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International Journal of Engineering Science xxx (2008) xxx–xxx
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International Journal of Engineering Science

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Representation for stress from a stressed reference configuration q

U. Saravanan*
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: There are several problems wherein it would be convenient to have representations for the
Received 18 March 2008 stress from a stressed configuration as reference. We assume that the body undergoes
Accepted 19 April 2008 finite elastic deformations (i.e., non-dissipative processes) from a stressed reference config-
Available online xxxx
uration but it is possible that a dissipative (inelastic) process could be the cause for the ori-
gin of the stresses in the reference configuration. We restrict ourselves to determining the
representation for the stress in a body, from a stressed reference configuration, whose sym-
Keywords:
metry group in the stress free configuration (that is accessible from the stressed reference
Representation
Stressed reference configuration
configuration) coincides with the full orthogonal group. We also find restrictions on the
Residual stress constitutive relation so that we have a model that exhibits physically acceptable response
Prestress characteristics.
Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Stress free configurations of bodies have enjoyed a very special status in the development of representations for the stress
in solids, in view of the simplification that they accord in the representation for the stress and hence the associated initial-
boundary value problems. However, such representations are not of much use when one is concerned with deformations
from configurations that are in a stressed state, especially when it may not be possible based on practical considerations
to attain a stress free configuration by unloading from the stressed state. Such a predicament confronts an experimentalist
interested in characterizing the properties of biological material or one involved in determining the properties of a body that
has undergone inelastic (dissipative) response. For example, while evaluating the rupture potential of an aneurysm or the
damage to the heart due to myocardial infarction, all that is available to a physician is the deformation of the body from
a stressed configuration and decisions have to be made from this data alone. In these cases, having a representation for
the stress from a stressed reference configuration would prove useful.
In many instances, when a given body undergoes a microstructural change due to an inhomogeneous deformation, the
body, in general, cannot be subsequently placed in a stress free1 state in an Euclidean space. Examples of such instances
abound: metallic and polymeric bodies that have been subject to inelastic processes, bodies that have twinned or undergone
phase transitions. The scission and reformation of networks in multi-network polymers also leads to reference configuration
that are not stress free (see [1–3]). Biological bodies, like blood vessels and the heart muscle, are subject to processes that also
undergo changes in their microstructure that makes it impossible for them to attain a stress free configuration in an Euclidean
space; these microstructural changes are not due to the deformations the body is subject to; it could be due to growth or remod-
eling (see [4–6]).
I
The author acknowledges the discussions with Prof. K.R. Rajagopal which helped to improve this manuscript.
* Tel.: +91 44 22574314; fax: +91 44 22574252.
E-mail address: saran@iitm.ac.in
1
It is important to recognize that a body in a configuration in which it is free of boundary traction is not necessarily stress free, a simple example is the
configuration corresponding to an everted hemisphere, which before eversion was stress free.
0020-7225/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijengsci.2008.04.002
Please cite this article in press as: U. Saravanan, Representation for stress from a stressed reference configuration, Int. J. Eng.
Sci. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.ijengsci.2008.04.002
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2 U. Saravanan / International Journal of Engineering Science xxx (2008) xxx–xxx
Also, from a pragmatic standpoint, one can make a rather compelling case for the need of developing constitutive repre-
sentations from a stressed reference configuration, even when there are no mismatches in the body’s microstructure. Due to
ever present gravity, a body can never be stress free. Therefore, almost all experiments that are performed to infer the
mechanical response of a body use a configuration that is not stress free. The rationale for neglecting these stresses, on
numerous occasions, while studying the mechanical response in traditional engineering applications is the assumption that
the magnitude of these stresses is negligible in comparison to the stresses due to the applied surface traction.
We shall call a configuration which supports a non-zero stress field in a configuration free of boundary traction, which we
shall use as a reference configuration, a prestressed reference configuration and a body in such a configuration is referred to
as a prestressed body. It is common in the literature to refer to such stresses as residual stresses and the body as a residually
stressed body. However, as the terminology makes clear, the residual stresses are a consequence of a body being subjected to
some process, the stresses in question being present at the end of the process. This residually stressed configuration of the
body is the initial (reference) configuration for our study and we shall hence refer to the body as a prestressed body and to
the stresses in such a body, prestresses (or refer to the configuration as a stressed reference configuration). The same body
could have been in a configuration in which it was free of stress while free of boundary traction; it not being so could be a
consequence of some prior dissipative(inelastic) process. That is, we need to distinguish between the abstract body and the
configuration that the abstract body takes in a three dimensional space. Here we are not concerned about the process that
has resulted in the development of these stresses in a configuration that is free of boundary traction2 and hence we find it
appropriate to call them as prestresses (see Withers and Bhadesia [7] for a survey of some causes for prestresses in bodies). It is
important to recognize that the prestresses usually arise due to incompatible deformations of different parts of the body. Our
aim is to obtain a representation for the stress for a body undergoing finite elastic deformation from a stressed reference con-
figuration, irrespective of the origin of the stresses in the reference configuration.
According to Love [8], Cauchy was amongst the first to consider the response of the body from a stressed reference con-
figuration within the context of infinitesimal strains superposed on finite deformation, from a molecular perspective.
Numerous alternative derivations of the same equations within the framework of continuum mechanics are available (see
for example, [9–12]). However, here our aim is to obtain constitutive representations for finite deformations from a stressed
reference configuration for compressible materials. The problem for incompressible materials has been studied by Johnson
and Hoger [13] and Hoger [14] who seek to invert the constitutive relation between the stress and the left Cauchy Green
stretch tensor, from a stress free reference configuration using an approach advocated by Reiner [15]. But these authors
do not discuss the conditions that are sufficient or necessary to justify their formal steps. For example, when the algebraic
multiplicity of the eigen values of the left Cauchy Green stretch tensor, is two or three, the relationship between the stress
and the left Cauchy Green stretch tensor is not necessarily one to one, thus requiring special attention. That this is so for
incompressible bodies is well known (see [16–21]). Saravanan et al. [22] shows that this is the case in compressible materials
too.
Therefore, here we use a semi-inverse method to invert the standard constitutive representation for stress in an isotropic
body to obtain3
B ¼ d0 1 þ d1 T þ d2 T2 ; ð1Þ
where di are functions of the invariants of B. We identify the necessary conditions for this to be possible and find that the
E-inequalities (see Section 2 for details) are sufficient for the constitutive relation to be invertible, within the context of
our assumptions. Though, the sufficient condition that we find is the same as that obtained by Truesdell and Moon [23],
the necessary condition that we have obtained is weaker than theirs, in the sense that the E-inequalities could be violated
when the deformation is such that the gradient of the deformation is a spherical tensor.
We further identify six nonlinear equations that the three invariants of B have to satisfy. In fact, these six nonlinear equa-
tions depend on the principal invariants of the stress and material parameters apart from the invariants of left Cauchy Green
stretch tensor. We find that these six equations will be self consistent4 only for certain classes of constitutive relations. On the
other hand, the formal steps leading to the desired representation holds even when the above system of equations has more
than one solution, except that now there is not one representation but a set of them.
One of the assumptions to obtain Eq. (1) is that, there exist a non-dissipative process that takes each and every material
point along with its neighborhood from the present stressed configuration to a stress free configuration. This does not mean
that there were no dissipative process during the past history of the body. This is illustrated in Fig. 1 for the case in which the
entire body has a stress free configuration attainable through a non-dissipative process. For example, consider a homoge-
neous body subjected to uniaxial stress from a stress free state. Then, a typical plot of uniaxial stress r, versus stretch ratio
k, along the direction of applied stress is shown in Fig. 1b. The part of the curve, represented by OA, corresponds to a non-
dissipative or elastic response from the stress free configuration, K n . Then, on continuing to stress the homogeneous body it
undergoes inelastic deformation, i.e., the response becomes dissipative in the region AB. Subsequently, on unloading the
body it traces the part of the curve denoted by BE which corresponds to a non-dissipative response. Now, when the body
2
Here we take cognizance of the fact that this configuration is not stress free.
3
For a discussion of the notation see the next section.
4
If an appropriate choice of the three invariants of B results in all the six equations being satisfied, for any value of principal invariants of stress, then we call
the equations to be self consistent.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
U. Saravanan / International Journal of Engineering Science xxx (2008) xxx–xxx 3
a Stress free reference

