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Waterlogging or water logging may refer to:

• Waterlogging (agriculture), saturation of the soil by groundwater sufficient to


prevent or hinder agriculture
• Waterlogging (archeology), the exclusion of air from an archeological site by
groundwater, preserving artifacts
• Underwater logging, the process of harvesting trees that are submerged under
water
• Watered stock, an asset with artificially high value

Please read:
A personal appeal from
Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales

Waterlogging (agriculture)
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For other uses, see Waterlogging.
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Crop yield (Y) and depth of water table (X in dm). At shallow depth the yield reduces.

Antique Dutch windmills used to pump water into the embanked river to prevent
waterlogging of the lowlands (polders) behind them.

Waterlogging refers to the saturation of soil with water. Soil may be regarded as
waterlogged when the water table of the groundwater is too high to conveniently permit
an anticipated activity, like agriculture.

In agriculture, various crops need air (specifically, oxygen) to a greater or lesser depth in
the soil. Waterlogging of the soil stops air getting in. How near the water table must be to
the surface for the ground to be classed as waterlogged, varies with the purpose in view.
A crop's demand for freedom from waterlogging may vary between seasons of the year,
as with the growing of rice (Oryza sativa).

In irrigated agricultural land, waterlogging is often accompanied by soil salinity as


waterlogged soils prevent leaching of the salts imported by the irrigation water.

From a gardening point of view, waterlogging is the process whereby the soil blocks off
all water and is so hard it stops air getting in and it stops oxygen from getting in.

[edit] See also


• Drainage
• Drainage research
• Drainage system (agriculture)
• Environmental impact of irrigation
• Polder
• Soil salinity control
• Watertable control

[edit] External links


• http://www.waterlog.info gives free downloads of software and articles on land
drainage for waterlogging control.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlogging_(agriculture)"
Categories: Irrigation | Agriculture
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2010 | All articles lacking
sources | Articles to be expanded from February 2010 | All articles to be expanded

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Waterlogging (archeology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Waterlogging.
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may
be challenged and removed. (February 2010)

In archaeology, waterlogging refers to the long-term exclusion of air by groundwater.


Such waterlogging preserves perishable artifacts. Thus, in a site which has been
waterlogged since the archaeological horizon was deposited, exceptional insight may be
obtained by study of artifacts made of leather, wood, textile or similar materials.

This article relating to archaeology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlogging_(archeology)"
Categories: Archaeology stubs | Archaeological features | Methods and principles in
archaeology
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Underwater logging
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Underwater logging is the process of logging trees from underwater forests. When
artificial reservoirs and dams are built, large areas of forest are often inundated; although
the trees die, the wood is often preserved. The trees can then be felled using special
underwater machinery and floated up to the surface. One such machine is the Sawfish
harvester.

A related form of logging consists of salvaging logs which loggers have abandoned after
they became waterlogged and sank. This activity can be quite profitable, since the prime
"targets" are decades-old trees of a size and species difficult or impossible to find in their
natural habitat.

[edit] External links


Wired.com Underwater logging article

This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This article about forestry is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_logging"
Categories: Technology stubs | Logging | Forestry stubs

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Watered stock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Watered stock is an asset with an artificially-inflated value. The term is most commonly
used to refer to a form of securities fraud common under older corporate laws that placed
a heavy emphasis upon the par value of stock.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Origin of term
• 2 Explanation
• 3 References

• 4 See also

[edit] Origin of term


"Stock Watering" was originally a method used to increase the weight of cows before
sale. It entailed forcing a cow to bloat itself with water before it was weighed for sale. Its
introduction to the New York financial district is popularly credited to Daniel Drew, a
cattle driver turned financier.

[edit] Explanation
American stock promoters in the late 1800s could inflate their claims about a company's
assets and profitability, and sell stocks and bonds in excess of the company's actual value.
To do so, they would contribute property to a new corporation in return for stock at an
inflated par value. On the balance sheet, the property would be the corporation's only
capital, and because legal capital was fixed to aggregate par value, the value of the
property would go up. While the promoter had $10,000 in stock, the corporation might
only have $5,000 worth of assets, but would still be worth $10,000 on paper.

Holders of watered stock could be personally liable if creditors foreclosed on the


corporation's assets. If they had received $10,000 in stock for a $5,000 capital
contribution, they would not only lose their $5,000 investment but would also be
personally liable for the additional $5,000, whether they were the aforementioned
promoter lying about the value of their contribution, or an innocent investor relying on
par value to gauge the true value of the corporation.

Because par value was such an unreliable indicator of the actual value of stock, and
because high par values could create liability for investors if the corporation went belly
up, corporate lawyers began advising their clients to issue stocks with low par values.
The legal capital or "stated capital" of the corporation would still be determined based on
par value, but the balance sheet would include the investment over par value as a capital
surplus, and everything would still balance.

In 1912, New York authorized corporations to issue "no par stock" with no par value at
all, in which case the board of directors would allocate the incoming capital between
stated capital and capital surplus. All other states followed suit. Thanks in large part to a
proliferation of low par and no par stock, watered stock is less of an issue these days. The
last major American court case dealing with watered stock was in 1956.

[edit] References
Dodd, David LeFevre, "Stock Watering: the judicial valuation of property for stock-issue
purposes" (January 1, 1930), Columbia University Press

[edit] See also


• David Dodd

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watered_stock"


Categories: Equity securities

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