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CONTENTS
F. Environmental impacts
G. Stakeholders’ comments
Annexes
The purpose of this project is to turn an environmental nightmare into a viable waste to energy enterprise.
In summary, the project aims to capture animal waste, harness and utilise the methane that it at present
vents to the atmosphere, generate power from the methane in an energy-constrained market, produce
organic fertiliser in a net fertiliser-import situation, create employment, reduce pollution of the marine
environment, and reduce fresh water consumption.
The project will be based in Landhi cattle colony some 25 kilometres east of the central business district
of Karachi, bordered by the Thar desert. Together with neighbouring Bin Quasim and Korangi towns, the
colony, an area of 750 acres (3 square kilometres), is home to 400,000 cattle in a dedicated cattle colony
area providing milk and meat to the City of Karachi1. The cattle are owned by individual farmers, and
housed on hard feedlots typically of about 200 cattle each around Landhi and Bin Qasim townships. The
only existing waste disposal provision is an inadequately sized and unused open digestion tank, resulting
in the dumping of approximately 8000 tons of raw cattle waste per day into local environs. Much of the
waste is dumped in monsoon drains, and eventually debouches on the coast. Because this practice takes
place under anaerobic conditions, it releases methane into the atmosphere, akin to the emissions from an
anaerobic lagoon. The project will capture and combust this methane to create cleaner renewable energy.
The current waste disposal practice also creates unsanitary conditions for the human and bovine
populations, and pollutes water2.
An analysis of the project proponents’ expectations against Gold Standard critical development indicators
indicators is at Annex 3. The proponents believe the project has considerable potential development
benefits.
The project will convert methane from the cattle waste into around 25 MW of electricity and produce
1,600 tonnes of organic fertiliser per day. The energy generated will add 2% capacity to the constrained
effective capacity of the Karachi Electric Supply Company, improving access to clean energy and
reliability of service, and contributing to the country’s goal of 10% renewable energy in the final
consumption mix by 2015. Once operational the project will save foreign exchange expenditure on fuel
and fertiliser.
Most of the local population is poor. The project will bring sustainable developmental benefits in
creating a large number of labouring jobs for the unskilled migrant labour that flows regularly into katchi
abadi in the area. Semi-skilled jobs will be created making and printing bags for the dried waste. This
activity may particularly benefit women working in local workshops and factories. Skilled and
management jobs will be created to operate, maintain and manage the plant. There will be trickle-down
benefits to the predominantly poor local population in the generally improved economy and environment.
Additional environmental benefits will include savings in the amount of water at present used to flush
dung into the drains. The City District Government will use the liquid waste from the digester to create
1
Data supplied by the Dr Abdul Hafeez Shaikh, Senior Veterinary Officer, In charge Government Veterinary Hospital, Landhi Cattle Colony
Karachi-34
2
See photo essay at Annex for illustration of the impacts of present practice
and fertigate public green spaces in the local and other townships. The digester can also beneficially use
animal residue from the nearby abattoir, which at present saturates the adjacent ground, like the dung is
offensive smelling and attracts clouds of flies. Removal of the heavy burden of organic waste will
facilitate re-establishment of natural biota in the terrestrial and marine environments.
Investment is coming from an international source, and some equipment required is not available in
Pakistan. However, it is easy to source and service. Sustainability issues will not therefore arise. As the
first project of its kind in Pakistan, the project will build capacity in both public institutions and the
private sector. There is considerable commercial scale replication potential elsewhere in the country3.
Detailed analysis of sustainable benefits is contained in the Sustainable Development Assessment Matrix
at Annex 3.
Name of Party involved (*) Private and/or public entity(ies) Kindly indicate if
((host) indicates a host Party) project participants (*) the Party involved wishes to be
(as applicable) considered as project participant
(Yes/No)
The project is located in Bin Qasim township, 25 km East of the Karachi CBD.
3
See Annex 3 for Gold Standard Sustainable Development Assessment Matrix
Bin Qasim Township
Karachi City
Province of Sindh
The project site is unoccupied desert land belonging to the City District Government of Karachi, in Bin
Qasim Townships. The GPS co-ordinates of the Landhi demonstration site are N 24 49.8.12’, E 067
15.9.12’.
Karachi is located on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The city enjoys mild winters and warm summers.
Summer temperatures (the end of April to the end of August) are approximately 30 to 35 degrees Celsius.
Winter temperatrures (November to March) range from 12-25 degrees Celsius.
The area is water-poor. Due to the city's proximity to the sea, humidity levels usually remain high
throughout the year. However, precipitiation is virtually zero, typically less than 10 mm, for nine months
of the year. At its highest, at this fringe of the monsoon in July, rainfall reaches only 260mm, with half
that level in August, and a quarter in September4. The Indus River delta braids the flat coastal area.
Unusual in river deltas, the soils of the Indus are composed of infertile clays, with very little siltation. The
Tarbela and Chashma reservoirs remove 74% of the Indus River water before it reaches the Kotri, the last
barrage before the delta. Construction of these barrages, dams and link canals has reduced the flow of
4
http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/pakistan/karachi/lib/climate
fresh water in the project area below the Kotri Barrage to “practically zero discharge,5” especially because
any rain and snowmelt occurs at the height of the agriculture season, and is withdrawn upstream leaving
hardly any fresh water to reach the coast. This converts the coastal delta into an effective clay soil
anaerobic lagoon, exacerbated by the flatness of the inland area.
In the Landhi-Korangi area in particular, industrial and cattle waste have inflicted massive environmental
damage on the local water ways, terrestrial and marine environments. The coastal environment is over-
nutrified and visible damage is occurring to the once dense mangroves that fringed the creeks of the delta,
as well as the local fisheries from both the cattle colony and the adjacent Korangi industrial zone waste.
This can be seen in the photo essay at annex, and in the brown stained areas of the coast where creeks
debouche, visible in the satellite photograph below.
Fig.2: Impacts in the Business as Usual Scenario
– Marine Pollution
The high biological oxygen demand that kills aquatic and marine life also creates anaerobic
decomposition conditions that result in high methane gas emissions. It is the capturing and utilisation of
these emissions that forms the basis of this proposed project.
Please use the list of categories of project activities and of registered CDM project activities by category
available on the UNFCCC CDM web site, please specify the category(ies) of project activities into which
this project activity falls. If no suitable category(ies) of project activities can be identified, please suggest
a new category(ies) descriptor and its definition, being guided by relevant information on the UNFCCC
CDM web site.
This activity is classed under Sectoral Scope 13, (waste handling and disposal). Sectoral Scope 1, Energy
Industries (Renewable - / non-renewable sources) was also considered but rejected as less flexible in the
end use of the energy that will be produced, and less conservative in calculation of CERs.
5
A. Inam et al, “Natural and Man-made Stresses on the Stability of the Indus Deltaic Eco Region” Institute of Oceanography,
www.megadelta.ecnu.edu.cn/main/upload/Asifpaper1.pdf
Under Gold Standard eligibility criteria, the project falls under the category of A.1.1.2, Biogas. The
methane captured through the controlled biogasification of animal wastes that is surplus to plant energy
requirements will be flared only at pilot stage when the quantity is too small for grid electricity
connection, and will be used for power generation in the full scale project.
This section should include a description of how environmentally safe and sound technology and know
how to be used is transferred to the Host Party.
The project activity will employ proven technologies and materials necessary for the construction of a
new biogas digester and power generation plant designed ultimately to connect to the national power grid.
Though household scale biodigesters are reasonably well known in Pakistan, there is no experience with
commercial scale waste-to-electricity. A pilot stage is planned during which technical training can be
undertaken on a manageable scale, offering the opportunity to build capacity in local people who will
become operators and managers.
A schematic showing a typical plant design and layout is shown in the Stakeholder Presentations at
Annex 3G36. The initial stage involves the mixing of raw dung with fresh water to form a slurry of
approximately 9% solids. After mixing, this slurry is pumped into the digester cell to be anaerobically
digested. The biogas generated in the anaerobic digester is extracted and stored in the gas chamber after
hydrogen sulphide gas has been filtered out. The gas is then dried and will be supplied to a power
generation plant connected to and feeding power into the Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC)
network. After the anaerobic digestion process is complete, the slurry will be pumped out and decanted to
separate solids and liquids. The solids will be dried on a fluidised bed, using waste heat from the power
generation plant. The organic fertiliser will be bagged, branded and sold, either to an export market or
locally within Pakistan. The nutrient-rich liquid component will be aerobically treated and a portion
recycled back into the digester vessel. The remainder will be either provided to the Karachi City District
Government for use as a liquid fertiliser for use on public green areas, or concentrated, again using waste
heat from the power generation plant, and sold as a concentrated liquid fertiliser.
Under current conditions, raw cattle dung and urine is dumped in bulk into the local drains. The drains
are an intertwined, slow moving and in some places stagnant system leading eventually to the coast. The
monsoon drains act as an anaerobic lagoon in that they are open and deep constituting a physical as well
as an environmental hazard, and are not aerated or turbulent. In addition, or arrival at the coast the
biological load sediments out and continues to decompose and release greenhouse gasses in the anaerobic
conditions created. Aside from the emissions, the massive resultant biological oxygen demand creates
significant environmental damage to local plant and animal life in and around the estuary. The proposed
6
Haase GmbH, http://www.haase-energietechnik.de/en
process of capturing, treating and recycling the dung into energy and organic fertiliser will prevent this
waste stream from entering the environment. Where process waste streams are recycled back into the
environment, such as liquid residues from the digester, it will be treated to a point where it can be
released without harm.
Pakistan has the necessary skills to own, operate and manage the various components of this activity;
however nowhere in Pakistan have the multiple facets of a dedicated waste to energy project been put
together on a commercial scale. In order to overcome potential barriers to project development through
lack of capacity, a pilot stage will serve as a functioning test case for the upskilling of new operations
staff. Project management staff for commercial fertiliser and power production facilities can be recruited
within Pakistan as such skills sets are already available.
In terms of technology, power generation and mass transfer / packaging technologies are available ‘off
the shelf’ and are readily available. This is normal in this industry and there is nothing unusual or
uncommon about the importation of specialist equipment such as gas turbines, gas filters or other process
monitoring and control systems in either the fertiliser or power generation markets.
Thus, equipment will need to be imported that is not manufactured in Pakistan, and training and capacity
building on this new equipment is also required. However this poses no new project risk. Wherever
possible, operations staff will be first trained in the pilot stage to build confidence and familiarity early in
the project. This will be built on further as the project proceeds.
A basic technical flowchart of the proposed project activity is as below:
Raw dung is
collected Electricity Organic fertiliser Liquid fertiliser
Gas is fed into a .Packed, branded and Tankered to public green areas for
power generation sold irrigation or released into waste
plant water network
Biogas is
extracted from The solid matter The liquid residue (liquid
the digester (organic fertiliser) is fertiliser) is separated
dewatered out.
The slurry is
digested
anaeorobically
in a standard
sludge digester
cells The digested slurry is decanted to separate solid and
liquid streams
Anaerobic digester and process
A series of multiple, standard sludge process digester cells is planned for this activity. There are three
major steps - hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis in the anaerobic digester process. The organic
material is broken down to lower molecular weight compounds, such as peptides, amino acids and fatty
acids by the enzymolysis of the extracellular enzyme secreted by microorganisms, in a process known as
hydrolysis. The peptides, amino acids and fatty acids are converted into organic acids, alcohols, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen and ammonia, in a process known as acidogenesis. The organic acids, alcohols, carbon
dioxide and ammonia are decomposed by methanogenic bacteria to methane and carbon dioxide during
the methanogenesis process. This process releases a gas mixture of methane and carbon dioxide termed
biogas.
