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I
A. i) Gravitational constant
(Rounding off to 3 significant figures) ii) Planck's constant
3. If x = 20, what is the approximate value of x2 - 1 ? 15. The velocity of a particle 'V' depends upon 't' as V = A + Bt.
A. Since x>>1,
4.
x 2 − 1 = 20
x 2 − 1 = x2 = x
∴ The approximate value of
eg: Errors due to sudden changes in temperature, pressure etc. Energy Force × length
= = Pr essure
8. How is the final result expressed after determining standard Volume Area ×length
deviation? 20. The surface tension of water is 70 dynes/cm.
A. True value ± standard deviation Express it in SI?
9. What should be the number of significant figures in the dynes 70 × 10 −5 N
estimation of an error in any measurement? A. 70 = = 70 × 10 −2 = 0.07 Nm −1
cm 1 × 10 −3 m
A. The term error as applied to any measurement is a measure of 21. What is the dimensional formula for universal gas constant?
'degree of uncertainty' in the measurement. The error is only an A. According to gas equation PV = RT
estimate and hence should be made only to the first significant ∴ Universal gas constant R = PV/T
figure. The units for PV are the units of work whose dimensional formula is
10. What types of errors cannot be minimised by repeating the ML2T–2
measurement over a large number of times?
ML2T −2
A. Systematic and personal errors. R= = ML2T −2 K −1
11. How the size (u) of the unit of a physical quantity and its K
numerical magnitude (n) are related to each other? 22. If force F, velocity V, and time T are chosen as base units, what is
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the dimensional formula for mass?
[a ] = ML−1T −2 L3
2
= ML5 T −2
A. Force = mass × acceleration
= mass × velocity/time [b] = [L3]
V F ×T The dimensions of a are 1, 5, –2
F = M × or M =
T V dimension of b are 3, 0, 0
Thus dimensional formula for mass (here) is FTV–1 5. Derive an equation for the period of oscillation of a simple
pendulum by dimensional method.
23. For what physical quantity is the Pascal unit? What is it equal to? A. Let the period of oscillation of a simple pendulum t depend on mass
A. Pressure ; 1 Pascal = 1 Nm–2 (m) of the bob, length (l) of the pendulum and g acceleration due to
gravity at the place.
24. The density of oil is 0.8 gm cm–3. Express the density in SI. Let t ∝ ma lb gc (or) t = Kma lb gc...(i)
A. 1 gm cm–3 = 103 kg m–3 Where K is a dimensionless constant and a, b, c are dimensions.
Dimensional formula for t is [T]; for l is [L]
∴ 0.8 gm cm–3 = 0.8 ×103
for m is [M]; for K is nil and dimensional formula for g is [LT–2]
= 800 kg m–3
substituting these in equation (i)
25. What is the 'Principle of Homogeneity of Dimensions'? [T] = [M]a [L]b [LT–2]c
A. This principle states that the dimensions of each term on the two or [M0L0T1] = [M]a [L]b+c [T]–2c
sides of an equation must be the same. According to the principle of homogeneity of dimensions, the
I
powers of M, L, T on both sides should be same.
∴ a = 0, b+c = 0 and –2c = 1
II. Short Answer Questions 1 1
∴ c = − , b = −c =
H
(Each Question Carries 4 Marks) 2 2
Substituting the values of a, b, c in equation (i)
1. What is the advantage in choosing wavelength of light radiation as
l
a standard of length? t = Km° l 1/2 g1/2 = K
g
A. The wavelength of orange radiation emitted by atoms of Krypton-
86 (Kr86) in an electrical discharge is taken as a standard for The value of K is found experimentally = 2π
measurement of length because.
i) Kr86 can be obtained in pure form easily and cheaply.
ii) The particular wavelength chosen is clearly defined.
S
iii) More precision and accuracy in measuring smaller lengths.
iv) All atoms of Kr86 are identical and emit light of same
wavelength under given conditions.
and thus t = 2π
l
g
6. Derive a relation for kinetic energy of a body by dimensional
method.
A. Kinetic energy of a body depends on m, the mass of the body and
K
V its velocity.
Let kinetic energy (K.E) ∝ maVb or K.E = KmaVb....(i)
2. What are the advantages of SI units?
Where K is a proportionality constant and a, b are dimensions.
A. Advantages of SI units are that it is 'Comprehensive', 'Coherent'
Dimensional formula for K.E =
and 'Rational'.
ML2T–2 ; for V = LT–1
It is 'comprehensive' because that its seven fundamental units cover
Dimensional formula for m = M ;
all disciplines of science and engineering ie., mechanical, electrical,
for K – nil.
A
The unit of velocity ms–1 results when the unit of length (m) is
divided by unit of time (s). The coherent unit of velocity is the meter The value of K is found to be 1/2 from experiment.
per second (ms–1) and not kilometer per hour. (Km hr–1). 1
∴ K .E. = mV 2
SI is 'rational' because it has absorbed in itself the Rationalised 2
M.K.S Ampere System (RMKSA System) devised by prof. Giorgi for 7. What are the limitations of 'Dimensional Analysis'?
use in electro-technical sciences. A. Dimensional method is a very convenient and simple method of
arriving at a physical formula. But suffers from the following
3. What are 'dimensional formula' and 'dimensions' of a physical limitations.
quantity? What are the uses of a dimensional formula? i) The value of the dimensionless constant K in the equation can not
A. Dimensional formula of a physical quantity is an expression be found by dimensional analysis. It has to be determined
showing its relation to the fundamental units. experimentally.
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the ii) In deriving a physical formula this method is used only when the
fundamental units are raised to obtain the unit of the derived quantity. physical quantity varies as the product of other quantities and if it
The uses of dimensional formula are is sum or difference of two quantities, the method fails. For
i) to convert one system of units into another example , the expression.
ii) to check the correctness of a physical formula
S = ut + 1/2 at2 can not be derived by dimensional method.
iii) to derive possible relationship between different physical
iii) The equations containing the trignometrical terms sinθ, cosθ
quantities.
etc., exponential and log n etc.
iv) The method fails to derive the exact form of a physical relation
4. In the gas equation (P + a/V2) (V–b) = RT what are the dimensions which depends on three fundamental quantities ie., length, mass
of the constants a and b? and time.
A. From the equation it is clear that dimensions of a/V2 should be that
of pressure while dimensions of b, that of volume.
a −1 −2
V 2 = ML T
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