{iq,

Silr tnTrcdon Rrcord

Transmirslon Projccts Dlvlslon
FormNo.lTRl63EAl1 lSheetNo.1
RecordSl. No. Total
IN$TALIJTION Eouioment Sl. No. Sheets 1
EARTHING SYSTEM FQP ref. No. FQP -
Ereiesi Bay/ Feeder:
1O INSTALLATION
CHECKS

1.1 Checkedburialclepthof earthmat /'

clveY W
1.2 Chcckedellap sf joints

1.3 Ensureduse of properelectrodesfor welcling

1.4 Checkedfor properapplicationof protectivepaint

1.5 Checkedthet incaseof road, trench etc.

bunied pipescrossingthe earthingrod / strip
I , is takenbelorvthe crossing
1.6 Checkeclthat pits are properlyprepared
for electrodes

1.7 Checkedearthingof structure

1.E Chcckedclamping/ supportof earth flats

1.9 Checkedeerthingof ceblesupports

1.1 Checkedearthingof fenceandgates

1.11 Checkecleerthingof alloquipmentstructure

enclsquipmont

1.12 ChGcked
earthingof railtrecks

I 1.13 Checkedearthingrtnginsidebuilding

1.14 Checkedthatalt equipmcnt/ panelsinside

thc buildingareconnectedto carthingring

Remerks:

rsrrvrrrrEru lry fly I Acceprqd by

lvenllclq Recordform
Agency Agency Agency
Name Name Name
Date Dete Date

vr#
v
 ,,fr

Sito Inspcction Ricord

TransmissionProjects Division
FormNo.lTRltrEATl SheetNo. 1
RecordSl. No. Totel
TESTING EquipmentSl. No. Sheets 1
EARTHING SYSTEM FQP ref. No. FQP -
Project: Bev/ Feeder:

1.O G E N E R AlLN S F E C T I O N

1.1 Gheckedtightnessof fasteners

, earthclamps/
conneclors

2.Q EARTHELECTRODE
RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENT

Meesuredand recordedthe earthresistsncevalue

of eachearthelectrodeby earthresistence
Megger

EerthTesterMake: ..............

t Range: ...

SL No. Resista- SL No. Resista- SL No. Resista S L N o . Resiste-

of ncein of ncein of ncein of ncein
pit ohms pit ohms pit ohms Dit ohms

I
3.O FINALDOCUMENTREVIEW

lnspection
recordof Installation
& equipment
testing
chechedfor completnessandapproval

Performedbv Verifiedby Aqqqptedby Record form

Agency Agency Agency Preparedby : pqrE{lt}rt
Name Name Name Checkedby : lr-{a/\-J-
Date Date Date Date :

v*
v8
 [q

TransmissionProjectsDivision Eoc. No. TS - ll - 02

InstallationInstruction Rev 00 Paoe1 of I

EARTHING
SYSTEM

lntroduction

ElectricPovrrer
Systemsare grounded(connected to eerthby meansof earthembeddedelectrodes) for
a numberreasons:
To provideearthconnectionfor the neutrelpointsof transformer, reactor, capacitorbanks, filter
banks& generetors
To providelow resistancepathto the earthingswitchearthedterminals, so as to dischargethe
trappedchargeto egrthpriorto maintainance or repairs
to ensuresafetyof operating staffby limitingvoltagegradientlevelin thesubstation
To stabilisevoltageduringtrensientconditions andtherefore,to rninimisethe probablityof a flash-
overduringtransients
Todessipate lighteningstfokesend so on
t In generala structureis calleclgroundedif it is etectricafly
connectedto earthembec,ded metallicstructures,
The earthembeddedmetallisstructureis termedthe groundingsystemand providesa conductingpath
of electricityto earth.Thepurposeof thissystemis to providea lowimpedanceelectricalsystemend
earth.
ldeally, thepotential of the neutralof thethreephasesystemshouldbe the sameas thatof the earth.lnthls
evertheytouchmetallicstructuresconnecledto the systernneutralsGenerallythe impedanceof the ground-
ing syslemto earthis alwayse finitenumberThuspotential of grounclerl
strscfrrres
mayhecorlerlifferent
thenthepotential at variouspointson eerthduringabnormal operation
Abnormef operation
inclusedhighly
unbalanced operating conditions or faultconditions.Grounding systemsaredesigned suchthatthe possible
structure bodycurrentdoesnotexceedthe limitunderanyadverseconditions consideredwhiledesigning
Classification
of Earthing