The slurry mix stays in the digester cell for 25-30 days in which the removal rate of COD reaches 80% to
90% and the COD value of the outflows will be below 2000 mg/L after anaerobic digester, and the
removal rate of BOD5 reaches 75% to 85% and the BOD5 value of the digester outflows will be below
1300 mg/L with a pH value between 6.5 and 7.5.
Aerobic treatment
The dung slurry discharged from the digester cells is separated into solid and liquid streams in a decanter.
The solid stream is on processed, dewatered, bagged and branded for sale as organic fertilizer. The liquid
stream is then further treated in an aerobic treatment reactor. The aerobic environment in the reactor is
maintained by mechanical aeration after the liquid enters into the aerobic reactor. The organisms in the
waste water are finally decomposed to inorganic matter such as H2O, CO2, NO3-, SO42- , PO43- by
extended aeration and through the function of aerobic bacteria. The pathogen count and the nitrogen
concentration in the liquid stream can be reduced in the aerobic treatment stage, thus the potential
emission of CH4 and N2O in the later stages can also be reduced.
A complete-mix aeration reactor is planned for Landhi, which is composed of aeration area, diversion
area, settlement area and reflux area. The reactor is a round pool with the infall in the centre and the
outfall on the edge of the pool. This kind of reactor is compactly arranged with a short flow path, which
ensures the timely return of the fresh sludge to aeration area and is quite suitable for this kind of treatment
technology.
The COD value of the waste water is below 400 mg/L and the BOD5 value of the waste water is below
200 mg/L after aerobic digester. The ammonia nitrogen reaches 650 mg/L and the temperature of the
effluent is between 20 deg C and 32 deg C.
Storage lagoon
A short term storage lagoon is planned, but only for the holding of liquids discharged from the aerobic
digester and prior to tanker transport to public green areas, or commercial gardens, where there is a stated
need. The City District Government of Karachi has expressed a desire to utilize the liquid stream for
irrigation and fertigation of public spaces.
There is a steady in-migration of poor youth from rural Sindh seeking work in Landhi. Many find
employment as cattle farm hands. The familiarity of some of this labour force with the basics of
biogasification on a household scale will be useful as it informs their understanding of handling the dung
in preparation for collection, and the impacts of organic fertiliser use on farm soils and outputs. There
will thus be a small “rural to urban” element in transfer of technical knowledge. These individuals will
also serve as a conduit for “urban to rural” flow of information back to their home villages about the
qualities of the organic fertiliser the project will produce.
A.4.4. Brief explanation of how the anthropogenic emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse
gas (GHGs) by sources are to be reduced by the proposed CDM project activity, including why the
emission reductions would not occur in the absence of the proposed project activity, taking into
account national and/or sectoral policies and circumstances:
Please explain briefly how anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions are to be achieved
(detail to be provided in section B) and provide the estimate of anticipated total reductions in tons of CO2
equivalent as determined in section E. Max. length one page.
How the GHGs emission by sources are reduced by the proposed CDM project activity?
Specifically, this project activity seeks to reduce the emission of methane, CH4. Methane is produced in
the baseline scenario through the uncontrolled dumping of huge quantities of animal wastes into open
drains, in anaerobic conditions. The project activity will divert the wastes into covered anaerobic
digesters where the methane produced is captured and combusted. Initially the methane will be flared,
and once the gas volumes and consistency is stabilized and predictable, a secondary investment stage will
utilize the biogas produced by the digesters to generate electricity for sale to the Karachi Electricity
Supply Corporation.
Anthropogenic GHGs, specifically methane and nitrous oxide, are released into the atmosphere via
decomposition of animal manure and a nitrification/denitrification process associated with volatilization
of nitrogen. Landhi and Bin Qasim have no waste treatment facilities or processes in place, other than
informal drying of dung for less than 5% of the total. Thus in the business-as-usual baseline, the biogas
generated during the uncontrolled rotting and decomposition process is not collected or utilized. The
project will introduce a manure management procedure and simultaneously provide an income stream to
farmers to incentivise their participation in the project. The new waste management procedure will result
in the mitigation of anthropogenic GHG emissions by controlling the decomposition process and
collecting and combusting the biogas. Compared to the present situation of uncontrolled dumping and
decomposition in open monsoon drains, this process of dung collection, controlled decomposition and
combustion of methane will significantly reduce green house gas emissions by an estimated 884,333
tonnes per year.
The present situation of discharging wastes into the open drains running through Landhi and Bin Qasim
has created what is in practice a large anaerobic lagoon system. The terrain is virtually flat. The drainage
is slow moving and in some places completely stagnant. The flow characteristics are laminar with little
turbulence or mixing, and the entire organic load is ultimately deposited into the estuary on the coast
below the agricultural zones where anaerobic decomposition continues to completion. The Sindh
Government Environmental Protection Agency notes that the drains and waterways in the area have an
extremely high BOD/COD and the Korangi stream running through Landhi is noted as the most polluted
in the country7. Thus for this situation, the drains are taken as acting as an anaerobic lagoon.
This GHG abatement would not occur without the project because there is no realistic alternative disposal
method available to the farmers, and no financial or regulatory drivers for change. Present practice is the
only option that carries no direct financial cost or risk to the farmer.
Though dumping waste in the monsoon drains is recognised as environmentally damaging, the practice is
tolerated by the City District Government authorities because of the lack of realistic alternatives. Either
dumping in an existing but inadequate digester, or transporting to a dump are hypothetically possible
solutions, but would add to farmer costs and road congestion, and would merely move the environmental
problem from one place to another.
The legal and regulatory framework is now highly conducive to the project activities, since it is
government policy to facilitate utilisation of indigenous renewable energy, and to encourage domestic
substitution for imported petroleum products and inorganic fertiliser. Costs of both commodities have
doubled over the past two years, and impose a heavy forex burden on the country. However, investment
of the project has remained difficult. Until the availability of CER mechanisms, despite repeated efforts of
the proponents to obtain financial assistance to invest and implement a waste-to-energy project, no
investor was forthcoming.
The project meets Gold Standard requirements under this heading. It has not been previously announced,
though the consultation process led at times to press coverage of political expressions of wishful thinking
about development. Methodology and outcomes are reported in Annex 3. The other Gold Standard
requirements, additionality and conservatism are covered in detail in Section B.
7
Government of Pakistan State of the Environment Report, 2005 (draft), 102-104
8
For nine months of the year, rainfall in Karachi is typically under 20mm. In July it may average 260 mm,, is less than 200mm in August, and
less than 100mm in September. There is rarely any run-off except in typhoon conditions.
digestion process, or used for irrigation water in public green spaces by the Karachi City District
Government Authorities. The final process for fully processed and treated surplus water is release into
local drains, where it is expected to have a lower pathogen and BOD count than the surrounding waters.
The system as a whole can very effectively reduce GHG emissions, firstly by capturing and digesting
waste materials in a controlled and efficient environment, and second by combusting methane in a power
production process to produce large quantities of electricity and convert CH4 into CO2. With CERs, the
project will convert a massive social and environmental problem into a financially viable business with
significant economic and social benefits. Compared to the present situation of uncontrolled dumping and
decomposition in open drains, this process of dung collection, controlled decomposition and combustion
of methane will reduce green house gas emissions by an estimated 884,333 tonnes per year.
A.4.4.1. Estimated amount of emission reductions over the chosen crediting period:
Please indicate the chosen crediting period and provide the total estimation of emission reductions as well
as annual estimates for the chosen crediting period in the following table.
In case public funding from Parties included in Annex I is involved, please provide in Annex 2
information on sources of public funding for the project activity from Parties included in Annex I which
shall provide an affirmation that such funding does not result in a diversion of official development
assistance and is separate from and is not counted towards the financial obligations of those Parties.
The Gold Standard PDD has to also include a clear and transparent finance plan so the validator can
assess whether the project financing includes ODA. This should be presented as a separate document,
and can remain in commercial confidence.
Public funding is thus far limited to a small contribution in kind. The City District Government of
Karachi has granted free access for a period of ten years to four acres of disused Government land for the
development of a pilot project in Landhi. Title to the land remains with the City District Government (see
MOU in Annex 2). This land is for the demonstration project only, and will assist in public education,
technology transfer, and the training of local employees in management and operation of the biodigester
unit. The City District Government has indicated its desire to facilitate the full scale project in the same
manner. Government land on the fringes of the Thar desert adjacent to the site has been earmarked for the
full scale project, but not yet formally granted.
There has been no ODA investment or finance funding. This project concept pre-dates the Kyoto
Protocol, Pakistan’s accession and its establishment of a DNA. From identification in 1998 until early
2005, donor assistance from a number of sources was sought to leverage investment, but was
unsuccessful9. This attempt was abandoned when Pakistan deposited its Instrument of Accession. Project
development and capacity building activities for a demonstration project that will use approximately 1 %
of the total available cattle waste was partially funded by NZAID. The Asian Development Bank
commissioned a pre-feasibility study under its PREGA programme10. A full history of the project
development and stakeholder consultation is included in Annex 3, to clarify the project’s position with
respect to Gold Standard Section 3.3.3, ODA Additionality Requirements.
While a detailed finance plan has not yet been confirmed, suffice to say that only commercial entities are
considering investment and no government or ODA funding is included whatsoever. However the project
proponents recognise that a detailed and transparent financial plan is required, and confirm that this will
be made available prior to the PDD being prepared for final submission.
Where project participants wish to propose a new baseline methodology, please complete the form for
“Proposed New Methodology: Baseline” (CDM-NMB) in accordance with procedures for submission and
consideration of proposed new methodologies (see Part III of these Guidelines).
B.1. Title and reference of the approved baseline methodology applied to the project activity:
Please refer to the UNFCCC CDM web site for the title and reference list as well as the details of
approved baseline methodologies2. Please note that the table “Baseline Information” contained in Annex
3 is to be prepared in parallel to completing the remainder of this section.
B.1.1. Justification of the choice of the methodology and why it is applicable to the project
activity:
Please justify the choice of methodology by showing that the proposed project activity meets the
applicability conditions under which the methodology is applicable.
ACM0010 is a methodology designed to intercept unused agricultural wastes and prevent them from
being dumped in an uncontrolled and environmentally damaging manner, as is the case in Landhi. This
project involves the collection and utilization of waste animal dung for the production of energy. Up to
9
Some politically motivated press statements were made by officials after consultations during that time that a
project was planned, but were unauthorised by the proponents, and incorrect
10
Program for Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Abatement
8,000 tons of raw dung are dumped in the Landhi environs every day without utilization or any form of
treatment or processing. ACM00010 version 01 is applicable in this project for the following reasons:
• The livestock populations that are the source of the feedstock are managed under confined
conditions
• The project will prevent discharge of manure into natural water resources
• The drains that act as the anaerobic digester that provides the baseline are deep, designed as
monsoon drains. The annual average ambient air temperature at the location of the baseline and
the project exceeds 5oC
• The waste is never removed from the drainage system. The baseline scenario analyses a situation
where the waste stagnates in drains, or in typhoon conditions is flooded on to the coast.
However, as the heavier particles of waste sink, conditions are still anaerobic. Water quality
studies indicate that there is heavy organic pollution of the coastal waters
• There is no leakage from the baseline storage tank (drains) into soil or ground water. The drains
are mostly concrete lined.
B.2. Description of how the methodology is applied in the context of the project activity:
Please explain the basic assumptions of the baseline methodology in the context of the project
activity and show that the key methodological steps are followed in determining the baseline
scenario. Provide the key information and data used to determine the baseline scenario (variables,
parameters, data sources etc.) in table form.