configuration
Ksf (B)
Non -dissipative
process
Stressed reference
Configuration at
time ‘t’
configuration
K R ( B) =
Kto ( B) Kt (B)
Non -dissipative
process
Dissipative
process
Kn (B)
Stress free
configuration
B
σ A
C Kt (B)
D K R ( B) = Kto ( B)
O E
Kn (B) K sf (B) λ
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of the various configurations used. (b) One dimensional elastic–plastic response of the body.
is in some configuration, say K t and we have access only to the configuration, K R ð¼ K t0 ) to be used as reference, then B in (1)
is related to the deformation gradient associated with the mapping from K sf to K t0 and not K n to K t0 .
We assume that there is a explicit relationship between the Cauchy stress and left Cauchy–Green stretch tensor. To elab-
orate, consider a thick walled annular right circular cylinder made up of a material whose elastic response on unloading after
plastic deformation changes from that of the virgin material and moreover let the response depend on the extent of plastic
deformation. Now, let us say that we inflate this annular cylinder to such an extent that the non-uniform hoop stresses
across the entire section of the body is just above the elastic limit. Then, say we depressurize the annular cylinder. Since,
different points along the radial direction experience different stresses and hence undergo different amount of plastic defor-
mation, their subsequent elastic response would also be different. This feature cannot be captured in the present framework.
One may think that by making the constitutive relation between the Cauchy stress and left Cauchy–Green stretch tensor de-
pend on some (scalar) parameter related to a metric of the amount of plastic deformation the problem can be overcome. But
it should be realized that this is a special case of an implicit relationship between the Cauchy stress and left Cauchy–Green
stretch tensor (see Rajagopal [24] for a discussion of implicit elastic constitutive theories).
Many practical models for prestressed bodies, within the context of linearized elasticity, appeal to the superposition prin-
ciple. They simply get an estimate of the prestresses and superpose them on to the stresses developed due to the ‘‘service
loads” on the body to get the total stress in the body. An estimate of the prestresses is obtained experimentally or by modeling
the process that causes the development of the misfits and hence the prestresses (see Dennis et al. [25] and the references
therein). The success of these approaches depend crucially on the fact that the gradient of displacement is small both in the
processes that induce prestresses and in the processes studied from the prestressed state. Here we also investigate the status
of these models by linearizing the representation obtained for finite deformations from a stressed reference configuration.
The arrangement of this article is as follows: in the next section, we introduce the notation and some standard results to
be used subsequently. In Section 3, we obtain the representation for the stress from the stressed reference configuration. In
the following section, we provide a couple of illustrative examples. We conclude by obtaining a representation for infinites-
imal deformation from a stressed reference configuration.
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2. Notation
By a body, B we mean a set that has associated with it a measure and a topology (see [10]). By the placer, j of the body we
mean a one to one mapping that places the abstract body in a three dimensional Euclidean space. By a motion we mean a one
parameter family of placers. However since the placers are one to one we can define a one-to-one mapping at each instant of
time, ^
v : B I ! E written as
x¼^
vðP; tÞ ð2Þ
5
called motion of the body. Here I 2 ð1; t 0 Þ for some t 0 2 R (set of reals). The mapping, j gives the place Y occupied by the
particle P
Y ¼ jðPÞ: ð3Þ
Since, we assume the mapping to be bijective,
P ¼ j1 ðYÞ ð4Þ
and hence the motion (2) may be written as
vðj1 ðYÞ; tÞ ^
x¼^ vj ðY; tÞ: ð5Þ
It is customary to choose a particular configuration and refer all the kinematical quantities of the body with respect to this
configuration and call it the reference configuration. Here we study the motion of the body with respect to two different con-
figurations chosen as reference. The first, is a configuration occupied by the body at some time t0 . This configuration need not
be stress free6or even free of traction on the boundary. However, this is the configuration that is accessible, to say, an exper-
imentalist. Let j0 denote the placer that maps the abstract body on to the Euclidean space, i.e.,
P ¼ j0 ðPÞ: ð6Þ
Hence, from (5)
vðj1
x¼^ 0 ðPÞ; tÞ ~
vðP; tÞ: ð7Þ
The second configuration that we use as reference is a stress free configuration that can be accessed through a non-dissipa-
tive process from the configuration j0 . We are making the tacit assumption that the abstract body can be placed in such a
stress-free configuration. Let jsf denote this mapping of the abstract body on to the Euclidean space, i.e.,
X ¼ jsf ðPÞ: ð8Þ
Hence, from (5)
vðj1
x¼^ sf ðXÞ; tÞ vðX; tÞ: ð9Þ
Then, we define the gradient of motion

ov e vÞ oe
v
F ¼ rðvÞ ¼ ; H ¼ rðe ¼ : ð10Þ
oX oP
Let F0 denote a mapping from the tangent space at X to the tangent space at P, then
F ¼ HF0 : ð11Þ
Next, we record the expressions for the left and right Cauchy–Green stretch tensors
B ¼ FFt ; C ¼ Ft F; ð12Þ
e ¼ HHt ; C
B e ¼ Ht H ð13Þ
with respect to the stress free reference configuration and stressed reference configuration, respectively. While C contains
information concerning the change in the length and angles of line segments that were in the stress free reference config-
e provides the same information for segments that were in the stressed reference configuration. In addition, we
uration, C
define
5
As in the case of quasi-static elastic response of bodies, when the dependence of ^v on time need not be emphasized we call ^v, the deformation rather than
the motion.
6
A body in a particular configuration, jp is said to be stress free if
8 x 2 jp ðBÞ; TðxÞ ¼ 0:
and traction free if
8 x 2 ojp ðBÞ; tðnÞ ðxÞ ¼ Tt n ¼ 0;