Earthingis broadlyclessifiedintofollowingcategoriesdepending
on the requirements
;
ProtectiveEarthing: To carryout workin a switchyardin serviceor withthesystem
outsidein servicewhereit is not sufficientto openand lock
the disconnectorsin question
t systemEarthing: To determinewhichtransformer
neutralpointsin a system
mustbe earthedandthe modeof the transformer
neutralsconnection
to thgEarthgrideitherdirecilyor
via an impedance

w t

, w
 l a l
{ f 1

TE.-'!)
TransmissionProjectsDivision Doc. No. TS . ll .02

Rev 00 Page 2 of I

for Earthing

need for earthingarisesfrom the fact that faultsmay developin electricalequipmentsdue to insulation
failureor leakageto ground and suchconditionslead to the rise of voltageof the sound phase and shock
hazards.lnaddition, the equipmentsmay also be subjectedto high voltagesurgesdue to lighteningsetc.
to prevent damages it is essentialto by - pass these safetyto earth

Underfault conditions, the ftow of currentto earthwill resultin gradientswithinand eround the substation,
alongthe groundsurfaces
maximumgradients underveryedverseconditions
maybe adequate , to enda'
e man walkingthere.Further, dangerouspotentialdifferancesmay sometimesalso exist duringa fault ,
earthedstructuresor equipmentframesandthe nearbyearth.
'
Hazardsarisedue to step potentiel, transferredpolentialend tuoch potential.Themin. fibrillationcurrent'
in the case of human body is estimatedto be arounnd0.1A at 50 Hz The voltageneededto producethis
of contectTheearthing
of thehumanbodypresentundertheconditions
dependson the resistence
system is , therefore , clesignedin such a way that during short circuitsand lighteningthe above mentioned
hazardouspotentialsare eleminated.

$ystem earthingstabilisescircuitpotentialswith respectto ground, protectsman and meterialfrom injury

and damagedue to overvoltagescausedby lighteningsurgesand suchotherreasonslt furtherprovidesa
low resistancepath for fault currentwhich resultsin promptand consistentoperalionof protectiveclevices
duringgroundfault and protectsburriedcablesfrom overallgroundfault currentslt keeps trtaximuffivoltage
ientselongthe surfacesinsideandaroundthesubstation withinsafelimitsduringearthfaultspreventing
to personswalkingor touchingmetallicobjectsnearthe substation.

MethodsOf Earthing

is to makeelementallinesof current
methodsof earthingareavailableand in all cases, the intention
the electrodesso thet low resistance
spreadoverto the earthsurrounding valuesaer obtained:

By meansof earthplates: A copperplateof about1mX 1m in sizeis burriedto a depthof about2m in the

groundandequipments to be earthedareconnected on thesituation, sometimes
to it.Depending several
platesare seperatedby a distanceof about2 to 3 m and ll connectedin parrallel, are alsousedto obtain
lowearthresislance.

By meansof steel : Longpipesverticallydrivenintotheground, eerthemostsuitebleformof

vertically electrodesto obtainlowearthresistance linesof
sincetheelemental
into graval currentcan radiateovergreatervolumeof earthas comperedto a square
or roundplateelectrode.

By meansof horizo- : In thismethodof earthing, theelectrode takestheformof a wieror strip

depth.Horizontal
end burriedin groundto a suitable
ntally laid electrodes laidhorizontally

#I
5D
 (a

TransmissionProjectsDivision Doc. No. TS . ll - 02

Installation Instruction Rev 00 Page 3 of 9

earthing, canbe arrangedin

earthing, alsoknownas counterpoise
contineous andradialcounterpoise.
counterpoise

By meansof ln thistypeof earthing, stripsof suitable and

sizeare laidhorizontally
EarthingMat and interconnectedto forma meshor mat . burriedin lowresistivity
ground, underneath foundations or damsor in runningwater,
of buildings
'
EarthingMst and Eerthingof outctoorsubstation

Earthingmatcoverstheentiresubstation areaexcluding foundationof towers, structures , transformers.