The Guidelines for completion of the PDD Version 06.1 calls for justification of the methodology
showing how the project meets the applicability criteria. ACM00010 was selected because the project
activity involves managing animal manure (dung) and utilisation of this resource for energy generation.
11
http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/pakistan/karachi/lib/climate
12
ibid.
According to the CDM modalities and procedures in the Marrakesh Accords, there are three baseline
approaches provided in paragraph 48. The project participants should select the most reasonable approach
based on the characteristics of the project when determining the baseline scenario of a project. The
baseline approach adopted by this project activity is approach 48 b) “Emissions from a technology that
represents an economically attractive course of action, taking into account barriers to investment”.
According to the baseline methodology ACM0010, a list of possible baseline scenarios for manure
management should be first drawn up from 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines (Chapter 4, Table 4.8) and the
IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management (Chapter 4, Table 4.10 and 4.11). Then a
number of plausible scenarios should be identified from the list of possible options according to the
exclusion criteria such as environmental regulations and the internal policies of the company. Finally, a
project scenario and a most economically attractive baseline scenario remain based on the cost benefit
analysis is undertaken.
Step 1:List of possible baseline scenarios
In the first step a list of possible baseline scenarios for manure management is assessed. The following list
of alternative scenarios can be composed of a combination of several manure treatment stages. Each
alternative was chosen considering prevailing practices in the country, available technologies and
treatment efficiency.
1) Solid storage
Dung and urine are excreted daily in a stall. The solids (with or without litter) are collected and stored in
bulk for a long period (months) before disposal, with or without liquid runoff into a pit system.
2) Dry lot
In dry climates animals may be kept on unpaved feedlots where the manure is allowed to dry until it is
periodically removed. Upon removal the manure may be spread on fields.
3) Liquid/slurry
Dung and urine are collected and transported in liquid state to tanks for storage. Liquid may be stored for
a long time (months) until it is applied to fields. To facilitate handling water may be added.
4) Anaerobic lagoon
Anaerobic lagoon system is characterized by flush systems that use water to transport manure to lagoons,
or in the case of Landhi, into open public monsoon drains. The manure resides in the drains until it
eventually drains down to the coast. There the waste is deposited into coastal estuary areas below Landhi
where the sludge is again anaerobic and continues to decompose and release GHGs. In only one month of
the year in Landhi is there typically sufficient rainfall or run-off (July, 260 mm) to flush the waste out
from the open drains. Typically the water from a lagoon may be recycled as flush water or used to irrigate
and fertilize fields, but in the case of Landhi, which is far from the farms whence comes the cattle
feedstock, the water is dumped directly into the local environment and no attempt is made to recover the
waste or recycle waste or water to use for fertiliser and irrigation.
5) Pit storage under animal confinement stalls
Dung and urine may be stored below animal confinements in a pit before disposal. The length of storage
time varies, and for this analysis is divided into two categories: less than one month or greater than one
month.
6) Anaerobic digester—Aerobic treatment—Storage lagoon
The dung and urine in liquid/slurry are collected and anaerobically digested. CH4 generated in this
process may be burned, flared or vented. Aerobic treatment is to make the waste undergo forced aeration,
or treated in aerobic pond or wetland systems to provide nitrification and denitrification.
7) Deep litter
Cattle dung and urine are excreted on the stall floor. The accumulated waste is removed after a lengthy
period. The length of storage time varies, and the analysis is divided into two categories: shorter than one
month or in excess of one month.
8) Composting
Dung and urine are collected, stacked and regularly turned for forced aeration.
Step 2:Identification of plausible scenarios
In the second step, a number of plausible scenarios should be identified from the list of possible options
specified in step 1 above. In selecting the plausible scenarios, project participants should provide
convincing justification for the exclusion of animal waste management systems as potential baseline
scenarios. The exclusion criteria are determined by:
• Legal constraints;
• Historical practice of waste management in the country;
• Availability of waste treatment technology;
• Consideration of developments for manure management systems appropriate for the national conditions,
including technological innovations.
1) Solid storage
This system is not applicable for manure that has low solid content, such as the 18% identified in cattle
dung in Landhi. Due to washing and flushing systems of the barns, much of the raw cattle waste in this
project is significantly diluted to a very liquid form requiring pumping from the barn floors to the waste
treatment system. In addition, this system is inefficient at odour and pathogen control, hence the
exclusion of this potential baseline scenario can be justified. As the animals are confined on small
individual farmer hard feedlots of around 50x100 metres per 200 animals, space limitations pose a
practical barrier to this method.
2) Dry lot
This system is excluded because it is not suitable to the normal conditions of barns in Landhi and Bin
Qasim where paved pens are used. Space constraints are prohibitive.
3) Liquid/slurry
Since the amount of discharged manure is very large, it far exceeds local absorptive capacity. The colony
location is in desert, and there is no nearby pasture or agricultural land on which liquid slurry in such
volumes could be used. Storing the liquid manure in a tank to distribute it to the farmland from which
feed originates is not possible. This is partly due to the very large volumes of waste, but primarily due to
the fact that the majority of feed for the cattle comes from 200 km or more distant, carried in open-sided
trucks that are impractical for transporting any liquid or semi-liquid waste material. The modifications
required to suit the trucks to liquid transport would make them unsuitable for their primary purpose of
transporting grasses and dry matter in to the colony. Hence from the aspect of “Availability of waste
treatment technology”, this option faces significant technical and market behaviour barriers and is
excluded from the baseline scenario. If such a solution were practicable, the truck drivers would certainly
already have adopted it, since they generally return empty and unpaid for the trip back to the countryside.
4) Anaerobic lagoon, or discharge into public monsoon drains.
The anaerobic lagoon tank equivalent is inadequate to meet needs, and is in a state of disrepair such that
it is not used. Discharge into public drains represents the most common practice in Landhi at present
time, as it is the most economical, efficient, and reliable manure management system for the farmers. The
open monsoon drains effectively act as a slow moving anaerobic lagoon, leading to the discharge of
wastes into an estuary system on the coast, again under anaerobic conditions.
Should dumping wastes into the drains cease, the next most likely course of action would be the
construction of interim anaerobic lagoons, followed by discharge into the drains.
CDM project activity without revenues from the sale of CERs (US$)
Costs and benefits 2008 2009 2010-2012 2013-2016
Initial investment costs 90,000,000
Operation costs 36,600,000
Cost saving from electricity
0 0
purchase
Salvage 0
Net cash flow 22,000,000
NPV (discount rate =10%) 51,494,000
IRR (%) 8.5%
Income streams for the project activity are derived from the sale of fertiliser and electricity. These are
tabulated as below:
Table B.3 Revenue from Operations without CERs
Electricity
Rs/USD = 60
Daily volume of methane consumed 170,797 m3CH4 per day
Energy value of methane 6,306,664.5 MJ per day
Net electrical output at 28% efficiency at generator 490,519 kWhrs per day
Average electrical output, at 80% of max 392 MWhrs per day
Sale price of power 3.0 Rs 0.050
Gross annual income from power generation 432,271,026 Rs 7,204,517 USD
The electricity generation is not profitable in its own right, however does cover the bulk of the project
operating costs and overheads. This is realistic, given the uncertainty of the domestic and international
fertiliser markets.
Fertiliser
Rs / USD = 60.0
Number of cows 400,000 USD
Dung/cow/day 18 kg
Daily production 7,200,000 kg
Dry weight @ 20% 1,440,000 kg
Sale price of fertiliser ex factory 5.0 Rs per kg 0.083
Income from the sale of gas to the power generation plant 523,662,376 8,727,706
Fertiliser sales per year, assuming all product is sold 2,628,000,000 Rs 43,800,000
Gross annual income 3,151,662,376 52,527,706
Table B.5 Economic analysis of CDM project activity with revenues from the sale of CERs
CDM project activity with revenues from the sale of CERs (US$)
Costs and benefits 2008 2009 2010 2011-17
Initial investment costs 100
Operation costs 35 35 35 35
Tax 0 0 0 0
Revenues (net) from the sale of electricity and fertiliser 15 15 15 15
Revenues from the sale of CERs 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9
Salvage 0 0 0 5
Net cash flow 15 15 15 15
NPV (discount rate =10%) 20.3
IRR (%) US$ 135 million
The addition of CER income significantly increases the viability of the project, from a non-viable 5.1% to
20.3%, at which point the project becomes commercially viable and attractive to investors.
The following table represents the sources of GHG emissions in the baseline scenario and project
scenario:
Table B.6 Emission sources for the baseline scenario and project scenario
CDM project activity: Anaerobic digester—
Baseline: Anaerobic Lagoon
Aerobic Treatment—Storage Lagoon
CH4 from the Anaerobic Water-ways CH4 emissions from anaerobic digester losses
N2O from the Anaerobic Drains CH4 from the aerobic treatment
CH4 from the storage lagoon
N2O from the storage lagoon
This scenario does not account for nitrous oxide emissions related to the capture and burning of biogas
from the anaerobic digester, assuming that ammonia is not a relevant component of this gas. On the
aerobic side, the system uses extended aeration, hence will fully fix nitrogen during the process and will
not emit nitrous oxide.
To calculate the emissions for each process stage in the baseline and project scenario, the project has
incorporated corrected IPCC default data to represent the volatile solids content and nitrogen content in
raw and treated manure. The project team has taken various samples of raw dung and wastewater from the
local environment to establish the VOC and TOC values of the raw product, and also establish the BOD
of the water in the local drains necessary to demonstrate the validity of the baseline assessment that the
drains effectively act as an anaerobic lagoon.
B.3. Description of how the anthropogenic emissions of GHG by sources are reduced below
those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity:
Explanation of how and why this project is additional and therefore not the baseline scenario in
accordance with the selected baseline methodology. Include 1) a description of the baseline scenario
determined by applying the methodology, 2) a description of the project scenario, and 3) an analysis
showing why the emissions in the baseline scenario would likely exceed emissions in the project scenario.
The baseline scenario is the present practice of dumping animal wastes into open drains results in 100%
release of all greenhouse gases produced into the atmosphere. This practice is used as it is by far the least
financial cost and least effort or risk, and hence is regarded as being the most economically attractive
waste disposal option available to farmers. However it also has a massive negative social and
environmental impact, and ultimately a negative financial impact in terms of its reduction in investment
and socioeconomic wellbeing. These negatives impact disproportionately on the section of the population
who had no say in controlling the original decision to dump wastes, and did not benefit from the very low
financial costs of doing so.
In the project activity, wastes are collected from the farms and prevented from entering the local water
ways. They are transported by truck to a processing point where they are mixed with water and pumped
into the digester unit. The wastes are broken down through a series of decomposition processes and a
significant proportion of volatile solids are captured by the system in the form of CH4 and CO2 from the
activity of anaerobic bacteria.
The CH4 is collected and diverted for use in heat or power generation, rather than released into the
atmosphere, as is the case in the present practice. The capture and combustion processes have an allowed
efficiency of 70%. In the absence of the project activity, the most probable activity would be business as
usual; the uncontrolled dumping of waste. This is because there are at present no institutional drivers for
change in the absence of an option that is commercially sustainable. The project would have been
implemented previously had this not been the case, as the baseline condition has remained unchanged for
years and shows no indication of changing in the future.
It can therefore be seen that the process of capturing and combusting the CH4, rather than simply allowing
it to vent freely, provides a sound and simple basis for a demonstrable reduction in overall greenhouse gas
emissions from the farming activity, and existing waste handling procedures followed at Landhi. The
project is therefore additional.
