Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
www.elsevier.com/locate/worpatin
Abstract
This paper presents a review and description of the patents of the 20th century scientist and philosopher Albert Einstein. The patents
produced in collaboration with very prolific inventors cover the period of 1928–1936. Einstein’s patents included refrigerators, electro-
magnetic pumps, sound reproduction apparatus and light intensity self-adjusting cameras. This paper illustrates that patents are a valu-
able source of information for constructing historical profiles of Einstein’s colleagues. The paper concludes that the 20th century theories
of Einstein continue to be an exceptionally valuable source of patentable ideas.
Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Albert Einstein; Patent survey; Szilard; Goldschmidt; Bucky; Jakob Einstein; Refrigeration; Electromagnetic pumps; Sound reproduction;
Cameras; Historical review
0172-2190/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2005.10.012
160 M. Trainer / World Patent Information 28 (2006) 159–165
Table 1
Patents of Einstein published in non-German language countries
Date Patent number Description
1/12/1928 FR647838a Refrigerating machine with pumping of liquid effected by intermittently increasing the vapour pressure
28/11/1929 FR670428a Refrigerating machine
15/11/1928 GB282428a Improvements relating to refrigerating apparatus
1929: not accepted GB282808a Refrigerating machine with pumping of liquid effected by intermittently increasing the vapour pressure
1929: not accepted GB284222a Refrigerating machine with organic solvent
26/5/1930 GB303065a Electrodynamic movement of fluid metals particularly for refrigerating machines
9/3/1931 GB344881a Pump especially for refrigerating machines
5/12/1929 HU102079a Refrigerator
11/11/1930 US1781541a Refrigeration
27/10/1936 US2058562b Light intensity self-adjusting camera
Patent country of origin: FR, France; GB, Great Britain; HU, Hungary; US, USA.
a
Patent with Leo Szilard.
b
Patent with Gustav Bucky.
M. Trainer / World Patent Information 28 (2006) 159–165 161
Table 2
Patents of Einstein published in German language countries
Date Patent number Description
a
26/5/1933 AT133386 Condenser for refrigerator
16/8/1930 CH140217a Refrigerator
27/7/1933 DE554959a Apparatus for movements of fluid metals in refrigerators
28/7/1933 DE555413a Pumps especially for refrigerators
16/9/1933 DE556535a Pumps especially for refrigerators
13/4/1933 DE561904a Refrigerator
20/9/1933 DE562040a Electromagnetic appliance for generating oscillatory motion
8/4/1933 DE562300a Refrigerator
30/5/1933 DE563403a Refrigerator
4/7/1933 DE565614a Compressor
10/1/1934 DE590783b Electromagnetic sound reproduction apparatus
Patent country of origin: AT, Austria; CH, Switzerland; DE, Germany.
a
Patent with Leo Szilard.
b
Patent with Rudolf Goldschmidt.
In 1920, the Hungarian born Leo Szilard (1898–1964) The German born Dr. Ing Rudolf Goldschmidt was
registered as a physics student in the University of Berlin. a lifelong prolific inventor with a considerable number
He was an enthusiastic student and in 1922 received a doc- of patents to his name. He produced his first patents for
torate in physics. Szilard’s first patent was for an X-ray bicycle gears (GB189721405, CH15310) while still an
M. Trainer / World Patent Information 28 (2006) 159–165 163
electrical engineering student in Darmstadt, Germany in Germany. He received his medical training in Leipzig Uni-
1898. After graduation it appears that he worked for versity and in 1910 became a specialist in radiology in the
Crampton & Co. Ltd., Arc Works, Chelmsford, England Rudolf Virchow hospital in Berlin. In projection radiogra-
from about 1903 to 1905 and produced four patents for phy, scattered X-rays impair the contrast in the radio-
alternating current machines (GB190415616). It is certain graphic image. A reduction in the effects of scattered
that he worked as a lecturer in the Darmstadt Technical radiation can be achieved by using absorbing grids. In
High School (TH) and submitted a doctorate dissertation 1913, Bucky published his findings describing a cross-
on calculation of leakage currents in induction motors in hatched lead grid, which reduced scatter significantly over
1906. In 1899 the TH Darmstadt was granted the right to a large area [11]. As well as in Germany, he was granted
award doctorates. From 1910 he published patents on patents for his Bucky grid in Austria (AT69575B), the
improvements in wireless telegraphy and telephony and UK (GB191407788) and the USA (US1164987). In 1923,
eventually his work took him to Berlin in 1912. From he immigrated to the USA and worked in the radiological
about 1921 to 1927 he was an assignor to a Danish com- departments of various New York clinics. During 1928–
pany and worked on rotary motion systems for aircraft 1929 he obtained patents for X-ray tubes (US1679332,
resulting in a number of US patents (flying machine, US1708494) capable of emitting low energy or soft X-rays.