Earthingmat is madeup of Gl stripsof suitablesizeleid horizontally
& interconnected to form a meshor mat
burriedin lowresistivity
ground.The equipment to be earthedcanbedirectlyjoinedto the mat if it is closeby
lotherwisethe equipment is connectedto an earthing buswhichis , in turnjoineclwiththe mat by duplicate
lsizecalledrisers.suitable
testingpointsare provided to checkthe effectiveness of thematat an appropreate
t loistance

important advantage of mat earthingis thatthepotentials withinthe mat underfaultconclitions

developecl
be easilycontrolledby a carefuldesignof earthingsystem, thusmakingtheentiresubstationsafe.
remerkable providesmultiplepathsfor
featureof thisformof earthingis thatit cherecteristically
the feultcurrenlto flowand therefore, incasethereis anybreakor bad connectionin the mat , it doesnot
matter.Thus safetyis assured

Substationearthingis necessary for connectingneutralpointsof transformersandgeneretors to groundand

alsofor connectingnon- currentcarryingmetalpertssuchas structures , overhead shielding
wires , tanks,
framesetc.to earthThefunctionof substation earthingsystemis to providea grounding mat belowground
surfecein and eroundthe substation whichwill haveuniformzeropotentialwith respectto earthandlowest
earthresistanceto ensurethet all non- currentcerryingpartsconnectedto the earthingsystemshallbe
y at zero potentialwithrespectto ground.Thefloor on which the operationand maintainancestaff
shellbe at groundpotentialandduringanyearthfaultin the substation, the potentielof structures
s andothernon- currentcarryingpartsdoesnot riseto unsafevalue.

In any outdoorsubstationof any size , the various supportsand non - current carrying parts of equipmentsi.e.
I subsletionstruclures, shieldingwires or masts , equipmenttanks and trestlesetc to be earthed , are spread
over a largearea and therefore, it becomesessenlielto lay a groundingmat to which earthingstripscoming
down from the various items . are connected.

typical system of a substationcompriesthe following:

Eerthmat (grid)formedby copperor mild steelbarsor cablesplacedin the groundat a depthof 0.5m
plane.The
in a horizontal arewelded.The
crossings gridis meantfor theentiresubstationareaandsometimes
few melersbeyondthe fencing.Theearthingrodsare runalongthe borderof the fencingof the substation

q.A
el
 c\
TransmissionProjectsDivision Doc. No. TS - ll - 0?

InstallationInstruction Rev 00 Paqe 4 of I

Eerthelectrodesdrivenverticallyintotheearthat severallocations.These (spikes)aer

electrodes connected
to theearthmat , lergenumberof eartheleclrodes givelowerearlhresistance.

Earthingrisersare usedfor connectionbetweenlhe structures, equipmentbodiesand the earthingmat.

Thesearenormallyclampecl or weldedor brazed( soldering
is no permitted
)

Earthingstripsbetweenthe transformer
neutralsandmatareusuallyin theformof berecoppercableor strips

$urgeArrestersneedindependent
earthbut thesein turn, ereconnectedto the stationgroundingbus.

It is necesseryandalsostatutory to haveduplicate earthingconnectionsso thateven if oneof them