The project will establish green field renewable energy generation of 15 MW. It will displace natural gas
and other thermal generation within the KESC concession area, either provided by KESC or from the
hundreds of private petrol and diesel gensets kept for standby generation during load shedding.
Other aspects of Additionality
This project activity will bring technological additionality. It is the first biogas-to-electricity plant in
Pakistan, and is of enormous scale even compared with similar ventures in Germany, where the
technology is mature. It will import state of the art, but still off the shelf power generation, waste and gas
stream monitoring and control systems as well as fertiliser process and packaging technology. These are
presently not widely deployed in Pakistan and will require training and service and support mechanisms
to be implemented to ensure sustainable operation.
o Cleaning and greening of the areas where dung has been dumped on the streets and on vacant
land. The City District Government has undertaken to supply professional advice and trees to
improve the area, which will in turn absorb CO2 as an indirect and uncounted project impact.
CDGK will use the grey water from the digester to fertigate public plantings.
o The project will provide an example with potential for replication. There are smaller colonies
around Karachi housing a further 600,000 cattle, large cattle colonies at Sarghoda and Okara (c.
100,000 head of cattle each), and in innumerable smaller colonies, typically around 5,000 head of
cattle.
Socio-economic additionality will accompany the creation of permanent new jobs in the project. The
area is a traditional place of refuge for poor rural dwellers seeking jobs in town, Aryan Muslim refugees
from Bangladesh, peoples displaced by earthquake and other natural disasters. These populations live in
katchi abadi around the colony, are mainly poor and often jobless. The project may create several
hundred unskilled jobs collecting and delivering the dung, spreading and drying it after exit from the
digester, and bagging it for disposal as cheap organic fertiliser. There will be skills development and
technology transfer resulting in higher paid and professional positions operating, maintaining and
managing the plant. Calculations of these benefits are included in Annex 3G.
B.4. Description of how the definition of the project boundary related to the baseline
methodology selected is applied to the project activity:
With this in mind, the project baseline takes into account GHG emissions from the land, drains and
coastal areas where the dumped wastes accumulate and decompose.
The KESC concession area is approximately coterminous with the City District Government of Karachi.
The area under the jurisdiction of the City District Government of Karachi is therefore taken as the
physical boundary for the project, since this includes the project impacts on land, sea and air.
Gas Emissions
CH4 and N2O Composted
organics are
dispersed in
the ocean
Local drains –
Raw dung Anaerobic
from cattle dumping grounds
Project Boundary
The project boundary that is defined above recognises that emissions not due to the present handling of
dung within the farm boundary are unlikely to be reduced through the impacts of this project. Thus
gastrointestinal emissions, or limited ponded wastes in the yards that decompose are excluded.
Composted
Organic solids to
Fertiliser organic
Output fertiliser
production
The chemical fertiliser offset by the production of organic fertiliser produced also adds to the reduction in
GHGs through the avoided consumption of natural gas in the production process.
B.5. Details of baseline information, including the date of completion of the baseline study and
the name of person (s)/entity (ies) determining the baseline:
Relevant baseline data relates to the number of cattle in the area, the physical project boundary, the size
and weight of cattle, the feedstock composition, water consumption, dung production, waste disposal
practices, climatic conditions. Collection in-country of the main body of baseline data was completed on
01/03/2006.
These sources have led to the Project Proponents’ identification of the fit between the proposed Project
Activity, the proposed methodology, scenario and baseline.
The baseline data used is compiled from data supplied in interviews with veterinarians and farmers’ group
leaders in Landhi and Bin Qasim, and other government and NGO stakeholders. Business cards and
contact details are in Annex 3. Project participants are grouped and identified as such.
The baseline survey of a sample of 233 respondents revealed that at present, dung is disposed of as shown
in the Table below:
Within the project boundary there are almost 1 million head of cattle (See Annex 3, Baseline
information). The number of cattle officially registered in the near neighbourhood (~3 km radius) in 2004
is shown below.
Table B.9 Cattle Numbers
Name of Township Number of Cattle
Union Council population
Bin Qasim 7 342,500
Landhi 10 8,073
Korangi 9 44,472
Total 395.045
Data Source: Government Veterinary Officer, Landhi
This number has grown since the last cattle census with new farms development, and is understated13. The
number of cattle is therefore taken as 400,000.
Ninety per cent of the animals are buffaloes with an average adult body weight of 800 kgs. The balance
are milch cows weighing an average 650 kgs. The IPCC tabulated data for buffalo allows for a weight of
380 kg, which has been adopted in this proposal and is certainly conservative but allows for non-adult
animals.
13
The annual cattle poll tax (Rs 150 in November 2005), and a cattle population–related monthly water charge
encourage under-reporting of cattle numbers
Each animal consumes 30-40 litres of water and 28 kgs feed per day, of which 8-10 kgs is high grade
grain and seed cake, 10-12 kgs is green feed, and the balance wheat straw. The Government Veterinarian
states that the composition and quality of feedstock varies very little seasonally, or from farm to farm. He
describes the animals as very well nourished; “the equivalent of feeding a human four chickens a day.”
Each animal produces 20-25 kgs of dung per day, of which 20% is dry weight. A conservative figure of
18 kgs per animal per day has been used in calculations of greenhouse gas emission abatement.
Conservatively, the baseline makes the assumption that only 60% of the emissions are captured, and a
very small amount of dung is sold, and the rest is still left to decay either on land or in water.
SECTION C. Duration of the project activity / Crediting period
The starting date of a CDM project activity is the date on which the implementation or construction or
real action of a project activity begins.
Project activities starting between 1 January 2000 the date of the registration of a first clean development
mechanism project, if the project activity is submitted for registration before 31 December 2005; have to
provide documentation, at the time of registration, showing that the starting date fell within this period.
Please state the expected operational lifetime of the project activity in years and months.
A ten year crediting period has been selected for this project.
Please state whether the project activity will use a renewable or a fixed crediting period and complete
C.2.1 or C.2.2 accordingly.
Note that the crediting period may only start after the date of registration of the proposed activity as a
CDM project activity. In exceptional cases, (see instructions for section C.1.1. above) the starting date of
the crediting period may be prior to the date of registration of the project activity as provided for in
paragraphs 12 and 13 of decision 17/CP.7, paragraph 1 (c) of decision 18/CP.9 and through any guidance
by the Executive Board, available on the UNFCCC CDM web site.
Each crediting period shall be at most 7 years and may be renewed at most two times, provided that, for
each renewal, a designated operational entity determines and informs the executive board that the original
project baseline is still valid or has been updated taking account of new data where applicable;
01/06/2008
10 years
C.2.2. Fixed crediting period:
10 years
C.2.2.2. Length:
Please state the length of the crediting period in years and months
Where project participants wish to propose a new monitoring methodology, please complete form
“Proposed New Methodology: Monitoring” (CDM-NMM) in accordance with procedures for submission
and consideration of proposed new methodologies (see Part III of these Guidelines).
This section shall provide a detailed description of the monitoring plan, including an identification of the
data and its quality with regard to accuracy, comparability, completeness and validity, taking into
consideration any guidance contained in the methodology. The monitoring plan is to be attached in
Annex 4.
The monitoring plan needs to provide detailed information related to the collection and archiving of all
relevant data needed to
- estimate or measure emissions occurring within the project boundary,
- determine the Baseline, and
- identify increased emissions outside the project boundary.
The monitoring plan should reflect good monitoring practice appropriate to the type of project activity.
The plan should follow the instructions and steps defined in the approved monitoring methodology.
Project participants shall implement the registered monitoring plan and provide data, in accordance with
the plan, through their monitoring report.
Please note that data monitored and required for verification and issuance are to be kept for two years
after the end of the crediting period or the last issuance of CERs for this project activity, whatever occurs
later.
The actual project performance must be assessed against the projected outcomes of the sustainable
development assessment as defined in Section 3.4 of the Gold Standard Project Developer’s Manual, on
an annual basis. Where quantitative measurements are required information on the relevant data to be
collected should be noted in the table presented in Annex 4. For further information, see section 3.5.1 of
the Gold Standard Project Developer Manual.
D.1. Name and reference of approved monitoring methodology applied to the project activity:
UNFCCC methodology ACM0010 has been selected as the most appropriate for this project activity.
Please refer to the UNFCCC CDM web site for the name and reference as well as details of approved
methodologies. Where project participants wish to propose a new monitoring methodology, please
complete the form for “Proposed New Methodology: Monitoring” (CDM-NMM) and subsequently
complete, sections A-E of the CDM-PDD to demonstrate the application of the proposed new
methodology to the project activity.
If a national or international monitoring standard has to be applied to monitor certain aspects of the
project activity, please identify this standard and provide a reference to the source where a detailed
description of the standard can be found.
Please fill sections D.2.2 or D.2.3 below in accordance with the approved monitoring methodology
selected.
D.2. Justification of the choice of the methodology and why it is applicable to the project
activity:
Please justify the choice of methodology by showing that the proposed project activity and the context of
the project activity meet the conditions under which the methodology is applicable.
ACM0010 was selected for use in this situation as its criteria best fits the situation in Landhi (the disposal
of agricultural waste streams) and also the expected handling of the captured methane emissions.
The Sustainable Development indicators were selected with reference to Gold Standard guidelines. To
achieve realistic year on year “before and after” comparison, the indicators are SMART – Simple,
Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound. The selected indicators focus on the principle
determinants of GHG abatement, the raw waste received, the energy outputs, disaggregated employment
and labour statistics, expenditure on CSR programmes. These are within the control of the project, and
should constitute part of the normal annual reporting of the project operator. There may be sustainable
development benefits outside the immediate control of the project such as greening of public spaces by
the City District Government using residual liquid effluent, and employment of women in making and
printing bags for the enterprise. These may be reported anecdotally, but may not be statistically robust
since they are not within the control of the enterprise.
D.2. 1. Option 1: Monitoring of the emissions in the project scenario and the baseline scenario
D.2.1.1. Data to be collected in order to monitor emissions from the project activity, and how this data will be archived:
ID number Data variable Source of data Data Measured Recording Proportion How will the Comment
(Please use unit (m), frequency of data to data be
numbers to ease calculated (c) be archived?
cross-referencing or estimated monitored (electronic/
to D.3) (e) paper)
D.2-1 Number Head of buffalo Heads Measured Annual 100% Paper and This is an annual census count done
electronic for taxation reasons
D.2-2 Mass Average weight of kg Measured Annual 100% Paper and Average animal weights are collected
buffalo electronic and databased by government and
agricultural officials
D.2-3 Flow rate Manure flow after aerobic m3/day Measured Monthly 100% Paper and
treatment stage electronic
D.2-4 Concentration 5 day Biochemical mg/L Measured Monthly 100% Paper and
Oxygen Demand in electronic
aerobic treatment effluent
D.2-5 Concentration Total Nitrogen content in mg/L Measured Monthly 100% Paper and
aerobic treatment effluent electronic
D.2-6 Temperature Temperature of aerobic ℃ Measured Monthly 100% Paper and
treatment effluent electronic
D.2-7 Flow rate Biogas flow extracted by m3/day Measured Daily 100% Paper and This parameter guarantees the correct
digester electronic performance of digester and gas
recovery.
D.2-8 Percentile CO2 concentration in gas % Measured Daily 100% Paper and This parameter guarantees the correct
flow electronic performance of digester and gas
recovery.
D.2-9 Volume Biogas input to the gas m3/day Measured Daily 100% Paper and Gas volume is measured via a
engine electronic continuous flow meter plotted by
month and year.
