The Overview of HSDPA

(High Speed Downlink Packet Access)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 1
Page 1
Outline

Introduction

HSDPA New Techniques

Transport and Physical Channels

Spreading, Modulation and Coding

Protocol Architecture

Terminal Capabilities

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 2
Page 2
HSDPA Bit Rate Advantage

Typical average bit rate for different technologies in a medium loaded Macro cell.

2000

1800
1.5 Mbps
1600

1400
1200
kbps 1000
700 kbps
800
400 kbps
600
350 kbps
400
150 kbps
200 30 kbps
0
GPRS EDGE WCDMA EV-DO EV-DV HSDPA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 3
Page 3
HSDPA Latency Advantage

Typical average round trip time for different technologies. Smaller round trip times
would benefit interactive applications.

700
650 ms
600

500

400
ms
300
200 ms
200
100 ms
100

0
GPRS/EDGE R99 WCDMA R99 HSDPA R5

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 4
Page 4
HSDPA Considerations

The same carrier can be shared between WCDMA and HSPDA. It’s the DL power
which should be intelligently divided between two services.
 Unlike 3GPP2 standards, EV-DO and IS-95/1xRTT, which can not share a carrier.

An evolutionary rather than a revolutionary philosophy.

WCDMA networks can be upgraded with HSDPA hardware/software on Node-B by
Node-B basis.
 Even HSDPA features can be added gradually, if required.

Priority to urban environments and indoor deployments.

Support full mobility but should be optimized for low and medium speed users.

Focus on streaming, interactive and background services.

HSDPA new features should show significant incremental gains over existing R’99
performance.

Consider value added to the user, cost to the operators, increased revenue for
operators, etc., in adding any new feature.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 5
Page 5
Outline

Introduction

HSDPA New Techniques

Transport and Physical Channels

Spreading, Modulation and Coding

Protocol Architecture

Terminal Capabilities

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 6
Page 6
Power Utilization in HSDPA

Efficient use of power: the unused power by dedicated/common channels is

exploited by HS-DSCH with use of dynamic power allocation.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 7
Page 7
Channel Sharing in HSDPA

Efficient use of time: several packet data streams are time multiplexed and
sent over High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 8
Page 8
Major New Techniques

Fast Scheduling

Fast Hybrid ARQ

Fast Link Adaptation

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 9
Page 9
 Fast Scheduling

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 10
Page 10
Packet Scheduler

The packet scheduler’s task is to maximize the network throughput while satisfying
the QoS requirements of the users.
 The packet scheduling method has significant impact on the cell throughput and on the
user-perceived quality of service.

The scheduler is located in the Node B and can respond quickly to channel
conditions, since the Iub and the RNC are not involved in the process.

Multi-user diversity: UE1
Channel UE2
 Selection of the best users in the cell in terms of Quality
the UE’s received signal strength is known as multi-
user diversity.
 The scheduler may select for transmission in each TTI intervals
TTI (Transmission Time Interval) users that have
good signal to noise ratio and therefore ensure
Node B
better data reception and fewer retransmissions.
 Multi-user diversity will increase the average cell UE2
throughput by using the network resources more
efficiently.
UE1

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 11
Page 11
Scheduling Methods

Round Robin
 Users are served in cyclic order ignoring channel conditions. It is simple and ensures a fair resource
distribution among the users at the cost of cell capacity.

Maximum C/I (example shown in next page)

 The cell serves in every TTI the user with the largest instantaneous supportable data rate. Users with
lower average radio conditions receive less resources but due to large fading dynamics, these users are
still able to receive service.

Average C/I
 The cell serves in every TTI the user with the largest average C/I that has data to be transmitted.
Averaging windows can be as large as 50 TTI’s. This tends to average the short term fading conditions
for users.

Proportional Fairness
 The cell serves the user with the largest relative channel quality, based on the short term data rate of the
user relative to its average data throughput. Users with better short term channel conditions will have
higher priority than users that are temporarily located in a fade.