is broken, the safetyof the substationremainsunaffected.The generalpracticeis to form a ringof the earth-
lingbus,which in turn,isis connected to theearthingelectrodes.ln , if the earthingis laidto a
a big substation
depthof 400to 600mm, it may servees a groundingmat , althoughuseof somepipe/ rod electrodes for
I lutilising
lOood
good earth
,
Practice
conductivity
particularlyin
et
the
depths
vicinity
which
of
are
Surge
notaffected
Arrestersand
by weather
Transformer
conditions
neutral
is considered
earthingpoints ,
to be a
where it
lis necessary that lighteningsurgesshouldbe discharged intoearth.
I
pits are usuallycomposedof 1 - a earthingrodsconnectedtogethervia link to the main eerthgrid.
lThe earthing
lThe rods are coppercled steel rods of 1 - 2 meter length,whichmay be extendedwith other rods by threaded
test links are utilisedfor resislancemeasuremenlbothof the earlh grid and of lhe earlhingpit
lioints,The
lEarthing pits can be added , if needed
II
lSinceverylowearthresistance valueis requiredin a substation , a numberof pipeand rodelectrodes are
in parallelandplacedin suche mannerthattheirareasof influence do not overlap Withthis
lconnected
llayoutandconnecting the electrodesat suitebledepths, saybetween400 & 600mm, the electrode$ can
lbe made to perticipatein dissipating groundcurrentto eerthlikehorizontal counterpoise.
I
I
lln short, theeerthingsystemin e substation usuallytekestheshapeof grounding mat withnecessary or
ladditional grounding except in the caseof small installations.
lt is truethatgroundingpipes / rodsmake litle
lcontribution in lowering earth resistance in a big EHV substation but theseere essentiatfor maintaininglow
lvaluesof resistance underall weatherconditions,This is particularlyimportantwherethe systemearthfault
t lcurrentsareheavy.
I
I
lLayoutof earthingmat
I
I
lLayoutareaof EarthingMat is decidedbasedon thefoundation planof thesubstation lt shouldsurround the
lfence line at a distanceof lm.Withinthe area earmarked , theconductors are laidin parallellines and at
lreasonably uniformspacing.Wherever practicable , theseerelocatedalongrowsof structures or equipments
to facilitateof groundconnections.Some cross- connections aredesirableto provide multiple paths to the
f
lcurrents , speciallyfromtransformer neutrals etc. , but too many represent
a somewhat inefficientusesince
la concluctor is obviouslylesseffectivein en ereaalreadyoccupied by another

S2-
 b\

TrensmissionProjectsDivision Doc. No. TS - ll - 02

Rev 00 Page5 of I

are avoided as far as possiblebecause of the greaterconcentrationof elemental lines of current

ing riseto steeperpoteniielgradients.Where may be addedto
essential, a few extracrossconnections
a closermeshat corners

Laying of EarthingMat

Eerthinglayoutis preparedindicatingthe locationof trenchesend foundationsof equipment.Trenches

are dug
baseis filledwith soft
a cfepthof ebout1m.Thebaseof trenchesis leveledandmadefreefromstone.The
soilfreeog stones.The
soilis rammedandleveled.Earthing spikesaredrivenin the
rodsarelaid.Grounding
.Seperategroundingrocks ere provided near SurgeArresters, Transformerneutrals and Coupling
paint is appliedto
joints are weldedafter properclamping.Bitumen
rods and structurefoundations,The
ioints.Thetrenchesere fifledwiththe eerthcoverevby crushedstoneof 5 to 8cm size.Re$istance
of
EarthingSystemis measured.

Measurement
of EarthingResistance

The resistance
of earthingsystemshouldnot exceedthe followingvalues:

Forsubstations
of 1000V andearthfeultcurrentexceeding
500A, the resistance
shallnotexceed
0.5ohm

For installations
of 1000V butearthfaultlessthan5004 . earthresistanceshallnot exceed125| |
ohms.However , earthresistance
shallnotexceed4 to 6 ohms

Forinstallations
up to 1000V , Fower1000kVA, eerthresistance
shallnotexeccd6 ohms.

resistance of earthsystemis measuredby meansof earthresistance

tester.Theearthresistance
testerhase built- in ohm ' meter, henddrivenDCgeneretor.The rangeselectorswitchhas3 ranges
0 - 1 0 , 0 - 1 0 0a n d0 - 1 0 0 0o h m s

Theaccuracy is around+ - 10 % .Thecurrentflowthroughthematandauxiliary earthconnection.The

voltege
betweentheearthmatandvoltageelectrode is usedfor measurement.The voltagespikeis movedoverelong
distanceandthe meesurement is carriedout at eachstepof about1m (betweenthe earthmet end
auxiliary
earthingconnections).