where n is outward unit normal field on ojp and T is the Cauchy stress.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
B0 ¼ F0 Ft0 ; C0 ¼ Ft0 F0 : ð14Þ
Given a second-order tensor, say A, the determinant of ðA k1Þ can be expressed as
detðA k1Þ ¼ k3 þ I1 k2 I2 k þ I3 ð15Þ

for every k 2 R, where
1
I1 ¼ trA; I2 ¼ ½ðtrAÞ2 trA2 ; I3 ¼ det A: ð16Þ
2
When A is positive definite, it is convenient to use the following set of invariants
I2 1=2
J 1 ¼ 1 A; J2 ¼ ¼ 1 A1 ; J 3 ¼ I3 : ð17Þ
I3
We will use the integrity basis (17) because it is more convenient. Thus, let ðJ 1 ; J 2 ; J 3 Þ, denote the invariants of C and ðeJ 1 ; eJ 2 ; eJ 3 Þ
e It is pertinent to note that the value of invariants of left stretch tensor is same as that of the right stretch
the invariants of C.
tensor.
Finally, by the Cayley–Hamilton theorem every tensor A satisfies its own characteristic equation, i.e.,
A3 I1 A2 þ I2 A I3 1 ¼ 0: ð18Þ
It is well known (see for example, [10]) that a general representation for stress from a stress free reference configuration for
an isotropic homogeneous Cauchy elastic solid is given by
T ¼ a0 1 þ a1 B þ a2 B1 ; ð19Þ
ai ðJ 1 ; J 2 ; J 3 Þ. Further,
where ai ¼ ai ð3; 3; 1Þ should be such that
a0 ð3; 3; 1Þ þ
a1 ð3; 3; 1Þ þ
a2 ð3; 3; 1Þ ¼ 0 ð20Þ
so that T ¼ 0 when F ¼ 1. Also, it is known that for many real materials, ai ’s satisfy the inequalities:
a0 6 0; a1 > 0; a2 6 0 ð21Þ
called the E-inequalities (or empirical inequalities). Please refer to Truesdell and Noll [10, Section 51] for further details.
We record the constitutive relation proposed by Blatz and Ko [26] to model polyurethane and foam rubber, which we
shall use later to illustrate our ideas
l h i
T ¼ 1 lm ðJ 3 Þ1 þ l2 B ð1 l2 ÞB1 ; ð22Þ
J3
where
h i
lm ¼ J 2l
3
3
l2 J 2l
3
3
þ J 2l
3
3
;
l1 , l2 and l3 being material parameters. Of special interest are the two special forms of the above relation, obtained when
l2 ¼ 1 and l2 ¼ 0 which have been found suitable to model polyurethane and foam rubber respectively. When l2 ¼ 1
l h i
T ¼ 1 B J 2l
3
3
1 ð23Þ
J3
and when l2 ¼ 0
l h 3 i
T ¼ 1 J 2l 1 B1 : ð24Þ
J3 3
3. Representation for stress
Let T0 denote the stress in the stressed configuration. Then,
T ¼ fðBÞ ¼ fðHB0 Ht Þ; ð25Þ

where fðBÞ is the representation for the stress from a stress free reference configuration and we have made use of the Eqs.
(11) and (14) to obtain the above equation. We will now show that
T ¼ fðHB0 Ht Þ ¼ hðH; T0 Þ; ð26Þ

Towards this purpose, we establish certain identities. From (18) we obtain
B2 ¼ I1 B I2 1 þ I3 B1 ; ð27Þ
1
B2 ¼ ½B I1 1 þ I2 B1 ; ð28Þ
I3
ARTICLE IN PRESS
where Ii are the principal invariants of B. Using the above equations and the general expression for the stress in an isotropic
material from the stress free reference configuration, (19), a straightforward computation yields
T2 ¼ b0 1 þ b1 B þ b2 B1 ; ð29Þ
where
0 ðJ ; J ; J Þ ¼ a2 þ 2a1 a2 J J 2 a2 J1
b0 ¼ b 1 2 3 0 2 3 1 a22 ;
J 23
1 ðJ ; J ; J Þ ¼ 2a1 a0 þ a2 J þ 1 a2 ;
b1 ¼ b 1 2 3 1 1 2
J 23
2 2 2
b ¼ b2 ðJ ; J ; J Þ ¼ 2a2 a0 þ a J þ J a :
2 1 2 3 1 3 2 2
1
Solving for B and B from Eqs. (19) and (29) we obtain
1h i
B¼ ðb0 a2 a0 b2 Þ1 þ b2 T a2 T2 ; ð30Þ
D
1h i
B1 ¼ ða0 b1 b0 a1 Þ1 b1 T þ a1 T2 ; ð31Þ
D
where D ¼ ða1 b2 a2 b1 Þ 6¼ 0. We later show that this condition has to be satisfied by any admissible constitutive relation
provided the body is not under a spherical state of stress and find that if the constitutive relation satisfies the E-inequalities
(21) then D 6¼ 0.
Using the above equations, the left Cauchy–Green stretch tensor and its inverse at a material point in the stressed refer-
ence configuration can be written as
B0 ¼ d0 1 þ d1 T0 þ d2 ðT0 Þ2 ; ð32Þ
0 0 2
B1
0 ¼ j0 1 þ j1 T þ j2 ðT Þ ; ð33Þ
where
" #
1 J r1 3 r 2 r r2 2 2 r2 2
d0 ¼ r2 a2 þ ð2a1 J 2 a0 Þa2 ðJ 2 J 3 a1 þ a0 Þa2 J 3 a1 a0 ; ð34Þ
D J3
1 a2
d1 ¼ ½2a2 a0 þ J r2 2 r 2
3 a1 þ J 2 a2 ; d2 ¼ ; ð35Þ
D" D ! #
1 r r2 3 r J r1 2 1
j0 ¼ J 2 J 3 a1 þ ðJ 1 a0 2a2 Þa21 þ a20 þ r2 a2 a1 þ r2 a0 a22 ; ð36Þ
D J3 J3
" #
2
1 a a1
j1 ¼ 2a1 a0 þ J r1 a21 þ r22 ; j2 ¼ ; ð37Þ
D J3 D
1
D ¼ J r2 3 r 2 r 2
3 a1 J 1 a2 a1 þ J 2 a2 a1 a32 ; ð38Þ
J r2
3
and ai ¼ ai ðJ r1 ; J r2 ; J r3 Þ where J r1 , J r2 and J r3 are the appropriate invariants of B0 . Now it is pertinent to observe that if T0 ¼ 0, J r1 ¼ 3,
J r2 ¼ 3 and J r3 ¼ 1, then it follows from (20) that a0 þ a1 þ a2 ¼ 0 and hence d0 ¼ j0 ¼ 1, as it ought to be. We also note that,
the above equations are obtained based on the assumption that the neighborhood of each material point can be unloaded
from the stressed reference configuration to a stress free configuration through a non-dissipative process.
Here, it is important to recognize that the parameters J ri , i ¼ f1; 2; 3g, depend only on T0 (in virtue of Eqs. (32) and (33))
and therefore are constants at a given material point of a stressed configuration. Hence, they are treated as parameters in the
constitutive equation and are determined from the restrictions that these parameters have to satisfy, as is to be illustrated
shortly.
Next, substituting Eqs. (32) and (33) in the expression for the invariants
e B0 ;
J 1 ¼ 1 B ¼ trðHF0 Ft0 Ht Þ ¼ C ð39Þ
J2 ¼ 1 B 1
trðHt Ft 1 1 e 1 B1 ;
¼ 0 F0 H Þ ¼C 0 ð40Þ
we obtain that
J 1 ¼ eJ m1 ðLeÞ ¼ d0eJ 1 þ d1eJ 4 þ d2eJ 5 ; ð41Þ