US1431111). He met Einstein in Berlin and their partner- These were used for the treatment of skin disorders and
ship produced the patent for electromagnetic sound repro- were called grenz rays. In 1930, Bucky returned to Berlin
duction apparatus (DE590783). Goldschmidt was very as director of radiology in the Rudolf Kirchow hospital.
active in the early 1930s in producing patents for sound Eventually, because of the political situation in
reproduction apparatus, especially diaphragms for tele- Germany in 1933, he returned to New York. During the
phones and loudspeakers (GB321395, GB366962). 1930s and 40s he obtained patents for automatic camera
Goldschmidt arrived in London, England in 1934 thus systems (US2239379, US2422077). Gustav Bucky pub-
avoiding the tumultuous politics of Germany. However, lished many scientific papers and produced numerous pat-
this did not stop him from inventing. He became part of ents. A patent search located 45 of his patents covering six
the war effort and in 1939 published patents on deicing countries (AT, CH, DE, FR, GB, US) published from 1913
equipment for aircraft (GB505433). He appears to have to 1953.
moved to Sheffield around 1940 and from his patents,
worked on improvements in percussion tools. From about 4. Early influences on Einstein
1947 to 1952 he worked with the Birmingham Small Arms
Company (BSA) and produced patents on electric genera- 4.1. Jakob Einstein in Munich
tors specifically for motorcycles. It is astonishing that this
historical profile of Rudolf Goldschmidt, a colleague of Einstein’s uncle Jakob and father Hermann formed a
Einstein, has been almost totally derived from patent infor- partnership, J. Einstein & Co. in Munich in 1885 for the
mation. For Rudolf Goldschmidt, the author located 121 production of electrical equipment. In 1877 a general
patents covering eight countries (AT, CH, DE, DK, FR, patent system had been introduced in Germany and was
GB, HU) from 1898 to 1952. designed to encourage inventive activity amongst small to
medium sized companies [12]. Jakob Einstein saw the
3.3. Gustav Bucky possibilities of enterprise in the electrical industry and pro-
duced at least seven patents during the period 1886–1893.
When Einstein met Dr. Gustav Bucky he was a New Table 3 shows the date of publication, patent number
York physician and specialist in radiology, with consider- and description of the inventions. The main emphasis
able expertise in the construction of X-ray machines [10]. was on improvements to electric arc lamps and develop-
Gustav Peter Bucky (1880–1963) was born in Leipzig, ments in the metering of electricity. Their small factory
Table 3
Patents of Jakob Einstein (J. Einstein & Co.) published in German language countries
Date Patent number Description
a
30/8/1890 CH2131 New electrical measuring and registering apparatus
31/12/1886 DE41824b Improvements in electric arc lamps
30/11/1889 DE53207 Automatic circuit breaker for electric arc lamps
26/2/1890 DE53546a Apparatus for stabilising irregular indicator movement in electric meter displays
21/11/1889 DE53846a Improvements to electric measurement apparatus
23/2/1890 DE60361a Spring-loaded friction wheel
10/10/1893 DE74429 Control of carbonisation in electric arc lamps
Patent country of origin: CH, Switzerland; DE, Germany.
a
Patent with Sebastian Kornprobst.
b
Patent with J.A. Essberger.
164 M. Trainer / World Patent Information 28 (2006) 159–165
initially concentrated on the manufacture of dynamos and devices, image sensors, endoscopes, electron microscopes
later they set up an electrical distribution station [12]. How- and cameras utilising electro-active lens systems.
ever, the amount of capital required to finance electrical Also, there is considerable interest in the exciting devel-
power generation was considerable and the company failed opments of gravitational sciences in the 21st century. Ein-
in 1894. They were unable to compete with the giants in the stein had initiated the modern theory of gravity in 1915
German electrical industry, Siemans & Halske and the with the publication of his general theory of relativity [3].