D.2-10 Electricity Electricity generated by MWh Measured Daily 100% Paper and Total power produced is measured via
quantity the project activity electronic electricity meter and logged daily.
Description of data to be collected and how data will be archived. Data shall be archived for 2 years following the end of the crediting period. Please add rows
to the table, as needed.
D.2.1.2. Description of formulae used to estimate project emissions (for each gas, source, formulae/algorithm, emissions units of CO2 equ.)
Formulae should be consistent with the formulae outlined in the description of the baseline methodology.
The calculation of methane emissions from this project activity is initiated from the selection of a Tier One methodology
For calculation of the project emissions from the anaerobic digester, the following equations are deployed.
Where:
BE CH 4, y = GWPCH 4 ⋅ DCH 4 * ∑ MCF j * B0, LT * N LT * VS LT , y * MS Bl , j
j , LT
BECH 4, y : Are the CH4 emissions from manure management in the primary treatment stage in the anaerobic digester of the manure management
system during the year y in tons of CO2 equivalent.
The volatile solid figure is taken directly from table 10A-6, Chapter 10, of the IPCC 2006 guidelines for National Greenhouse
The global warming potential GWPCH4 is defined by the IPCC as 21 times that of CO2
The methane conversion factor for anaerobic treatment is defined as 79%, taking into account the ambient temperature for Karachi.
D.2.1.3. Relevant data necessary for determining the baseline of anthropogenic emissions by sources of GHGs within the project
boundary and how such data will be collected and archived :
ID number Data Source of Data Measured (m), Recording Proportion How will the data be Comment
(Please use variable data unit calculated (c), frequency of data to archived? (electronic/
numbers to estimated (e), be paper)
ease cross- monitored
referencing
to table
D.3)
D.2-1 Number Buffalo Heads Measured Annual 100% Paper and Data is collected annually by government
herd governmen electronic offices
t records
D.2-2 Mass Average Kg Measured Annual 100% Paper and To be collected for the total buffalo population.
weight of governmen electronic Necessary when/if no monitored wastewater
buffalo t records parameters are available (volatile solids,
nitrogen content).
Description of data to be collected and how data will be archived. Data shall be archived for 2 years following the end of the crediting period. Please add rows
to the table below, as needed.
D.2.1.4. Description of formulae used to estimate baseline emissions (for each gas, source, formulae/algorithm, emissions units of CO2 equ.)
Formulae should be consistent with the formulae outlined in the description of the baseline methodology.
The baseline situation at Landhi is a series of slow moving deep monsoon drains leading to a large marine estuary, where decomposing matter forms deep
sedimentary layers that continue to decompose until eventually being washed out to sea. The process functions as an anaerobic lagoon, and thus the formula
to quantify the CH4 emissions from the anaerobic lagoon in the baseline scenario is the same as described in D.2.1.2, minus the electricity production.
D. 2.2. Option 2: Direct monitoring of emission reductions from the project activity (values should be consistent with those in section E).
D.2.2.1. Data to be collected in order to monitor emissions from the project activity, and how this data will be archived:
ID number Data Source of Data Measured (m), Recording Proportion How will the Comment
(Please use variable data unit calculated (c), Frequency of data to be data be
numbers to estimated (e), monitored archived?
ease cross- (electronic/
referencing paper)
to table
D.3)
D.2-9 Volume Biogas input m3/day Measured Daily 100% Paper and Gas volume is measured via a continuous flow
to the gas electronic meter plotted by month and year.
engine
D.2-10 Electricity Electricity MWh Measured Daily 100% Paper and Total power produced is measured via electricity
quantity generated electronic meter and logged daily.
by the
project
activity
Description of data to be collected and how data will be archived. Data shall be archived for 2 years following the end of the crediting period. Please add rows
to the table below, as needed.
D.2.2.2. Description of formulae used to calculate project emissions (for each gas, source, formulae/algorithm, emissions units of CO2 equ.):
Formulae should be consistent with the formulae outlined in the description of the baseline methodology.
The formulae used to calculate project emissions are taken from ACM0010 / Version 01. In the case of Landhi, we have adopted a single stage treatment
process whereby waste is captured and digested anaerobically in a digester, and then fertiliser is extracted and dried following the completed digestion
process.
There may be secondary GHG impacts from the reduction in chemical fertiliser production through the utilisation of organic fertilisers, and this will be
investigated during the course of the installation.
Project Emissions
PEy = PE AD, y + PE Aer, y + PE N 2O, y + PE PL, y + PE CH 4 _ IC, y + PE elec / heat
IPCC guidelines specify physical leakage from anaerobic digesters as being 15% of total biogas production. Where project participants use lower values for
percentage of physical leakage, they should provide measurements proving that this lower value is appropriate for the project.
As noted in equations (10.a) not all volatile solids are degraded in the anaerobic digester. If the undegraded volatile solid in the effluent from anaerobic
digester is discharged outside the project boundary without further treatment, these emissions should be treated as leakage and appropriately reported and
accounted.
D.2.3. Treatment of leakage in the monitoring plan
There is no net change of anthropogenic emissions by sources of GHG which occurs outside the project boundary and is measureable and attributable to the
project activity. Hence no leakage is considered which is relevant to ACM0010.
D.2.3.1. If applicable, please describe the data and information that will be collected in order to monitor leakage effects of the project
activity
ID number Data Source of Measured (m), Recording Proportion How will the data Comment
Data
(Please use variable data calculated (c) frequency of data to be archived?
unit
numbers to or estimated (e) be (electronic/
ease cross- monitored paper)
referencin
g to table
D.3)
Monitored data shall be archived for 2 years following the end of the crediting period. Please add rows to the table below, as needed.
D.2.3.2. Description of formulae used to estimate leakage (for each gas, source, formulae/algorithm, emissions units of CO2 equ.)
Formulae should be consistent with the formulae outlined in the description of the baseline methodology.
D.2.4. Description of formulae used to estimate emission reductions for the project activity (for each gas, source, formulae/algorithm,
emissions units of CO2 equ.)
Formulae should be consistent with the formulae outlined in the description of the baseline methodology.
D.3. Quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) procedures are being undertaken for data monitored
Data Uncertainty level of data Explain QA/QC procedures planned for these data, or why such procedures are not necessary.
(Indicate table and ID (High/Medium/Low)
number e.g. 3.-1.; 3.2.)
Gas volumes Low Calibrated meters and measurement equipment is to be used. Meters are recalibrated annually
Power production Low Calibrated meters and measurement equipment is to be used. Meters are recalibrated annually
Methane % Low Online gas meters check methane percentage in real time, and calorific value is reflected in the power produced
D.4 Please describe the operational and management structure that the project operator will implement in order to monitor emission reductions
and any leakage effects, generated by the project activity
In addition to the technical indicators to be monitored, sustainable development indicators under the direct control of the project will be monitored as per the
variables below, to demonstrate commitment of the parties to Corporate Social Responsibility. Data will be gender-disaggregated. A matrix is included in
Annex D.
• Employment levels
• Income levels
• Work-related health statistics
Please provide contact information and indicate if the person/entity is also a project participant listed in Annex 1 of this document.
Tony Woods, Renewable Energy Engineer, Empower Consultants Limited (project proponents – see Annex 1) twoods@mpwr.co.nz
Ann McLean, Social Development Specialist, Empower Consultants Limited (project proponents – see Annex 1) amclean@mpwr.co.nz
The monitoring methodology will be compiled by Clean Energy Developments Ltd, and overseen and verified by the project designated operational entity,
yet to be determined.
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 02
Please fill section E. following the selected baseline and monitoring methodologies.
Please provide estimated anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases of the project activity
within the project boundary (for each gas, source, formulae/algorithm, emissions in units of CO2
equivalent). Alternatively, provide directly estimated emission reductions due to the project activity.
The methane emitted and captured by the anaerobic digestion of the animal wastes is the only GHG
considered in the initial stage of the project. The drains and estuary act as an anaerobic lagoon.
However, all gases produced are release to the atmosphere. The project activity will construct an
anaerobic digester, which will produce a similar quantity of methane, but will flare the gas at the pilot
stage, and/or utilise this gas for electricity generation in the later stages of the project, thus adding to the
avoided GHG emissions through CO2 abatement due to avoided thermal generation emissions.
Enteric emissions resulting from the gastrointestinal activity of the buffalo herd are excluded from this
activity as these emissions will exist both prior to and following the project activity14.
The project will consume electricity for the operation of compressors, pumps and other onsite process
control and operations, however this energy consumption will be offset by power generated on site from
the consumption of methane captured and this will be excluded from the calculation undertaken.
Depending on the final configuration of the project, a mechanised collection system may be required to
pick up dung from the farms and transport dung to the digester. In the early stages of the project the dung
will be transported using the existing handheld and donkeys driven carts and thus not incur additional
GHG emissions. It is however noted that in the later stages of the project, higher transport demands may
require the use of automated transportation. In the first event, this will be operated on CNG produced as a
part of the project. Thus the net emissions are again zero. In the event that fossil diesel is used, this will
be incorporated into the monitoring regime and accounted for.
Please provide estimate of any leakage, defined as: the net change of anthropogenic emissions by sources
of greenhouse gases which occurs outside the project boundary, and that is measurable and attributable to
the project activity. Estimates should be given for each gas, source, formulae/algorithm, emissions in
units of CO2 equivalent.
There is no net change of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gas emissions which occurs outside the
project boundary and that is measurable and attributable to the project activity, thus no leakage is
considered that is in accordance with ACM0010.
14
It is noteworthy that the project investor, Marubeni Corporation, is separately researching enzyme therapy that
may assist to mitigate enteric gas emissions
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 02
E.3. The sum of E.1 and E.2 representing the project activity emissions:
As per the notes above, we have found that the sum of item E1 and E2 are zero and thus the project
activity emissions are also zero.
Estimates should be given for each gas, source, formulae/algorithm, emissions in units of CO2 equivalent.
Methane is the primary GHG avoided by this project activity. ACM0010 requires the project to directly
monitor the amount of methane captured and destroyed as a part of the project activity.
Studies by the Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technologies, and subsequent analysis by New
Zealand waste water engineers, has shown the methane gas production to be approximately as follows:
Where:
BE CH 4, y = GWPCH 4 ⋅ DCH 4 * ∑ MCF j * B0, LT * N LT * VS LT , y * MS Bl , j
j , LT
BECH 4, y : Are the CH4 emissions from manure management in the primary treatment stage in the
anaerobic digester of the manure management system during the year y in tons of CO2
equivalent.
The volatile solid figure is taken directly from table 10A-6, Chapter 10, of the IPCC 2006 guidelines for
National Greenhouse
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The global warming potential GWPCH4 is defined by the IPCC as 21 times that of CO2
The methane conversion factor for anaerobic treatment is defined as 79%, taking into account the ambient
temperature for Karachi.
Factoring these variables and IPCC data for Pakistan, the formula takes the shape as below:
Recognising that there is the potential for non-anaerobic activity in the baseline scenario, given that the
drains and estuary are not a fully controlled environment, it is allowed that there should be a conservative
margin of error of 60% applied to the calculated emissions from the baseline.
BECH 4, y = 1,733,986 x 60 %
= 1,040,391 tons C02 eq pa
Thus the effluent stream from the 400,000 head of cattle is capable of producing 1.73 million tons of C02e
pa, of which only 1.04 millions tons will be included in the baseline scenario to ensure that any non-
anaerobic activity is not included in the calculations.