J
J 2 ¼ eJ m2 ðLeÞ ¼ j0eJ 2 þ j1eJ 6 þ j2eJ 7 ; ð42Þ

J
J 3 ¼ eJ m3 ðLeÞ ¼ eJ 3 J r ;
3 ð43Þ
J
where Le ¼ feJ 1 ; eJ 2 ; eJ 3 ; eJ 4 ; eJ 5 ; eJ 6 ; eJ 7 g,
J
ARTICLE IN PRESS
e 1; eJ 2 ¼ C
eJ 1 ¼ C e 1 1; eJ 3 ¼ detðHÞ; ð44Þ
e T ; eJ 6 ¼ C
eJ 4 ¼ C 0 e 1 T0 ; ð45Þ
e ðT0 Þ2 ; eJ 7 ¼ C
eJ 5 ¼ C e 1 ðT0 Þ2 : ð46Þ
Hence, on using (32) and (33), we obtain that

h i h i
T ¼ hðH; T0 Þ ¼ a0 1 þ a1 H d0 1 þ d1 T0 þ d2 ðT0 Þ2 Ht þ a2 Ht j0 1 þ j1 T0 þ j2 ðT0 Þ2 H1 ; ð47Þ
ai ðeJ m1 ; eJ m2 ; eJ m3 Þ.
when D 6¼ 0 and where ai ¼
Finally we consider the case, when D ¼ 0. Then, a straightforward computation using Eqs. (19) and (29) shows that
b2 T a2 T2 ¼ ½a0 b2 a2 b0 1: ð48Þ

It then follows that for the above equation to hold all the three eigen values of T should be equal and this eigen value p is
given by
8 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
< 1 b b2 4a ða b a b Þ ; when a 6¼ 0;
2a2 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2
p¼ : ð49Þ
:
a0 ; when a2 ¼ 0;
We note that since D is a function of the invariants of B it cannot be zero when all the eigen values of B are distinct. Hence,
the algebraic multiplicity of the eigen values of B must be two or three when D ¼ 0. In Saravanan et al. [22] we show that, in
general, both solutions, i.e., B ¼ k1 and B ¼ k1 þ k3 e e are mathematically admissible when a body is subject to a hydro-
static state of stress. Since, it is physically unrealistic for a body to shorten or lengthen along a particular direction on the
application of a hydrostatic pressure, we propose to place restriction on the constitutive relations so that such solutions
are not admissible (we elaborate on these restrictions shortly.)
Now, when D ¼ 0, T0 ¼ p0 1 and
1
B0 ¼ d3 1; B1
0 ¼ 1; ð50Þ
d3
where
8 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
< 2 r 2 Jr1
0
1
2a2
b2 ða21 J r2 3
3 a2 J 2 Þ þ 4a2 ð2a1 Jr2 a2 Þ ; when a2 6¼ 0;
p ¼ 3 : ð51Þ
:
a0 ; when a2 ¼ 0;
3=2
b2 ¼ 2a2 a0 þ a21 J r2 r 2 r r r
3 þ J 2 a2 , J 1 ¼ 3d3 , J 2 ¼ 3=d3 , J 3 ¼ d3 . Substituting (50) in (39) and (40) we obtain that
eJ m1 ¼ d3eJ 1 ; eJ m2 ¼ 1 eJ 2 ; eJ m3 ¼ d3=2eJ 3 ; ð52Þ

3
d3
and hence
e þ a2 1 B
T ¼ hðH; T0 Þ ¼ a0 1 þ a1 d3 B e 1 ; ð53Þ
d3
ai ðeJ m1 ; eJ m2 ; eJ m3 Þ with the eJ mi ’s given by (52). We next show that d3 depends only on T0 .
when D ¼ 0, where ai ¼
3.1. Restrictions on constitutive representations
We obtain J ri from the requirement that B0 B1 0

0 ¼ 1 and that T ¼ T when H ¼ 1.
It follows from Eqs. (32) and (33) and the use of the Cayley–Hamilton theorem that
0 ¼ c1 1 þ c2 T0 þ c3 ðT0 Þ2 ; ð54Þ
where
c1 ¼ d0 j0 þ K 3 ½j1 d2 þ d1 j2 þ d2 j2 K 1 1; ð55Þ
c2 ¼ d1 j0 þ j1 d0 þ d2 j2 K 3 K 2 ½j1 d2 þ d1 j2 þ d2 j2 K 1 ; ð56Þ
c3 ¼ d2 j0 þ d1 j1 þ d0 j2 d2 j2 K 2 þ K 1 ½j1 d2 þ d1 j2 þ d2 j2 K 1 ; ð57Þ
where K i ’s are the principal invariants of T0 . A sufficient condition that ensures (54) is met is
c1 ¼ 0; c2 ¼ 0; c3 ¼ 0: ð58Þ
We note that the above is also a necessary condition when the eigen values of T0 are distinct. Also, if ci are continuous func-
tions of the eigen values of T0 then (58) is a necessary condition (see Truesdell and Moon [23] for a proof).
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Then, the requirement that T ¼ T0 when H ¼ 1 could be cast as requiring that
½c0 þ c1 d0 þ c2 j0 1 þ ½c1 d1 þ c2 j1 1T0 þ ½c1 d2 þ c2 j2 ðT0 Þ2 ¼ 0; ð59Þ

where, ci ¼ ai ðJ rm1 ; J rm2 ; J rm3 Þ
and
J rm1 ¼ 3d0 þ trðT0 Þd1 þ trððT0 Þ2 Þd2 ; ð60Þ

0 2
J rm2 0
¼ 3j0 þ trðT Þj1 þ trððT Þ Þj2 ; ð61Þ
J rm3 ¼ J r3 : ð62Þ
As before, a sufficient condition that ensures (59) is that

c0 þ c1 d0 þ c2 j0 ¼ 0; c1 d1 þ c2 j1 ¼ 1; c1 d2 þ c2 j2 ¼ 0: ð63Þ
Eqs. (58) and (63) are solved for the unknowns J r1 , J r2 ,
The constitutive prescriptions of a J r3 .
i ’s should be such that this over-
determined system of equations has at least one solution. However, there is no problem, for our purposes here, when the
system of equations has multiple roots. This is illustrated in the next section.
For the case D ¼ 0, we find that
c
c0 þ c1 d3 þ 2 ¼ p0 ; ð64Þ
d3

