Ceramici

Materiali Ceramici:classificazione
n Materiali ceramici:argilla addizionata
(Si:silicati,feldspati, Al:allumina)
n Ceramiche(argilla): pasta porosa (terracotta e
maioliche) e pasta compatta(porcellana e gres)
n Materiali ceramici avanzati (inorganici non
metallici:ossidi, siliciuri, carburi) ottenuti per
sinterizzazione
n AmXn,: A metallo,X non-metallo (Al2O3,
MgO,SiO2, NaCl, CsCl, ZnS)
Struttura&proprietà
 Sinterizzazione

Particelle pressate Sinterizzate Sinterizzate

per breve tempo per tempi lunghi
Proprietà
n Alta Durezza (scala Mohs)
n Alta Temperatura di fusione (allumina 2050°C)
n Bassa conducibilità termica (porcellana 1W/mK)
n Bassa conducibilità elettrica (resistività
dell’allumina 1012 Ωm)
Biomateriali Ceramici
n Bioinerzia:il materiale non induce né subisce
alterazioni chimiche o biologiche a seguito
dell’impianto

n Bioattività: il materiale è in grado di indurre nei

tessuti biologici una risposta attivando processi
chimici o biologici all’interfaccia
Allumina
Sinterizzazione
n Pressatura polveri con additivi (SiO2,MgO) e leganti
(acido stearico)(precottura1200°C) ;1700°C in secco
H2
n Rettifica superfici

Proprietà&applicazioni
n Bioinerte
n Piccole ossa, carichi elevati (orecchio, naso, gola)
n Svantaggi: fragilità,usura
Allumina
Bioceramiche
Calcium Phosphates
Chemico-Physical Properties of Calcium Phosphate
Ceramics

Tricalcium Phosphate TCP (Ca3(PO4)2)

Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) has a Ca : P ratio of 1.5, similar to the amorphous

biologic precursors of bone

Preparation: sintering Ca deficient apatite (Ca : P ratio 1.5).

TCP is a polymorph ceramic and exhibits two phases (α- and β-whitlockite), known
as α- and β-TCP. Variation in sintering temperature and humidity determine, which
phase is being formed; α-TCP occurs at dry heat >1300◦C and subsequent
quenching in water. Solubility and resorbability of both forms is much higher
compared to HA. However, α-TCP is unstable in water and reacts to produce HA.
α-TCP is used mainly as a compound of some Ca-P cements. β-TCP is less soluble
and less reactive than α-TCP. It is used pure as bone substitute, and in combination
with HA (biphasic Ca-P ceramic). Due to its solubility, dissolution and
reprecipitation occur in vivo. This results in gradual phase transition into
carbonated apatite, and resorption by macrophages, giant cells, and osteoclasts.
Calcium Phosphates
Chemico-Physical Properties of Calcium Phosphate
Ceramics

Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)
The most stable form of Ca-P under physiological pH and body temperature

HA has a Ca : P ratio of 1.67 which is similar to bone mineral. It can be prepared

by sintering of precipitated Ca-P salts in a Ca : P ratio of 1.67 at temperatures
above 1000◦C.

Pure HA is unsoluble under physiological conditions. Impurities like

substitution of Ca2+ by other metal ions cause variation in solubility and crystal
size due to the differences in ionic radius.
Pure HA materials are superior to other Ca-P materials. In vivo, however, pure HA
hardly shows any cellular resorption by macrophages, giant cells or
osteoclasts unless the particle size is small enough for phagocytosis. As a
consequence, HA should be considered as nonresorbable whereas other
compositions such as β-TCP show substantial dissolution and resorption.
Bioceramiche
Idrossiapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

•Bioattiva
•Osteointegrativa, osteoconduttiva,
osteoinduttiva
•Ca/P 10/6
•Densità 3.2 g/cm3
Idrossiapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Applicazioni
n Piccole ossa
n Porzioni osso corticale
n Rivestimento protesi (osteointregrazione)
n Compositi
 Calcium Phosphates
Natural Ca-P based materials
Natural Ca-P biomaterials are prepared from the inorganic
bone mineral matrix of bone. Chemical or high temperature
heat treatment, or both, eliminate organic substances
responsible for immunologic response and potential disease
transmission.

- human spongiosa
(Puros Tutoplast)
- bovine spongiosa
(Ortoss and Bio-oss)
 Calcium Phosphates
Natural Ca-P based materials
Natural Ca-P biomaterials can be
obtained through sintering of bone
powders

>1100°C; native carbonate HA

crystals convert into larger HA
crystals without CO3, resembling
synthetic HA.
Calcium Phosphates
Natural Ca-P based materials
CA-P ceramics can also be derived from special species of coral (Porites and
Goniopora). Hydrothermal treatments (260◦C; 1000 atm) of the calcium carbonate
(calcite) exoskeletal microstructure of these corals results in conversion into
hydroxyapatite

Different hydrothermal treatment of coral results in only partial conversion of the

calcium carbonate to HA. The composite of HA/CaCO3 is being resorbed faster
than pure HA.
Carbonio turbostrato
n Diamante
n Grafite
n Strutture quasi cristalline (turbostratica)

Regioni ordinate 100Å

•Legami covalenti (nel piano)
•Legami deboli (interplanare)
Molto resistenti, poco rigidi
Alta resistenza alla fatica
 Carbonio turbostrato
Carbonio pirolitico o LTI (low temperature isotropic) carbon

n Pirolisi di idrocarburo a 1000-2400°C

n Piroscissione
n Deposito di carbonio (<1mm)
n Bersaglio galleggiante
n Struttura isotropa
n T 1500°C
n Scelta C: solido, α
n No forme complesse
Carbonio turbostrato
ULTI (ultra low temperature isotropic) carbon

n Camera a bassa pressione

n Raggio ionico Ar+ su target
carbonio
n Sputtering di microaggregrati
n Spessori µm
n Rivestimento fibre
Carbonio turbostrato