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Very Short Answer Questions A. n ∝ 1/u or nu = constant

(2 Marks) 12. Name three physical quantities which are dimensionless?
1. Mention significant figures in the following? A. i) strain ii) angle
i) 5.45s ii) 2.6×1032 kg iii) relative density
A. i) The number of significant figures in 5.45s are three (5, 4 and 5) 13. What is the dimensional formula for a quantity having units
ii)The number of significant figures in 2.62×1032 kg are two (2 and calorie/gm?
6). calorie energy ML2T −2
A. = = = L2T −2
2. The circumference of the earth at the equator is 40,067 km. gm mass M
Express this in meters in powers of 10 rounding off to three
∴ Dimensional formula is M0L2T–2
significant figures?
14. Give two examples of physical constants having both units and
A. 40067 km = 40067000m
dimensions?
= 4.0067×107m = 4.01×107m

I
A. i) Gravitational constant
(Rounding off to 3 significant figures) ii) Planck's constant
3. If x = 20, what is the approximate value of x2 - 1 ? 15. The velocity of a particle 'V' depends upon 't' as V = A + Bt.

A. Since x>>1,

4.
x 2 − 1 = 20
x 2 − 1 = x2 = x
∴ The approximate value of

The resistance R1 = (150±4) ohm and R2 = (250±2) ohm are

connected in series. What is the equivalent resistance?
H What is the dimensional formula for Bt?
A. The dimensional formula for Bt is same as V, according to the
'Principle of Homogeneity of Dimensions'.
Dimensional formula for Bt is LT–1
∴ B = LT–1/T = LT–2
Hence, Dimensional formula of B is M0LT–2
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16. What will be the new unit of force when units length, mass and
A. Equivalent resistance R = time are doubled?
R1 + R2 = (150±4) + (250±2) = (150+250) + (±4 ±2) A. force = ML/T2 ;
= (400±6) ohm
2 M × 2 L ML
5. What is the maximum permissible error in the length New unit =
2T × 2T T2
measurement using a millimeter scale?
∴ There is no change in the original unit.
K
A. 0.1 cm or 1mm
6. In measuring a length of 60 cm with a meter scale graduated in 17. What is the dimension of L in dimensional formula of surface
millimeter, the maximum possible error is 1 mm. Find the tension?
percentage error? A. Surface tension =
A. The relative possible error = ∆L/L force MLT −2
= = ML0T −2
= 0.1 cm/60cm = 0.0016 length L
The percentage error =
A

∴ Dimension of L in surface tension is zero

Relative error × 100
18. Which physical quantity has unit (centimeter)–1?
= 0.0016 × 100 = 0.16%
A. Wave number; since wave number = 1/λ where λ is wavelength.
Which should be rounded off to the first significant figure. Hence,
19. If Energy E, and Volume V are fundamental quantities, which
the percentage of error in the measurement of the length = 0.2%
7. What are random errors? Give an example. physical quantity has the dimensional formula of EV–1?
A. The errors whose origin is unpredictable are called 'random errors'. A. Pressure;
S

eg: Errors due to sudden changes in temperature, pressure etc. Energy Force × length
= = Pr essure
8. How is the final result expressed after determining standard Volume Area ×length
deviation? 20. The surface tension of water is 70 dynes/cm.
A. True value ± standard deviation Express it in SI?
9. What should be the number of significant figures in the dynes 70 × 10 −5 N
estimation of an error in any measurement? A. 70 = = 70 × 10 −2 = 0.07 Nm −1
cm 1 × 10 −3 m
A. The term error as applied to any measurement is a measure of 21. What is the dimensional formula for universal gas constant?
'degree of uncertainty' in the measurement. The error is only an A. According to gas equation PV = RT
estimate and hence should be made only to the first significant ∴ Universal gas constant R = PV/T
figure. The units for PV are the units of work whose dimensional formula is
10. What types of errors cannot be minimised by repeating the ML2T–2
measurement over a large number of times?
ML2T −2
A. Systematic and personal errors. R= = ML2T −2 K −1
11. How the size (u) of the unit of a physical quantity and its K
numerical magnitude (n) are related to each other? 22. If force F, velocity V, and time T are chosen as base units, what is
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the dimensional formula for mass?
[a ] =  ML−1T −2  L3 
2
= ML5 T −2 
A. Force = mass × acceleration
= mass × velocity/time [b] = [L3]
V F ×T The dimensions of a are 1, 5, –2
F = M × or M =
T V dimension of b are 3, 0, 0
Thus dimensional formula for mass (here) is FTV–1 5. Derive an equation for the period of oscillation of a simple
pendulum by dimensional method.
23. For what physical quantity is the Pascal unit? What is it equal to? A. Let the period of oscillation of a simple pendulum t depend on mass
A. Pressure ; 1 Pascal = 1 Nm–2 (m) of the bob, length (l) of the pendulum and g acceleration due to
gravity at the place.
24. The density of oil is 0.8 gm cm–3. Express the density in SI. Let t ∝ ma lb gc (or) t = Kma lb gc...(i)
A. 1 gm cm–3 = 103 kg m–3 Where K is a dimensionless constant and a, b, c are dimensions.
Dimensional formula for t is [T]; for l is [L]
∴ 0.8 gm cm–3 = 0.8 ×103
for m is [M]; for K is nil and dimensional formula for g is [LT–2]
= 800 kg m–3
substituting these in equation (i)
25. What is the 'Principle of Homogeneity of Dimensions'? [T] = [M]a [L]b [LT–2]c
A. This principle states that the dimensions of each term on the two or [M0L0T1] = [M]a [L]b+c [T]–2c
sides of an equation must be the same. According to the principle of homogeneity of dimensions, the

