, local authorities, and
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) organisations representing land-owners and
protect the very best wildlife areas in the UK, farmers.
and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Special Copies of the criteria by which Local Wildlife
Areas of Conservation (SACs) protect areas Sites are selected in Kent are available from
which are important on a European scale. Kent Wildlife Trust.
However, these designations do not protect
wildlife at a local level, and cannot ensure that What do Local Wildlife Sites mean for
the countryside as a whole is rich in wildlife. So land-owners?
Local Wildlife Sites fill an important gap not Local Wildlife Sites have no protection in law.
covered by other designations. The importance The owner of land which has been designated as
of these sites is recognised in government policy: a Local Wildlife Site is not obliged to carry out
the 2005 Planning Policy Statement 9 says, work to protect or maintain the land’s wildlife
‘Regional and local sites of biodiversity and interest.
geological interest … have a fundamental role to However, it is hoped that owners and managers
play in meeting overall national biodiversity of Local Wildlife Sites will want to consider
targets, contributing to the quality of life and the wildlife when making their management
well being of the community and in supporting decisions.
research and education’. Continued over …
What are Local Wildlife Sites - KWT leaflet Mar 2009.doc Updated on 09/03/10
Kent Wildlife Trust is able to provide advice What information is available about Local
about suitable management to managers and Wildlife Sites?
owners of Local Wildlife Sites, and may be able For each Local Wildlife Site, Kent Wildlife
to help find sources of grant aid to support Trust keeps information on the site’s special
management work. Wherever possible, the Trust wildlife interest, together with a map giving the
will try to provide this help and advice for free, boundaries of the site. This information is made
or will seek to cover costs through grant aid. available to partners in the Kent Biodiversity
Other organisations, such as the various Steering Group, local Authorities, and the owner
Countryside Management Partnerships in Kent, of the site concerned. We will normally make
may also be able to provide advice on suitable details available to any other bona fide
management and grant aid. organisation or individual, though in these cases,
The designation of land as a Local Wildlife Site we normally charge an administration cost.
does not mean that anyone has rights of access to Details of the locations of Local Wildlife Sites in
the site which they would not otherwise have. Kent may be found in the maps which
The Local Planning Authorities in Kent (the accompany Local Plans: you will normally find a
County Council, Medway Unitary Authority, and copy of the Local Plan for your area in the
the various district, borough and city councils) relevant main library. The Kent and Medway
recognise the importance of Local Wildlife Sites, Biological Records Centre also keeps details of
and provide protection for them in the Kent and the locations and boundaries of Local Wildlife
Medway Structure Plan and the various Local Sites and can make these available as part of a
Plans or Local Development Frameworks. requested data search.
Generally, planning policies protect against Kent Wildlife Trust keeps contact details for the
development which would damage the wildlife owners and managers of Local Wildlife Sites,
interest of any Local Wildlife Site, except where but these are kept confidential and are not passed
the need for development is so great that it is to any other organisation without the express
judged to override that interest. permission of the person concerned.
Further information
To obtain a copy of the Criteria for the Selection of Local Wildlife Sites in Kent, copies of
information on individual sites, or more information on Local Wildlife Sites, contact
Alison Riggs, Kent Wildlife Trust, Tyland Barn, Sandling, Maidstone, Kent, ME14 3BD. Tel: 01622
662012. Fax: 01622 671390. E-mail alison.riggs@kentwildlife.org.uk www.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk.
For advice on the management of a Local Wildlife Site, contact
Neil Coombs, Kent Wildlife Trust, Tyland Barn, Sandling, Maidstone, Kent ME14 3BD. Tel: 01622
662012. Fax: 01622 671390. E-mail neil.coombs@kentwildlife.org.uk www.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk.
Other useful contacts
Kent Biodiversity Partnership c/o William Moreno, Environment and Waste, Kent County Council,
Invicta House, County Hall, Maidstone, Kent, ME14 1XX. Tel: 01622 221537. Fax: 01622 221636.
E-mail william.moreno@kent.gov.uk www.kentbap.org.uk.
Kent and Medway Biological Records Centre, Brogdale Farm Office, Brogdale Farm, Brogdale Road,
Faversham, Kent. ME13 8XZ. E-mail: info@kmbrc.org.uk. www.kmbrc.org.uk.
Countryside Management Partnerships. http://www.kent.gov.uk/environment/our-environment/natural-
environment/countryside-partnerships.htm
Kent Wildlife Trust
The Wildlife Trusts work together for wildlife in town and country
Tyland Barn Sandling Maidstone Kent ME14 3BD
Tel: (01622) 662012 Fax: (01622) 671390 Registered charity number 239992
Company limited by guarantee no. 633098. VAT reg no. 974 8423 78