3=2
where ci ¼ ai 3d3 ; d33 ; d3 , is solved for the only unknown, d3 .
Finally, when D ¼ 0, since the algebraic multiplicity of the eigen values of T0 is three, we require the algebraic multiplicity
of the eigen values of B0 to be three as well. However, as noted by Saravanan et al. [22] there exist solutions for which the
algebraic multiplicity of the eigen values of B0 is two. Since, such solutions are quite counter-intuitive we require that
1
D ¼ J r2 3 r 2 r 2
3 a1 J 1 a2 a1 þ J 2 a2 a1 a32 6¼ 0; when ðJ r1 ; J r2 ; J r3 Þ 2 ðS PÞ; ð65Þ
J r2
3
where
S ¼ fðJ r1 ; J r2 ; J r3 Þj0 < J r1 < 1; 0 < J r2 < 1; 0 < J r3 < 1g;
3 ð66Þ
P ¼ fð3K2 ; 2 ; K3 Þj0 < K < 1g:
K
When a1 6¼ 0, we find it useful to express the condition (65) as
2 3
r a2 a2 1 a2
J r2
3 6¼ J 1 J r2 þ r2 : ð67Þ
a1 a1 J 3 a1
Immediately we infer that if aa21 < 0 when ðJ r1 ; J r2 ; J r3 Þ 2 ðS PÞ, the restriction (65) holds. Thus, the E-inequalities, (21) ensures
that D 6¼ 0.
For the eigen value, p0 to be real we require b22 4 a2 ½ a2 b0 P 0, i.e.,
a0 b2
!
2 J r
a21 ðJ r3 Þ2 a22 J r2 þ 4a32 2a1 r1 2 a2 P 0; when ðJ r1 ; J r2 ; J r3 Þ 2 P: ð68Þ
ðJ 3 Þ
Factoring (68), when a1 6¼ 0, we obtain that

3
a2 3a2
K4 K4 þ P 0: ð69Þ
a1 a1
We immediately infer that
1 a2
6 61 ð70Þ
3 a1 K4
when ðJ r1 ; J r2 ; J r3 Þ 2 P.
4. Illustrative example
In this section, we specialize the general constitutive representations for stress from stressed reference configurations, for
the Blatz–Ko constitutive relation introduced in Section 2. Here we modify this relation, relaxing the requirement that the
reference configuration be stress free. Towards this purpose, we begin by noting that for this case
lm l1 l1 l2 l1 ½l2 1
a0 ¼ ; a1 ¼ ; a2 ¼ ; ð71Þ
eJ m3 eJ m3 eJ m3
ARTICLE IN PRESS
where lm ¼ eJ 2l e2l3 e2l3

m3 l2 ½ J m3 þ J m3 , l1 , l2 and l3 are material parameters that depend at most on P. Substituting the above into
3
Eqs. (34)–(38), we find that

"
l31 J r1 1
d0 ¼ r5 ðl2 1Þ3 þ r3 ð2l2 J r2 lrm Þðl2 1Þ2
D J3 J3
r 2 ! r
#
1 r 2 lm 2 lm
r J 2 l2 þ ðl2 1Þ l2 r ; ð72Þ
J3 J r3 J3
" #
l2 2 J r2
d1 ¼ 1 r2 lrm ðl2 1Þ þ l22 þ r2 ðl2 1Þ2 ; ð73Þ
D J3 J3
l1 ðl2 1Þ l l
d2 ¼ ; j2 ¼ 1r 2 ; ð74Þ
J r3 D J3 D
" #
2
l21 r r 2 ðl 2 1Þ
j1 ¼ r2 2l2 lm þ J 1 l2 þ ; ð75Þ
J3 D J r2
3
" !
l3 J r l2 J r1 2 l2
j0 ¼ 1 2r l32 þ ½J r1 lrm 2ðl2 1Þ r32 þ lr2 m þ ðl2 1Þ
D J3 J3 J r2
3 J r3
3
#
lrm 2
þ r5 ðl2 1Þ ; ð76Þ
J3
" #
3 l2
3
J r1 2 J r2 2 1 3
D ¼ l1 r r3 ðl2 1Þl2 þ r3 ðl2 1Þ l2 r5 ðl2 1Þ ; ð77Þ
J3 J3 J3 J3
where lrm ¼ ðJ r3 Þ2l3 l2 ½ðJ r3 Þ2l3 þ ðJ r3 Þ2l3 and hence

l n h i h i o
T ¼ 1 lm 1 þ l2 H d0 1 þ d1 T0 þ d2 To2 Ht þðl2 1ÞHt j0 1 þ j1 T0 þ j2 To2 H1 ; ð78Þ
eJ m3
obtained from (47) assuming D 6¼ 0. In fact, it can be easily shown that D 6¼ 0, when 0 6 l2 6 1, the region of interest.
Next, for T ¼ T0 when H ¼ 1, we require that
J r1 l1 l2 ðJ r3 1Þðl2 1Þ3
¼ 0: ð79Þ
J r3 ðl32 ½J r4
3 þ ðJ r2 J 1 ÞJ 3 þ l22 ½J r1 2J r2 J r2
r r2 r r2
3 þ l2 J 2 J 3 þ ð1 l2 Þ3 Þ
Hence, l2 ¼ 0 or l2 ¼ 1 or J r3 ¼ 1. A straight forward computation shows that, in general, J r3 ¼ 1 is not consistent with the
requirement (58). Therefore, the continued use of these constitutive relations, needs to be further examined.
As mentioned earlier, when l2 ¼ 1, we obtain a special form of the Blatz–Ko constitutive relation used to study the re-
sponse of polyurethane. For this case
l1 l1
a0 ¼ ½2l þ1
; a1 ¼ ; a2 ¼ 0: ð80Þ
J m33 J m3
Now, we compute that

1 J r3
d0 ¼ ; d1 ¼ ; d2 ¼ 0;
ðJ r3 Þ2l3 l1
" #
J r1 1 1 2 J r1 1
j0 ¼ J r2 þ ; j1 ¼ ; j2 ¼
ðJ r3 Þ2ðl3 þ1Þ
ðJ r3 Þ2ð2l3 þ1Þ l1 ðJ r3 Þð2l3 þ1Þ J r3 l21
from the results presented in Eqs. (72)–(77). Then, the stress is given by
" #
l1 1 l1
T ¼ ½2l þ1 1 þ H r 2l 1 þ J 3 T Ht :
r 0
ð81Þ
eJ 3 eJ m3 ðJ Þ 3
m3 3
In this case, the requirement that T ¼ T0 when H ¼ 1, places no restriction. The condition (58) requires that

2 r 4l3 þ2 ðJ r3 Þ2ðl3 þ1Þ K 3 r 2l3 þ1
J r1 ¼ 2l
þ ðJ 3 Þ 2
ðJ 3 Þ þ K 2 ;
ðJ r3 Þ 3 l1 l1

