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certain disadvantages. In addition to this, Energy Crisis is Mumbai 1,63,70,000 5320
another crucial problem faced by India. This paper
Delhi 1,03,06,452 5922
presents a novel technique for treatment of biodegradable
waste (which forms a major part of MSW). It involves Kolkata 45,72,876 2653
processing of Biodegradable Waste by thermal process in
presence of catalyst at high temperature to give liquid Chennai 43,43,645 3036
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fertilizer and coke as product. This technology has a
definite goal of exploiting the commercial aspects of two
universal problems i.e. problem of managing the
biodegradable waste in the municipal solid waste and
Banglore
Hyderabad
43,01,326
38,43,585
1669
2187
overcoming the fuel shortage indigenously. Ahmedabad 35,20,085 1302
Keyword-Biodegradable waste, Municipal Solid Waste Kanpur 25,51,337 1100
(MSW), Energy Scenario, Thermal process
Nagpur 20,52,066 504
I. INTRODUCTION Source: CPCB,2004
MSW generation in India is increasing due to increasing
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urbanization, increasing population and changing lifestyle.
The MSW generation in India is about 90 million tonnes per Table 2: Composition of municipal solid waste in India[1]
year. The per capita increase in MSW generation is projected Description Percent by weight
at a rate of 1-1.33 % annually ( Seema U et. al [1])[2]. With Vegetable, 40.15
increasing population of 3-3.5% per annum, the yearly waste leaves
generation is expected to increase by 5 %. The generation Grass 3.8
rates in different cities of India are shown in Table 1. Paper 0.81
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Plastic 0.62
For this rise in generation, it is very important to know the
Glass/ceramics 0.44
composition and accordingly the waste can be treated and
disposed without harming the environment and hence our eco- Ash 41.81
system. The composition of MSW generated in India varies Metal 0.64
considerably from point to point. The typical composition is
shown in Table 2. The major fraction of MSW is
biodegradable matter (41%).
Tabke 3: Status of municipal solid waste treatment and contains high N-P-K (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium) value.
disposal in metro cities[4] Also as it is organic waste, the energy that can be extracted
Metro City Solid waste Treatment from it is substantial. The energy potential of Biodegradable
collection (tonnes/day) waste can be calculated as shown below:
(tonned/day)
Total conversion of waste in energy : W tonnes
Bangalore 2000 200 (biodegradable waste) * Z% ( energy in for m of fuel)
Bombay 55,355 500 Net Calorific Value of fuel : NCV k-cal/kg.
Calcutta 3692 Nil Energy recovery potential (kWh) = NCV x W x
Delhi 4000 300 1000/860 = 1.16 x NCV x W x Z
Hyderabad 1566 100 Power generation potential (kW) = 1.16 x NCV x W/
Pune 700 50 24 = 0.048 x NCV x W x Z
Conversion Efficiency = 25%
Chennai 3124 Nil
Net power generation potential (kW) = 0.012 x NCV
xWxZ
From the above formula, we can estimate the quantity of
Metro Mode of disposal
energy that is wasted if this energy is not recovered.
City (%)
Dumping Composting Others Energy Scenario
Bangalore 90 10 -
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India is a developing country. Energy is a very important
Bombay 91 9 - input for the economic growth of the country. The per capita
Calcutta 100 - - consumption of energy is very low as compared to other
Delhi 93 7 - developed nation. Due to continous growing economy, this
Hyderabad 94 6 - consumption has to increase in coming years. The present per
Pune 93 2 7 capita consumption of energy is 530 kg of oil
Chennai 100 - -
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It can be seen that most of the waste is disposed by land
dumping. For the business as usual scenario the land
equivalent(kgoe).[6] J. Parikh and K. Parikh summarize the
energy scenario in India. The details of primary energy supply
is given in Table 4.
requirement for the disposal would increase from 195.4 sq.km Table 4 Primary Energy Supply in India[7]
in 1997 to 590.1 sq.km in 2021 (S.Gupta et al [5]). This area is Energy Units Domesti Net Energy %
very huge. Land dumping includes open dumping and Source c Qty. imports *
landfilling. Open dumping is the cheapest and oldest mode of Coal Mt 457 29 8343 41.9
MSW disposal. The waste is untreated, uncovered and not Lignite Mt 34 0 408 2.0
segregated. It attracts flies and rodents and generates foul Crude Oil Mt 34.1 121.7
smell. Landfilling leads to groundwater contamination due to Petroleum Mt 34.1 121.7 6523 32.7
percolation of leachate, air pollution due to various green products
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house gases that are evolved into the atmosphere adding to the Natural Bcm 32.4 0 1221 6.1
Global Warming and nuisance to environment. Another gas
method by which MSW is disposed is incineration, but it is LNG Mt 0 8.3 427 2.1
not fully exploited because of the low calorific value of MSW Hydro TWh 120.9 5.3 454 2.3
and the ash obtained contains harmful toxins. Composting can energy
be used for small scale generation but large amount of waste Nuclear TWh 17 0 186 0.9
cannot be treated by this method due to the restrictions of the Energy
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Planning Commission in its report has stated the policy for any point of time is made in this section.
production of improved quality of coal having low ash content. 5. Control Panel: The complete process is controlled from
the control panel. Optionally the process can also be
To overcome the above mentioned problems of MSW controlled from a computer.
treatment and energy crisis, a novel technique was developed
for treatment of Biodegradable waste by thermal process. This Output Yield Data
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process is completely eco-friendly. There is total conversion
of Biodegradable waste into value added products. The major process parameters and product yields are
given in Table below. The evolved vapors are
condensed to collect gas and liquid products.
II THERMAL PROCESS
Liquid Product: The Analysis of the output liquid product is Vapor pressure 7.5 × 10−5 mmHg @
shown in Table 8. 20oC
Solubility in 0.027 mg/L
Table 8. Analysis of liquid product water
Sample Liquid Table 9: Properties of Aldrin[9]
N% 0.4-0.5%
P% Not Detected Aldrin is mostly used as pesticide.
K(mg/L) 0.5-2
Alpha Endosulphan:
S% 0.001-0.005
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Cl% 0.1-0.6
CAS:
hexahydro-6,9-methano-
2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin
3-oxide
REG. NO.: 959-98-8
FORMULA: C9H6Cl6O3S
insecticides (cyclodiene
ACTIVITY:
insecticides)
PHYSICAL
Brown Crystals
Fig.2 Structure of Aldrin[9] STATE
SOLUBILITY
0.32 mg/L
IN WATER
Conclusion :
The process utilizes all the waste and converts it into a useful
Deildrin: liquid product having fertilizer, pesticidal, insecticidal
properties along with coke as a solid product. If 1000 tonnes
of Biodegradable waste is treated by this process, about 750
tonnes of Liquid Fertilizer and 150 tonnes of coke having
energy potential of 12 MW can be obtained. Remaining is
gaseous product which can further be used as fertilizer after
passing through water.
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Molar mass 380.91 g mol−1 Indian cities, www.indiastat.com
[5] S. Gupta et al.Solid waste management in India: options and
opportunities. Journal of Resources, conservation and recycling
Density 1.75 g/cm³ 24(1998) 137-154. Elsevier
[6] International Energy Agency (IEA), Key Energy Statistics 2007,
Melting point 176-177 °C http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/Key_Stats_2007.pdf
[7] J.Parikh,K.Parikh.India's energy needs and low carbon options, Energy
Boiling point 385 °C
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Solid Product / Coke: The proximate analysis of Coke is
shown in Table 12
(2011) 1-9. Elsevier
[8] Integrated
ntengy.pdf.
Energy Policy,