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4.1 Steady State One-Dimensional Convection and Diffusion

2

 In problems where there is a flow of fluid, the effect

of convection can be significant and combined to
that of diffusion(conduction).
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR
 The ggeneral transport
p equation
q in differential form:
ENERGY SYSTEMS -SEE
SEE 6032
    
t
 
 div  u  div  grad     S

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This general governing equation for steady state  For one-dimensional problems with no source term,
diffusion and convection becomes equation (4.1) still reduces to,
div   u   div  grad     S (4.1) div   u   div  grad    (4.2)
Where  From continuity equation we have, have
 is a general property, d  u  (4.3)
0
 is the diffusion coefficient, dx

u is the velocity, and
S is the source term.
Fig. 4.1 Grid used for the Discretization of One-Dimensional problem

4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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 Integration of equation (4.2) over the control volume These schemes include:
shown in Fig. 4.2 gives us,  Central Differencing Scheme
d d
  u e    u w         (4.4)
 Upwind Differencing Scheme
 dx e  dx  s  Hybrid Differencing Scheme
 The diffusive terms on the right hand side of  Power-Law
P L Scheme
S h
equation (4.4) can be represented in a similar  QUICK Scheme
manner as we saw in chapter 3. Central Differencing Scheme
 There are different schemes used to represent the  The central differencing scheme assumes linear-
convective term (u) on faces e and w. piecewise profile for ,
1
E
1
      and      
e P w
(4.5) P W
2 2

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 Then equation (4.4) can be written as, where

1 1            (4.6)
  u e E  P     u w P  W   e E P  w P W Fe F
 xe  xw
2 2
aE  De  , aW  Dw  w

1 1
Fe E  P   Fw P  W   De E  P   Dw P  W 
2 2
2 2 (4.7) Fe Fw
where aP  De   Dw 
2 2
F=flow(convection) strength  aE  aW   Fe  Fw 
D=diffusion conductance
 The discretization equation can be written in standard
form as,
aPP  aW W  aEE (4.8)

4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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 To get realistic solution of convection-diffusion  Boundedness- when a convergent solution of iterative

methods is obtained, the scheme is said to be bounded.
problems, the fundamental properties of
 For the solution to be convergent (bounded scheme) the
discretization schemes must be fulfilled, Scarborough condition must be satisfied,
 Conservativeness, a nb  1 at all nodes

 Boundedness, and aP'  1 at one node at least (4.9)
 Transportiveness.
where  anb is sum of neighboring coefficients
 Conservativeness- the flux of  leaving a given cell
aP' net coefficient of central node P.
across a face should be equal to the flux of   For converged solution, coefficients should be
entering adjacent cell across the same cell. diagonally dominant.

4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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 Transportiveness- In cases where convection is more  Fig. 4.2 shows the effect of Peclet number on the
dominant over diffusion, conditions down stream do general transport property .
not have significant effect on upstream conditions.
 A dimensionless number used to measure the
transportiveness of a flow problem is the Peclet
number given by,
F u
Pe  
D  (4.10)
x
where Pe=0 purely diffusive flow
Fig. 4.2 Effect of Peclet Number on Transport Properties
Pe= purely convective flow
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 The central differencing scheme is always  The central differencing scheme assumes equal
conservative. effect of upstream and downstream conditions at a
 Referring to the coefficients aW and aE node, so it lacks the transportiveness property at
aE  De 
Fe F
, aW  Dw  w high Pe.
2 2
There is a possibility for these coefficients to be
negative, which gives unstable solution.
For example, aE>0 implies
Fe F
De   0  e  Pe  2
2 De
 Central differencing scheme is bounded for Pe<2.
4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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Upwind Differencing Scheme  For west-east flow,

w  W and e  P (4.11)
 The standard discretized equation is,
aPP  aW W  aEE (4 12)
(4.12)
Where
aE  De  max(0,  Fe ),
aW  Dw  max(0, Fw ),
aP  aE  aW   Fe  Fw 
Fig. 4.3 Upwind Differencing Scheme for West-East Flow