E.5. Difference between E.4 and E.3 representing the emission reductions of the project activity:
The difference calculated between E4 and E3 is as determined from the baseline, and allowing for the
15% leakage recommended by the IPCC guidelines this reduces the overall emission reductions of the
project from 1,040,391 tons by 156,058 tons to 884,333 tons CO2 e pa.
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The ex post calculation of baseline emission rates may only be used if proper justification is provided.
Notwithstanding, the baseline emission rates shall also be calculated ex-ante and reported in the CDM-
PDD. The following table should be filled in.
2) additional guidance from the Gold Standard requires an EIA to be performed (see section 3.4.2 of the
Gold Standard Project Developer’s Manual for further guidance).
This section should describe how the Gold Standard requirements are met.
F.2. If environmental impacts are considered significant by the project participants or the host
Party, please provide conclusions and all references to support documentation of an environmental
impact assessment undertaken in accordance with the procedures as required by the host Party:
The Environmental Protection Agency, Sindh, indicated in consultations in November 2005 that an IEE
should be prepared. This is appended in Annex 3, together with EPA’s No Objection Certificate. The
process of stakeholder consultation is discussed briefly in Section G1 below, and extensively in Annex 3.
No stakeholder identified any potential adverse impact in the consultations. Rather, the project is
expected by all to mitigate existing environmental problems.
G.1. Brief description how comments by local stakeholders have been invited and compiled:
Please describe the process by which comments by local stakeholders have been invited and compiled.
An invitation for comments by local stakeholders shall be made in an open and transparent manner, in a
way that facilities comments to be received from local stakeholders and allows for a reasonable time for
comments to be submitted. In this regard, project participants shall describe a project activity in a manner
which allows the local stakeholders to understand the project activity, taking into account confidentiality
provisions of the CDM modalities and procedures.
The exact requirements are included in Section 3.4.3 of the Gold Standard Project Developer’s Manual.
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15
Though the name of the proponent organisation has changed over the eight years’ project gestation, the same
personnel have been involved from inception, and are now well known to the local stakeholders. There have been
two major changes in the structure of local administration over this time, from a professional civil service structure
under the Commissioner Karachi, through a Karachi Municipal Corporation structure, to the present-day elected
City District Government of Karachi structure.
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to identify any potentially adverse impacts they perceived. The only negative comment received in the
course of any of the public consultation (focus group meeting with Young Generation Welfare
Association, 28 November 2005) was a fear that foreign investors would come only to promote their
proprietary technology through the project. Since the technology and investment partner had not been
selected, this fear was easily laid to rest. There are no resettlement or compensation implications
associated with the project, since the land involved belongs to the government, is uninhabited degraded
desert (see satellite photograph), and does not contain any environmental, cultural, resource or access
values for the local population.
Sustainable development aspirations of the local stakeholders related to the project are first for
employment and second for a dung-free environment. To live in Landhi carries a social stigma because
social and physical infrastructure and environmental conditions are so poor, and the area features a
number of katchi abadi, informal squatter settlements. These aspirations are reflected in the monitoring
regime. Other aspirations are largely extrinsic to the project. Development NGOs and farmer societies
cite the absence of a public health clinic (some locals go when sick to the Veterinary Hospital) and the
lack of a secondary school in the area. Public transport is poor. There are no public parks or recreational
facilities. Residents hope that these conditions will improve in parallel with improved incomes and
opportunities. There was no call from any stakeholder for mitigation measures; the project itself is
perceived as a mitigation measure.
A preliminary Main Stakeholder Consultation was conducted as per ADB PREGA requirements,
comprising formal workshops with national and local-level stakeholders following pre-feasibility study,
lodging of the PIN, receipt of the NOC of the IEE from Sindh EPA, initial PDD drafting and preliminary
findings (February 2006). Workshop presentations for grass roots stakeholders were short and non-
technical, after which every participant spoke in turn, with opportunities for discussion of any points
raised. Key informant and Government consultations and workshops were conducted in English, as the
official language for government transactions and records.
Business cards of informants (most NGO participants did not have cards, and some were illiterate), the
presentations, and attendance registers at workshops are appended.
Please identify stakeholders that have made comments and provide a summary of these comments.
G.3. Report on how due account was taken of any comments received:
Please explain how due account have been taken of comments received.
Stakeholder comments about the project, and specifically the issues raised in the Gold Standard Public
Consultation Environmental and Socio-economic and Health Impacts Checklists were obtained from
relevant informants in individual and focus group meetings and at workshops. At the end of each
encounter, comments, questions and discussion were invited on these issues. These are summarized
against the checklist questions in Annex 3. For verification, contact details and business cards at Annex
3G.4.
Grass roots stakeholders comments came mainly from the farmer group representatives, who were
anxious to ensure that they were not sidelined in decision-making processes and ownership of the planned
enterprise. They also enunciated that the project should benefit the whole farmer community in a
conscious raising of environmental and living standards.
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The discussion centred mainly around how to structure the pilot enterprise, and beyond this the upscaled
plant to ensure that local interests were protected. It was agreed in principle that the entity management
should comprise a Management Board representing all the equity stakeholders. This includes the farmers,
who own the feedstock. In addition, it was suggested that the CBOs with employment and social
development activities in the area elect one community representative. The main equity investors have
subsequently agreed that a portion of the shareholding should be reserved for small local shareholders.
The City Nazim’s office has offered an open door for consultation with local stakeholders. The
proponents are in regular contact with the City District Government as well as the farmer NGO
stakeholders, and are confident that communication mechanisms are in place for airing any
implementation issues as they arise.
Policy-level stakeholders discussed the issues raised at the end of the workshop presentation.
1. The definition of biogas; agreed that it should be regarded for tariff construction as a renewable
energy source, and not as fossil natural gas. Safety regulations pertaining to methane should
apply.
2. The energy producing assets should be separated as far as practicable from the fertiliser
producing assets in determining the tariff. This electricity from biogas project will establish a
precedent, but generation facilities with two income streams exist in hydro power plus irrigation
schemes. These may be studied to see if similar treatment of asset and income values is
reasonable.
3. Sale of electricity from the demonstration plant as well as the scaled-up project should be
facilitated. It was agreed that electricity from biogas should receive the same treatment as wind
power under recent regulation; that is, that the utilities be obliged to purchase even quite small
quantities. This removes the difficulties encountered in attempting second tier supply from small
generation facilities.
4. Taxation should be little or nothing, as is the case for large projects that come under the purview
of the PPIB. This matter is being taken up by the AEDB.
5. Policy and practical support should be given to the establishment of a commercial organic
fertiliser market.
6. A Project Design Document (PDD) to apply for carbon credits arising from the project should be
prepared promptly.
As at the grass roots stakeholder workshop, all comments were summarised at the end of the workshop.
No conflicts of interest emerged at either forum; no stakeholder can see any detriment from this project.
Comments are available to all stakeholders through the publicly available PREGA report that followed
the consultations. There was lively and partially accurate coverage of the events in both the Urdu and
English press at both locations. This received as little attention as is usual with good news.
The project proponents have taken account of stakeholder comments in formulating this PDD in:
1) Preparation of the project to reflect the overriding concern of grassroots stakeholders about creation of
employment
2) Reflection in planning of civic stakeholders’ desire to utilize project outputs for the public good, e.g.
in planning for utilization of waste water for environmental benefit
3) Taking cognizance of the advice from policy level stakeholders about the legal description of biogas
4) Reflecting in planning the environmental desirability of producing organic fertiliser
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5) Reflecting grass root stakeholder feedback about how this product needs to be produced to incentivise
its transport and utilisation
6) Reflecting stakeholder feedback on tariff construction
7) Conservatism in tariff forecasts to aim for affordability.
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Annex 1
Direct FAX:
Direct tel:
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Direct FAX:
Direct tel:
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Direct FAX:
Direct tel:
Personal E-Mail:
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Annex 2
INFORMATION REGARDING PUBLIC FUNDING
Please provide information from Parties included in Annex I on sources of public funding for the
project activity which shall provide an affirmation that such funding does not result in a
diversion of official development assistance and is separate from and is not counted towards the
financial obligations of those Parties. See also A.4.5
This project concept has a long history of struggle to find funding since identification in 1998, prior to the
Kyoto Protocol. ODA avenues have been explored during this time, but have not proved successful.
From time to time, optimistic politicians have publicly stated that the project will proceed and that there
may be ODA assistance. These assertions are not accurate. To summarise, milestones were:
16
The funding came from a small contestable fund, the Asia Development Assistance Facility, which has an annual
budget of ~USD 2.5 million. This fund is not part of New Zealand’s normal ODA, as it is designed to facilitate
private sector to private sector assignments for poverty alleviation. Proposals are consultant-initiated rather than
bilaterally negotiated, though they must receive host Government endorsement, in this case from the Alternative
Energy Development Board, Prime Minister’s Secretariat, Government of Pakistan. The allocation to this
assignment is capped at ~USD 350,000.
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• Investment funding is sought in November 2006 to implement a pilot plant using CDGK’s
facilities, and to prepare full feasibility study
• Pilot plant design is commenced for implementation with investor, not ADAF funding.
• ACM0010 becomes available, and is more suitable to potential investors; redrafting in progress
December 2006
During this history, no aid funding was used for the project. NZAID funded only preparatory visits for
two consultants (Renewable Energy Engineer, and Social Development Consultant) to undertake project
preparation. At time of preparation of this PDD, no implementation has been funded or undertaken. The
letter from NZAID that follows attests to this.
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Annex 3
BASELINE INFORMATION
Please provide a table containing the key elements used to determine the baseline for the project
activity including elements such as variables, parameters and data sources. For approved
methodologies you may find a draft table on the UNFCCC CDM web site.
Variable Parameter Data Source
Feedstock Number of cattle is 400,000 Government Veterinarian
Quantity of dung averages 18 -20 Government Veterinarian
kgs per animal per day
Amount of dung that decays Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
anaerobically in the baseline is
taken as 60%
Climate Ambient air temperature ranges http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/pakistan/karachi/lib/climate
from 12-35
Precipitation is negligible 9 months Government Meteorological data,
of the year, and is only 260 http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/pakistan/karachi/lib/climate
mm/month at maximum
Residence Holding time in the drains and Direct measurement by PCSIR
period estuary
Contents:
Cattle dung is loaded into barrows and taken from the cattle sheds to a trough, where it is mixed to a
slurry, and released via a channel into an open drain……
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…. on the road. It is eventually washed down to the adjacent coast. Note the discolouration at
the outfall, compared with the coast photographed from the same spot, in the opposite direction,
where a small fishing village is located. The waters are eutrophying, and the mangroves dying,
severely affecting fishing livelihoods in the area.
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There is an open-sided abattoir at the colony. Abattoir waste soaks away on adjacent open ground.
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Note the proximity of the katchi abadi and the blue areas marked “survey”, bottom right, where new farms are planned
Annex 3.D
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION
AND NO OBJECTION CERTIFICATE
Project developers
December 2005
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Project Data
Contact details
Counterpart:
The Society for the Environmental and Economic Improvement of Cattle
Colonies in Karachi (SEEICCK)
5-7 Deh Kanto, Main Bhains Colony Road
Karachi, Pakistan
Focal Person: Syed Abu Akif
Local Consultant:
National Engineering Corporation (NEC)
202 Sea Breeze Plaza
Shahrah-e-Faisal
Karachi, Pakistan
Tel +92 21 2778 8336-7 Fax +92 21 2778 2481
Applicant:
Empower Consultants Limited (ECL)
PO Box 28145
Wellington, New Zealand
Tel 64 4 471 2525 Fax 64 4 471 2526
Focal Person: Tony Woods, Ann McLean
Email twoods@mpwr.co.nz,
amclean@mpwr.co.nz
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Industrial zone
Table of Contents
II. A. INTRODUCTION................................................................................71
IX. H. CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................80
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A. INTRODUCTION
The Cattle Colony Landhi (as Karachi’s largest concentration of milch animals is known) is located some
30 km East of Karachi, Pakistan17. This area is home to literally hundreds of thousands of cattle. There is
no formal or informal waste treatment infrastructure, leading to all waste ending up in the nearby sea.