SITES OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST (SSSIs)
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) are areas notified under the Wildlife and Countryside
Act, 1981, as being of “special interest for nature conservation”. They represent the finest sites for
wildlife and natural features in Great Britain supporting many characteristic, rare and endangered
species, habitats and natural features. Notification as a SSSI is primarily a legal mechanism
organised by Natural England and selected according to specific scientific criteria. The Guidelines
for the Selection of Biological SSSIs, published in 1989 by the Joint Nature Conservation Council,
set down the selection criteria for both biological and geological SSSIs.
Biological SSSIs - form a national network of wildlife sites. Sites are selected in such a way that
the protection of each site, and hence the network, aims to conserve the minimum area of wildlife
habitat necessary to maintain the natural diversity and distribution of Britain’s native flora and
fauna and the communities they comprise. Each site, therefore, is of national significance for its
nature conservation value.
Geological SSSIs – more correctly termed Earth Science SSSIs – are sites chosen for their
research value, the criterion being that they are of national or international importance. Earth
Science conservation is concerned with the maintenance of our geological and geomorphological
heritage.
There are approximately 4,100 Sites of Special Scientific Interest in England of which 102 are in
Kent. Natural England is responsible for identifying and protecting these sites. This is achieved,
primarily, in partnership with SSSI owners and managers.
Ever growing pressures on our landscape and countryside mean that SSSIs are an increasingly
precious part of our natural heritage. Damaging SSSIs is unacceptable, either in the short or long
term, and must be avoided if they are to remain the finest wildlife and natural heritage sites in
England. Once lost, the special interest of a site may be difficult or impossible to restore or re-
create. Owners and occupiers (ie landowners, tenants and commoners) of SSSIs must give
Natural England written notice before initiating any operations likely to damage the site, or allowing
someone else to carry out these activities. None of the operations listed in the notification
documents may proceed without Natural England's consent.
Under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CROW) anyone who in any way intentionally
or recklessly destroys or damages any of the flora, fauna or geological or physiological features of
an SSSI is guilty of an offence and is liable, on summary conviction, of a fine of up to £20,000.
For more information on SSSIs please go to

www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/sssi/default.aspx
The Kent Natural England team can be contacted directly:
International House,
Floor 9,
Dover Place,
Ashford,
Kent,
TN23 1HU
Tel: +44 (0) 300 060 4797
Fax: +44 (0)1233 812520
Email: enquiries.southeast@naturalengland.org.uk

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Kent and Medway Biological Records Centre

Kent and Medway Biological Records Centre

Protected Species Inventory

Kent and Medway Biological Records Centre

Area requested - Land south of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay

ENQ/11/057 01/03/11 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometres Kent County Council. 100019238. (© 2011)

618000 619000 620000 621000 622000 623000

Roost (unknown type)

To convert from the eastings and northings

corresponds to TQ and a 6 to TR. The

618000 619000 620000 621000 622000 623000

ENQ/11/057 01/03/2011 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometres

Area requested - Land South of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay

Area requested - Land South of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay

Grid Grid Distance

Area requested - Land south of Richmond Drive, Herne Bay

Number Recent Recent

Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Brook Farm

BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red;

Berne:A3; BoCC3:Green Bishopstone

Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Bishopstone

May Street Heronry

Bean Goose Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber; Brook Farm

Lesser White-fronted Berne:A2; Bonn:A1;

Berne:A3; Bonn:A2; Bishopstone

Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber; Herne Bay Downs

Berne:A3; Bonn:A2; Bishopstone

Berne:A3; Bonn:A2; Beltinge (near Herne

Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Bishopstone

Berne:A2; Bonn:A2; Bishopstone

BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber; Bishopstone

Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Bishopstone

BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red;

Herne Bay Downs

Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Bishopstone

Sabine's Gull Larus sabini Berne:A2 22 13/09/2008 Reculver (TR2269) 13/09/2008 N

Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber; Bishopstone

BAP; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Brook Farm

Puffin Fratercula arctica Berne:A3; BoCC3:Amber 12 07/12/2006 Reculver (TR2269) 07/12/2006 N

BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red;

BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Beltinge (near Herne

Beltinge (near Herne

BAP; Berne:A2; BoCC3:Red;

Alpine Swift Apus melba Berne:A2 2 02/05/1993 Reculver (TR2269) 02/05/1993 N

Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Brook Farm

Great Spotted Berne:A2; BoCC3:Green Bishopstone

Lesser Spotted BAP; Berne:A2; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Swallow x House Martin hybrid 1 25/09/2004 Reculver (TR2269) 25/09/2004 N

Richard's Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Berne:A2 5 08/11/1994 Reculver (TR2269) 08/11/1994 N

Herne Bay Downs

West Brook Valley

Beltinge (near Herne

BAP; Berne:A2; Bishopstone

Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Beltinge (near Herne

Berne:A2; BoCC3:Amber; Bishopstone

BAP; Berne:A2; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

BAP; Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

Berne:A3; BoCC3:Red; Bishopstone

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