Fair Throughput
 Modifies the proportional fair algorithm to increase the priority of users that receive lower average
throughput, in an attempt to equalize the throughput to all users. A variant that does not use
instantaneous channel quality information and serves in every TTI the user with the lowest average
throughput.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential
Page 12
Page 12
Example of Max C/I Scheduling Method

Example of Max C/I Scheduling

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 13
Page 13
 Fast Hybrid ARQ

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 14
Page 14
Fast Retransmission

All Release 99 (pre-HSDPA) transport channels are terminated at the RNC.

Retransmission procedure is located in the serving RNC.

The serving RNC (SRNC) may not be the controlling RNC (or drift RNC),
and it may be several hops away from the controlling RNC, increasing
response times.
 For high speed data, this potential delay is not acceptable.

The new high speed channel, the HS-DSCH, terminates at Node B.

A new MAC layer, the MAC-hs, is introduced in the Node B in order to
control all retransmissions in the high speed data channel and provide a
quick response to channel errors.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 15
Page 15
Hybrid ARQ Types

HARQ is an implicit link adaptation technique

 It uses ACK/NACKS to produce correct packets (implicit adaptation to channel
conditions).
 It uses samples weighted by the signal to noise ratio to combine received versions
of the packets, which provides time-diversity.

There are three types of ARQ:

 Type I ARQ - a pure repetition mode, the original data block is retransmitted.
 Variants are called Chase Combining, when the data block is soft-combined with the original block and
Optimum Combining, where each block is weighted by the signal to noise ratio and then combined.

 Type II ARQ - This is called Full Incremental Redundancy (FIR) combining.

 A non-self decodable retransmission is sent. This retransmission must be combined with the original
block in order to decode. It consists of parity bits and does not include the original data.

 Type III ARQ - This is called Partial Incremental Redundancy (PIR)

 The retransmitted block must be self-decodable, that is, it must include the original version of the data
in addition to any other redundant information.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 16
Page 16
 Fast Link Adaptation

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 17
Page 17
Link Adaptation by Transport Format

The HS-DSCH does not use fast power control.

The transmitted power in the HS-DSCH is substantially constant, depending on
power sharing for other downlink channels in the Node-B.

The adaptation to channel conditions is done by selection of the transport format,
such as modulation and coding rate.

The transport format may be changed every TTI (2 ms).

UE Node B

Transport Format:
Modulation and
Coding

Power measurement, CQI

selection

CQI report every

1 to 80 TTI’s

Transport Format selection, new

modulation and coding

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 18
Page 18
Link Adaptation

The transmitter receives information on the channel conditions from the UE and selects an
appropriate transport format for transmission.
 Selects QPSK or 16QAM modulation.
 Selects a specific coding rate that works well in those conditions (approximately a 10% block error rate).
 Lets the HARQ process fine-tune the coding rate by use of retransmissions to bring down the error rate.

Link adaptation is fast, since it all happens in the Physical layer between the UE and the Node-B.

Example of Adaptive Modulation and Coding:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 19
Page 19
Outline

Introduction

HSDPA New Techniques

Transport and Physical Channels

Spreading, Modulation and Coding

Protocol Architecture

Terminal Capabilities

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 20
Page 20
Channels and Layers

Radio Link Control

(RLC)

Layer 2 Logical Channels: Type of data sent

Medium Access Control

(MAC)

Transport Channels: How data is sent

Layer 1

Physical Layer

Physical Channels: Media used for data

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 21
Page 21
Transport Channels

Transport Channels

Dedicated Channels Common Channels

Dedicated Channel (DCH)

(Down & uplink)

Broadcast Paging Common Packet High Speed Downlink

Channel (BCH) Channel (CPCH) Shared Channel
Channel (PCH)
(Uplink) (HS-DSCH)
(Downlink) (Downlink)

Forward-Access Random-Access Downlink Shared

Channel(DSCH)
Channel (FACH) Channel (RACH)
(Downlink)
(Downlink) (Uplink)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential
Page 22
Page 22
Downlink Data Transport Channels

