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Waterlogging (agriculture)
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For other uses, see Waterlogging.
This article does not cite any references or sources.
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be challenged and removed. (February 2010)
Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might
be found on the talk page. (February 2010)
Crop yield (Y) and depth of water table (X in dm). At shallow depth the yield reduces.
Antique Dutch windmills used to pump water into the embanked river to prevent
waterlogging of the lowlands (polders) behind them.
Waterlogging refers to the saturation of soil with water. Soil may be regarded as
waterlogged when the water table of the groundwater is too high to conveniently permit
an anticipated activity, like agriculture.
In agriculture, various crops need air (specifically, oxygen) to a greater or lesser depth in
the soil. Waterlogging of the soil stops air getting in. How near the water table must be to
the surface for the ground to be classed as waterlogged, varies with the purpose in view.
A crop's demand for freedom from waterlogging may vary between seasons of the year,
as with the growing of rice (Oryza sativa).
From a gardening point of view, waterlogging is the process whereby the soil blocks off
all water and is so hard it stops air getting in and it stops oxygen from getting in.
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Waterlogging (archeology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Waterlogging.
This article does not cite any references or sources.
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This article relating to archaeology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlogging_(archeology)"
Categories: Archaeology stubs | Archaeological features | Methods and principles in
archaeology
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2010 | All articles lacking
sources
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Please read:
A personal appeal from
Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales
Underwater logging
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Underwater logging is the process of logging trees from underwater forests. When
artificial reservoirs and dams are built, large areas of forest are often inundated; although
the trees die, the wood is often preserved. The trees can then be felled using special
underwater machinery and floated up to the surface. One such machine is the Sawfish
harvester.
A related form of logging consists of salvaging logs which loggers have abandoned after
they became waterlogged and sank. This activity can be quite profitable, since the prime
"targets" are decades-old trees of a size and species difficult or impossible to find in their
natural habitat.
This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This article about forestry is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_logging"
Categories: Technology stubs | Logging | Forestry stubs
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A personal appeal from
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Watered stock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Watered stock is an asset with an artificially-inflated value. The term is most commonly
used to refer to a form of securities fraud common under older corporate laws that placed
a heavy emphasis upon the par value of stock.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Origin of term
• 2 Explanation
• 3 References
• 4 See also
[edit] Explanation
American stock promoters in the late 1800s could inflate their claims about a company's
assets and profitability, and sell stocks and bonds in excess of the company's actual value.
To do so, they would contribute property to a new corporation in return for stock at an
inflated par value. On the balance sheet, the property would be the corporation's only
capital, and because legal capital was fixed to aggregate par value, the value of the
property would go up. While the promoter had $10,000 in stock, the corporation might
only have $5,000 worth of assets, but would still be worth $10,000 on paper.
Because par value was such an unreliable indicator of the actual value of stock, and
because high par values could create liability for investors if the corporation went belly
up, corporate lawyers began advising their clients to issue stocks with low par values.
The legal capital or "stated capital" of the corporation would still be determined based on
par value, but the balance sheet would include the investment over par value as a capital
surplus, and everything would still balance.
In 1912, New York authorized corporations to issue "no par stock" with no par value at
all, in which case the board of directors would allocate the incoming capital between
stated capital and capital surplus. All other states followed suit. Thanks in large part to a
proliferation of low par and no par stock, watered stock is less of an issue these days. The
last major American court case dealing with watered stock was in 1956.
[edit] References
Dodd, David LeFevre, "Stock Watering: the judicial valuation of property for stock-issue
purposes" (January 1, 1930), Columbia University Press
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