In 1998 this situation was noted by an Empower Consultants staff member in consultation with a local
group representing the cattle farm owners, the Dairy Farmers Association. The obvious need for a
solution was relayed back to Empower engineering staff back in New Zealand. Empower staff visited the
site and began a participatory process of identifying solutions to the waste stream, discussing impacts and
potential activities to address the core problems.
The solution identified to mitigate the problem of sewage dumping is the bio gasification of raw dung to
make fertiliser and natural gas. This process can be undertaken for processing raw dung from nearby
farms on disused government land within Landhi – especially a tract on which abandoned concrete tanks
are already in place. Consultations were opened with a local NGO, The Society for the Environmental
and Economic Improvement of Cattle Colonies in Karachi (SEEICCK) with the intention of ensuring
local participation in the project and sharing in the positive project outcomes.
This Initial Environment Examination therefore seeks to clarify the present nature of activities in the
cattle colony area to demonstrate that the proposed biogasification activity will have no negative impacts
whatsoever, and will, in fact, improve social and environmental conditions greatly from their present
condition.
Acceptance of this IEE will provide an assurance to project proponents and investors that positive impacts
of the project for local residents and the environment in general are greater than any negative impacts, if
any negative impacts are present at all.
Landhi cattle colony is by far Pakistan’s largest animal colony. Originally intended to hold 15,000 cattle,
the area is now bursting at the seams with around 350,000 head. Animals are tethered in covered stalls
equipped with feed and water troughs – and little else. Sloping concrete floors allow liquid waste to drain
directly to open drains in the street. Solid waste is usually barrowed out into the street and and soon forms
mounds between houses and in open spaces or is mixed into a watery slurry and drained into open sewers
where over time it makes its way down to the sea. Dried effluent blows around the region creating a
health hazard. At 12-18 kg of waste per animal per day, an estimated 8,000 metric tonnes (8,000,000
kilograms) of waste is dumped on the streets, waste land or the coast each day. The environmental
impact of this volume of waste being introduced into the local environment every day is enormous.
Specifically, when organic material is dumped into water, or onto open land, it starts a process of
decomposition. This process is a chemical reaction in which the organic material consumes oxygen while
breaking down into other materials. When this reaction occurs in water, the rotting material acts like a
sponge, sucking all available oxygen out of the water and suffocating any other organisms present that
need oxygen to live.
17
On account of administrative restructuring of the Karachi City Government, the greater portion of the Cattle
Colony is no longer in Landhi town, but is now in the adjacent Bin Qasim Town; in addition to this concentration,
large numbers of milch buffalo are dispersed throughout the city.
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In addition, since much of this decomposition has high biological oxygen demand (BOD) it takes place in
the absence of oxygen, and large quantities of methane gas are created. Methane is a very harmful
greenhouse gas, and is rated as being 21 times more damaging than Carbon Dioxide. Thus not all the
environmental damage is visible.
Originally the dung from the area was a source of income for local people and
was utilized for agricultural purposes not only in the rural areas close to
Karachi but was also exported to the UAE and elsewhere in the Middle East.
A rinderpest outbreak in the cattle colony in the mid 1990’s led to the
immediate cessation of this trade. Buyers in the Middle East found other
suppliers in India and Bangladesh and have not returned to Pakistani suppliers
despite the control of rinderpest disease. However these marketing contacts
will be revisited in the course of this project to see if a restart of these exports
can be achieved. Other cattle diseases are held in control by intensive
vaccination. Feed is supplied to the animals via a daily convoy of trucks from
surrounding farming areas in a 100 km radius. Trucks tend to return to the
farms empty. Trucks are generally open-sided and unsuitable for carrying wet
dung.
There is limited sanitation even for humans. Water is piped from a lake about
80 kilometres distant in Sindh. Given the fact that demand outstrips supply,
water in Karachi is in very short supply, and is generally untreated and of low quality. Some residents
have sunk wells, which yield brackish water, since the colony is low lying, only half a kilometre from the
coast.
B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
Type of project
This project will add value to the raw dung and provide an incentive to the farmers to ensure that it is not
dumped, but rather is sent to the digester to earn a return. In time, when a larger scale project is
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commissioned, energy generation will provide grid stability in Bin Qasim/Landhi and will further
improve the investment environment by cleaning up the local environment.
The reverse of the question ‘is there a need for this project’ is to ask what would happen should the
project not proceed. In the absence of the project, 8,000 tons per day of raw dung will continue to be
dumped, and the local people and environment will continue to suffer its effects, both directly and
indirectly.
The Process
The plan to reduce this massive environmental impact is to use the waste as a raw resource for a waste to
energy based community-owned business. By building infrastructure that demands biodigestable waste
as a feedstock, the project is attaching a financial value to the dung and creating an incentive to use, rather
than discard it.
The process of biodigestion is well proven and understood. It involves the collection of biodegradable
waste, mixing it with water and placing it into an airtight container. Once inside, the mixture will start to
rot and break down. During this process gases are produced including Methane (approximately 60%),
Carbon Dioxide (approximately 39%) and Hydrogen Sulphide (approximately 1%). In particular, the
Methane (otherwise known as natural gas, or CH4) is able to be cleaned, dried and used productively.
The rotting process is completed after approximately 3 weeks, after which time the slurry is removed
from the tank and dewatered, yielding a nutrient rich liquid fertiliser and a solid, composted fertiliser.
The fertiliser is richer in nitrogen than raw waste as compared to the decomposition process occurs in the
open whereby nitrogen is lost in the form of evaporating ammonia.
This solid fertiliser can be easily packaged into 50 kg sacks, ready for transport. In this format local truck
owners are very keen to transport it back to the farms. As described, trucks presently arrive in Landhi
from region wide farms laden with fodder for the cattle, but they usually make the return trip empty as the
wet, unprocessed and unpackaged dung has too low a value to make it worth carting. In addition, the
trucks are not suited to loading or carrying a material such as wet dung.
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60% methane
40% Carbon Dioxide
• Waste is not dumped into the local environment. Instead it is collected, processed into a high grade
fertiliser and returned to the farms
• Waste is used productively i.e. the waste will be converted to energy and high grade organic fertiliser.
• Clean water, already in short supply, is saved from being lost through the drains into the sea.
• Provision of additional source of income for local people.
Ecological resources
The UN’s State of the Environment Report (draft, 2005) states that Korangi Creek is the most polluted
section of the Karachi coast, where the effluents from Korangi, Landhi, Karachi export processing zone
and various industrial plants discharge an estimated 2,500 industrial units of untreated organic and toxic
waste into the creek waters. In addition, waste and sewage from the city of Karachi and other settlements
are also discharged here. This has resulted in the contamination of fisheries and other aquatic fauna and
poses severe health risks to people from drinking polluted water and eating contaminated fish.
The discharge of waste also adversely impacts the ecology of the area. Industrial and organic waste have
altered water temperatures thus causing stress on fish eggs which in turn has affected fish and shrimp
populations in the area. The UN report states that recent data collected indicated “…… the loss of fish
resulting in low catches, aggregation of hardy tolerant species not of significant economic value and body
deformation among the resident species…… Various species of fish, crabs and shrimp have migrated due
to pollution during the last 30 years……” Some marine species such as sea cucumbers, sea urchins and
oysters have totally disappeared from the area.
destruction from coastal pollution will have a significant impact on Pakistan’s marine resources, wildlife
and fishing industry.
This picture of ecological stress clearly cannot be attributed to waste from Landhi alone but to the
combination of pollutants from the various industries, manufacturing as well as household waste. But the
dumping of an estimated 8,000 metric tons of wet dung each day onto the streets and ultimately into the
coastal areas is a significant contributor to environmental damage. The removal of this organic waste
may assist in the rehabilitation of marine life over time.
There are no known sites of cultural, historical, religious or recreational significance in the area which
will be impacted by the project. The site for the demonstration stage is a dump site currently not in use
and the area earmarked for the upscaled project is located in disused sections of government owned land.
The environment in the project area is under severe stress. We are confident that the project will not
introduce new adverse impacts, but rather should improve and enhance the environment. Below is a list
of potential impacts which bear consideration:
Resettlement
The area has no known sites of cultural significance which will be negatively impacted. The project will
not encroach on land used for cultural or recreational purposes. No significant construction of facilities
will be required during the demonstration phase.
Access
The project will not require the building of new access roads. It will also not restrict access for local
people. On the contrary, it is expected that the project will enhance the local living environment and
increase access to rehabilitated land in the form of planted parks and gardens.
Air quality
The project will not diminish air quality for residents of the area. In fact it should improve it as the wet
animal dung will be removed from the streets and open drains and enclosed and turned into fertiliser thus
improving both air quality and general health of the residents.
There are potential environmental impacts related to the construction of a biodigester and related
buildings needed for the up-scaled project. This will take the form of 20 hectares required for the
buildings and plant and city district authorities have provisionally earmarked a large tract of desert land
immediately east of the present colonies for this purpose. It is possible that ongoing investigations into
layout may result in a larger number of smaller installations being a preferred option. There are no
settlements on the plot of land suggested and therefore no resettlement is envisaged. It is not a unique
environment and is not believed to house unique or endangered species. It is also not known to contain
cultural or religious sites and no particular scenic or recreational values. The structures to be built will
not introduce new toxic materials into the environment.
These are not anticipated during the pilot phase. Trucks are already coming into the area to deliver feed to
the cattle and traffic will not be significantly increased as a result of the project.
There may be some disruption in the form of noise pollution associated with the refurbishment of the
biogas plant and landscaping of the existing site. This will be temporary and expected to last not more
than 2 weeks.
The biogas plant to be built for the future up-scaled project will look like a large city water treatment
plant. Visual pollution can be minimised by planting trees around the perimeter of the plant, sustained by
the liquid effluent from the plant. The plant will be an industrial structure but will remove noise, smell,
traffic and pollution from a much larger residential and commercial area, so is considered a large net
environmental benefit.
Water run-off
At present large quantities of water are used each day to flush cattle waste into the sea. Measurements to
ascertain the exact amount is underway, and preliminary measurements suggest approximately 50 cubic
meters of water is used per day to sustain and clean a herd of 200 cows. Approximately 8 cubic meters
are drunk by the cattle, and an estimated 20 cubic meters is still required for washing the animals
themselves and hosing down the floors. This still leaves savings of 20 cubic meters per day per 200 cattle
of water presently needed to flush raw dung down the drains. This equates to 100 litres of water saved per
animal per day. Since the pilot will work with 4,000 animals, it can potentially save around 400 cubic
meters of sweet water per day. The large scale project would potentially save around 40,000 cubic meters
of sweet water per day.
Currently much of the estimated 8,000 metric tons of dung produced each day by the cattle colony is
washed into the sea. The coast by the outfall from the colony is heavily polluted with this organic waste.
Tidal drift carries industrial waste from the Korangi stream that flanks the export processing zone
immediately to the west of the main colony. Mangroves in the area are dying and the livelihoods of
fishers are threatened. Water and soil analysis close to the outfall are being conducted to provide
quantified baseline information on coastal conditions. It is anticipated that the project will remove the
bulk of the organic waste and may even permit the recovery of coastal plant and marine animal life over
time.