s the handleof DC generator is driven , the current is flown throughthe earth between the earth mat and the
auxiliary
earthconnection , the voltagebetweentheeerthmetendthevoltageelectrode is sensedby the
coilof ohm- meter.The ohm- metermeasuers V / | whichis e measureof theearthresistance.The
valueR remainsconstantovera longlength(between theearthmatandauxiliaryconnections).This constent
velueis calledearthresistance to theearthmat.Theearthresistivity frommeasured
is calculated valueof the
eerthresistenceby usingthe following expression:
= 9"66 resistance
Earthresistivity / 0.003ohm-cm

s.I
 ht

TransmlssionProiectsDivision Doc. No. TS - ll - 02

Neinfenance of earthing
of the resistence
and inspection oncein 5 years'Theresistance
systemis measured
of earthingsyStemsubjectedto intensive , is measured
corrosion morefrequently

An earthingsystemis alsocheckedfor.continuity andearlhingconnections for goodelectricelcontact'For

erheostatof 500VA withsecondaryvoltage 1?V.Thepoor
thischeckthe system.undertestis fed'through
electricat of a meter- pointer.Arcing
by oscillations
contector lackof currentis indicated or heatingtakes
test
at pointsof pooretectricalcontact.Portable setsare used for checking earthingsystemwithout
sturbingservicescontinuitY.

of EarthResistivitY
Measurement

for substations
of earthresistivity
ln theevaluation stations, atleasteighttestdirections
andgenerating shall
chosenfrom the centre of the stationto cover the whole site ThiE number shall be increasedfor very large
sitesas the testresultsobtainedat variouslocationsshowa significantdifference' indicating
I ariationsin soitformation.

Wenner's four electrodemethod is usedfor measureffient.ln this method , foru electrodesare driveninto the
earlh atonga streighttine at equal intervalsA currentI is passedthroughthe two outer electrodesend the
earth voltage differenceV , observedbetweenthe two inner electrodes.Thecurrent I flowing into the earth
an etectricfield proportionalto its densityand to ihe resistivityof the soil The voltageV measured
betweenthe inner electrqdesis , therefore,proportionalto lhe fielclColrseqrtently , llre resislivilyis
proportional Consequently
to the fielct , the resistivity
is proportionalto the ratto of the voltegeto current-

t the selectedtest site in the shosendirection, four electrodesere driven into the earth along a straightline
at equelintervalsThe depth of the electrodesin the groundshallbe of the order of 10 to 15 cm.Themegger
is plaCedon a steadyend epproximalelevel base , the betweenterminalsP1 and Cl openedand the four
to the instrument
connected terminals.The aretakenwhileturningthe crankat about
readings
135rev/ min.

EarthingElectrode

of the principleof eerthingdemandsratherstringent charecteristics to be

of the electrocles
t Eachapplication
usedfor mekingearihconnection.lt is measuredthatthe to
resistance earthof the
will
electrode
be
to
complied
be used
with.By
is
lowenoughtoperformits dutiesefficiently, mostof the requiredcharecteristics
resistancetoearthis meantthe resistance betweenthe metalof the electrodein questionend the general
of earth i. e, between the specificelectrodeand the imaginaryelectrodeof zero resistanceplaced at
infinity.

Thefollowingfactorsinfluencetheresistance of an electrode of electrodes

or combination
(a)thecomposition of soilin the immediate vicinity
(b)thetemPerature of thesoil
(c)the sizeandslopenumberendspacingof electrodes and
(d)the dePthof the electrode'

5'
 e1
TransmissionProjectsDivision Doc. Ho. TS - ll - 02

InstallationInstruction Rev 00 Peoe 7 of9

of EarthElectrocleResistance
Measurement

i) Fallof potentialmethod: In this methocl, two auxiliaryearthelectrodes, besidesthe test electrode, are
placedat suitabledistancesfrom the testelectrode.A measuredcurrentis passedbetweenthe electrodeA to
be testedandan auxiliarycurrentelectrodeC andthe potefltialdifferencebetweenthe electrodeA and the
auxiliarypotentialelectrodeB is measured.The resistenceof the electrodeA is givenby :