J r1 1 1 K 3 Jr
J r2 ¼ r 2ðl r 2ð2l þ1Þ þ r 2l 1 3 3 ; ð82Þ
3 þ1Þ l1
ðJ 3 Þ ðJ 3 Þ 3
ðJ 3 Þ 3
r 2ðl3 þ1Þ
K 1 ðJ 3 Þ K 3 r 2l3 þ1 r 2ð2l3 þ1Þ
0 ¼ ðJ r3 Þ2l3 þ J r3 þ ðJ Þ þ K 2 ðJ 3 Þ :
l1 l21 l1 3
First, Eq. (82c) is solved for J r3 and then substituted in (82a) and (82b) to obtain J r1 and J r2 respectively.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Next we show that Eq. (82a–c) in certain cases admits no solution and in some others admits more than one solution.
Towards establishing this, consider the case when T0 ¼ l1 diag½y; 0; y where y 2 R. In this case, (82c) becomes
ðJ r3 Þ2l3 y2 ðJ r3 Þ2ðl3 þ1Þ ðJ r3 Þ2ð2l3 þ1Þ ¼ 0: ð83Þ
Thus, when l3 ¼ 1=3, it follows that J r3 ¼ 0, irrespective of the value of y. This is not reasonable. On the other hand, when
l3 ¼ 0:35 and y ¼ 0:2 there exist two solutions J r3 ¼ 1:7949 and J r3 ¼ 24:8050. Thus, depending on the value of l3 and the
state of prestress, there can exist no solutions or many solutions to (82). Note that, when l3 > 0, (83) is monotonic in J r3 and
hence solutions like the above are not possible. It is pertinent to point out that this constitutive relation satisfies the E-
inequalities and yet its predictions are physically unrealistic for certain states of stress and values of l3 .
Next, we study the case, when l2 ¼ 0, a special form of the Blatz–Ko relation used to study the response of foam rubber.
For this case
½2l þ1 l1
a0 ¼ l1 J m33 ; a1 ¼ 0 a2 ¼ : ð84Þ
J m3
Eqs. (72)–(77) simplify to
J r2 J r3 r ð2l3 þ3Þ
3 2ðJ 3 Þ J r4
d0 ¼ J r1 J r3 J r2 ðJ r3 Þ2ðl3 þ1Þ þ ðJ r3 Þ2ð2l3 þ1Þ ; d1 ¼ ; d2 ¼ 3
;
l1 l21
J r3
j0 ¼ ðJ r3 Þ2l3 ; j1 ¼ ; j2 ¼ 0;
l1
and hence, the stress is given by
1 t
T ¼ l1eJ m33 1 H ½l1 ðJ r3 Þ2l3 1 J r3 T0 H1 :
½2l 1
ð85Þ
eJ m3
As before, while the requirement that T ¼ T0 when H ¼ 1, places no restriction, (58) results in
K1
J r2 ¼ 3ðJ r3 Þ2l3 J r3 ;
l1
K3
J r1 ¼ J r2 ðJ r3 Þ2l3 þ1 ðJ r3 Þ4l3 þ1 þ ðJ r3 Þð2l3 þ1Þ þ 3 ðJ r3 Þð2ðl3 þ2ÞÞ ; ð86Þ
l1

K1 r 2l3 1 r 2ðl3 þ2Þ K 3 r5 r 12l3 K 2 r5
0¼ ðJ 3 Þ ðJ 3 Þ þ 1 þ 3 J 3 ðJ 3 Þ 2 J3 :
l1 l1 l1
First, we solve the nonlinear Eq. (86c) for J r3 and substitute it in (86a) and (86b) to obtain J r2 and J r1 respectively.
Thus, for this case too, there exist situations when there exist no solution for J r3 and for others many. To see this, consider
the case when T0 ¼ l1 diag½y; 0; y, as before. Now, (86c) reduces to
0 ¼ y2 ðJ r3 Þ5 þ ðJ r3 Þ12l3 ðJ r3 Þ4l3 þ3 : ð87Þ
J r3
It can be seen immediately that when l3 ¼ 1=3 then ¼ 0, irrespective of the value of y, which is not admissible. Finally,
consider the case when l3 ¼ 0:3 and y ¼ 0:1. Now, there exist two solutions for J r3 satisfying the above equation: 1.00265 and
316.22776. Such results, as those found above cautions us against the use of the constitutive relation until a more detailed
study of its properties is carried out.
5. Representations for infinitesimal deformation from a stressed reference configuration
In this section, we develop representations for the stress when a small deformation is imposed on a large one. Usually (see
[10,12]), a Taylor series expansion of the stress about the stressed reference configuration, is used to obtain this represen-
tation. Here we shall linearize (47) to obtain the representation for infinitesimal deformation from a stressed reference
configuration.
We begin with the following definitions:
K ¼ F 1; e ¼ H 1;
K ð88Þ
M ¼ K þ Kt ; f M¼K eþK e t; ð89Þ
t eK
¼ trðKK Þ; ~ ¼ trð K e Þ;
t
ð90Þ
where K denotes the gradient of displacement from a stress-free configuration and K e the gradient of displacement from a
stressed configuration.
For a given coordinate basis in the current and the reference configuration, when

1; ~
1; ð91Þ
ARTICLE IN PRESS
we compute that
ðBÞij ¼ dij þ ðMÞij þ oðÞ; e ¼ dij þ ðf

ð BÞ MÞij þ oð~Þ; ð92Þ
ij
1
ðB Þij ¼ dij ðMÞij þ oðÞ; e 1 Þ ¼ dij ðf
ðB MÞij þ oð~Þ; ð93Þ
ij
J 1 ¼ 3 þ trðMÞ þ oðÞ; eJ 1 ¼ 3 þ trðf

MÞ þ oð~Þ; ð94Þ
J 2 ¼ 3 trðMÞ þ oðÞ; eJ 2 ¼ 3 trðf
MÞ þ oð~Þ; ð95Þ
1 1
J 3 ¼ 1 þ trðMÞ þ oðÞ; eJ 3 ¼ 1 þ trðf MÞ þ oð~Þ; ð96Þ
2 2
where dij denotes the Kronecker delta.

It then immediately follows that
ðTÞij ¼ al0 ðtrðMÞÞdij þ al1 ðtrðMÞÞðMÞij þ oðÞ; ð97Þ
where
al0 ðtrðMÞÞ ¼ a0 þ a1 þ a2 ; ð98Þ
al1 ðtrðMÞÞ ¼ a1 a2 ; ð99Þ
when the stress free reference configuration is used and J i ’s are given by (94)–(96). It is worth while noting that, can beali ’s
nonlinear functions of the trðMÞ. Further, even though ali ’s are functions of all three invariants, they are functions of only
trðMÞ because, the invariants are computed using (94)–(96).
When al0 ðtrðMÞÞ ¼ trðMÞk and al1 ðtrðMÞÞ ¼ l, where k and l are the Lamè constants, (97) reduces to
ðTÞij ¼ trðMÞkdij þ lðMÞij : ð100Þ
Thus, when
a1 a2 ¼ l; ð101Þ
a0 þ a1 þ a2 ¼ kf ðJ 1 ; J 2 ; J 3 Þ; ð102Þ
where f ðJ 1 ; J 2 ; J 3 Þ is some function such that f ðJ 1 ; J 2 ; J 3 Þ ¼ trðMÞ when J i ’s are given by Eqs. (94)–(96).
If we use a stressed reference configuration, the linearized representation for the Cauchy stress is given by
e þ cl ðT0 Þ þ cl ðT0 Þ ðT0 Þ þ cl ½ð KÞ