4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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 The upwind scheme is conservative, bounded and Hybrid Scheme

transportive.  The hybrid scheme combines the central differencing

 The accuracy of Upwind scheme is first order. and the upwind differencing schemes.
 For Pe
Pe<2,
2, the central differencing is employed, while
 For Pe>2, the upwind scheme is employed for
convection and the diffusion is made zero.
 The standard discretization equation
aPP  aW W  aEE (4.13)

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Where  The hybrid scheme is conservative, unconditionally

  F   bounded and transportive.
aE  max  0,  De  e  ,  Fe  ,
  2    The accuracy of the hybrid scheme is only first
  F   order.
aW  max  0,  Dw  w  , Fw  ,
  2  
aP  aE  aW   Fe  Fw 

 The hybrid scheme gives physically realistic and

stable solutions.

4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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The Power-Law Scheme Where

 The power-law scheme gives more accurate results
aE  De max 0, 1  0.1 Pee    max  0,  Fe  ,
5

than the hybrid scheme.  

 In power-law scheme,
scheme aW  Dw max  0,0 1  0.1
0 1 Pew    max  0,
0 Fw  ,
5

 
 The diffusion is set to zero for Pe>10.
aP  aE  aW   Fe  Fw 
 For 0<Pe<10 the flux at each face is evaluated using
 The power-law scheme is conservative, bounded
a polynomial expression.
and transportive.
 The standard discretization equation
 It is more accurate for one-dimensional problems.
aPP  aW W  aEE (4.14)
4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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The QUICK scheme  The general form of standard discretization

 The QUICK (Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convection Kinetics) equation for QUICK scheme is,
uses a three-point upstream-weighted interpolation aPP  aW W  aEE  aWW WW  aEEEE (4.14)
for face cell values.
 Referring to Fig. 4.2, the face values of  are
obtained as,
6
w
3 1
W
6
P
3
       ,      
1
WW e P
(4.15)
E W
8 8 8 8 8 8

Fig. 4.4 QUICK Scheme Profile

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where 6 1 3  The QUICK scheme is:

aW  Dw   w Fw   e Fe  1   w  Fw
8 8 8  Conservative,
1
aWW    w Fw  Third order accurate,
8
3 6 1  Transportive,
p v , and
aE  De   e Fe  1   e  Fe  1   w  Fw
8 8 8  Conditionally stable.
1 To alleviate the stability problems, continuous
aEE   1   e  Fe 
8
modifications are being made to the standard
aP  aE  aW  aEE  aWW   Fe  Fw 
QUICK scheme.
 F   F 
Where  w  max  0, w  ,  e  max  0, e 
 Fw   Fe 
4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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Example 4.1 Solution

Water at a temperature of 400K enters a tube and A program has been written using Python
leaves at a temperature of 300K. Determine the programming language and the graphical result is
temperature distribution in the tube assuming one- given below. By
g y varying
y g the velocityy and the
di
dimensional
i l problem
bl using
i theh Central
C l differencing,
diff i
Upwind differencing, Hybrid differencing, Power- number of volumes see the effect of the Peclet
law, and QUICK schemes. For water assume density number.
to be =1000kg/m3 and thermal conductivity to be
k=0.6W/mK. Take the velocity to be u=0.001m/s.
Compare the results with analytical solution.

4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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Peclet number= 0.07

Peclet number= 0.42

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Peclet number= 4.12

Peclet number= 0.02

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Peclet number= 0.17

eclet number= 0.70

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Peclet number= 41.67

Peclet number= 6.94

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 For two-dimensional steady problem with no source

term, the transport equation can be modified as,
   u     v         
x

y
     
x  x  y  y 
(4.15)
Peclet number= 1.68
 Referring to Fig. Fig 4.15
4 15 we can define the total fluxes
at faces as,
 
J   u  
x
x
and J   v  
y
y
(4.16)
 The discretized form of equation (4.15) will be,
Je  J w  Jn  J s  0 (4.17)

4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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 The continuity equation can be discretized as,

  u e y    u w y    u n x    u s x  0 (4.18)
 Fe  Fw  Fn  Fs  0
 In standard form, the discretized equation becomes,
aPP  aEE  aW W  aN N  aSS (4.19)
where
aP  aE  aW  aN  aS   Fe  Fw  Fn  Fs 
expressions for aE, aW, aN and aS vary for
different schemes. They can be obtained from one-
Fig. 4.5 Control Volume for Two-Dimensional Problem dimensional cases with slight modifications as follows.
4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