The biogasification of animal waste produces methane gas. Given the huge volume of dung present in
Landhi it is expected that very large quantities of methane can be produced from the pilot plant. While
the exact amount will be measured once the pilot is operational, early calculations suggest that
approximately 1,000 kg of methane can be extracted and utilised productively each day from the
incoming waste from the 4,000 head of cattle.
Methane (CH4) is a particularly harmful greenhouse gas. One ton of methane has the same damaging
impact on the earth’s atmosphere as 21 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). For this reason even capturing and
combusting the methane has a positive environmental result as according to the combustion equation for
methane
One molecule of methane will produce one molecule of carbon dioxide when burned, but carbon dioxide
is only 1/21st as damaging as methane, therefore a net positive environmental result is achieved through a
process of simple combustion.
In actual fact the result will be even more positive than this as the combustion of methane will be done in
a manner where it is used to generate electricity, or produce ice, or perform some other productive
purpose. It is therefore reducing the demand for energy from other sources, which is largely oil
generated. This saving of fuel oil is an additional environmental benefit not reflected in the simple
equation above.
Impact on power use
The project is expected to reduce power use by up to half the present usage. Presently, farmers use
pumps, typically 1 kW for about 4 hours a day to pump the water used to flush the waste into the drains.
It is estimated that about 1,400 kWh of power can be saved per farm annually resulting in savings for the
farmers of approximately USD 150 per year per farm, a significant saving in a poor neighbourhood. This
also has a positive environmental impact by reducing the total energy demand placed on the national
power grid, albeit in a small way.
• significantly reduce the amount of waste being washed into the sea;
• reduce water use for flushing the waste out of the cattle sheds;
• help to improve marine life as well as the sanitary condition of the area;
• reduce use of electricity and subsequently result in significant savings to poor farmers
• Receive offal with no commercial value from the abattoir adjacent to the biodigester site, and by
mixing offal together with the dung enhance the fermentation process and the fertiliser quality.
• Improve the overall living conditions for local people
Below we list minor impacts and the measures which are being taken or will be taken to mitigate them:
Land acquisition
One hectare of land will be required to build the pilot biodigester plant. At this stage this plant will be
built on disused land owned by the Karachi City Government. Meetings have been taken with the
Investment Cell of the Chief Minister’s office and conceptual granting of the land has been given. A
formal approval and granting of access and use of the land for this project is now underway with the
Karachi City District Government authorities.
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To date there has been no negative feedback regarding this project from any sector, both within central or
local government or from the public. Multiple letters of support have been received over the last 8 years
since the concept was first proposed. Such letters have been received from the following offices after
discussion and disclosure of planned project activities.
Initial investigations into the environmental situation at Landhi indicate strongly that a process to prevent
animal waste entering the marine or local land environment is badly needed. While this pilot project will
only address the processing of around 1% of the total waste stream, the data collected and functional
demonstration model will facilitate investment in the future that will harness the larger waste stream.
The project team recognises the Sindh EPA as an important project partner with a clear mandate to work
towards the protection of the Sindh environment. It is recommended that clearance be provided for the
pilot project to proceed, based on the following:
• The land required is degraded and disused, and the tank structures needed are already in place and
require only remedial works to be put into action.
• No negative impacts have been identified, other than limited noise from the landscaping activities
over a two week period.
• Wide public and government support is present.
• The environmental damage at present is significant and requires a systematic and sustainable
approach to identify a long term solution.
• The pilot project will generate employment, income and improve the local environment.
H. CONCLUSIONS
Since the pilot is essentially a test case for a larger installation, a revised version of this IEE, or if required
a full EIA may be submitted before investment in the larger facility if required. Assuming clearance of
this IEE, the pilot project could be expected to be in operation by the end of 2006. A monitoring period
of 12 months is then recommended to obtain data related to the actual performance of the plant from
financial, social and environmental perspectives.
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Annex 3.G
STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION
3G.1 PARTICIPANTS’ ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS
Parameter Comments Score
Local/regional/global An IEE has been completed, and a No Objection +2
environment Certificate received from Sindh Environment Protection
Agency. The documents are appended. The activity is
viewed as environmentally very positive in environmental
impacts on land and water as well as air.
• Air quality (emissions The project area is clay soil desert. The project will +1
other than GHGs) remove much of the dung that at present dries, is picked
up by wind, and contributes to particulate matter in the
air. This will be small benefit.
• Soil condition (quality The project has the potential to produce 7,200 tonnes of +2
and quantity) organic fertiliser/soil conditioner per day. Integrated
plant nutrition management specialists report that
application of 25 kgs of organic manure per hectare per
crop, usually two per year, to substitute for one quarter of
inorganic fertiliser otherwise used, improves uptake of
inorganic fertiliser, yields, soil structure and moisture
retention. At these rates, the project will continuously
improve the structure and fertility of 10.5 million hectares
of land per annum19.
• Biodiversity (species The project footprint will not affect any area of particular +1
18
Project preparation research in association with the President, Dairy Farmers Association Karachi
19
National Fertiliser Development Centre 2000, p14, Proceedings of Symposium on Integrated Plant Nutrition
Management, Islamabad NFDC Planning and Development Division
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 02
• Livelihood of the poor In addition to the direct employment benefits, the project +1
(including poverty will have trickle-down benefits to all residents, about two
alleviation, thirds of whom are classified by the Social Welfare
distributional equity, Department of the City District Government as poor.
and access to These will consist in improved family incomes, improved
essential services environment and amenity. The developers’ Corporate
Social Responsibility policy commits it to allocating 1% of
revenues to charitable causes20. Community
consultations have revealed the priority of local groups to
be provision of a public health facility and a secondary
20
http://www.marubeni.com/csr/index.html, accessed 28 November 2006
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 02
Economic and
technological
development
• Employment As explained above the project is expected to create +2
(numbers) new FTE jobs as follows:
• 1,500-2,000 labourers
• 150 truck drivers*
• 400 seamstresses
• 10 management*
• 30 semi-skilled plant operators*
Creation of employment is an important aspect of socio-
economic benefit from the project. Those positions that
are under the direct control of the project will be
monitored. Those that are not under direct control of the
project may be assessed in consultation with the
contractors of those services through farmer
organisations and suppliers of goods such as bags
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21
http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/external_trade/trade_14_3.html, accessed 5 December 2006
22
KESC Annual Report 2005
23
National Fertiliser Development Centre 2000:14, Proceedings of Symposium on Integrated Plant Nutrition
Management, Islamabad NFDC Planning and Development Division
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 02
24
http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/aco/statistics/livestock/livestock.html, accessed 5 December 2006
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Karachi Meeting Syed Abu Ahmad Akif Present draft programme and survey questionnaires,
SEEICCK establish priorities, logistics
Sat 12 Nov Karachi Landhi Transect survey. Plan meetings with women and other
community groups after Islamabad visit
Sun 13 Nov Islamabad Depart for
Islamabad
Mon 14 Nov Islamabad AEDB Brgdr Dr Naseem Rm 344-B Logframe; discuss overall project plan and participation,
Khan, Secretary PM’s Secretariat elicit assistance with meetings with policy level stakeholders
Technical Constitution Ave
Islamabad
Tel 922 3427
Isesps_pk@yahoo.c
om
PARC Dr Zahid Hussain Cattle colony numbers, locations, sizes and conditions.
Opportunities for fertigation and hydroponics
PCRET Dr Parvez Akhter Pakistan Council of ADB PREGA focal point. Overall project plan and report
Renewable Energy format, elicit information about sector status at present,
Technologies, 25, H- participation/support in project e.g. for workshop.
9, Islamabad
92(051)9258228
Fax:
92(051)9258229, -
akhterp_dr@hotmail
.com
Tue 15 Nov Islamabad ADB Raza Mahmood Project Identity between ADB and government policy in this area.
Farrukh Implementation
Officer
Islamabad MPOE D.G. EPA Mr Asif Present project, aims and objectives. Request information
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 02
AEDB Brgdr Dr Nasim Khan Energy balance, RE targets, obligations under Kyoto
protocol and strategies to meet them. Replication potential.
Thur 17 Nov Islamabad Ministry of Mr Khizar Hayat CDA How does GoP measure GHGs at present? How are GHG
Population and Joint Secretary Block#4 emissions verified? Who owns the credits? Who is
Environment International Co- Old Naval HQ responsible for solid waste management? What is the
Kyoto Protocol operation Down the road from policy? What opportunities exist for improvement at policy
focal point Dr Syed Sajidin Holiday Inn and practical level? What are the constraints to
Hussain Near Lal Masjid improvement? Are there any problems with the concept in
In Charge, CDM cell terms of environmental or social impact?
National Dr Nisar Ahmad Street No.1, H-8/1 Potential to include organic fertilisers from Landhi in NFDC
Fertilizer Chief/Project Director PO Box 3104 strategy and marketing framework; status of the sector at
Development Islamabad present; demand, prices, potential customers; potential
Centre Tel 051 4449 406- economic impact of chemical fertiliser substitution,
11 experience in presentation and sale of dung as fertiliser.
nfdc@isb.comstats. Export or import substitution potential for fertiliser
net.pk
PPIB N.A. Zuheri 50 Nazimuddin Rd Regulatory framework within which Landhi project might sell
Director (projects) Islamabad electricity as an IPP; steps, timing, costs, forms of contract,
Across Road from past experiences, minimum accepted size of
Saudi- Pak Twr generation/voltage, current purchase prices for power
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AEDB Dr Brgdr Nasim Khan Check out and future planning meeting. Mop up of
unfinished business. Return to Karachi
Wed 23 Nov Karachi SEEICCK Syed Abu Ahmad Akif Meeting with NEC and SEEICCK; debriefing on the
Islamabad meetings; review of programme for Karachi
Chief Inspector Ehstesh Amiddin Permission and conditions for operation of biogas plant
of Explosives
Landhi SEEICCK Interviews with farmers, dung sellers and refugee women;
members of Haji Saleem et al revalidation of survey findings on disposal of dung,
SEEICCK problems, opportunities
Thur 24 Nov Karachi Landhi SEEICCK Installation of environmental monitoring equipment
Haji Saleem et al
PCSIR Mrs N F Usmani, Testing and monitoring regime, environmental baseline
Principal Scientific conditions
Officer, Ms Tooba
Haq, Scientific Officer
KESC Eng. Khalid Iqbal, Demand, supply, losses, load shedding, accounts
incharge DID receivable as % of sales/production. What supply and
quality constraints does KESC suffer in the demonstration
plant area? What potential has the project to reduce these?
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Programme
• Situation analysis
• Project history
• Pre-feasibility findings
10:45 Discussion
11:30 Concluding Remarks: Air Marshal (Rtd) Shahid Ahmad, Chairman, Alternative Energy
Development Board
Participants are warmly invited to join the presenters for buffet lunch
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International Organisations
o Government of Sindh
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o
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Annex 4
MONITORING PLAN
If an EIA has been conducted, then the table needs to be extended to allow:
1) Assessment of the implementation and effectiveness of the identified mitigation measures.
2) Assessment of the implementation and effectiveness of the identified compensation measures.
3) Monitoring of the impacts.
The information requirements for the sustainable development indicators and Environmental Impact
Assessment are fully detailed in the Gold Standard Project Developer’s Manual
Table: Data to be collected in order to monitor the project’s performance on the most sensitive
sustainable development indicators.
Department of Labour
records
Time lost due to work stoppages: males
Time lost due to work stoppages: females
Expenditure on Social Responsibility Financial records in the Invoices and
projects in the project area: public domain receipts (m)