ðTÞij ¼ cl0 dij þ cl1 ð EÞ e ðT0 Þ þ ðT0 Þ ð KÞ
e þ cl ½ð KÞ
e ðT0 Þ ðT0 Þ
ij 2 ij 3 ia aj 4 ia aj ia ja 5 ia ab bj
e þ cl ½ð KÞ
þ ðT0 Þia ðT0 Þab ð KÞ e ðT0 Þ þ ðT0 Þ ð KÞ
e þ cl ½ð KÞ
e ðT0 Þ ðT0 Þ þ ðT0 Þ ðT0 Þ ð KÞ
e þ oð~Þ; ð103Þ
jb 6 ai aj ia aj 7 ai ab bj ia ab bj
where
cl0 ðtrðf
MÞ; T0 Þ ¼ a0 þ d0 a1 þ j0 a2 ; ð104Þ
cl1 ðtrðf
MÞ; T0 Þ ¼ d0 a1 j0 a2 ; ð105Þ
cl2 ðtrðf
MÞ; T0 Þ ¼ d1 a1 þ j1 a2 ; ð106Þ
cl ðtrðf
3 MÞ; T0 Þ ¼ d2 a1 þ j2 a2 ; ð107Þ
cl4 ðtrðf
MÞ; T0 Þ ¼ d1 a1 ; cl5 ðtrðf
MÞ; T0 Þ ¼ d2 a1 ; ð108Þ
cl6 ðtrðf
MÞ; T0 Þ ¼ j1 a2 ; cl7 ðtrðf
MÞ; T0 Þ ¼ j2 a2 ; ð109Þ
and
J m1 ¼ d0 ½3 þ trðf
MÞ þ d1 ½f
M T0 þ trðT0 Þ þ d2 ½f
M ðT0 Þ2 þ trððT0 Þ2 Þ;
J ¼ j0 ½3 trð MÞ þ j1 ½trðT Þ M T þ j2 ½trððT0 Þ2 Þ f
m2
f 0 f 0
M ðT0 Þ2 ; ð110Þ
1
J m3 ¼ J r3 ½1 þ trðf
MÞ;
2
and eJ i is given by Eqs. (94)–(96) and we have expressed H1 as ðH1 Þij ¼ dij ð KÞ
e þ oð~Þ. It is evident from Eqs. (104)–(109)
ij
that the value of cli depends on the stress in the reference configuration, T0 . Hence, even within the context of linearized rep-
resentations, the incremental stress depends on the state of stress in the reference configuration, a well known result (see for
example, [10,11]).
Next, we assume that the magnitude of the stress in the stressed reference configuration is small, so that we could assume
that the deformation from the stress-free reference configuration to stressed configuration is infinitesimal and use the con-
stitutive relation (100) from stress-free reference configuration. This permits an analytical study of the error in the estimated
stresses from the stressed configuration when this dependence on the stress in the reference configuration is ignored.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
We next record the expressions required to compute the di ’s, ji ’s. Let K0 ¼ F0 1, M0 ¼ K0 þ Kt0 , then
1
z ¼ trðM0 Þ ¼ trðT0 Þ ð111Þ
3k þ l
obtained from taking trace of (100) and rearranging. Noting that
J r1 ¼ 3 þ z þ oðzÞ; J r2 ¼ 3 z þ oðzÞ; ðJ r3 Þ2 ¼ 1 þ z þ oðzÞ: ð112Þ
We compute that
1 J r1
¼ 1 z þ oðzÞ; ¼ 3 2z þ oðzÞ: ð113Þ
ðJ r3 Þ2 ðJ r3 Þ2
We will assume that

a0 ðzÞ ¼ zk l 2a2 ðzÞ; a1 ðzÞ ¼ l þ a2 ðzÞ; ð114Þ
where a2 ðzÞ is still an arbitrary function of z. We observe that Eq. (114) is consistent with the requirements (101) and (102).
Next, we compute linear approximation of di ’s and ji ’s by substituting the above equations in Eqs. (34)–(38) so that
D ¼ l3 þ zl2 ð2a2 þ lÞ;
1
d0 ¼ fl3 þ zl2 ð2a2 þ l kÞ kz2 ½a2 ðk þ 2lÞ þ l2 g;
D
1
d1 ¼ fl2 þ z½2a2 ðk þ lÞ þ l2 g;
D
a2
d2 ¼ ; ð115Þ
D
1 3
j0 ¼ fl þ zl2 ðk þ l þ 2a2 Þ þ z2 k½a2 ðk þ 2lÞ þ lðk þ lÞg;
D
1
j1 ¼ fl2 þ z½2a2 ðk þ lÞ þ lðl þ 2kÞg;
D
l þ a2
j2 ¼ :
D
Here we note that to approximate d1 z þ d2 z2 as d1 z, when z
1 requires an a priori estimate for the di ’s, i.e., we need to be
sure that d1 is not much smaller than d2 .
We find it helpful to define s ¼ trðf
MÞ, a2 ðsÞ ¼ a2 ðs þ zÞ and note that trðMÞ ¼ s þ z. Now,
a1 ¼ l þ
a2 ðsÞ; a2 ¼
a2 ðsÞ; a0 ¼ a0 ¼ ðs þ zÞk l 2
a2 ðsÞ ð116Þ
and observe that the above equations are consistent with the requirements (101) and (102) and the assumption (114).
Using the above equations we now compute ci ’s given by Eqs. (104)–(109) as
2
k z2
cl0 ¼ sk þ ða2 a2 Þ; ð117Þ
l ½1 þ zð1 þ 2a2 =lÞ
zk
cl1 ¼ l
1 þ zð1 þ 2a2 =lÞ

2
a2 k a2 þ a2 2
a2 a2
1þ þz 2þ þ þ 1 ; ð118Þ
l l l l2
2zk a2 a2
cl2 ¼ 1 þ ; ð119Þ
½1 þ zð1 þ 2a2 =lÞ l2
1 a2
a2
cl3 ¼ ; ð120Þ
1 þ zð1 þ 2a2 =lÞ l2

lþ a2 2za2 k
cl4 ¼ 1þ 2 ; ð121Þ
l l ½1 þ zð1 þ 2a2 =lÞ
ðl þ a2 Þa2
cl5 ¼ 3 ; ð122Þ

a2 2zkða2 þ lÞ
cl6 ¼ 1þ 2 ; ð123Þ
l l ½1 þ zð1 þ 2a2 =lÞ
ðl þ a2 Þa2
cl7 ¼ 3 : ð124Þ
It can be observed from the above equations that if a2 is a function of s then all cli ’s are function of s. However, here we only
study the case when a2 is a constant. It then follows that a2 is also a constant. Hence, we define
a2 ¼ a2 ¼ a2 ¼ j
ð125Þ
a constant that could take any value.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
A straightforward computation yields

