CSE ASSIGNMENT 4

NAME ASHIMAKHANNA
SECTION G1003
ROLL NO RG1003B34
PART A
ANS-1 STRUCTURE CHARTS- The design tool that shows the
top down design of a program is a structure chart, it is also
called a hierarchy chart. Each box or module ,in the chart
indicates a task that a program must accomplish. The top
module , called the control module , oversees the transfer of
control to the other modules. Lets have an example below:

Control
module

Print report Process each Print total

heading salesperson commission

Calculate Print
commissio salesman
n commission
The manner in which control is transferred between the
modules follows set rules. Each module has exactly one entry
point and one exit point. Entry is from the module one level
above in the structure chart, after all the instructions in the
module have been executed by the computer, exit is back to
the superordinate module. Control may be temporarily
transferred to a module one level down, but must return.
Control may never be passed from one module to another
module on the same level of the structure chart. This orderly
transfer makes it easy for the programmer to follow the logic
of the programs written by someone else. That is very
important because most of the programs are used for a long
time and the original programmer may have moved on to the
another position. Notice that the structure chart does not
provide any detail about the program logic. Programmers
generally select flowcharts or pseudocodes.
FLOWCHARTS: A flowchart is a diagram that shows the logic
of a program. Programmers create flowcharts either by hand
using a flowcharting template or on the computer. Each
flowcharting symbol has a meaning: a diamond , for example
to indicate a condition , a rectangle is used for a process , and
a parallelogram indicates an input or output procedure. A
plastic template is used to assist when drawing a flowchart by
hand. Many programmers consider using programms that can
create flowcharts quicker and easier than drawing the
flowchart by hand.
PSEUDOCODE: Some programmers don’t like flowcharting.
Pseudocode, created in the 1970s as an alternative to
flowcharts, is a stylised form of writing used to describe the
logic of a program. Pseudo means fake , so pseudocode is a
fake code- in this case, code that cannot be understood by
the computer. Pseudocode for the commission problem is
provided in this case. Notice that each module that needs
explanation is shown as separate pseudocode. Notice also
that refer to the program logic constructs are in uppercase.
ANS-1 Over one hundred programming languages exist.
Different languages exist because each was designed for
specific purposes. For example some languages solve typical
business problems; others perform large complex calculations
, and still others create graphics. Example C language is used
by professional programmers and many college and
universities and C++ is used by major software vendors.
ANS-3 MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SDLC AND PDLC:
SDLC- It is Software Development Lifecycle, is a structure
imposed on the development of a software product.
Planning: The important task in creating software product is
extracting the requirements or requirements analysis.
Implementation: it is the part of the process where software
engineers actually program the code for the project.
Testing: it is an integral and important part of thr software
development process. This part of the process ensures that
defects are recognized as early as possible.
Documenting: it is the internal design of a software for the
purpose of future maintenance and enhancement is done
throughout development. This may also include the writing of
an API, be it external or internal. It is very important to
document everything in the project.
Deployment and maintenance:
Deployment starts after the code is appropriately tested, is approved for
release and sold or otherwise distributed into a production environment.
Software Training and Support is important and a lot of developers fail to
realize that. It would not matter how much time and planning a development
team puts into creating software if nobody in an organization ends up using it.
People are often resistant to change and avoid venturing into an unfamiliar
area, so as a part of the deployment phase, it is very important to have
training classes for new clients of your software.
Maintaining and enhancing software to cope with newly discovered problems
or new requirements can take far more time than the initial development of
the software. It may be necessary to add code that does not fit the original
design to correct an unforeseen problem or it may be that a customer is
requesting more functionality and code can be added to accommodate their
requests. If the labor cost of the maintenance phase exceeds 25% of the prior-
phases' labor cost, then it is likely that the overall quality of at least one prior
phase is poor. In that case, management should consider the option of
rebuilding the system (or portions) before maintenance cost is out of control.
PDLC- is the succession of strategies used by business
management as a product goes through its life cycle. The
conditions in which a product is sold (advertising, saturation)
changes over time and must be managed as it moves
through its succession of stages.
To say that a product has a life cycle is to assert three things:

• Products have a limited life,

• Product sales pass through distinct stages, each posing different
challenges, opportunities, and problems to the seller,
• Products require different marketing, financing, manufacturing,
purchasing, and human resource strategies in each life cycle
stage.
The four main stages of a product's life cycle and the accompanying
characteristics are:

Stage Characteristics
1. costs are very high
2. slow sales volumes to start
3. little or no competition
1. Market 4. demand has to be created
introduction stage 5. customers have to be prompted to try the
product

6. makes no money at this stage

1. costs reduced due to economies of scale
2. sales volume increases significantly
3. profitability begins to rise
4. public awareness increases
2. Growth stage 5. competition begins to increase with a few
new players in establishing market

6. increased competition leads to price

decreases
1. costs are lowered as a result of production
volumes increasing and experience curve
effects
2. sales volume peaks and market saturation is
reached
3. increase in competitors entering the market
3. Maturity stage 4. prices tend to drop due to the proliferation of
competing products
5. brand differentiation and feature
diversification is emphasized to maintain or
increase market share

6. Industrial profits go down

4. Saturation and 1. costs become counter-optimal
decline stage 2. sales volume decline or stabilize
3. prices, profitability diminish
 4. profit becomes more a challenge of
production/distribution efficiency than
increased sales
ANS-4 A web application is unlike a standard Windows
application. It does not run in a single process on a single
machine. Instead, it is typically hosted on a web server and
accessed via a Web browser on a client machine. The
communication between the Web server and Web browser is
sent using HTTP. It is imperative you have a basic
understanding of how these items work and communicate
together before you start writing much code. The typical
communication process between browser and server can be
generalized into the following steps:
1. A user uses his or her web browser to initiate a request for a
web server resource.
2. HTTP is used to send a GET request to the web server.
3. The Web server processes the GET request on the server
(typically locating the requested code and running it).
4. The Web server then sends a response back to the web
browser. The HTTP protocol is used to send the HTTP response
back to the Web browser.
5. The user’s web browser then processes the response
(typically HTML and JavaScript) and renders the web page for
display to the user.
6. The user may then enter data and perform an action such
as clicking a submit button that causes his or her data to be sent
back to the web server for processing.
7. HTTP is used to POST the data back to the Web server.
8. The web server then processes the POST request (again,
calling your code in the process).
9. The Web server then sends a response back to the web
browser. HTTP is used to send the HTTP response to the web
browser.
10. The web browser again processes the response and displays
the web page to the user. This process is repeated over and over
during a typical web application session.