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Glue is a semi-liquid substance that binds the things together by surface attachment.
1ST evidence when glue used for the first time dates back in 4000 B.C., Archaeologists
found foodstuff with deceased when they were studying burial sites of historical tribes in
the pottery vessels, which were repaired by some sticky stuff of tree sap. They also found
ivory eyeballs into eye sockets in Babylonian temples. That tar like glue was used for
6,000 years. In 1500-1000 B.C., glue was used to assemble. Paintings and murals show
wood gluing work. A casket was removed from King Tut tomb which shows the glue use
in its construction. Art objects we have today in our museum from Egyptian pharaohs
In literature 1st reference about glue appear in 200 B.C., Simple animal glue making and
Adhesives from natural ingredients were prepared like egg whites, blood, bones, hide,
milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains in 1-500 A.D., Romans were first who use tar and
beeswax to fill the joints of thick, long boards of ship boats. Genghis Khan overcame his
attackers because of the power and the weapons his men. Bows were bonded with glue
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In 1700 A.D., in the history of adhesives due to much use of glue rapid changes occur
and first glue factory was started in Holland to manufacture animal glue from hides. In
1750, the first glue patent was issued in Britain for fish glue and by 1900; the United
nitrate.
In 1928 elastomeric adhesives, in 1930s, pressure sensitive tapes and in 1951 epoxy resin
adhesives were developed. During the 1960s strong cyanoacrylate adhesives was
developed called as super glues, during this time some other adhesives silicones and
anaerobic adhesives were also developed. Most of the adhesives technology is developed
during the last 100 years and they are part of our every day life.
Many theories about how adhesives work have been proposed but none of them explains
all aspects of adhesion. Main theories of adhesion are diffusion, electrostatic, surface
According to this theory adhesion occurs due to the solubility the
adhesive to the substrate. When we apply adhesive to the substrate a solution of the
substrate and adhesive is formed if the solubility characters are equal and makes a stable
According to this theory adhesion occurs due to differences in
the electronegativities of binding materials, when we brought two materials into contact,
an amount of electron transfer occurs and a charge layer formed which makes both
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intermolecular and interatomic forces terms. For these forces effect, the adhesive must
come in contact to the substrate. Adhesion occurs due bonding when materials are bring
together. Its example is chemical adhesion between the chemical groups from the
adhesive covalently bond with those of the substrate and secondary adhesion occurs
R It occurs when the adhesive material flows into and on the rough
substrate surface, which creates a lock and key effect. The viscosity of the adhesive and
the contact time with the substrate are important parameters for mechanical adhesion.
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Adhesives are of many types, some are natural and some are synthetic. Some common
types of adhesives and their uses below will explain how much they are very importent
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& ? Animal is prepared by boiling animals bone, hide, hoofs, horns and
connective tissues containing protein, which is then cooked to form a gelatin material, animal
glue get hard gradually but we can soft it again by reheating in water. After application cooling of
the liquid results in rapid gelling which produce some strength and when it totally dries get rigid.
? It can be made by heating the skins and bones of fish protein (collagen) in
water. A very clear and pure form of protein can be made by the membrane of the swim bladder
$$ Animal glues are used in book binding and wood and furniture industry.
skimmed milk, leave it to curds then filter and whey out of it and dry, then add baking
soda in this solid and mix, ready now you can use it. First pour acetic acid then neutralize
it with base.
$$ it is mainly used in glass bottle labelingand Cigarette packs.
? Starch is a carbohydrate we get it from vegetable plants like corn,
rice, wheat, potatoes. A very common example of them we made and use it at home. First
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mix 1 cup of flour with 1/3 cup of sugar. Add half of the water from 1-1/2 cup and mix to
form thick smooth paste. Now pour in rest of the water and mix again. Finally add a
teaspoon of vinegar and heat until the mixture become thicken, ready.
$$ It is used in bookbinding, corrugated boxes, paper bags, and wallpaper
paste, school gums, bottle labeling, stamps and gum paper envelops.
It is also used as a sizing in textiles. The laundry uses starch on shirt collars to stiffen and
$$ It is mainly used in bonding wood, china, cloth, glass and some plastics.
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% They are made of polymers dissolved in solvent
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position).The bonding is obtained by solvent evaporation (When water or solvent is
evaporated, the polymers¶ molecules become closer and closer until to form a continuous
film adhesive).
$$ They are used in bonding paper, cardboard and wood or household
applications.
(Neoprene). They must be applied to both surfaces and allowed some time to dry before
the two surfaces are pressed together. Some contact adhesives require long time like 24
hours to dry before the surfaces are joined together. When surfaces are pressed together,
the bond forms very quickly, so it is not necessary to apply pressure for a long time or
use clamps.
$$ Contact adhesives are used in furniture like bonding of Formica to a
º
% They are solventless adhesives and are based on
and freezes to a solid upon cooling, means solid at room temperature and liquid at
elevated temperatures. They are heated and applied in liquid state with the help of glue
guns or nozzles and the bonding is obtained in few seconds when cooled.
$$ Hot melt adhesives are used for sealing documents and cartons,
packaging, book binding, printing, textiles, footwear and furniture, car manufacturing,
electronic industries and purchased products like frozen food, breakfast cereal, laundry
detergent, a case of beer, or anything shipped in a corrugated box, the flaps are bonded
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And another wax is that which is used to remove hairs. You can make it at home by 2 cup
sugar,1/4 cup lemon and ¼ cup water. Heat it for 5-10 min with continuous stirring,
ready.
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% % ($) Pressure Sensitive adhesives
are based on elastomeric materials, such as Styrene Block Copolymers, which in dry
form are totally gummy or sticky at room or low temperature. This adhesive forms a bond
$$ Pressure sensitive adhesives are made for both permanent and
removable applications, high performance permanent PSA have high adhesion values.
They are used in pressure sensitive tapes, safety labels for power equipments, note pads,
foil tape, automobile trim, envelops, wallpapers and floor tiles a wide variety of other
products, and some removable PSA are used in baby dipers, band-aids, ©
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%Epoxy adhesive systems are made up of a complex
chemical reaction.The one component epoxy is cured at high temperature, whereas the
two components epoxy bond at room temperature. They can be flexible or rigid,
transparent or opaque/colored, fast setting or extremely slow setting. Epoxy is used to
replace traditional metalworking methods of joining like nuts and bolts, welding etc.
$$ These high-performance adhesives are used in (transportation, golf
clubs, skis, snow boards, household) where high strength bonds are required.
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Temperature: 300F
be provided.
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Application
It adheres to metals, stones, glass and wood and most rigid material
and have high flexibility at low temperature as well as humidity and temperature
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$$ They give water proof bonds for glass and ceramics so used for sealing
joint in them.
% These are extremely fast curing adhesives
Superglue was accidently discovered at Eastman Chemical Company. They were trying
to characterize some polymers; but ended up gluing their microscope slides together.
reaction with surface moisture. These adhesives are specially used where rapid-curing is
required.
$$ They are used in Industrial and consumer glues, in the veterinary glues
Application:
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isopropanol, violet 2, and citric acid. Some of these ingredients cause skin
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Avoid contact with eyes, chemical, sensitive allergic skin and reach of
children.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive
http://www.chem.shef.ac.uk/chm131-2002/cha01dpt/index.html
http://www.bookrags.com/research/adhesives-and-glues-woc/
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http://www.etsy.com/listing
http://www.costumeparty.com
http://www.ehow.com
http://www.minieco.co.uk/recipe-for-homemade-glue/
http://sustainableecho.com
http://bathroom-dancer.blogspot.com
http://inventors.about.com
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