k m
¼ ; ð126Þ
l 1 2m
where m is the Poisson’s ratio. For this special case the linearized representation of Cauchy stress from a stressed reference
configuration is given by
T T0 ¼ sk1 þ ðl le Þf e 0 þ T0 K
M þ cs4 ½ KT 5
e 0 Þ2 þ ðT0 Þ2 K
e t þ cs ½ KðT
6
e t T0 þ T0 K
e t þ cs ½ K e þ cs ½ K
7
e t ðT0 Þ2 þ ðT0 Þ2 K;
e ð127Þ
where

zk 2j k 2j 2j2
le ¼ 1þ þz 2þ þ 2 þ1 ; ð128Þ
1 þ z 1 þ 2j l l l l
l

lþj 2zjk
cs4 ¼ 1þ 2 ; ð129Þ
l l ½1 þ zð1 þ 2j=lÞ
ðl þ jÞj
cs5 ¼ 3 ; ð130Þ
l ½1 þ zð1 þ 2j=lÞ

j 2zkðj þ lÞ
cs6 ¼ 1þ 2 ; ð131Þ
l l ½1 þ zð1 þ 2j=lÞ
ðl þ jÞj
cs7 ¼ 3 : ð132Þ
l ½1 þ zð1 þ 2j=lÞ
obtained by substituting Eq. (125) into Eqs. (117)–(124).

Fig. 2 shows the variation of le =l as a function of trðT0 =lÞ fixing the values of j=l and m. Here we have used Eq. (111) to
compute z in terms of trðT0 Þ. It immediately follows from (128) that when j=l > j0 ðz; mÞ, le > 0 and vice versa. Further, the
value of le depends on the magnitude of j=l.
a 0
–0.05
κ/μ = 50
μ /μ
–0.1
e
ν= 0.1
ν= 0.2
–0.15 ν= 0.3
ν= 0.4
ν= 0.45
–0.2
0 0.002 0.004
o
tr(T )/μ
0.15
b ν = 0.35
0.1
0.05
μ /μ
0
e
–0.05
κ/μ = 50
κ/μ = 20
–0.1 κ/μ =0
κ/μ = 20
–0.15 κ/μ = 50
–0.2
0 0.002 0.004
o
tr(T )/μ
Fig. 2. le =l vs. trðT0 Þ=l when (a) j=l ¼ 50 for various values of m (b) m ¼ 0:35 for various values of j=l.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
When j 2zj=l j
1, j 2zkj=l2 j
1 and j 2zðj=l þ 1Þk=l j
1 we obtain

j j j j
cs4 ¼ 1 þ ; cs6 ¼ ; cs5 ¼ cs7 ¼ 2 1 þ : ð133Þ
l l l l
Since, the value of the matrix components of T0 =l would be of the order 103 and if j=l
1000, then we could neglect the
terms such as KT0 , to obtain
T T0 ¼ k1trðf
MÞ þ ðl le Þf
M: ð134Þ
Thus, we find that when the gradient of the displacement is small both in the process that induce prestresses and in the pro-
cess studied from the prestressed state, superposition of the service loads with the prestresses results in fairly accurate solu-
tion for a large class of constitutive relations. The above calculations reveal that the value of the shear modulus in a
prestressed body would depend on the magnitude of prestresses through, trðT0 Þ. However, this change in the value of the
shear modulus due to prestresses is small for a wide variety of possible constitutive relations.
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International Journal of Engineering Science xxx (2008) xxx–xxx

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International Journal of Engineering Science

Representation for stress from a stressed reference conﬁguration q

a Stress free reference

Then, we deﬁne the gradient of motion

8 x 2 ojp ðBÞ; tðnÞ ðxÞ ¼ Tt n ¼ 0;

B0 ¼ F0 Ft0 ; C0 ¼ Ft0 F0 : ð14Þ

Given a second-order tensor, say A, the determinant of ðA k1Þ can be expressed as

detðA k1Þ ¼ k3 þ I1 k2 I2 k þ I3 ð15Þ

3. Representation for stress

Let T0 denote the stress in the stressed conﬁguration. Then,

T ¼ fðBÞ ¼ fðHB0 Ht Þ; ð25Þ

T ¼ fðHB0 Ht Þ ¼ hðH; T0 Þ; ð26Þ

J 1 ¼ eJ m1 ðLeÞ ¼ d0eJ 1 þ d1eJ 4 þ d2eJ 5 ; ð41Þ

J 2 ¼ eJ m2 ðLeÞ ¼ j0eJ 2 þ j1eJ 6 þ j2eJ 7 ; ð42Þ

Hence, on using (32) and (33), we obtain that

b2 T a2 T2 ¼ ½a0 b2 a2 b0 1: ð48Þ

eJ m1 ¼ d3eJ 1 ; eJ m2 ¼ 1 eJ 2 ; eJ m3 ¼ d3=2eJ 3 ; ð52Þ

3.1. Restrictions on constitutive representations

We obtain J ri from the requirement that B0 B1 0

Then, the requirement that T ¼ T0 when H ¼ 1 could be cast as requiring that

½c0 þ c1 d0 þ c2 j0 1 þ ½c1 d1 þ c2 j1 1T0 þ ½c1 d2 þ c2 j2 ðT0 Þ2 ¼ 0; ð59Þ

J rm1 ¼ 3d0 þ trðT0 Þd1 þ trððT0 Þ2 Þd2 ; ð60Þ

As before, a sufﬁcient condition that ensures (59) is that

Factoring (68), when a1 6¼ 0, we obtain that

where lm ¼ eJ 2l e2l3 e2l3

Eqs. (34)–(38), we ﬁnd that

where lrm ¼ ðJ r3 Þ2l3 l2 ½ðJ r3 Þ2l3 þ ðJ r3 Þ2l3  and hence

Now, we compute that

ðJ r3 Þ2l3 y2 ðJ r3 Þ2ðl3 þ1Þ ðJ r3 Þ2ð2l3 þ1Þ ¼ 0: ð83Þ

0 ¼ y2 ðJ r3 Þ5 þ ðJ r3 Þ12l3 ðJ r3 Þ4l3 þ3 : ð87Þ

5. Representations for inﬁnitesimal deformation from a stressed reference conﬁguration

ðBÞij ¼ dij þ ðMÞij þ oðÞ; e ¼ dij þ ðf

J 1 ¼ 3 þ trðMÞ þ oðÞ; eJ 1 ¼ 3 þ trðf

where dij denotes the Kronecker delta.

e þ cl ðT0 Þ þ cl ðT0 Þ ðT0 Þ þ cl ½ð KÞ

J r1 ¼ 3 þ z þ oðzÞ; J r2 ¼ 3 z þ oðzÞ; ðJ r3 Þ2 ¼ 1 þ z þ oðzÞ: ð112Þ

We will assume that

A straightforward computation yields

obtained by substituting Eq. (125) into Eqs. (117)–(124).

Potrebbero piacerti anche

b2 T a2 T2 ¼ ½a0 b2 a2 b0 1: ð48Þ

½c0 þ c1 d0 þ c2 j0 1 þ ½c1 d1 þ c2 j1 1T0 þ ½c1 d2 þ c2 j2 ðT0 Þ2 ¼ 0; ð59Þ

where lrm ¼ ðJ r3 Þ2l3 l2 ½ðJ r3 Þ2l3 þ ðJ r3 Þ2l3 and hence