R=V/l Where R = resistanceof the test electrode. in ohms

V = readingof the voltmeter, in volts
I = readingof the ammeter, in amperes

lAt the time of test , wherepossible, the test electrodeshatlbe seperated fromthe earthingsystem.The
lauxiliary electrodes usuallyconsist
of 12.5mm diemeter mild steel
rod driven up to 1 m intothe ground.All
the
Itest electrodes and the electrodes
current shallbe so placed thattheyare independent of the resistance
area
I lof eachother.lfthe testelectrodeis in the form of a pipe, rodor plete, the auxiliarycurrentelectrodeshatl
placedet leest30 m awayfrom it andthe auxiliarypotentialelectrodeB midwaybetweenthem
lbe
I
I

lii) Alternativemethod : The ebovg methoctmay not give satisfactoryresuttsif the electrode is of very low
(one ohm or less).Thisappliesparticularly, while measuringthe combinedresistenceof large
limFedance
linstallations.lnthesecases , the followingmethodmay be adopted
l
I
g0
lTwosuitabledirections, atleast degreesapart, are firstsetectect The potentialleadis laid in onedirection
an electrode is placed 150 to 300 m from fence.The current teadis takenin theotherdirection andthe
land
lcurrentelectrodelocated at the seme distance as the potential electrode.Areading is takenunder this
lcondition.Thecurrentelectrodeis thenmoved outin 30 m stepsuntilthesemereadingis obteinedlor three
lconsecutive locations.The current electrode is then left in ihe lastforegoinpositionand the potentialelectrode
lis moved out in 30 m steps untilthree conseculive readings areobtained withouta changeinvalue.The last
freading then conesponds to the value at eerth resistance.

Eerthingof $teel Structures

Gentrysleelworkand highvoltageequipmentsupportsare earthedby connectingatleastone ofthelegsto

t thegridby meansof earthstrip.Structuresstanding
eachfoundation
on morethanonefoundation havean earthconnectionat
if theearthfaultcurrentpaththroughthe steelis greeterthan10 m.Earthstrips clamped
on to the structureat every0.75m.

Earthing
of transformer
and HighVoltageapparatus

PowerTransformerneutrelsare directlyconnected
to theearthgridby duplicate
condctors
eachdimensioned
for themaximumfaultcurrent.Theearthwirefromthe transformertenkshallbe connected
direcilyto the grid.

Highvoltageequipment
is normallyearthedvie steelstructures beingitemsof equipment
exceptions with

9l
 / q
t.F

TrensmissionProjectsDivision Doc.No. TS - ll .02

Installation Instruction Rev 00 Faoe I of I

neutreloulletsurgediveriersand potentiel
lransformers
, whichareearthedseperately.Alsoseperately
eerthedareearthingswitchesandseperately mountedoperatingmechanisms as wellas terminalboxesfor
cables.

Earthingof SurgeArrester

Forovervoltage protection of highvoltageequipment, SurgeArresters SurgeArresters

ere used.These have
provedto be veryeffectivein protectionof Transformer SurgeArrestergrounding
stations.The conductor
shouldbe connectedto the commonstetionearthingsystemandshouldbe as straight& shortas possible,
connectionto the earthgridbeinges directas possible.lt earthedas it thenmay
shouldneverbe seperately
cancelthe protectionof the Transformer.

lEarthingof fencing
t I

Ithe fencingfor outdooryardshouldbe atleast2.8m highandshouldcoverthe entireswitchyard.A grounding

