Chapter 12 Test

Review slides
 Drives and needs, 471
• Drive a state of arousal triggered by a
physiological need; drives are psychological

• needs are physiological; they are

physiological states that usually trigger
motivational arousal
• Ex: hunger, sex, thirst
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 Self-actualization needs
Need to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential

Esteem needs
Need for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,
and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others

Belongingness and love needs

Need to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid
loneliness and alienation

Safety needs
Need to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

Physiological needs
Need to satisfy hunger and thirst
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Richard Howard
 Anorexia characteristics
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 Anorexia on the rise
• Key factor: cultural ideals about beauty that
increasingly promote thinness
 Bulimia Nervosa

– disorder characterized by:

– episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric
foods, followed by vomiting
– laxative use
– fasting or…
– excessive exercise
 More on Bulimia
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 Sexual Motivation Research:
Alfred Kinsey, 481
• 1948 Kinsey study findings:
• Americans were found to
engage in enormous variation
in sexual behavior
• But Kinsey’s research wasn’t
conducted
randomly…(sample error)
• Also, he asked leading
questions (researcher bias)
• Major publications in 1948
and 1953
Sexual Motivation Research: Physiology

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Cynthia Johnson/ Time magazine

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Transformational leadership, 509
• Clearly communicating a vision goals leading to
inspiration of others to follow the leader
• Challenges workers to move beyond their own
interests for the sake of the group or team
 How to write the essay
for the Chapter 12 test

• The Theme is…”Opposing Tendencies.”

• The human organism displays various reactions
that are characterized as opposing tendencies.
Use a specific physiological or psychological
mechanism to explain how both aspects of
opposing processes apply to EACH of the
following:
• Appetite, autonomic nervous system, color vision,
and nerve firing
• Remember: no intro or conclusion; 2-3 sentences
for each of the four oppositions should work.
 Parts to your essay.
• Couple of sentences on each:
• A. Appetite,
• B. autonomic nervous system,
• C. color vision,
• D. nerve firing
• Essay is worth 8 points
 A. Appetite, see ch. 12

1 pt. For discussing how any of the following

turn on and off hunger: hypothalamus,
glucose, or drive reduction
2nd pt. For discussing how a specific
mechanism regulates opposing tendencies:
Set point/metabolism or homeostasis, or drive
reduction theory
 B. Points 3 and 4
B. Autonomic nervous system, see Ch. 2
Pt. 3
Describe how the sympathetic n.s. arouses our
body; give an example
Pt. 4
Describe how the parasympathetic n.s. calms
or counteracts the sympathetic; give
example
 C. Color vision: Points 5 and 6
• See chapter 5, p. 186-8
• Pt. 5 for briefly describing the opponent
process theory or opponent color theory
• Pt. 6 for listing and explaining an example
such as color afterimages, color blindness or
opposing cells for particular colors
 D. Nerve firing: points 7 and 8
• See chapter 2, Cognitive Neuroscience
• Pt. 9: explain how a neuron fires through
depolarization, ion activation, or action
potential
• Pt. 10: explain how the neuron polarizes or
is inhibited from action