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Pure food and D act protect from unsanitary & poorly labeled food.
Food, D, and cosmetic act no new D should be marketed until proven by FDA for public use.
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation (OBRA) act pharmacists must offer a patient counseling.
Orphan D Act Tax relief & incentives for manufacturers to develop & market them.
D price competition & patent term restoration . generic D more available to public.
Or Waxman Hatch Amendment . encourage ph. Companies to develop new D.
Drugs that exempt from the poison prevention packaging act. (all D must be in child proof cont.)
1. Methylprednisolone tab < 84 mg.
2. SL nitroglycerine. (unit dose)
3. Mebendazole tab < 600 mg.
4. prednisone <105 mg.
5. K – supplements. (unit dose)
6. Oral Contraceptives.
7. Colestipol powder.
8. Cholesteramine powder.
9. SL, Chewable Isosorbid dinitrate < 10 mg.
10. erythromycin ethyl-succinate liq & granules < 8 mg.
11. erythromycin ethyl-succinate tab < 16 mg.
12. pancrelipase.
NDC = 11
DEA = 9
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ACT
Cont. II Drugs.
1. Oxycodone.
2. Oxycodone + APAP.
3. Oxycodone + Aspirin.
4. Morphine sulfate.
5. Hydromorphine.
6. Dextroamphetamine.
7. Amphetamine + Dextroamphetamine.
8. Methadone.
9. Fentanyl.
10. Methylphenidate.
11. Meperidine.
AAC Actual Acquisition Coast price paid by the pharmacy after everything.
AWP Average Wholesale Price the published “List Price”
EAC Estimated Acquisition Cost the third party’s estimate of the price paid by the pharmacy.
MAC Maximum Allowable Coast the max. amount to be paid by third party to pharmacy for a D.
List of ACIDS
Most Acidic
1. Perchloric Acid ……………….HCIO4
2. Hydroionic Acid ………………HI
3. Hydrobromic Acid ………...….HBr
4. Hydrochloric Acid ………..…..HCl
5. Sulfuric Acid …………….……H2SO4
6. Nitric Acid …………….………HNO2
7. Hydronium Ion ………………..H3O
8. Hydrogen sulfate ion ....……….HSO4-
9. Nitrous Acid …………………..HNO2
10. Acetic Acid …………..……….CH3COOH
11. Carboni Acid ……..…………..H2CO3
12. Ammonium Ion ………….……NH4
13. Water ……………………...…..H2O
14. Methanol …………………..….CH3OH
15. Ammonia ………………….….NH3 Least Acidic
NP:NW net profit to net worth the best ratio for Profitability.
NP:IN net profit to inventory for both profitability and efficiency.
TL:TW most direct measure of financial position of the pharmacy.
1. Acid test ratio the quick ratio = (sum of cash accounts / liabilities) must be 1:1
Liquidity
2. Current ratio = (current assets / current liabilities) 2:1
& Solvency 3. Inventory to networking capital indirect measure of liquidity and solvency 80 %
high ratio low liquidity + high inventory.
Haptens LMW cmpds that act as immunogenic ater binding to a larger molecule. (penicillin)
B cells synth. In bone marrow activated memory b cells IgA + IgE + AgG
nonactivated virgin B cells IgM + IgD
T cells synth in bone marrow need to mature in the thymus gland virgin T cells.
NK destroy tumors.
IgM 20 %
The 1st one sec. during primary immune response.
The 1st produced by the fetus.
IgG 70 %
The only one that crosses the placenta.
The predominant one after the primary response, and in memory responses.
IgE < 1%
Also known as Reagin.
Imp. In fighting Helminths.
IgA 10 %
Present in extracellular fluids as saliva, urine, and tears.
Large quantities across mucosal surfaces.
The buffer capacity B = .0576 X C
pH = pKa + Log {salt/acid)
rate constant K= (2.303 /t) X (log Co /C)
Normal ESR 0 – 15 mm/hour
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
From C to T + 273
Electrlolytes values (mEq/L) K= 4-6 , NA= 135 – 155, Cl= 95-106, Mg= 1.2-2.4
Each gram of fat 9 calories
1 tsp = 5 mL
In dilution use reverse proportion.
Most common noncompliant dis Arthritis, Diabetes.
Most common noncompliant reason Forgetness, then side effects.
IgE can cross the placenta.