I
powers of M, L, T on both sides should be same.
∴ a = 0, b+c = 0 and –2c = 1
II. Short Answer Questions 1 1
∴ c = − , b = −c =

H
(Each Question Carries 4 Marks) 2 2
Substituting the values of a, b, c in equation (i)
1. What is the advantage in choosing wavelength of light radiation as
l
a standard of length? t = Km° l 1/2 g1/2 = K
g
A. The wavelength of orange radiation emitted by atoms of Krypton-
86 (Kr86) in an electrical discharge is taken as a standard for The value of K is found experimentally = 2π
measurement of length because.
i) Kr86 can be obtained in pure form easily and cheaply.
ii) The particular wavelength chosen is clearly defined.
S
iii) More precision and accuracy in measuring smaller lengths.
iv) All atoms of Kr86 are identical and emit light of same
wavelength under given conditions.
and thus t = 2π
l
g
6. Derive a relation for kinetic energy of a body by dimensional
method.
A. Kinetic energy of a body depends on m, the mass of the body and
K
V its velocity.
Let kinetic energy (K.E) ∝ maVb or K.E = KmaVb....(i)
2. What are the advantages of SI units?
Where K is a proportionality constant and a, b are dimensions.
A. Advantages of SI units are that it is 'Comprehensive', 'Coherent'
Dimensional formula for K.E =
and 'Rational'.
ML2T–2 ; for V = LT–1
It is 'comprehensive' because that its seven fundamental units cover
Dimensional formula for m = M ;
all disciplines of science and engineering ie., mechanical, electrical,
for K – nil.
A

thermodynamic and optical units.

Substituting the above in equation(i)
It is 'coherent' because all the derived units are obtained by
multiplication or division from a certain set of basic units, known as ML2T–2 = [M]a [LT–1]b or M1L2T–2
fundamental units. For example, the unit of area meter2 (m2) is = [M]a [L]b [T]–b
obtained when a unit of length (m) is multiplied by another unit of According to the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
length (m). a = 1, b = 2
Substituting the values of a, b in equation (i) K.E = KmV2
S

The unit of velocity ms–1 results when the unit of length (m) is
divided by unit of time (s). The coherent unit of velocity is the meter
per second (ms–1) and not kilometer per hour. (Km hr–1).
SI is 'rational' because it has absorbed in itself the Rationalised
M.K.S Ampere System (RMKSA System) devised by prof. Giorgi for
use in electro-technical sciences.
3. What are 'dimensional formula' and 'dimensions' of a physical
quantity? What are the uses of a dimensional formula?
A. Dimensional formula of a physical quantity is an expression
showing its relation to the fundamental units.
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the
fundamental units are raised to obtain the unit of the derived quantity.
The uses of dimensional formula are
i) to convert one system of units into another
ii) to check the correctness of a physical formula
iii) to derive possible relationship between different physical
quantities.
4. In the gas equation (P + a/V2) (V–b) = RT what are the dimensions
of the constants a and b?
A. From the equation it is clear that dimensions of a/V2 should be that
of pressure while dimensions of b, that of volume.
 a  −1 −2
V 2  =  ML T 
The value of K is found to be 1/2 from experiment.
1
∴ K .E. = mV 2
2
7. What are the limitations of 'Dimensional Analysis'?
A. Dimensional method is a very convenient and simple method of
arriving at a physical formula. But suffers from the following
limitations.
i) The value of the dimensionless constant K in the equation can not
be found by dimensional analysis. It has to be determined
experimentally.
ii) In deriving a physical formula this method is used only when the
physical quantity varies as the product of other quantities and if it
is sum or difference of two quantities, the method fails. For
example , the expression.
S = ut + 1/2 at2 can not be derived by dimensional method.
iii) The equations containing the trignometrical terms sinθ, cosθ
etc., exponential and log n etc.
iv) The method fails to derive the exact form of a physical relation
which depends on three fundamental quantities ie., length, mass
and time.

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