AEG (General Electric Company) [13]. So here we clearly In the mid 20th century astronomical discoveries and
see a definite connection between invention and patents experiments driven by new technology pushed general rel-
and their direct application to industry in the Einstein ativity and gravity into the forefront. Towards the end of
family. the 20th century considerable capital was invested in the
technology for the detection of gravitational waves. In
the USA from 1994 to 2001, the National Science Founda-
4.2. The Bern Patent Office, Switzerland
tion contributed $292 million (construction costs) plus $79
million (commissioning) to the LIGO (Laser Interferome-
In Switzerland before 1888 there was no patent system
ter Gravitational Wave Observatory) project [16]. It is
and a great deal of hostility by businessmen and industrial-
conceivable that there will be a considerable number of
ists to such a system. Nevertheless, the Central Bureau of
exciting inventions and patents derived from the spin-off
the International Union for the Protection of Industrial
technologies in this area.
Property was entrusted to Bern and Switzerland being a
member was under obligation to get its own patent system
[14]. Finally, in 1888, Switzerland got its rather controver- 6. Conclusions
sial patent law. When applying for a patent for mechanical
inventions, models were mandatory and chemical processes Most of Einstein’s patents are of historical interest as
were totally excluded. Germany, a major competitor, felt early 20th century developments of absorption refrigera-
displeasure at the Swiss industrialists’ free use of foreign tion apparatus. Other more significant advances, specifi-
chemical inventions. cally in the production of freons, superseded his
By 1907 pressure from other industrialized nations, refrigerant system. Einstein and Szilard made very little
specifically the Big Four (United States, Great Britain, impact in the development of domestic refrigerators. How-
Germany and Austria—Hungary) compelled Switzerland ever, the Einstein–Szilard electromagnetic pump was used
to amend its patent law. The model clause was removed for the circulation of liquid metal coolants in the nuclear
and patent protection was extended to chemical processes industry.
but there were still whole classes of inventions that could Einstein’s scientific theories continue to be a consistent
not be patented [14]. source of patents with an expectation of exceptional fru-
Such was the situation when Einstein worked in the ition particularly in the spin-off areas of gravitational
Bern Patent Office; a time of radical change in Swiss patent science in the early decades of the 21st century.
law. His job was to make a preliminary assessment of the
submitted inventions and put the applications for patents
into a clearly defined form. In 1905, Einstein’s most pro- Search methodology
ductive year as a creative physicist, about 1100 patents
were granted to Swiss nationals by the Bern Patent Office. For online access to the patents of Albert Einstein and
By the time he left the patent office in 1909 this had risen to his colleagues the author recommends the European Patent
about 1500 [14]. Office (esp@cenetÒ) [17] and the German Patent Office
(DEPATISnet) [18]. Additional material may be obtained
from the US Patent and Trademark Office [15], the UK
5. Einstein’s theories in the 21st century Patent Office [19] and the Hungarian Patent Office
(PIPACS) [20].
During the years that Einstein was producing patents he
kept this activity separate from his academic work for
unfortunately he did not publish any scientific papers on Acknowledgements
the theory of refrigeration. His partners were very different
in this respect for many of their patents were closely The author gratefully acknowledges the University of
connected to their experimental work published in scientific Glasgow library for access to publications related to
journals. Einstein’s value to the scientist, inventor and pat- Einstein. The author acknowledges that the illustrations
entee of the 21st century is in his scientific theories. For were derived from patent information from the European,
example, an online search of patents issued by the US British, German and US Patent Offices. The author redrew,
Patent and Trademark Office [15] from 1976 to May 2005 shaded and labelled the diagrams to clarify the component
using the keyword ‘‘photoelectric effect’’ yielded 890 pat- parts of the inventions. This paper was written as participa-
ents. The patents included optoelectronic semiconductor tion in the centenary of Einstein’s miraculous year 1905.
M. Trainer / World Patent Information 28 (2006) 159–165 165