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CENTRAL DIFFERENCING SCHEME

F F F F
aE  De  e , aW  Dw  w , a N  Dn  n , aS  Ds  s QUICK SCHEME
2 2 2 2
UPWIND DIFFERENCING SCHEME
aE  De   e Fe  1   e  Fe  1   w  Fw , aEE   1   e  Fe ,
3 6 1 1
aE  De  max(0,  Fe ), aW  Dw  max(0, Fw ), aN  Dn  max(0,  Fn ), aS  Ds  max(0, Fs )
8 8 8 8
HYBRID DIFFERENCING SCHEME
aW  Dw   w Fw   e Fe  1   w  Fw , aWW    w Fw ,
6 1 3 1
  F     F  
aE  max 0,  De  e  ,  Fe  , aW  max  0,  Dw  w  , Fw  , 8 8 8 8
  2     2  
a N  Dn   n Fn  1   n  Fn  1   s  Fs , a NN   1   n  Fn ,
3 6 1 1
  F     F  
a N  max  0,  Dn  n  ,  Fn  , aW  max 0,  Dw  w  , Fw  8 8 8 8
  2     2  
aS  Ds   s Fs   n Fn  1   s  Fs , aSS    s Fs ,
6 1 3 1
POWER - LAW SCHEME
8 8 8 8
 5  5

aE  De max  0, 1  0.1 Pee

  
  max 0,  Fe  , aW  Dw max 0, 1  0.1 Pew   max  0, Fw  ,
  
aP  aE  aW  a N  aS  aEE  aWW  a NN  aSS   Fe  Fw  Fn  Fs 
 5  5


a N  Dn max  0, 1  0.1 Pen   
  max 0,  Fn  , aS  Ds max 0, 1  0.1 Pes   max 0, Fs 
  
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 For three-dimensional steady problem with no  The continuity equation can be discretized as,
  u e yz    u w yz    u n xz    u s xz 
source term, the transport equation can be modified
as,   u t xy    u b xy  0 (4.23)
   u     v     w               Fe  Fw  Fn  Fs  Ft  Fb  0
x

y

z
        
x  x  y  y  z  z 
((4.20))  In standard form, the discretized equation becomes,
 The total fluxes at faces will be, aPP  aEE  aW W  aN N  aSS  aT T  aBB (4.24)
   where
J   u   , J   v   and J   w  
x
x
y
y
z
z (4.21) aP  aE  aW  aN  aS  aT  aB   Fe  Fw  Fn  Fs  Ft  Fb 
 The discretized form of equation (4.20) will be, expressions for aE, aW, aN, aS , aT and aB can be obtained
Je  J w  J n  J s  Jt  Jb  0 from one- dimensional cases with slight
(4.22) modifications.

4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

4.4 One-way Space Coordinate 4.5 False diffusion

45 46

 A coordinate system where the future event does  Compare the discretized equations for central
not affect the present or past events is called a differencing and upwind schemes,
one-way coordinate. F    u w
aW  Dw  w  w  Central differencing
2  xw 2
 Definitelyy time is a one-wayy coordinate.

 Space coordinates can be one-way depending on aW  Dw  Fw  w    u w
 xw
the size of the Peclet number.
  u x w upwind
w   u w
 2 
 xw 2

4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION 4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION

4.5 False diffusion 4.5 False diffusion

47 48

 The diffusion coefficient in upwind scheme is

equivalent to the diffusion coefficient in central
differencing scheme plus additional term  u2 x  . w

 This additional term is called false diffusion and has

unrealistic implication.
 The effect of false diffusion is significant in case of
multidimensional problems.

Fig. 4.6 Effect of Diffusion on Temperature Distribution, (a) 0. (b) =0

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4.5 False diffusion

49

Fig. 4.7 Effect of False Diffusion on Temperature Distribution, (a) Expected Result
(b) Computational Result
4. MODELING CONVECTION AND DEFUSSION