DCH- Dedicated Channel
 Voice, data up to 2 Mbps
 Long channel set-up times, long channel release time, not good utilization for bursty traffic
 Fixed Spreading Factor (SF), code tree is reserved for maximum data rate
 Fast power control
 Soft handoffs

FACH- Forward Access Channel
 Common channel, no channel set-up time required
 Suitable for small IP packets, infrequent packets for interactive gaming
 High power channel - no feedback from UE
 No fast power control, fixed SF
 No soft handoffs - so cell reselection process takes time

DSCH- Downlink Shared Channel
 Paired with a DCH that carries control information
 Suitable for bursty traffic, channel is shared by UE’s
 Dynamic SF
 Fast power control
 No soft handoffs

HS-DSCH- High Speed- Downlink Shared Channel
 Supports HSDPA, associated with HS-SCCH and HS-DPCCH

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 23
Page 23
HS-DSCH Attributes (Summary)

High Speed downlink channel to support high data rates

Shared among UE’s

No fast power control

No soft handoffs

Fixed SF (SF=16)

Fixed CRC size (24 bits)

Uses Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) to support different data rates

Uses Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) to provide error-free operation

Support multi-code operation (up to 15 codes) for data rates up to 10 Mbps

Uses Turbo code R1/3, with rate adaptation to support other coding rates

Uses a short Transmission Time Interval (TTI) 2 msec long, consisting of 3 timeslots
(TSs) in order to achieve a short round trip delay

Possible to use beam-forming for broadcast to part of a cell, or to the entire cell

Possible to vary transmit power

Always associated with a DPCH and
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.
one or more DSCHs
Huawei Confidential
Page 24
Page 24
HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control Channel)

A DL channel which carries the information required to demodulate the HS-DSCH.

Every UE using the HS-DSCH is assigned an HS-SCCH by the Node-B.

The HS-SCCH has a fixed rate of 60 kbps, fixed Spreading Factor (SF) of 128 and
uses rate 1/3 convolutional coding.

The HS-SCCH block consists of three Time Slots (1 TS = 667 microseconds) and is
transmitted two time slots before the start of the HS-DSCH transmission in order to
allow the UE to demodulate the data.

An HS-SCCH block carries necessary information in two separate coding chains:
 Part 1 information:
 Coding information, according to the UE’s capabilities
 Modulation used for the HS-DSCH, i.e., QPSK or 16 QAM
 Part 2 information:
 Redundancy information, to allow the UE to combine with prior information
 HARQ process information
 New date indicator, whether the transmission is a first transmission or a re-transmission
 Transport block size
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential
Page 25
Page 25
HS-DPCCH (HS Dedicated Physical Control Channel)

An uplink control channel which uses SF=256 code multiplexed with other uplink
control channels.

Channel used to provide constant feedback to the Node-B on signal quality and packet
errors.

Transmitted 5 msec after the reception of the HS-DSCH frame.

This packet is divided into two parts:
 ACK/NACK information part - One bit long transmitted in one timeslot, provides the result
of the CRC check after packet decoding and indicates whether a retransmission is required
or not.
 Downlink Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) - 5 bits long transmitted in two timeslots, to
indicate what block size, modulation and number of parallel codes could be received with
reasonable error rate based on measured channel conditions. This information is used by the
Node-B to determine the modulation and coding to be used in the next HS-DSCH
transmission.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 26
Page 26
Outline

Introduction

HSDPA New Techniques

Transport and Physical Channels

Spreading and Coding

Protocol Architecture

Terminal Capabilities

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 27
Page 27
Channelisation & Scrambling

Channelisation spreads the input bits or symbols into a chip sequence by a factor
equal to the spreading factor. It separates the transmissions within a single source
(i.e., a sector or a UE). It uses Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
which are built by Walsh codes.

Scrambling multiplies the already spread sequence by a second code that separates
the sources of the data (i.e., different sectors in DL or different UE’s in UL). It uses
Gold Codes or shorter codes.