Drug allergens acting as haptens, Rh dis., hashimato, mysthemia graves, Type II hypersensitivity.
Coefficient of Elasticity E = Q/P (quantity, Price in % )
Medicare is for patients who are at least 65 yrs old.
Amoxicillin, Dexicillin, Minocycline, Penicillin V not affected by the presence of food in stomach.
Probenecide and keptotrofen inhibit Methotrexate secretion.
FIXED FIGURES
1. SUSP particles size >0.5 µm
2. Emul. Particle size 0.1 – 100 µm
3. External pressure 760 mm.Hg
4. tablet thickness +/- 5% µm
I. Diuretics
1. Thiazide diuretics.
1) Chlorothiazide.
2) Chlorothalidone.
3) Hydrochlorothiazide.
4) Indapamide.
5) Methyclothiazide.
6) Metolazone.
2. Loop Diuretics.
1) Bumetanide.
2) Ethacrynic acid.
3) Furosemide.
4) Torsemide.
3. Potassium-sparing diuretics.
1) Amiloride.
2) Spironolactone.
3) Triamterene.
1. β-Blocking agent.
1) Acebutolol.
2) Atenolol.
3) Betaxolol.
4) Bisoprolol.
5) Carteolol.
6) Carvediolol.
7) Labetalol.
8) Metoprolol.
9) Nadolol.
10) Penbutolol.
11) Pindolol.
12) Propranolol.
13) Timolol.
5. Calcium-Channel Blockers.
1) Diltiazem. (Benzodiazepine )
2) Verapamil. (Diphenylalkylamine)
3) Amlodipine. (Dihydropyridine)
4) Felodipine. (Dihydropyridine)
5) Isradipine. (Dihydropyridine)
6) Nicradipine. (Dihydropyridine)
7) Nifedipine. (Dihydropyridine)
8) Nisoldipine. (Dihydropyridine)
B. gram negative
1. Bdellovibrios
2. Pseudomonads
3. Rhizobium
4. Azotobacter
5. Enterobacteria
6. Vibrios
7. Pasteurellas
8. Bacteroides
9. Veillonella
10. Myxobacteria
Griseofluvin:-
. deposit in the skin (bind to keratin)
. MOA similar to Colchicine Rx GOUT
. Posses vasodilator activity Rx Raynaud’s Dis.
. Rx Tinea Infections.
. only in oral forms.
. inc. metabolism of Warfarin.
. Barbiturates red. Its Abs.
. With Oral Contraceptives Amenorrhea, inc. Bleeding.
Imidazoles:-
1. Ketoconazole:-
. Rx systemic and vaginal Candidiasis, Oral thrush.
. Slow acting and need long duration of tjerapy.
. inc. warfarin activity.
. Antagonize amphotericin B.
. inc. levels of terfenadine and astemizole (antihistamines).
. Need the presence of stomach acids to be abs.
. Abdominal pain and constipation.
2. Miconazole:-
. Topical agent.
. Rx Vulvovaginal candidiasis, Ringworm.
. inc. warfarin activity.
3. Fluconazole:-
. Oral and parenteral forms.
. used in systemic and CNS infections.
. Rx Cryptococus, Candida..
. inc. levels of warfarin, phenytoin, cyclosporins, and sulfonylurea.
. GI disturbences.
4. Itraconazole:-
. oral agent.
. Rx. Pulmonary aspergillosis.
. needs stomach acids to be abs.
. inc. levels of terfenadine and astemizole (antihistamines).
.Hypertriglycerdemia, hypokalemia.
5. Voriconazole:-
. IV and oral agent.
. causes visual disturbances, sepsis, alter liver fuxn.
. Inhibit CYT P450.
. MOA of all antifungals inhibit ergosterols in the cell membrane, which is resp for the CYP450
. All antifungals are enzymatic inhibitors, inc level of drugs, dec. its metabolism.
OTC agents for pain
Aspirin alone (but not other salysilates, Acetaminophen, NSAIDs) irreversible inhibit formation of
cyclooxiginase in platelets
Aspirin and acetaminophen, inhibit zidovudine (anti HIV) metabolism inc. its toxicity.
. Acetaminophen is the 1st line therapy of the osteoarthritis of the knee and hip.
. Acetaminophen is commonly used in ptns hypersensitive to salysilates, or prone to bleeding disorders.
Common Cold