lrod or barecable is runparatlel
to the fenceat a distance
of about
1 m andat e depthof 0.5 m andeachpost
lof the fenceis connectedto thisgrounding rod.
I
earthscreen
lOverheaO
I can ceusedamageby directand surgecomilrgin over ex;xrserllr()w()r
lLightening lirrcsSrrrgcrrraybc lhe
lresult of direct strokes to the line some distanceawayor they may be electrostatically inducedvoltages
due to directstrokecen be minimisedby providinga directpath of low resistanceto earth.Lightning
lDamages
prevented, it can only be interceptedor diverted to a peth which . if well designedand constructed,
lcan not
resultin demages.Complete
I witl not protectioncan be providedby enclosngthe object in a completemetal
lor metal mesh encapsuletion
I
I
lThe switchyard can be protectecl fromdirectstrokesby earthwiresor by lighteningrodson the portalsfor the
lbusbars end overhead lines.The purpose of the overheacl eerthwireis to interceptlighteningstrokeswhich
lwould otheruise strike the live line and to conduct such chargesto earth, throughthetransmission line
I toarersor specialearthleadsand earthinginstallations in the caseof wooden- polelines.
I
t I
lTheearthwiresere normallyerectedoverthe liveconductors
carrying
andmusthevesufficentclearance fromthese
lload conductors to avoid the danger of flashover before the stroke is conducted toearth.lnthe ceseof
- towerlinesthe steeltowerthemselvesmusthavea sufficienilylowresistance to avoid the excessive
lsteel
lbuildup of voltageduringthe discharge to earth, so thetthedangerof ftashover eccrossthe lineinsulation
Ito the liveconductors i$ eleminated.The earth wire or lightening rods should be connected by adequate down
lconductor to eerth.ltis necessary thatthe down conductor shoutd not inctude any high - resistance or high-
lreectance portionsor connections andshouldpresentthepossible impedence to earth.There shouldbe no
bendsor loopssinceshorpbendsor loopsincrease the reactance of the conductor thereby increasing
lshorR
Ithefaultcurrentdueto veryhighfrequency of thesurgefront,

,P *
 a

(4*-'
Trrntrnlselon Profrct Dlvl*lon Iloc,1{o. T8.ll - 02

lnsilrllston lnsilruction Rev0O PasaIsf9

An certh wlllprwidc edequateprotectionto any contluc,tor lyingbcfw a quailer circledrewnwith its cantrt ct
thc hoightof thc earthwirr srrcle rndusequalto the heightof thc 6erthwirs abort the ground.lftws mort
eerth wirur erc ussd , the vulnerable aree betweenthc two carth wires may betrken es e scmiclrcls hatrlng
ar its dismGtcrs linc connectingthe twp eartirwircs.lnactusl fect the protec'tedarea tends to b€ gtester
for very intanscstrokessnd srraller for less intensestrckc$.

Thc aborrcsssumesthe resistsnct to eErthsf the earthwirt to be low.lf thc resistancels not lw enoughe
,vcr! high potentislwillappearon the earthwire and steelmEstwhonE surgcis boingcondwtcd to csrth.This
ItrtgtrpotGrrtlalmay last long anoughto flsshorrir to the conductorsresultingfurthcr damage.Ata generelrulc
Itnc ruli*sncc to earthof any towcr or earthingleedrhouldbc leesthan 0.2 ohm for e*h ltilovoltof r.m.s.
llnc - to - linc voltage.

errth wiru strieldingsystcm is generallyfoundto bc of considerablylowcrheightcomparsdwith a med

I $ystGm.shleltling of thc attachedorrerheadlinesby m6en*of an overheadgroundcdconductor
somakilometersout from the station, is acceptedprac'ticG.This resultsdirwt droket on this
gactionof thc line end reduccs the duty of the stetion$urgc anssters.

protec'tionof switdfyardelso includesthe prot;c{ionof stetionoguipmentby meansof Surge

ThsscAffcstemare requiredto be pleccdclo€cto thc principalequipmentwttichthcy Bre
ffpccielly trsnsformsrs.

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Trenemlsslon Profects Divleion
FormNo.|TR101GNR11 lSheetNo.1
RecordSl. No. lTotel
RECEIPT ANDSTORAGE Shects l
EARTHING SYSTEM FQP ref. No. FCIP-
Project: Bav/ Feecler:

1.O REGEIPT

1.1 Receivinginspection

All itemsare receivsdwith respectto the follorrring

OeliveryChallans
DeliveryGhallanNos.

1.2 MsualExamination

$hortagesand darnagescheckedw.r.t.PackingList

No shortagesand damages
I i

Yes, shortegesand damagesare there &

t'lDR initic*ecl .
1.3 Proper
storege W

All item$are storedproperty

$pccial instructionfrom Manufacturer

regarding$toragefollowed

Notapplicable

Acceptablc,instructionNo$.

t Remarks:

Performedby Verified by Acceptedby Record form

Agcncy Agency Agency Preparedby : fririF{1qt"t
Name Name Name checkedoy: |4'ALU
Date Dete Dete Deto :

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l/6