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell n

1 3
2

2 3 4 n

Channelisation & Scrambling

Spreading
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential
Page 28
Page 28
DL Channelization and Modulation

Channelization codes are OVSF (Walsh) codes with SF=16 for HS-DSCH
and SF=128 for HS-SCCH.

Modulation mapper maps symbols to the I and Q branches
 For QPSK, symbols are sent alternatively to the I and Q branches
 For 16QAM, two pairs of symbols are first mapped to a constellation value and then sent to
the I and Q branches alternatively

I
Scrambling
code
Downlink Serial to I+jQ S
Modulation Channelization
physical Parallel Mapper code, SF value
channel Converter
Q

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 29
Page 29
Outline

Introduction

HSDPA New Techniques

Transport and Physical Channels

Spreading, Modulation and Coding

Protocol Architecture

Terminal Capabilities

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 30
Page 30
HSDPA Protocol Architecture

Uu IUb
Air Interface

RLC RLC

MAC-d MAC-d

Frame Frame
MAC-hs MAC-hs
Protocol Protocol

Layer 1 Layer 1 Transport Transport

UE Node B SRNC

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 31
Page 31
MAC Layer and MAC-hs

The Medium Access Control (MAC) layer maps the logical channels coming from the
Radio Link Control (RLC) function to the transport channels connecting it to the
Physical layer.

The MAC layer is responsible for selecting an appropriate transport format for each
transport channel based on the requirements of the logical channels.

The MAC-hs is a new MAC entity located in the Node-B (in order to be closer to the
air interface) and the UE, to support the HSDPA high speed channel.

MAC-hs is responsible for:
 Handling the new high speed shared channel, HS-DSCH.
 Managing physical resources allocated to HSDPA.

Other MAC entities:
 MAC-d is responsible for handling the dedicated channels (DCH transport channel). It is
located in the Serving RNC (SRNC).
 MAC-b handles the broadcast channel (BCH). It is located in the Node-B.
 MAC-c/sh handles the common and the shared channels, including the DSCH. It is located
in the SRNC.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 32
Page 32
MAC Architecture

PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH MAC Control DCCH DTCH

MAC-d

MAC-hs MAC-c/sh

HS-DSCH
PCH FACH RACH CPCH DSCH DCH
Associated Downlink Associated Uplink
Signaling Signaling

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 33
Page 33
Outline

Introduction

HSDPA New Techniques

Transport and Physical Channels

Spreading, Modulation and Coding

Protocol Architecture

Terminal Capabilities

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 34
Page 34
HSDPA Terminal Capabilities

UE Power Class
 Power Class III is 24 dBm and Class IV is 21 dBm. Initially, most UEs fall in Class IV.

There are UE Categories defined for HSDPA:

Max number of Min. Inter-TTI Modulation Max data rate

Category
parallel codes interval Scheme (Mbps)
1 5 3 QPSK, 16-QAM 1.2
2 5 3 QPSK, 16-QAM 1.2
3 5 2 QPSK, 16-QAM 1.8
4 5 2 QPSK, 16-QAM 1.8
5 5 1 QPSK, 16-QAM 3.6
6 5 1 QPSK, 16-QAM 3.6
7 10 1 QPSK, 16-QAM 7.2
8 10 1 QPSK, 16-QAM 7.2
9 15 1 QPSK, 16-QAM 10.0
10 15 1 QPSK, 16-QAM 14.0
11 5 2 QPSK 0.9
12 5 1 QPSK 1.8

Reference UE capability combinations:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. 1.2 Mbps class 3.6 Mbps class
Huawei Confidential 7.2 Mbps class 10 Mbps class
Page 35
Page 35
UE Capability Classes

Examples of UE capability classes proposed in 3GPP are listed in Table below. Note
that more combinations are still possible.

1.2 Mbps class

3.6 Mbps class

7.2 Mbps class

10 Mbps class

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 36
Page 36
 Thank you!

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 37
Page 37