Calculus Study Guide

Rationalization to find limits:

Squeeze Theorem:
& DNE (oscillates).

Important Limits:

Intermediate Value Theorem: If is continuous on [a,b] and k is any number

between (a) and (b), then there is one number c in [a,b] such that (c)=k.

Mean Value Theorem: If f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) then

there exists a number c such that . (Rolle’s Theorem is the same,
where )

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: If f is continuous on [a,b] and F is the

antiderivative of f on [a,b] then

Second Fundamental Theorem:

Mean Value Theorem for Integrals: If f(x) is continuous on [a,b] then there
exists a c value between a and b such that
A rectangle with length b-a and height f(c) is called the Average Value of
the Function.

Trapezoidal Rule: To approximate area under a curve.

As the sum approaches

Trapezoidal Error: If f has a continuous second derivative on [a,b] then the

error E in approximating by the trapezoidal rule is
Simpson’s Rule: Creates parabolas over every two intervals to approximate area.
Need even number of intervals! If f is continuous over [a,b]:

Simpson’s Rule Error:

Logarithmic Differentiation:

Inverse Functions: f is differentiable on I. . g(x) is differentiable at any x

where

Because f(x) contains (a,b), contains (b,a).

Exponential/Logarithm Derivatives & Integrals:

Exponential Growth/Decay:

Newton’s Law of Cooling: y=temperature of object. T=temperature of

room.

Logistic Growth: L is the carrying capacity

Euler’s Method: Use to approximate solutions to differential equastions.

Example: Step size:
Plug in x & y to New point:
Continue procedure with each new point.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions: (“co” functions are negative)

Arc Length: Derivative must exist. If not, use dy instead of dx.

Trigonometric Substitution:
Replace x in with because
Replace x in with because
Replace x in with because
Example:

Substitute with Picture:

Odd Man Out Rule: If sine and cosine have positive powers and only one of the
powers is odd:
Keep one of the odd-powered factors, then convert the rest to the other trig
expression using .

Power Reducing Formula:

Steven or Todd Rule: Use if positive powers of secant and tangent. If secant is
even, use Steven. If tangent is odd, use Todd.
Steven: Save a . Convert remaining secants to tangents.
Todd: Save a . Convert remaining tangents to secants.

Integration by Parts:

L’hopital’s Rule: To solve indeterminate limits, take derivative of both numerator

and denominator until you can take a limit by direct substitution.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions- Integration:

Direct Comparison Test: If has no negative terms:
Test for Convergence: converges if there is a convergent series with
.
Test for Divergence: diverges if there is a divergent series with .

Limit Comparison Test: If is positive and there is a convergent/divergent series

that is also positive and , then converges/diverges.

Alternating Series: An alternating series converges if:

, , and

Root Test: series converges if (If equal to one, test is inconclusive)

Ratio Test: Series converges if:

(Inconclusive if the limit equals 1)

Trigonometric Identities:

Integration of Trigonometric Functions:

Taylor Polynomials:

Lagrange Form of the Remainder:

Important Polynomials:

Polar Functions: Use these to convert to Parametric.

Area

Vectors: Magnitude of a velocity vector is speed.